1.1 - Relational Database Concepts PDF

Relational Database Concepts
IBM Information Management Cloud Computing Center of Competence

IBM Canada Labs
1 © 2011 IBM Corporation
Agenda
• Overview
• Information and Data Models
• The relational model
• Entity-Relationship diagrams
• Types of relationships
• Mapping entities to tables
• Relational model concepts
• Relational model constraints
• Normalization

Supporting reading material & videos
• Reading materials
• Database Fundamentals eBook
• Chapter 1: Databases and information models
• Chapter 2: The relational data model
• Chapter 3: The conceptual data model (optional)
• Chapter 4: Relational database design (optional)
• Videos
• db2university.com course AA001EN
• Lesson 1: Relational database concepts

Agenda
• Overview
• Normalization

Data vs. Information
• Data: Collection of letters, numbers or facts

• Information: Processed data that provides value

Databases and DBMS
• Databases
• A repository of data
• DBMS (Database management system)
• Software system that manages databases
• The terms “Database”, “DBMS”, “data server”, “database
server” often used interchangeably to refer to a DBMS
• Why a DBMS?
• Security
• Can handle many users with good performance
• Allows for concurrency while keeping data consistent
• Protects from disaster
Agenda
• Overview
• Normalization

Information and Data Models
Relationship between an Information Model and a Data Model

Data Models
• Network • Semantic
• Hierarchical • Object-oriented
• Relational • Object-relational
• Entity-Relationship • Semi-structured
• Extended relational

Agenda
• Overview
• Normalization

Relational Model

Entity-Relationship Diagrams
• Building Blocks
• Entities Entity
• Attributes Attribute

Entity and Attributes

ER diagram
Title
Description
Editon
Aisle Book Year
Pages
ISBN Price

Exercise: Identify entities and attributes
House Phone #
Social Security Number

Computer
Product
Date
Height Order #
Did you get them right?
House Phone #
Social Security Number

Computer
Product
Date
Height Order #
Agenda
• Overview
• Entity-relationship diagrams
• Normalization

Relationships
• Building Blocks
– Entity sets
– Relationship sets
– Crows Foot notations

ERD of Book
Title
Description
Editon
Aisle Book Year
Pages
ISBN Price

ERD of Author
Author_Id Lastname
Country Author Firstname
City Email

Example 1

Example 2

Types of Relationships
Book Authored By Author
One-to-one Relationship

Types of Relationships (Continued)
One-to-many Relationships

Types of Relationships (Continued)
Many-to-many Relationships

Agenda
• Overview
• Normalization

ERD revisited
Title
Description
Editon
Aisle Book Year
Pages
ISBN Price

Mapping entity to a table
Title
Description
Entity Editon
Book Aisle Attributes Year
Pages
ISBN Price
Table
Columns
Mapping entity to a table (Continued)
Table: Book
Title Edition Year Price ISBN Pages Aisle Description
Database 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 300 DB- Teaches you

Fundamentals 98662 A02 the
83-1-1 fundamentals
of databases
Getting started 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 280 DB- Teaches you
with DB2 98662 A01 the essentials
Express-C 83-5-1 of DB2 using
DB2 Express-
C, the free
version of
DB2

Mapping entity to a table (Continued)
Table: Author
Author_ID Lastname Firstname Email City Country
A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA
A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA
A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA
A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN
A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilva RO

nia

Agenda
• Overview
• Normalization

Relational Model Concepts
Dr. E.F. Codd of IBM in 1970:

“A Relational Model for Large Shared Data Banks”
• Building Blocks
• Relation
• Sets

A Relational Database
• Relational Database
• Relation
• Relation Schema
• Relation Instance

A Relation
AUTHOR(Author_ID: char, lastname: varchar, firstname: varchar, Relation
email: varchar, city: varchar, country: char)
Schema
Relation Instance ATTRIBUTES
DEGREE=6 Author_ Lastname Firstna Email City Country

CARDINALITY=5 ID me
TUPLES A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA
A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO
A DOMAIN is the set of all possible values for a specific attribute

Agenda
• Overview
• Normalization

Relational Model Constraints
Business Rules
Referencing
Data Integrity

ERD representation of a Relational Data Model
Primary Key
Parent Table
Dependant Table Foreign Key

Constraints
• Entity Integrity Constraint

• Referential Integrity Constraint
• Semantic Integrity Constraint
• Domain Constraint
• Null Constraint
• Check Constraint

Entity Integrity Constraint
AUTHOR
[PK]

AUTHOR
[PK]

AUTHOR
[PK]
A1
NULL Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA

AUTHOR
[PK]
A1
NULL Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA
A4
NULL Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN

Referential Integrity Constraint
Referencing

Semantic Integrity Constraint
AUTHOR
[PK]

Semantic Integrity Constraint
AUTHOR
[PK]

12(*)&^23

Domain Constraint
AUTHOR

Domain Constraint
AUTHOR

34
34
34

NULL Constraint
AUTHOR

NULL Constraint
AUTHOR
A1 Chong Raul
NULL rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA
A3 Hakes
NULL Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA

Check Constraint
BOOK

83-1-1 fundamentals
of databases
Getting started 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 280 DB- Teaches you
DB2 Express-
C, the free
version of
DB2

Check Constraint
BOOK

83-1-1 fundamentals
of databases
Getting started 1 2010
2015 24.99 978-0- 280 DB- Teaches you
DB2 Express-
C, the free
version of
DB2

Agenda
• Overview
• Normalization

Normalization
■ Process in database design to remove redundancies
■ Example:
Consider the following table listing all the tasks of an employee:
Problem:
If John moves to a new city, all entries related to John must be updated
Normalization (continued)
No redundancy, no anomalies, no loss of information

Thank you!

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Relational Database Concepts

IBM Information Management Cloud Computing Center of Competence

2 © 2011 IBM Corporation

3 © 2011 IBM Corporation

4 © 2011 IBM Corporation

• Data: Collection of letters, numbers or facts

5 © 2011 IBM Corporation

7 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Relationship between an Information Model and a Data Model

8 © 2011 IBM Corporation

9 © 2011 IBM Corporation

10 © 2011 IBM Corporation

11 © 2011 IBM Corporation

12 © 2011 IBM Corporation

13 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Aisle Book Year

14 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Social Security Number

Social Security Number

17 © 2011 IBM Corporation

– Crows Foot notations

18 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Aisle Book Year

19 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Country Author Firstname

20 © 2011 IBM Corporation

21 © 2011 IBM Corporation

22 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Book Authored By Author

23 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Book Authored By Author

24 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Book Authored By Author

25 © 2011 IBM Corporation

26 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Aisle Book Year

27 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Book Aisle Attributes Year

Database 1 2010 24.99 978-0- 300 DB- Teaches you

29 © 2011 IBM Corporation

A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA

A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA

A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA

A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN

A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilva RO

30 © 2011 IBM Corporation

31 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Dr. E.F. Codd of IBM in 1970:

32 © 2011 IBM Corporation

33 © 2011 IBM Corporation

DEGREE=6 Author_ Lastname Firstna Email City Country

A1 Chong Raul rfc@ibm.com Toronto CA

A2 Ahuja Rav ra@ibm.com Toronto CA

TUPLES A3 Hakes Ian ih@ibm.com Toronto CA

A4 Sharma Neeraj ns@ibm.com Chennai IN

A5 Perniu Liviu lp@univ.com Transilvania RO

A DOMAIN is the set of all possible values for a specific attribute

35 © 2011 IBM Corporation

Book Authored By Author

36 © 2011 IBM Corporation

37 © 2011 IBM Corporation

• Entity Integrity Constraint