Part I

Topological Spaces
1
1.1

Topological Spaces
Denition of Topology

If X is a set, its power set, P (X), is a set of all possible subsets of X. Thus, the elements of P (X) are subsets of X, rather than points in X. A topology on a set X is a set T P (X) such that: 1. ;, X 2 T 2. If A is S some set (nite, countable, or uncountable) and if U 2 T 8 2 A, then 2A U 2 T . Tn 3. If n 2 N and Ui 2 T 8 i 2 N, 1 i n then ( i=1 Ui ) 2 T .

If U 2 T then U is called an open set. If (X\U ) 2 T then U is called closed set. 1.1.1 Coarser vs. Finer

If T 0 T then T 0 is ner than T , or equivalently, T is coarser than T 0 . If one set is ner or coarser than another, the two are comparable.

1.2

Basis for a Topology

If X is a set, a basis for a topology on X is a set B P (X) such that: 1. 8 x 2 X 9 B 2 B : x 2 B. 2. IfB1 , B2 2 B and x 2 (B1 \ B2 ) then 9 B3 2 B such that x 2 B3 (B1 \ B2 ). 1.2.1 The Topology Generated by a Basis

If B is a basis for a topology, the topology that it generates is dened as TB = {U 2 P (X) : 8 x 2 U 9 B 2 B : x 2 B U }. By complement, Closed (X) = {C 2 P (X)S 8x 2 C B 2 B : x 2 B, B \ C = ;}. : / Furthermore, it can be shown that TB = 2A B : B 2 B 8 2 A . 1.2.2 Comparing Bases Let B and B 0 be bases for topologies T and T 0 respectively. Then T 0 is ner than T if and only if 8 x 2 X, 8 (B 2 B : x 2 B) 9 B 0 2 B 0 : x 2 B 0 B.

1.3

S A subbasis for a topology is a set S T (X) such that P S2S S = X. The n basis generated by S is given by BS = { i=1 Si : Si 2 S, n 2 N}.

Subbasis for a Topology

1.4

S The interior of a set A X is dened as int (A) := V A, V 2Open(X) V . The T closure of a set A X is dened as closure (A) := AC, (X\C)2Open(X) C.

Interior and Closure

1.5

Neighborhoods

If X is a topological space and x 2 X, a neighborhood of x, U , is a subset of X such that 9 V 2 Open (X) : x 2 V, V U . This is equivalent to saying that x 2 int (V ). Some authors (Munkres for instsance) dene a neighborhood to be open, others do not.

1.6

Continuous Functions

Let X, Y be two topological spaces, and let f be a map between them f : X ! Y . f is continuous if 8 V 2 Open (Y ) , f 1 (V ) 2 Open (X). 1.6.1 Continuity at a point

Let X, Y be two topological spaces, and let f be a map between them f : X ! Y . f is continuous at x 2 X if 8 .

1.7

Homeomorphism

Let X, Y be two topological spaces. Let f : X ! Y be a bijection. If f and f 1 are continuous then f is called a homeomorphism and X and Y are called homeomorphic.

1.8

Convergence

Let X be a topoogical space and {xn }n2N a sequence in X. {xn }n2N is said to converge to x 2 X if 8 U 2 Open (X) : x 2 U , 9 m 2 N : 8 n m, xn 2 U .