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Subsurface Mapping & Contouring Guide

Contouring Rules a contour line separates points that are higher from points that are lower contour lines cannot merge contour lines must close on themselves or extend to the edge of the map contour interval must remain constant for the entire map How do you make a contour map? Space the contours between all the know points Honor all the data contour this data using 25m interval Datum = 0 m Problem: How do you interpolate between the known points?

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Muhammad Rizwan
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460 views8 pages

Subsurface Mapping & Contouring Guide

Contouring Rules a contour line separates points that are higher from points that are lower contour lines cannot merge contour lines must close on themselves or extend to the edge of the map contour interval must remain constant for the entire map How do you make a contour map? Space the contours between all the know points Honor all the data contour this data using 25m interval Datum = 0 m Problem: How do you interpolate between the known points?

Uploaded by

Muhammad Rizwan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Representing a 3D surface on a map

Geol 472 Subsurface Mapping

Movie

The arrow points at


A. A ridge. B. A valley.

What is a contour line?

Describe the structure

Simple Contouring Rules


A contour line separates points that are higher from points that are lower Contour lines cannot cross Contour lines cannot merge Contour lines must close on themselves or extend to the edge of the map Contour interval must remain constant for the entire map

How do you make a contour map?

A contour lines separate points that are higher from points that are lower Space the contours between all the know points Honor all the data

Contour this data using 25m interval Datum = 0 m

Problem: How to interpolate between the known points?

175 150 125 100

10m contour spacing

Methods of interpolation Least squares Tangential Spline Weighted average Minimum curvature Polynomial Hyperbolic Kriging Trend surface Etc., etc., etc.!

a. Inverse distance b. Kriging c. Minumum curvature d. Triangulation a. b. e. Polynomial regression

c.

d.

e.

Advantages of Hand Contouring

Advantages of Computer Contouring


Objective and unbiased Easily updated Ready for subsequent processing Only practical way if you have 1000s of data points

Allows you to impart your geologic knowledge to the interpretation

Depth Structure Maps


Land surface

Dealing with multiple layers


Isopach maps Plot the elevation difference between two maps

Sea level -152 (302) -211 (356)

-362 (502) -385 (525)

Pennsylvanian Top

Mississippian

1800

1700

15

00

1800

Pennsylvanian-Mississippian Isopach
800

Pennsylvanian plus Isopach

700 600

500

400

300

What about mapping other parameters?


Extensive Surfaces:
Tops and Bottoms of formations Isopachs Fault surfaces Fluid contacts, i.e. Gas-Oil, Water-Oil Porosities Fluid Saturations Ash content BTU

What about Unconformities?

Intensive Surfaces:

Unconformity Surface

Top of Layer A

Base of Layer A

Isopach of Layer A

Which well would encounter the thickest sand?

Types of fault

Contouring Faulted Surfaces


Faults break the continuity of a surface

Faulted structure contour map

Faulted surfaces

Making a map of a faulted structure


1. 2. 3. 4. Contour the surface without faults Contour the fault plane Find the intersection of the two maps Correct the contours for the vertical separation across the fault 5. Clean up

Faulted structure contour map

Faults from well data

Reverse Faults

Reverse Faulting Example

UNION OOLITE THRUST MODEL WITH FRACTURE SWARM

DEPI #5639 (047-055-00226) Gamma Ray log (047- 055UNION OOLITE (Hanging wall)

100

PILOT KNOB THRUST FAULT 228 vertical displacement

UNION OOLITE
UNION OOLITE (Foot wall)
(after Nelson, 2001) no scale

Cross-section A - A Cross56 39
45 44 46 71 89 36 30 56 56 56 12 12 12 52 7

E
93

NW
A

35

34

SE
A

44

30

Where is the highest point in the structure in this depth map?

PILOT KNOB
0

A.
D

LITTLE LIME UNION PICKAWAY

ARISTA

-500

B.
A B

-1000

DENMAR PRICE

-1500

C. D.

Scale:

500 500

E.
C

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