USE OF ENGLISH.

CLOZE EXERCISE In the following text, fill in the blanks with ONLY ONE WORD

The Nature of the Reading Process If you stand at a window 1)........................a busy road and watch a car pass you from left to right, your eyes will appear to move smoothly 2)....................... they are focused 3) ..................... the car. If, 4)......................, you wait until there is no traffic and try to follow an imaginary car as it moves from left to right anyone 5)..................... watches your eyes 6)....................... you do this will tell you that they move in a series of small jerks. This is 7).........................happens when you read. As your eyes move 8).................. a line of print, they make a series of small jerky movements, stopping momentarily on each word or group of words. These pauses - 9)..................... as fixations- last for about a third of a second. The slow reader finds that he has to fixate on every word in 10).................to understand what he reads 11).......................the efficient reader, on the other hand, has learned to widen his eye span and to see written material more in terms of groups of words 12).......................as single words. No mechanical device claiming to help a reader widen his eye span has 13)......................... been able to produce evidence that they are any more effective than 14) ................... trying to read faster. In fact, as you usually 15).......................read faster without widening your eye span, then, if your reading speeds increase as a result of trying to read faster, you have widened your eye span 16) ....................... necessarily realising it. One follows naturally from the other.

Sociology of sport Sociology (1).. how human societies are structured and how the latter affect the way in (2) . humans organise and experience life. Mega-events (3).. as the Olympic and Paralympic Games are interesting to question from a sociological (4).... for many reasons. Sporting events (5), when . as cultural events, can symbolise, reflect and indeed celebrate the dominant beliefs and values of a (6) society. Sociologists might (7) the following questions, among others: Why are certain ethnic groups over-represented in some events and underrepresented in (8)..? Which groups of people are most (9) to buy tickets to the Games? What (10) . the impact of the Games be on the people and the site where the event is (11) .? Do the Games become sites for disagreements between nations to be 'played-out' (12) sport? Why does the (13).. nation/city strive to show the world their perfect image? Is this image to be (14) ....... on or should audiences worldwide dismiss it as artificial and a fake? The history of the participation of minorities (namely women, certain ethnic groups and (15) .. athletes) can also be explored in the vast collection of books and journals at the British Library, (16) ..philatelic collections provide insight into the social 'legitimated stories'.

One of the 1................. natural disasters 2 in U.S. history, devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States 3.............New Orleans, Louisiana 4.............. Mobile, Alabama. Katrina made landfall in the early morning of 29 August 2005. The hurricane 5..............believed to have killed thousands of people, and known to have displaced 6............ than 1million -a humanitarian crisis in a scale unseen in the U.S. 7................. the American Civil War. Katrina, a tropical cyclone, developed 8............... a tropical wave about 175 miles east of Nassau and 9 into Category 1 before making landfall on the Miami-Dade Broward county line of Florida on August 25. Katrina moved southwest across Florida and west into the Gulf of Mexico, 10................. it intensified rapidly to Category 5. The Superdome 11 over 9,000 evacuees when Katrina came ashore. Katrina passed over New Orleans with 12. force that it ripped several holes in its roof. 14 US media 13 have been widespread reports of focused only on damages, debris and murders, rapes, beatings, robberies and general mayhem in the foreign press, 15 hazards.

Some people have argued that there is no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) thing as ADD. Upon reading their arguments I have found that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) most of them are actually saying is that ADD is not a singular disease, but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3) a collection of behaviours or symptoms caused by a wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) of problems. So, to some extent, it is really a matter of semantics. They compare a diagnosis of ADD to a diagnosis of fever. Imagine going to the doctor with a temperature and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5) told you have been diagnosed with a disease called Fever, and that all you can do is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6) aspirin to lower it. You might . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7) the wisdom of such a simplistic approach and wonder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (8) the doctor doesnt look for the CAUSE of the fever. Doctors rarely look for the cause of ADD behaviours.- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9), they assume such behaviours are due to some mysterious brain defect that for some . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (10) reason a huge number of people seem to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (11). Opponents of this simplistic approach argue that the concept of ADD as a singular and discreet disease is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12) fabrication. They do NOT argue that ADD behaviours are simply caused by lack of discipline or are figments of peoples imagination. They believe people should be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (13) as individuals, and their specific problems treated as symptoms. The actual condition causing the behaviour could range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14) brain damage to giftedness to allergies, and treatment would similarly range from stimulant medication to alternative education to allergy shots, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (15) on the root of the problem.

One way 1.. of this quandary is to be upfront about your investment in your appearance, as is the case with Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner, Argentinas 2. elected president. Her gaudy clothing style, 3. crimson leather jackets and clanking jewelry, as well as her wild purple-brown tresses, excessive makeup and 4.... mascaraed eyes are patently over-the-top, and she 5. no bones about it: 6. .. I was 14, Ive painted myself like a door. 7... way of circumventing this deconstructionist chitchat is by an impeccable professional background outside the political 8. .. altogether. If you are Margaret Thatcher, effortlessly radiating a kind of nanny-like authority, or the Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, resting on your laurels 9. a scientist, 10.. you need do is pass muster. Men do not escape microscopic 11.. .. either (John Kerry and his rumoured dalliance with Botox 12.. .as much heated discussion as his Vietnam record). 13.... it may be true that Nixons five-oclock shadow, hunched bearing and darting eyes did not help endear him to 14..the press or the public, they were not analyzed by grooming experts the 15.. the press endlessly dissects the puffiness around Hillarys eyes or Sgolne Royals willowy body that belies her 53 years and four children.

COMPLETE WITH ONLY ONE WORD ONLY IF NECESSARY Obama (1) . met his wife, Michelle Robinson, (2) . June 1989, when he was employed (3) .. a summer associate (4) . the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin. Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined (5) him at group social functions, but declined his initial offers (6) .. date. Not until later that summer did they (7) dating. They became engaged in 1991, and were married (8) . October 3, 1992. The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998, followed (9) a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001. Obama was (10) .as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed (11) ..his given name (12) his college years.

Are there any (1)...? Quite a few! To start (2) ., Facebook can give rise to harmful and (3).. activities such as impersonation, identity theft, and cyberbullying. Secondly, users (4) .. believe that the information, pictures and content they post is visible only to (5) and to people they choose to have access to it. Indeed, public data can be (6) and it remains accessible for a long time -there or (7)..... -,(8) being deleted by the user. Last but not (9) . , universities, employers, potential bosses, and recently the police increasingly (10).. to look for information about individuals on social networks. This has (11) .. to Facebook being nicknamed Stalker.com. Data management and privacy issues have become key digital literacy and e-safety areas. of course these arent (12) to social networking services, but these are the contexts within (13) we are talking to our friends and the world about what it was we got up to last night.

The tragedy that (1) Haiti in January is easy to measure in the lives lost, and the homes and infrastructure (2). The paradox of the earthquake is equally evident: when a natural disaster so devastating hits, (3). we have some way of predicting it? Hurricanes, blizzards, (4). volcanoes can be forecast well before their arrival, (5)governments and people to (6) . lifesaving preparations. Earthquakes, (7)., are stealth disasters, geological phenomena largely undetectable (8). seconds before they occur. (9). scientists have long wanted to know is why quakes are so sneaky and what, if (10)., can be done to read warning signs. If any earthquake (11) . to have been predictable, it was the one that has just (12). the region. Haiti sits over two clashing tectonic (13). which form the EnriquilloPlantain Garden Fault, studied (14). by geologists for decades, though this quake, (15). 7.0 on the Richter scale, is the worst in a century.

Media multi-tasking sounds, at first 1) .., like a boon for productivity. If we can do two things at once, we can do 2) .the amount in the same 3).

of time, or the same amount in 4).. the time.

5)... way, it's a nifty

trick. Researchers at Stanford University found that, actually, multi-tasking is a good way to do several things 6) When people are continually distracted from one task, they work faster but produce 7)...... In a series of tests that required 8) . rapidly back and 9)... between tasks, regular heavy multi-task evidenced slower response times than those who 10) multitasked. 11) .. that suggests is that multi-taskers are more easily distracted by irrelevant information and cannot focus. And unfocused can mean unproductive. Likewise, students 12 ..a maths puzzle took 40% longer - and suffered more 13) . - when 14)..to multi-task. And those who do homework while watching television get consistently lower 15)

But at some point the church began to fight that kind of relativism. And my mother was susceptible (1). the message, in national politics too, that the change had all (2) . too much too soon. She was frightened by the tumult of the late

1960s and early '70s, (3) my father, who had studied to become a Christian Brother, (4) . the excesses but embraced the rest of it. For the first time political argument shook my home, where consensus (5) the Kennedys, the civil rights movement, and the Vietnam War - once (6) .. The worst was when my mother, (7) .. us that we enjoy a (8) ballot in the United States, wouldn't tell us who she supported for president in 1972. We couldn't imagine that meant anything except that she'd (9) a vote for Richard Nixon, and she died (10) telling us otherwise. It was a low point in my parents' loving partnership, but they mostly handled it with humor. And (11) , even as my mother began to count herself (12) . the silent majority, to question the violence of the civil rights and antiwar movements, (13) not their goals, to embrace a certain authoritarianism in American politics and the church, she (14) go all the way. Some of her resistance was the influence of feminism. She wanted a larger role for women in the church. She started using her (15) ... name, Webster, as her middle name and began to think about going back to work. And then her cancer recurred.

The prelude to Germany's hosting of the World Cup could 1) . been better. Instead of presenting the country's best side to millions of visitors and billions of spectators from around the globe, Germany's image has recently been 2) . by several unsavoury incidents.

The country was shocked by a racially motivated brutal attack last month 3) a black German citizen, as well as several racist incidents in lower division German soccer leagues this season. To make 4) worse, German neo-Nazi groups recently said they 5) use the tournament to raise their 6) at home and abroad. The US State Department has 7) visitors to exercise caution when travelling in parts of the country's economically depressed east 8) fear of skinheads and other 9) .-prone, right-wing extremists. Taken all together, it's conspiring to tarnish the efforts of the organizing committee, 10). by football legend Franz Beckenbauer, for a grand soccer extravaganza this summer. And German football certainly isn't the 11) .. offender in Europe when it comes 12) racist taunting: the top leagues in both Spain and Italy continue to have

13) problems. But there's undoubtedly room 14) .. improvement. Simply confining thugs and hooligans to second and third division matches is 15) an acceptable solution.

Reality TV is a genre 1) presents purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents 2) events, and features ordinary people 3).. of professional actors. Reality TV covers a 4) range of

formats, from game shows 5) surveillance- or voyeurism-focused productions such as Big Brother. The term "reality television" is 6) .. to be somewhat of a misnomer. Shows portray a modified and highly influenced form of 7).., with participants put in exotic 8) . or abnormal situations, often 9) to act in certain ways by off-screen handlers, and with events on screen manipulated 10) .. editing and other post-production techniques. 11) remains some controversy over whether talent-search shows such as the Idol series are truly reality television. In jobsearch shows such as The Apprentice, the competition 12) around a skill contestants were pre-screened for. Competitors 13) a variety of tasks based on that skill, are judged, and are then 14) or removed by a 15) . expert or a panel of experts.