Premiere Isue

THE
July 1990 52.00
,
ER
Ne and Views in the Wrld o OS/68000 and 6809
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-A TALE O F TWO COMPUT ERS
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-DOING WINDOWS

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-GOO SHELL
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-uMACS PRIIIER
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-PLAYING CHESS IN ''e''
-aSK FOR O Sgers
-SOFTWARE WISHLIST
-HACKERS CONTEST!

-KEVIN DARLING SPEAKS

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Directory of Id/OSKer/Jul90 10:02:46
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90/07/09 0935 --'-r'wr 3 11550 A_Tale_Of_Two_Coters
90/07109 076 " --r-wr 5 9204 Ooctor_OSKer
90/07/09 0446 -r-w| 7 22826 Doins_Winows
90/07/09 0757 rwr 9 3127 Editors_Ramlings
90/07/09 0757 r-wr 10 584 Fla_ON
90/07/09 0757 * f"WF 13 2798 Goto_Shell
90/07/09 0757 -" 'r-wr 14 3061 Hacker_Contest
90/07/09 0332 --'-r'wr 14 41602 Kevin_Darling_Spaks
90/07/09 077 " '-r-wr 20 45240SK_for_OSgers
90/07/09 7 --'-r-wr 21 3398 Origins_of_OSKer
90/07/09 061 --" --wr 25 9670 Playing_Chess_in_C
90/07/09 0935 ----r-wr 22 238 Software_list
90/07/09 0959 ----r-wr 22 5190 uacs_Primr
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FILE DESCRI PTOR: A_Tale_Of_Two_Coters
ONER: Scott Griepntrog
ATTRIBUTES: Editor, OS9 Freak
ALLOATI ON MAP: SysopRoot (StG'Net), 72427,335@CI S,
StGium r.iupi.edu
I don't think anybody will argue that the PC mchines are
starting to look goo to even the mst die hard CoC03/0S9
enthusiast. The cost of a base mel XT is actually
starting to drop blow what it costs to pt together a
coarable 059 syste. Even without the mlti-tasking/user
features of OS9, a lot of popLe are fining it hard to
resist using what is really an inferior oprating syste.
As a result of this, a lot of pople have ben clamring
for newer hardware to bring OS9 into the 90's. Enter FHL
(Frank Hogg Labs) an I MS ( I nteractive Media Syste,
formrly Kenneth-leigh Enterprises), an their new mchines,
the Toat series an MM1.
Goin in alpabtical order, I chatte with bth cams in an
attemt to get so insight on the backgrouns bhin the
pople bhin the machines, in adition to the details abut
what we can expct fro the new mchines. I think @
english teacher just rolLed over
Frank Hogg, fro Frank Hogg labs (FHL)
Frank Hogg is what mst pople would call a real character.
The first thing that struck m is his habit of spaking his
min. He'll tell you what he thinks if you wanted to know
or not. But he's no stranger to the CoCo, OS9, an OSK
markets, having sold hardware an software for all. So one
is reined to listen up - he'll give you goo tips fro his
exprience - even if you're going to cote against him.
Frank started his bsiness back in 1976 . at first as a
dental lab. He got involved in microcoters first with
the KI M1, a 6802 mchine. I n '79 he got into the software
bsiness, an the following year cam out with four packages
for the FLEX opratin g syste. He was also aproached at
that tim by Ken Caplan to suprt 059 then level 1, full
of bgs, an had no software.
In '82 cam a big break with Frank's nepew Rich Hogg
discovering how to upgrade the new 32K CoCo to 64k just by
ading four wires. This allowed the several hunred FLEX
packages to work on it, an brought him into the CoCo
mrket. Then at the 1984 Ft Worth Rainbwfest the newly
prted level 1 059 was being sold for the CoCo, an Frank
showed off his O'Pak utilties (also done by Rich). They
used the grapics mde to ad lower case characters an mre
than 32 colus to OS9.
I n the sam year, Frank started selling his first OT
coter, a single bard 68008 (8 bit bs equivalent to
68000). He subsequently cam out with 68000 an '020 mdels
of the QT. But he ran into a proble with the QT line.
Uprading to a faster mel require replacing the entire
bard, which was costly. I n 'W, he solve this proble by
creating the K'Bus syste. Although Frank's idea, it was
designed by Mike Smith an Dave Bridger at Hazelwoo
Coters, who also did the very first prt of OK back in
'83 an mde the OT mtherboards.
The K-Bus is a 16 bit bs, that can adress up to 16 mg.
Having ben aroun for a few years already, has many cards
for it already, incluing math coprocessors, ram, clock/dl
printer, SCSI, Flopy, serial, an a 68030 board. Frank
claims that it is catching on to the point that other
mnufacturers are starting to bild K'Bus cards.
An now, finally, to the new Toat line. The TC9 looks at
first glance like it should b a CoC03. I t is actually a
6803 running at 3mz with a CoC03 GI ME, AT keyboard, 8-bit
soun, an other imroved features. I t has a CoCo bs, so
all CoCo hardware will work with it, an fits into the K-Bus
for conecting to the 6k world. The board was designed by
Bob Pup, creator of the PC keyboard adapter for the CoCo.
The TC9 can interact with other K'Bus cards, bt it mst
have a 68k processor (a 68000, '30, or TC70 will do) in the
bs to hanle requests for it. The TC9 can't directly
access the K'Bus, although a 6k processor on the bs can
access all of the TC9's m emry, an can be triggered to do
so via an interrupt. For examle, a mmry mve can be
hanled a lot faster as the 68k processor has access to the
entire TC9's ram without going through the DAT (adress
transLator that allows the 6809 processor to han le mre
than 64k).
Frank also pints out that mre than one TC9 bard can b in
the bs at the sam tim. Just think, a whole bank of
CoCo's in one bx, with OSK running at the sam tim! Too
bad it can't hanle mltipLe 6k processors w
The other mr of the Toat family is the TClO. It is a
6070 processor, with VSC grapics chip, ram, an serial
prts. Although it resemles the MMl in mny ways, Frank
claim that the design had ben in the works even bfore the
advent of the MM1. I t is an alternate 68k processor for the
K-bs, with lots of extra features.
Interestingly enough the Te7D bard was also made so that it
could used as a replacemnt for the older OT mtherbards,
an can be munted on a flopy drive, hany for inustrial
aplications.
As we finished, Frank related a few stories to m. I t seems
that Paul Ward (I MS) had an advertisent in the Rainbw for
three mnths straight. Then when he skipd a mnth, Frank
hapned to pt in an ad for the TC9, an a lot of people
(without reading the ad?) thought that the TC9 was fro
Paul ...
Frank also says he's working O having the capability to run
RSDOS on the TC9, an is seriously thinking about doing a
MAC emlator for the TC70. An he doesn't miss a chance to
rein m that his prt of OSK is more stable, as he pts
it. lots of extra features, like a dde com an that
allows you to just say 'de IdO -coco' to read a CoCo
format disk.
Before I got off the pone with him (several hours later),
he said so things abut OS9 in general I thought very
imrtant to relay. He spoke abut the usefulness of level
J OS9, " The ability was there, bt noboy wrote the
software Like having a c ar that can do 500 m bt no
roads that fast' '. With Level 2 on the CoC03, things were
btter, bt he said, " mnane everyday apliations [still]
have to be done Bouncing balls are not going to cut
it" .
He stressed that OSK developrs should look at the
penoinal oprtunity before the, bcause " the first
software [is] going to make all the mney, [an] everybdy
else is going to pLay catch-up' '. I t's a wide open market
with these new machines, as he pinted out, " everybdy who
is interested in aSK has to participate" . Finally he
convinced m that " bing first is mre imortant than
Sector 3
everything else when the heat of cotion cos on,
anounce a new version an ad features" .
Paul Ward, fro Interactive Media System
Paul got his first CoCo back in '82. He did program ing on
it, PC's an Mac's. In 'b he picked up 059 level 1, an
fell in love with it imdiately. He had trouble with the
Rainbw guide to OS9 though. He thought it allowed too mny
oprtunities for user error an decided to write a new one.
In '8 he started " Start OS9, an enjoyabLe hans-on guid to
059 Lv2 on the CoC03" , wich took abut a year to colete.
The biggest incentive was his feeling that OS9 would b
respnsible for the longevity of the CoCo. In his bok he
has an essay on COl, the future of the CoCo, an interviews
with Microware staff.
The MM1 mchine started with Kevin Pease, Kevin Darling, an
Paul talking abut the 'CoC0' back in Septemr of last
year. Pease, who did the design for the mchine, is a top
R&D hardware designer for Ran McNally. an Paul claim he
works very fast. " We had drawings worked up by the en of
January, with the spcs nailed down by surveys on what
pople wanted an our own design goals" . Four prototyps
were dne by April, in tim for the Chicago Rainbwfest,
" It was actually a lot of fun bcause our roo was packed
full with a lot of coter cases an bards" , said Paul.
" We were soldering an ptting together syste the
thursday night bfore the fest" .
Paul related how they had so goo des to start off the
weeken with, an Kevin DarLing was working back in North
Carolina uploading new ones each night. Because he was
bsy, Kevin couldn't Lead the seinar on 059 he was
schedule for. Dale Puckett took over an invited the three
attening hardware popLe for des an Q/A. All who
attened wilL not soon forget watching PauL an Frank chide
each other abut the differences btween their mchines,
Paul says that " the syste that pople get in August wilL
b the 3rd version of the bard" . He also talks abut
already having orders fro 3 universities for msic, mlti
mia, an prting stuff fro Unix. " We're very agressive
abt getting software on the MM1", says Paul. " The onLy
way to survive for ten years is to co out with btter
technology" . Pease actually suggested the chip selected
for use in the MM1 - the 68070 an the VSC, bth used in COl
player designs. " We designed the syste to b very
affordable by mking the cp bard as minimal a coter as
pssible while still keeping it really sexy."
Paul also talks abut bing very comited to OSK an foun
that Microware was " very profesional an cooperative' '.
He's going after the big fish, trying to cote with the
PC, Mac, an Amiga bcause " that's where the true
cotition lies' '. His pLans incLue " coing up with
minstream software, prmiting minstream hardware ad-ons
an stilL doing sothing different an btter than the
other systems" . He also has plans to go after university
stuents.
Rather bldly Paul told m, " We are going national with
this coter (an our next coter) - whoose details are
coletely uer wraps" . I asked what the story was with
the MM1's bs. He says that pople fear that there will b
no mre ad-on cards. On the drawing bard he claim are a
digitizer, network (ethernet), serial i/o, an tap backup.
It is a 32 bit bs, derived tro VE to mke adaptation of
VE cards to the MM1 bs very easy. He even talks abut
bing able to use PC 16-bit ad-on cards in the future.
Finally, I asked him to define Multi-Media, which forms part
of the nam of his new machine. It simly mans that the
couter has interactive text, grapiCS, animation, an
soun capabilities. I can just see an MM1 bing used as a
watchdog - Listening for unfamiliar sounds an animating a
dog juing at the door while barking Louly
So, to bL up
We've got two new machines, Most pople would say think
that these two guys are pLaying a gam of dueling coters,
trying to outprform each other. It's ben very interesting
so far this year. an it's only going to get btter. But I
don't see this as a war at all. It's natural for a little
friction to heat things up when two very determined popLe
have two very different ideas abut how to do things. Yhat
is reaLly hapning is that these two peopLe have (pssibly
without reaLizing it) given us a choice.
We don't have the mch awaited for 'CoC04' machine, the
fabled machine that would solve all our probLes, we
actuaLly have two real machins that give us totally
different options, ru the sam oprating syste, an will
even have comatible winows! We may be sitting back an
shaking our heads at these two guys thinking, why? Why
couldn't they get together instead of battling it out! But
realize that we, the OS9 pblic, are bnefiting fro this.
Let's just hope they can keep it up eh? Wish them bth goo
Luck next tim you talk to them, an no matter which one you
decide to go with, Keep On OSK'ing!
\

) 6

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FILE DESCRIPTOR: Doctor_OSKer
ONER: John Doe
ATTR!BUTES: Question Answerer, Identity Unknown
ALLOCATION MAP: none as yet
In this regular section, our mythical Doctor OSKer will
answer any an all questions abut Life, the Universe, an
Everything abut OS9. Of course, don't expct reasonable
answers on the first two. But we are assembling a panel of
exprts to field those really odball questions, as well as
the just plain ordinary ones.
If you have a question or wish to b on our panel of
exprts, you can write, call, e-mil, etc., any of the
adresses blow:
Doctor OSKer
P.O. Box 24285
Spedway IN 46224
(317) 241-6401
SysopROT (StG-Net)i 72427,335 (CIS); StG@hum r.iupi.edu
Now that that's out of the way, let's get on with the
questions What? No questions? 0 I forgot, this is the
first issue. Noby knows I exist. Let's see, if n
knows that I exist, does that man that I don't? like that
tree that can't fall bcause noby is there to hear it. Or
is existance relative to my own prception of whether I
exist or not,
Anyways, bfore the good Doctor imgines he's go an takes
over the world, let's replace him with so Q's an A's
abut the new mchines. Large prtions of this have ben
derived fro Frank Hogg's question an answer sheet (Thanks
Frank!), plus conversations with bth cas an other
unassorted sources.
Q: Will the TC9 be comatible with the MM1?
A: Not really. This is like asking if a CoCo (6809) an a
68K processor are coatible. The TC9 has a 6809 cotible
CPU, an a coc03 GIME chip, so it's grapics capabilities
are the sam as the CoCo. The MM1 uses a VSC chip for
grapics, which has mre resolution an colors. But then
the TC9's brother, the TC70, also has a V5I chip an uses
the sam CPU as the MM1. Coaring the TC9 an the MM1 is
Like coaring aples an oranges ' bt the TC70 is close
enough to the HM1 to b called coatible, just like the TC9
is close enough to a CoCo to b called coatible. But it
is also interesting to note that the TC9 an the TC70 can
exist in the sam bs. Even though they are not directly
coatible, then can share an talk btween themselves, thus
bridging the gap btween 6809 an 68k. The MM1 will also
have a CoCo 'gateway', which can plug into existing CoCo.
Q: What is the difference btween the MM1 an the TC70?
A: The biggest difference is that the TC70 is a card for the
K-bs, allowing it to use other cards for interfacing to the
real world, whereas the MM1 has a lot of bilt in features
btween its two bards_ The MMl is expected to cost less
than a coarable TC70 setup, bt it is not upradable as
yet. The base MM1 (bth bards) has 1M ram, 3 serial prts,
Stereo soun In/Out, CoCo coatible joystick, hi-res muse
inpts, an an XT keybard, whereas the TC70 has 1.5M ram, 2
serial prts, Mono soun In/Out, an an AT keyboard.
Otherwise they are practically the sam, with the exception
that the MM1 will run faster when expanded to 3M ram.
Q: ill I b able to just uplug the Multi-pak fro m CoCo
3, with Disto II flopy controller, Burke Burke HO
interface RS232 pak an just plug the works into the TC9?
A: Yes, bcause the TC9 has a CoCo Bus everything will work
except RO cartridge gams. You may not need the RS-232 pak
though bcause the TC9 has 2 RS232 style ports on it.
Q: Do | still need the mlti-pak, or can I connect m
existing drives so other way?
A: The TC9 should run 2 Paks on just a cable. The CoCo Bus
on the TC9 is via a header rather than a card edge
connector. This was done to make it easier to cable the
paks in the case. We also pt 12 volts back on the bs for
things like the Burke Burke Interface.
Q: Can I mt @ flopies an hard drives in the TC9 case?
A: Yes, an there is a 200 watt per supLy to hanle it.
Q: Do the new coters have a bilt in muse interface?
A: The TC9 an the M1 have a 8 bit joystick prt, which can
b used with the Tany joysticks an mice. Both mchines
can use a serial prt for a PC typ muse that has btter
resolution.
Q: Will the Tany Hi-Res interface work with the TC9?
A: No, it doesn't have a cassette prt_ But the MM1 has a
bilt in hi-res interface.
Q: What software is inclued with the TC9?
A: All the details are not available yet, bt it should have
a version of Tany's OS9, mdifie to work with the hardware
di fferences.
Q: What software is inclued with the MM1?
A: 059/68000 V2.3, C Coiler, Basic, grapics editor, text
editor, tape bacKup sw, print spooler, PC file mnager, an
other to b announced.
Q: hat abut MSDOS coatibility?
A: Emlating an MSDOS environnt on a 68k processor would
b too slow, an ading a 'x8 processor would probably turn
out to b mre expensive than purchasing a clone an using
it as a terminal to OSK when not running MSDOS. Paul says
the MM1 is " MSDOS frienly" , as it can use DOS disks an
will have many MSDOS aplications prted to it.
Q: What abut Mac coatibility?
A: The Mac uses 6k an hardware that is very similar to the
TC70 an MM1. With the adition of a Macintosh RO set an
so interfacing (like that currently available for the
Atari ST), bth machines should b able to run Mac software.
frank is known to b looking at this closely.
Q: Is the TC9 coletely CoCo coatible? Will RS BASIC
software work with the TC9?
A: Frank is working O RS-SASJC coatibility. bt warns
that it may b a while bfore it is ready an fully
debugged. Because of a nur of hardware differences, so
porly written or highly protected progarms may not work at
all. However, all 059 software will run on it.
Sector 5
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bBCt0t b
F I LE DESCRI PTOR: Doi ng_Wi nows
ONER: Chris 'The Bug' Swinefurth
ATTRIBUTES : Stuent, Hun, Hacker
ALLOCATION MAP: bg@root (StG'Net)
Winow? What i s a wi now? Well, mst I BM users wil l say i t
i s soth i ng you throw your coter through! As OSK/OS9
users we have the POER to use winows. Most " mssy" DOS
users do not! We can play chess in one winow while
downloadi ng the daily news in another an even yet i n
another winow soth i ng el se an so forth . The
pssiblities of winows are enless! It doesn't mtter what
you use coters for, wi nows will prove adicti ng! " But
how do you mke an use winows?"
In OS9 Level 2 running on the CoC03 mki ng winows is easy,
bt in OSK winows have not yet ben wi dely stanardize.
We do have a form of winows in OSK, bt they don't have al l
the grapics suprt as OS9 Level 2 CoCo wi nows. There i s
hop even as I typ Kevin Darling is bsy hacking away at
his keybard writing new winow drivers for OSK! We're all
rooting (an wai ting) for you Kevin!!!
In the mantim I ' ll explai n OS9 Level 2 CoCo 3 Winows. I t
i s very easy to mke a wi now! Anyby can do i t. All you
have to do is tell OS9 to attach an set the winow. There
are two min ways to bgin: (1 ) Attach the winow, via the
ISattach call in assemly or the I ni z comn fro shell, to
the active winow queue, a li st of all the active wi nows.
Or, (2) Opn a path to the wi now, via the l $Opn call.
After you opn the winow either by " inizin9" it or
opning a path to it, you mke the winow custo or use the
wi now data in the devi ce descriptor. If you want to use
the data in the device descriptor alL you have to do i s sen
the OS9 Select coes to the wi now. You can do this by
typing " DispL ay 1 8 21 " fro shell or writing S1B S21 to
the winow via the OS9 ISWrite call. You can also write
anything out to the winow, bt mst pople j ust sen
select.
If you want a custo winow you need to sen the DWSet OS9
di splay coes to the winow. The paramters for DWSet are
as follows:
DWSet:= 18 20 typ lcx lcy szx szy forc l r bakc l r brdclr
Typ, cal l e the wi now typ, is the ki n of wi now OS9 wi ll
mke. Seven di fferent ki ns of wi nows are descri bd in the
following list:
Winow Typ Nurs for OS9 Level 2 CoCo 3
No. Cols. Rows. Col rs. Grap. Res. M.
T 40 24 1 6 -' Text -- 2K
2 80 24 16 Text -- 4K
5 80 24 02 640x1 92 1 6K
6 40 24 04 320x192 1 6K
7 80 24 04 60x192 32K
8 40 24 1 6 320x1 92 32K
In adi tion, one mre wi now typ, VDG, exi sts. Look i n
upoing issues of the OSKer for an arti cle expl aining in
mre detai l VOG winows. The lcx an lcy args are the X an
Y coordinates, in chars, for the upr l eft corner of the
screen. Lcx i s the nur, fro the upr left corner, of
chars across, the colus, of the wi now. Ley is the nur
of li nes down, rows. The wi now CANNOT b bi gger than the
screen. Also, mke sure that wi nows do not overlap. There
i s a way to overl ap winows, bt that wi ll b in a future
artic l e.
The forclr, bakclr, an brdclr are the col ors of the winow
(foregroun, backgroun, an brder) the winow ori gi nally
bgins with. The last step is to wri te soth i ng out to the
winow. Usually you wi ll sen the Select caL L (SlB S21) so
the winow you j ust created wil l bco the active winow.
The Select call is li ke the CLEAR key i t mkes the winow
that it was written out to the current acti ve wi now, bt
only if Stdl n is the current active winow. For examle, i f
I have a program running on /Term, opn up a path to /W1,
an I wri te the Select call on that path, W1 would " pp"
on @ screen. This way Pop can mke the winow it j ust
mde co up on the users screen . instead of having the
user press CLEAR until they got to the new wi now.
The program 'Pop' is a uti lity that enables you to mke a
winow of any kin you want. 'Pop' mkes all of i ts winows
full size acording to thei r winow typ nur. The user
tells 'Pop' what winow typ he want an gets the next
avai l able wi now an DWSets an Selects the wi now. Fi nally
i t chai ns a process (or if no nam was spcified, a shell)
to the wi now.
First, 'Pop' figures out what typ of wi now the user wants.
Then, 'Pop' opns a path to the next available winow, via
the wi ld card wi now. Opning a path to the wi ld card
winow, /W, tells OS9 to get the next wi now not currently
bi ng used. Pop then wri tes the DWSet call out to the new
wi now. Next, Pop sens the Sel ect cal l to the wi now. So,
the new winow " pps" up on the users screen. Pop, then,
forks labl. Finally Pop chains to the comn that the
user spcifi ed, or Shell if no coman was gi ven.
Before 'Pop' chai ns the process it tri es to fork a program
nam ' L abl' . Labl i s a program that " steal s" the top
line of the winow for a l abl an prints the nam of winow
on it. Labl is not reui red for 'Pop' . if it is not foun
'Pop' wi ll j ust go on. Labl wi ll b printed i n an upoing
issue.
Using Pop i s easy. The options are all preceded by a dash.
The options are: 1 -c
=
#e The -l option tells Pop not to
fork Labl bfore chaining. The -c option tells Pop to
" pp" the current wi now instead of grabing a new one.
Pop does this by DWEning the wi now bfore DWSetti ng i t
back. The '# opti on is the nur of the w i now typ the
user wants Pop to mke. If th i s is oi tted Pop defaults to
2, an 80x24 full si ze screen. The options can co one
right after the other or b preceded by thei r own dash; Pop
does not care. The last thing on the comn line is the
opti onal nam of another comn to chain to bsides SheL L .
If running Pop fro a Shel l you need to pt an after all
the argunts. This is bcause Shel l does a wai t call after
it forks a process an Pop does not return to its parent
until the program it chained to dies.
The program 'Typ' that apared i n the June 1 90 i ssue of
the Rai nbw page 36 was wri tten by m also, an has a bg.
The bg was NOT part of the coe I subitted, bt inside a
mifi cati on the Rai nbw di d to @ coe pri or to pri nting.
The bg is on page 38, i n the first an only while loop in
the program. The li ne l ooks like this:
while(-argc > 0 && (
*
++argv) [0] == ' ) \
The bg is in the -argc part of the l i ne. I t shoul d read:
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mgazine was created.
But it was also create to spread the news
to those who have not yet bco
blievers, an also to keep informtion
flowing fro the developrs to the en
users. To spread the latest an greatest
hapnings in our corner of the universe
throughout the known galaxy of coting
stardo n
Hey, have starte ramling yet?
p.s. prdon the abnunce of articles
written by yours truly, bt we gotta start
sowhere. Get your articles in (on any
subject, aS9 or aSK) an see if you can
drown m out eh? See your nam in
lights n well, black ink anyways. Plus,
get six mnths of the aSKer for free if we
print your article or prOgtT!
FILE DESCRIPTOR: Flam_ON
ONER: Scott Griepntrog
ATTRIBUTES: Editor. Publicly Executable
ALLOCATION MAP: 5ysopRoot (StG-Net),
72427,335iCIS, StGQhumr.iupi.ed
Soby got a mtch?
In this regular section, readers are
welco to flam on (or off) abut
sothing they take exception to. To
start it off, I present sothing that
really ticks m off. As with all psted
smKing allowed areas, all statents are
opInIons of the inividual doing the
smKing, an should b taken as such.
Like Unix, we have in 059 an aSK the
capability to tag each store file with
what prson is respnsible for it. In
the case where only one prson is using
the syste, this features doesn't have
mch use. But if you allow soone else
access to your mchine, an you want that
prson to access only certain files an
comns, it bcos a very pwerful
feature ineed. Just ask soby who
runs a login syste (BBS) with several
hunere users.
When they (R1CrOwreJ Ore1ed OSK in the
imge of OS9, they left the filesyste
(the way files are store on disk) alone.
This way, all OS9 syste can read OSK
disks, an all OSK systes can read 059
disks (provide the disk formts are
coatible). That was a really goo idea
to Keep coatibility with the old
fOr1.
But they did change user nurs in OSK -
in the process descriptor that is. The
process descriptor contains informtion
controlling every program running in the
syste (see the com n procs). Each
process has a user r"er, wh i ch is
attached to each file it creates. This
be arg.c if not -l branch over the clear labl flag
clr lblflg user doesn't want Pop to call labl: clear labl flag
arg.c cm #'c test for -c; -c tells pp to DWEn the winow an reke it
be rg.1 if not -c branch to the next test
inc curwin set current winow flag
* setting curwin tells pp not opn a new winow, an to DWEn the current one
arg.1 cma #'1 test for -1; pp needs to see if the arg is a nur or what
bs nxtarg if lower get next arg; this arg is bgus; no error
cma #'8 top bunry for nur is 8
bi nxtarg if higher get next arg; bgus arg: no error
* since OS9 has no winow for typs 3 an 4 test for the an print help
* mssage an exit if user tells pp to mke typ 3 or 4 winow. The program
* Typ that apare in the June 190 issue of the Rainbw suprte typ 3&4
* winows; typ was a 38 colu winow an typ 4 was a 106 colu winow
* Typ 3 was mde by setting wnlocx to 2 instead of zero. Typ 4 was mde
* by using the smll grapics font on a typ 7 winow.
cma #'3 test for *
b btyp
cm #'4 test for -4
b btyp
suba #30 mke asci i nur a nur value
sta wintyp user wants a winow typ other than ] store it in wintyp
bra nxtarg get the next arg
Help Message Routine
help leax hlpg,pr load X with adress of the help mssage
getchr lda 7 load A with char at X
lb gdexit if A=zero do an exit with no error
* zero mrks the en of the help mssage
* Write Line stops writting when it reaches SOD or the amunt of chars to write
* the amunt of chars to write is always 80 bcause no one line of the help
mssage is longer than 80 chars
ldy #0050 load X with 80; mx nur of chars to write
Lda #02 load A with StdErr - prfere over Stdut for heLp mssage
os9 iSwritLn write a line of the help mssage
Lbs bexit if an error occurs while writing exit with error
* this routine advances past the en of line char
nxtchr ld ,+ load A with the char in X
cm #OD Test A for En Of Line Char
be nxtchr if not En Of Line get the next char
bra getchr do routine over aagain
* this routine prints the mssage that the user gave typ a bad winow nur
btyp Leax badsg,pr load X with adress of bad option mssage
ldy #0050 load Y with 80
lda #$02 load A with StdErr
os9 i$writln write the string
lbs bexit if error writting error string; exit with error
bra help print user heLp mssage
* this is the DWEn routine
enwin ld #1B24 load D with DWEn coes
std cllco store D in cllco varible
leax ,u load X with adress of varibles: cllco is the first varible
ldy #0002 load T with nur of bytes to write
Ida #$01 write DWEn to Stdut
os9 iSwrite with DWEn to winow; this will destroy current winow
rts return to routine that DWSets winow
" Main Routine
ldxcm leax defcm,pr load X with adress of the default comn: Shell
minlp stx cmadr store the adress of the com n to chain to in cmadr
Sector 10
* If the user wants to " pp" the current winow don't close Stdut, an
* branch to routine to get winow nam.
lda curwin load A with current winow flag
b getnam if curwin flag is set branch to getnam
* Pop closes Stdut an opns a pth to the wild card winow. Since OS9
* assignes the Lowest path nur available when it opns a path Stdut
* is now an opn path to the next available winow. Later Pop will dup
* Stdut to StdIn an StdErr.
lda #$01 load A with Stdut
os9 iSclose close Stdut
lbs bexit if error in closing Stdut exit with error
leax defwin,pr load X with adress of default winow desriptor nam
lda #03 load A with read/write attr's for Opn call
os9 i$opn opn next available winow as Stdut
lbs bxit if error opning winow; exit with error
Pop needs the nam of the winow so it can mke the winow brder the propr
color.
getna leax plym,u load X with adress of the play mry
lda #01 load A with Stdut
ldb #OE load B with SS.OevNm coe
os9 i$getstt get the current winow nam in ply
lbs bexit if error plling nam exit with error
Po usses the last char in the nam of the winow to determine the brder
* color. So, this next routine fins the last char of the nam. The last char
has the high order bit set. Since Pop uses the last char if the winow nam
* is W1 then the brder color will D 1, an if the winow nam is W27 then the
* brder color will b 7 not 27. An intresting thing is so winow have less
* than 16 colors, bt the brder can b any one of the 16 palletes. This allows
* a two color winow, such as winow typ 5 to have 3 colors o the screen.
plchr Id ,x+ load A with char at X
bl plchr if char at A isn't negative get next char
ana #$7F make A a psitive
suba #30 make char in A a nur
sta brdclr store winow nur for brder color
* If the curwin flag is set then the user wants to p the current winow.
* So, branch to the subroutine that OWEns the winow.
lda curwin load A with flag for current winow
bsr enwin if current winow flag is set; destory current winow
* This routine sets the vribles according to the winow typ the user set.
Then it mkes the winow on the path Stdut. If the DWSet routine has ben
* calle via the curwin flag bing set this routine rekes the winow.
ld #1820 load D with DWSet an store coes in cllco
std cllco
clr wnlocx
cl r wnLocy
lda #50 load A with 80 an store 80 in wnsizx
sta wnsizx
lda #18 load A with 24; Pop only suprts 24 lines screens
sta wnsizy
clr forclr set the foregroun color to white
Ida #$02 load A with 2 to set bacr9roun color to black
sta bakclr
* These next routines set 40 colus for winow typs 1,6,an 8
ldb #$28 load B with 40; so winows use 40 colus instead of 8
lda wintyp load A with the winow typ nur
c #$01
be cm.6
stb wnsizx
cm.6 cma #$06
be cm.8
stb wnsizx
Sector 11
is how you can tell if Joe Hacker created
that od ly nam file in your cms
directory ....
The user nur in OS9 is 2 bytes long
(0-65535). It is stored that way in the
process descriptor, an the sam way in
the file descriptor segmnt for each
file. In fact, there is only space on
disk for the two bytes . it canot D
expaned without departing fro the
stanard set forth b 059.
The user nur in OSK is 4 bytes long.
That's nearly half a billion different
coinationsl Wich is an imrovent,
right? But how do you fit those 4 bytes
into the 2 byte space on disk? How do you
fit 4,294,967,296 into 65,536? When a
user creates a file, how do you keep
track of wich user created it!
To solve this proble, an help keep
track of so mny different user nurs,
the 4-byte user nur format in OSK was
split into two 2-byte nurs. The first
one is the GROP nur, an the secon
the USER nur. In the password file
they are separated b a dot, so that
Grou 1, User 1 is spcifie as 1.1.
Okay, this is cool. So you take the USER
nur an use it to tag files when they
are created, bt you also allow that user
to access files owned by the GROP
nur. This way the sam old user
nr formt (0-65535) is retaine,
while 'ading a pretty darn nice feature.
Yo can have a particular user nur
which is really a set of files for a
group of pople to access (like working
o the sam project). You can ad any
prson to the group at any tim - just
change their group nur. Hey, this is
great! A really useful, neat feature!
But that's not what they did.
When converting the 4-byte user nur
attached to the process into the 2-byte
space on disk, they take the lower byte
fro the GROP an the USER rrs an
stick it together to form the user nur
on disk. The higher byte of each is
thrown away.
Let's take a closer look at this shall
we? Group 1, User 1 bcos the USer
nur 257 on disk (an to 059!). But,
Group 1, User 257 also becos nur
257! These two users might as well b the
sam! The higher byte is dropd -
maning that there are really only 256
distinct user nuers. But the sam goes
for the Group nur. Group 257, User 1
is also converted to nur 257. Which
mans that there are only 256 grous too!
Yait a sec, that mans we're right back
to 256 x 256 = 65536 userst So why the
heck did they make this change?
The i dea was to ad th i s group nur to
al l ow a col l ect i on of pople access to each
other ' s f i l es to work on the sam project .
To do i t , they change the way that ' pbl i c '
f i l es work. You can take the pbL i c access
of your f i l e, an noby el se can touch i t .
That i s , i n OS9. I n OSK, anyby wi th your
sam group nur can st i l l access i t .
Wh i ch mans that i f you want your f i l es
pri vate fro every el se you have to b
gi ven your own group nur . But rer
there' s onl y 256 of the!
So we' ve gone f ro havi ng 65 , 536 separate
users to onl y . What mre could they
have msse up? Wel l , get th i s . Group
user converts to O. That ' s r i ght ,
that user not only has access t o everythi ng,
bt you can ' t tel l what he' s done! He mi ght
just as wel l m sysop! But i s there any
warni ng abut th i s? No, they l eave you to
di scover that mjor securi ty l oopol e
yoursel f !
The btto l i ne? There are sti L L only 3
users, bt onl y 256 pri vate f i L e areas .
Don' t use Group or User nurs abve 255 ,
an b careful what users you pt in the
sam group. I f you have to mve soby
fro one group to another, you have to
change the owner nur of a l l thei r f i l es.
Watch out for convert i ng user f i l es f ro
059, the nurs won' t mtch up.
Wh i l e so wi l l b qui ck to pi nt out that
few pople wi l l rea l l y need mre than 256
pri vate f i l e areas, th i s probl e sti l l
pl agues those who do. For examle, i t i s
mssi bl e t o aSK use i n a col l ege
envi ronnt where mny di fferent stuent
f i l e areas mst b kept separate wi thout
hacki ng the syste. I rea l ly th i nk that was
a mi stake.
Now I can ' t agree enough wi th 9% of what
Mi croware has done wi th 059, bt thi s i s
emarrasi ng. I rea l l y have t o woner at
what could pss i bl y mve the to mke such
an obvi ous break f ro thei r previ ousl y
wonerful syste desi gn track record.
Next Ti m: Propr Formtt i ng of L Source
Coe
cm. 8 cm #08
be cm. 5
stb wnsi zx
* Wi now typ 5 onl y has 2 col ors on screen. So, Pop mst mke the backgroun
* color 1 not 2
cm. 5 cma #05
be wrtwin
dec bakc l r
* Thi s rout i ne mkes the wi now vi a the DWSet cal l .
wrtwi n l eax , u l oad X wi th adress of the data space
ldy #OOOA l oad Y wi th 1 0; 1 0 is the nur of bytes to wri te
Ida #01 l oad A wi th Stdut path
os9 i Swri te wri te the OWSet cal l to Stdut
bs bexi t
*
Select the wi now vi a the OS9 Sel ect cal l . So, the wi now just mde wi l l
* " pp" up on the user ' s screen.
ld #$1 821 l oad 0 wi th Select coes an store the in c l l co
std c l lco
l eax U l oad X wi th adress of data spce
I dy #0002 two bytes to b wri tten
Ida #01 l oad A wi th Stdut
os9 i Swr i te wri te the Sel ect coes
bs bex i t
Th i s next rout i ne cl ose the Stdl n path a n dups the Stdut path. So, Stdl n
* not i s coi ng fro the newl y mde wi now.
Ida #$00 l oad A wi th Stdl n path , an cl ose Stdl n
os9 I Scl ose
b8 bexi t
Ida #$01 l oad A wi th Stdut , an dup Stdut t o Stdl n
os9 i Sup
bs bexi t
* Th i s next rout i ne cl oses StdErr an dups Stdut t o StdErr. StdErr wi l l now
b to the newl y mde wi now.
l da #02 l oad A wi th StdErr, an cl ose StdErr
os9 i Scl ose
bs bexi t
lda #$01 l oad A wi t h Stdut , an dupl i cate Stdut to StdErr
os9 i Sdup
bs bexi t
* Test the l bl f l g an branch over the fork cal l t o chai n i f cl ear
I da I bl fl g
bq chai n
* Th i s i s the rout i ne to fork l abl
pshs u psh the adress of the data space on the stack
L dy #0001 l oad Y wi th 1) the si ze of the paramter area
l eax L bl cm, pr l oad X wi th the adress of the Labl comn
tfr x, u transfer adress of comn to fork to U regi ster
fneol lda _U l oad A wi th char at U
cma #$00 test A for en of l i ne
b forki t i f A i s eol fork l abl
lda u get next char i n A fro U
cma #20 test A for space
be fneol i f not A space get next char
forki t I d #1 1 00 l oad 0 wi th mul e attr i btes
os9 fSfork fork the l abl comn
bs bexi t i f error forki ng l abl exi t wi th error
*
Wai t for Labl to exi t
pI s u get the data space adress off the stack
os9 f$wai t wai t for Labl to exi t
bs bexi t i f an error occurs wh i l e wai t i ngl exi t wi th error
Sector 1 2
* cna i n to comn
chai n Ida curwi n l oad A wi th current wi now f lag
be gdexi t if the curwi n f l ag is set user
doesn' t want to cha i n
l eax stkmm, u l oad X wi th adress of the
stack memry
Thi s wi l l di splay tne date an t im, waf t a secon, an repat.
Agai n, an aga i n. km adi t that a got al one has pract i ca l l y n
use except for mki ng an enl ess l oop, bt I N worki ng on an i f (y,
L ater i ssue) , wh i ch wi l l l i ven th i ngs up a bi t .
t f r x , s pt adress o f stack i n stack pi nter
The fol l owi ng coe was wri tten an teste OO OSK, bt shoul d work i n
ldy #OOF F l oad T wi th 256
OS9 j ust as wel l .
ldx cmadr l oad X wi th adress of the comn
tfr x, u pt com n adress i n J
tstchar lda , u l oa A wi th char at U
cma #00 test A f or e O l
b chncm i f e O l chai n
lda . u+ l oad A wi th next char
cma #20
be t stchar
chncm ld #1 1 00 l oad 0 wi th mul e att r i btes
os9 f$cha i n chai n to com n
gdexi t c l rb c l ear B for exi t wi thout error
bexi t os9 f$exi t exi t
mul e CRC
men equ * btto of mul e
F I LE DESCRI PTO: Goto_Shel l
ONER : Scott Gri epntrog
ATTRI BUTES: Edi tor, Sea Shel l ' er f ro way back
ALLOCAT I ON MAP: SysopRoot ( StG- Net ) ,
72427, 335@CI S . StG@humr . i upi . edu
As l uck woul d have i t , OS9 i s a l i tt l e l ack i n
neat shel l ut i l i t i es . Thi ngs l i ke the Uni x Cshe l l
has - a l i as, i f/then, goto, etc . Hey, we onLy
j ust got ( i n aSK) the shel l envi ronnt var i ables
f ro Uni x, bt we st i l1 don' t have a goto?
Yel L , as l uck woul d a l so have i t . there' s a way to
wri te a goto, i n C (or mst any other l anguage) .
an I hapn t o have done i t . ActUa l l y, the i dea
h i t m when I was watch i ng the KKT back at the
Chi cago Fest ear l i er th i s year . Soby had
ri gged a neat l i tt l e hack to al low a she l l scr i pt
to repat forever - hany for runni ng those fancy
grapi cs di spl ays .
The program was actua l l y noth i ng mre than a
l seek( ) ( F$SEEK) cal l , on path M ( stdi n,
therefore the shel l scri pt i tsel f ) back to the
bgi nni ng of the f i l e . Pl ace the program a t the
en of the scr i pt , an i t rewi ns the f i l e to the
begi nni ng ' an the she l l starts recei vi ng the
l i st of com an a l l over agai n.
T he program bl ow, named goto, has a l i tt l e extra
feature. I t actua l ly seeks out a par t i cul ar l i ne
i n the f i l e you want to j u to. To nam a l i ne
to ju to, use the " ( wh i ch i s i gnored by the
shel l ) and fol L ow i t wi th a word. Then do d goto
wi tn that word, an tne shel l wi l l ju to that
pi nt . For examl e:
* repat
date -m
sL eep 60
goto repat
/* got ( l abl )
p 90/04/21 b StG
*/
#f i ne ERR ( - 1 )
#efi ne BUFSI Z 256
extern i nt errnoi
char f i n[BUFS I Zl ;
char bf [BUFSI Zl i
mi n( argc, argv)
char **argv;
(
i f ( I *++argv)
(
J
wri tel n( 1 , " use: goto ( l abl ) - shel l scri pt use ol y\n" , 80) ;
exi t( O) ;
/* bi l d stri ng to look for i n fi n */
strcp( f i n, " *" );
strcat( f i n, *argv) ;
/* rewi n scr i pt to bgi ni ng */
i f ( l seek( O, Ol, O)==ERR)
(
J
/* should get error i f seek i s attete SCF */
wri tel n(2, " GOTO: use i n shel l scr i pt only\n l ' , 80) ;
exi t ( errno);
/* an l ook for ' fi n' */
wh i le ( readl n{ O, bf , BUFSIZ O)
(
J
/* conti nue ut i l W f i n l i ne that mtches */
i f (strncm(bf , f i n, strl en( f i n ) coti ne;
i f ( *(bf+strl en( f i n ! : ' \n' ) conti nue;
/* foun our l abl - j ust exi t norml l y
an shel l wi l l process nxt l i ne of scr i pt */
exi t (O):
/* di dn' t fi n l abL - di spl ay mssage an exi t w/error */
strcpy(bf, I ' GOTO: l abl not fou: " ) :
strcat( bf, *argv) ;
strcat( bf , " \n" ) :
wri tel n( 2, bf , BO) ;
Sector 1 3
F I LE DESCR I PTOR: Hacker_Contest
ONER: Scott Gri epntrog
ATTRI BUTES : Edi tor , Hacker
ALLOATI ON MAP: Sysopoot ( StG- Net ) , 72427, 335l S,
StG@humr . i upi . edu
There are mny def i ni t i ons of the term ' hacker ' . The one I
prefer i s ' prson who spns mre t i m than he shoul d
hacki ng at the keybard of a coter ' . Now there are those
that woul d cl ai m mrshi p i n hackerdo b breaki ng i nto
an crashi ng coters, or other such f rown-upn acts, bt
these popl e shOI d b termd ml i ci ous hackers, or
trashers . Or preakers i f they are fool i ng wi th Ma Bel l .
But I cl ai m to b a ' bni gn ' hacker. I coul d probabl y get
i nto a syste i f l rea l ly wanted to, bt even i f I Were to
wouldn' t do anyt h i ng to i t . Just l et the sysop know of the
securi ty hol e.
So bi ng a t rue hacker i s mre a case of bi ng abl e to
f i gure thi ngs out , i nvent new ways of doi ng thi ngs, etc.
Not j ust hapni ng to know a back door an the cOln for
shutt i ng the syste down. Co up wi th a neat way of doing
sothi ng ( often cal l ed a neat ' hack ' ) , an you too can cal l
yoursel f a REAL hacker . An si nce there' s no btter
cha l l enge than to wr i te a program, I present the fol l owi ng
probl e.
Wri te a progra that outpts the nurs 1 through 1 0 i n a
rano order, bt usi ng each nur once, an onl y once.
Sous easy eh? One is temted to j ust wr i te a rout i ne that
goes through a l oop 1 through 1 0 , grabi ng ran nurs
an checki ng off the ones you have used (so as nt to repat
the) as you go. But i f you expan that rout i ne to do say,
1000 nuers, you wi l l f i n that i t bgi ns to sl ow to a
crawl as i t aproaches the en of the l oop ( al though on an
6k mchi ne you my have to i ncrease that even mre to see
i t ) . The chances of f i ni ng the one nur i t has l eft at
the en are l out of 1 000, wh i ch mans i t spns a l ot of
ti m l ooki ng. So how can i t b done that would i mrove the
sped? That i s the cha l l enge. Get out your keybard an
start hacki ng. Wri te your routi ne i n Bas ; c09, C, or even
RS-BASI C. C of course i s @ favor i te, bt use whatever you
have avai l abl e.
The bst sol ut i on each mnth wi t l b pr i nted, an that
person wi l l get a f ree year ' s subscr i pt i on to the OSKer .
Al so, you can get your pi cture on the front cover as the
' Hacker Ki ng' . Subi t your coe vi a mai l to the OSKer pst
offi ce bx ( see i nsi de f ront cover) or vi a e-mi l to any of
adresses l i sted abve.
Goo Luck!
Examle of the worst case program:
_
" rn(x) , returns 0- ( x- 1 ) pseuo- ranly
" thi s rano routi ne real l y SUK8 bt is just as an
examl e
. i n case your l i brary doesn' t have one
*/
rn(x)
i nt x;

stati c l ong seed=2589;

seed*=7;
seed+=3;
J
i f ( see<O) see- see;
return( seedx) ;
/* try sett i ng th i s to 1 0001 */
#def i ne MAl 1 0
/* C hapns to zero gl obal l y decl ared stuff */
i nt array(MAX1 ;
ml nO
1
J
I nt I , r;
/" l oop to mx "/
i ::O;
whi le ( i <MX)
(
J
/* get rn' s ut i l f i n one not use "/
do r=rn(MAX) ;
wi l e (array(r] ) ;
/* pri nt i t out an i ncrent use f l ag */
pri nt f ( " %\n' ' , r+1 ) ;
array [r] ++;
i ++;
F I LE DESCRI PTO: Kevi n_Dar l i ng_Spaks
ONER: Scott Gri epntrog
ATTRI BUTES: Edi tor, Hul e Before The Great Kevi n
ALLOCATI ON MAP: SysopRoot (StG-Net ) , 72427, 335@CI S,
StG@humr . i upi . edu
Kevi n Dar l i ng, the famus guru of OS9, has grace $ hule
mgazi ne wi th an i ntervi ew. Wel l , actua l l y, Keven is j ust
pretty darn smrt, an is one of the f r i enl i est popl e
you' d ever want to met . But h i s nam i s Q there i n
l i ghts, o r shoul d b, an I tok th i s chance t o f i n ot
why, an what he' s to these days .
As our conversat i on was recorded on a supr h i gh qua l i ty
Redi o Shack answeri ng mchi ne that i s not ol d, j ust cl assi c,
l ater had l ots of f un t ranscri bi ng what Keven sai d out
fro uner the stat i c an warbl i es. So i f you co across
soth i ng that doesn' t soun r i ght, i t probabl y i sn' t .
Words I couldn' t deci per at a l l a r e mrke wi th [1] , an
l arger hol es wi th [ ] . An anythi ng i n brackets i s
essent i al l y what was sai d, or a s cl ose a s I could f i gure,
j ust not the exact wordi ng. Of course, K: is where Kevi n
has spoken, an S: i s where I sneaked i n a few words.
Enj oy!
K: The bi ggest thi n that ' s hel d back OS9 f ro wi de
acceptance a l l these years i s not havi ng a grapi cs
stanard, or even a termi na l stanard i n the ol d days.
S : But OS9 Lv2 has i ts own grapi cs an wi nowi ng stanard,
so to spak, so you mst b tal k i ng abut OSK?
K: Wel l , OS9 i n general . The cocos were the onl y ones to
have wi nows for qui te so t i m of course. In Japan, they
had wi nows on thei r OS9 mchi nes , bt they were tota l l y
di fferent f ro ours.
S: How were they di ff erent?
K: Yel l , I ' ve not actua l l y seen the, bt I know a guy who
was prti ng a supr grapi cs program cal l ed the egg f ro
j apanese versi on to CoCo wi nows an the proj ect got
Sector 14
cancel l ed. I t ' s rea l l y too bad as i t was the mst
astoni sh i ng grapi cs program you' ve ever seen in your l i fe.
Had i ncredi bl e mni pl at i ons bi l t i nto i t .
S: Souns l i ke t he s tory of 059, l ots of great stuff wri tten
an projects keep get t i ng cancel l ed. What i s i t that the
MBA typs have it aga i nst us ya know?
K: <l aughs> Pol i t i cs , pol i t i cs, pl i t i cs n 4
S : Yah.
K: That ' s the f i rst t h i ng popl e ask. 0, OS9 sous great,
bt does i t have wi nows? Does i t have grapi cs? You have to
say, wel l , yah an n. There are a hal f dozen packages out
there you can get . There' s CoCo wi nows, Rave, G-wi nows,
MGR whi ch i s PO, GKFMAN , an another one or two sowere.
But there' S no one stanard. An here you are tel l i ng
everyby [that wi th OS9] you can take you di sks f ro
Maci ntosh ( wi th coati bl e dri ves) to an Atari ST , to an
Ami ga , an run the sam bi na ry program, an hey, th i s i s
rea l l y coo l . . .
S: Yah ! The sam program bcause a l l those mchi nes use the
6k processor . That i s what we need.
K: An i f you have a PC dri ve on the MAC than you can
actua l l y the sam di sk f ro mch i ne to mchi ne. That ' s very
pwerful stuff an what an i ncredi bl e mrket that woul d b,
bt wi th no stanard grapi cs, you' re [out of l uckJ . Now
you could use a graph i cs termap typ of dea l
S: But that gets i nt o so colex stuff
K: Now there are peopl e who have done that . l know a guy
who has prted PC programs to OS9 an he uses the sam
grapi cs t ermap so i t wi l l work on ayth i ng . Now thats
k i na OS9- l i ke i n a way
S: I s i t coati bl e w i th the termap f ro uni x?
K: Yah , i t ' s an ad-on to that . I t h i nk i t ' s sot hi ng
that ' s a l ready ben done uner Uni x. Now what ' s funy i s
that even l i ke three years ago, two years ago there was a
huge i nterest i n OS9 bi l di ng for a whi l e there.
S: Fro who? Just the CoCo ' ers?
K: On CoServe fro popl e wi th other mchi ns . Whenever
there' s an art i c l e i n magaz i ne abut OS9 we get a l ot of
popl e co over . I n Januaray o f 1 98 o r soth i ng there
was an art i cl e in Dr. Dobs Journa l on OS9. Sowhere
aroun here I got a master l i st of pl aces to l ook for OS9
art i cl es . I col l ect that k i n of i nformti on.
S: Of course!
K: So when soby asks m, they' ve heard of OS9, [I tel l
thef l ook in Uni x wor l d so an so an i ssue, the t i t l e of i t
i s " When Uni x i s the wrong choice" .
S: Great t i t l e!
K : An i t ta l ks abut OS9 bi ng used at NASA. An how for
any rea l t i m stuff they onL y use OS9. Actua l ly, that ' s k i n
of a mi snor because they use thei r own custoi zed versi on
of OS9. They bught a l i scense t o i t .
S: You man they re- wrote OS9 for the i r use?
K: Yah, they mdi f i ed i t for thei r own use. They cal l i t
PC05.
S: I t s t i l l runs on 68k ' s though?
K: Yah
S: What did they change, do you know?
K: l have no i dea, I rea l l y don ' t . The shut t l e
comni cat i on syste f or i nstance runs off OS9, or that
versi on of OS9. They use the 6801 0 an they have I th i nk
i t ' s 200 channel s an 1 30 i nterco psi t i ons for a l l the
techni chons for when the shut t l e takes off an that mchi n
actua l l y takes samles f ro each of t h e channel s an
ml t i pl exes the in real t i m for popl e who are pnched
i nto each other .
S: Cool ! Now thats col ex!
K: So anyways, there' s ben ' waves' of i nterest i n OS9 over
the years as other systems, l i ke OS/2 was i ntrouced.
S: Yah, l i ke a l l the popl e that go " OS/2' s coo l , bt
you' ve a l ready got 05/9? Wha t the heck [ i s thatJ ? "
K : But the f i rst quest i on a l ways was that d i d i t have a
stanard grapi cs i nterface, an you have to say no, an
i nterest di ed agai n. So we' ve nee a grapi cs stanard for
a l ong, l ong, l ong ti m.
S : An you hop to provide that .
K : An i t wi l l b prte t o the Ami ga , an t h e Atar i .
S : An a l l the bi g 6k mch i nes .
K : I t my b awful hard to prt thi s to the Mac, bcause
they' re runni ng thei r wi nows uner the Mac oprati ng
syste. So that ' s goi ng to O a l i tt l e bi t tougher. [ ]
I woul d actual l y l i ke to use Rave, bt they di dn ' t rea l l y
desi gn [?] i t ' s rea l l y for control l ed di spl ays. I t ' s not
rea l l y a ml t i - screen typ of dea l . You can ' t j us t start a
new wi now l i ke you can on the coco an get a shel l on i t .
They coul d mi fy i t t o do i t, a n I actuaL l y tal ke to the
gus abut i t bfore. They ' re ( Mi croware) i nterest i s sti l l
mi nl y [?] I t hi nk sti l l 80% of t he i r bsi ness i s
cont ro l l i ng [syste? . ]
5: The i ns t r i al mrket wi th doi ng l i ke, process contro l
syste.
K! Oe of the i nteresti ng th i ngs i s when a l l of th i s new
[bsi ness] wi th the new mchi nes star t i ng to co out was
why don' t we j ust go stra i ght to OS-9000.
S : Now I have never actual l y seen i t, bt $ opi ni on of OS-
9000 i s that i t j us t can ' t b r i ght bcause i t ' s not runi ng
on a mtorol a processor.
K: Yah, that ' s $ opi ni on t oo. But ' s i t ' s ni ce, an i t
runs, an a 38 processor i s a fast [oi tted] processor.
S : fro what unerstan though, OS-9000 ol y runs on a
38.
K: Yah, a 38.
S : Cuz l had heard rurs that they were t ryi ng to do i t
[OS9] for the PC, an then for the 28, an t h i s cos out
an i t ' s 38 onl y. L i ke I ' m not goi ng to by a M mch i n
just to have OS-9000.
K: Yah, bt by I tel l you what , woul dn ' t i t b sweet, cuz
you can go out an by a M prtable now, a l aptop. Can
you i mg i ne runni ng OS- 9000, that woul d b g. at .
S : Wel l , you could a l so take an MM1 mtherbard a n create
you own prtabl e l aptop out of i t_
K: True, bt l ook at a l l th i s cheap hardWare l ayi ng aroun.
S : That ' s the proble, yah . They' ve a l ready got the
hardware there.
K: Yah , an that was the mi n pi nt . Not ol y that bt you
autot i ca l l y have an MSDOS coat i bl e mchi ne at the sam
ti m.
S : That ' s tru. But you ' re not runni ng t rue OS9, probably,
bcause you' re runni ng on
K : Yah , i t ' s OS9.
S: Does the C coi l er work the sam on i t .
K : Yup.
S : So for i nstance a l ot of $ C program woul d work, prted
over to that mch i ne. So that mi ght not b such a bad way
to l ook at [uprading OS9] .
K: Espci al l y si nce 386 mchi nes are coing down rea l
qui ckl y.
S: Yah , l mi ght j ust do that to have a PC prtabl e.
K: That autoti ca l l y gets you i nto a l ot of mrkets, cuz
everyby' s got a 38 l ayi ng aroun t hese days, or wi l l b.
S: Yah, that ' s t rue. So that ' s def i natel y sothi ng to l ook
at for the future then.
K: Yah, so, the questi on was, why di dn ' t we do that, an
S : That ' s a goo qest i on.
K : When was f i rst l ooki ng at 05-9000 i t wasn' t fuL l y
debgged at the t i m, a n st i l l thi nk i t ' s not ful l y
debgged . Secon, t hi ngs were a l i t t l e bi t costl y at
the ti m. An bcause other than I di d' t want to wri te the
wi nowi ng syste in C
S : Much l ess hack i t i n '38 assel y
K: Exact l y. That was the l ast t hi ng on $ mi n. Yah , we
Sector 15
a l l love the mtorol a stuff .
S : S o the deci si on has ben t o do the wi nowi ng syste i n
6k, i n 6k asseml y. Wh i ch i s the way to do i t bcause
that ' s the way OS9' s done anyway.
K: R i ght .
S: An that ' s i ts bi g advantage over uni x i s that i t doesn' t
have the overhead bi l t i n wi th C coi l e programs.
K : As a mtter of fact that ' s one of the thi ngs agai n
agai nst OS-9000, bcause i t ' s wri tten i n C.
S : You ' re ki di ng !
K: Yah , 95% o f i t i s wr i tten i n C . F i l e mnagers,
everyt h i ng .
S : S o they essent i a l l y took OS9 an pt i t i n C1
K: Exactl y.
S : O mn. So you ' re get t i ng so of the bnefi ts of the
goo struture i nterna l l y of the oprati ng syste over uni x,
bt you' re runni ng i nto the probl e of sti l l havi ng the
excess overhead bi l t i nto al l your C [software] .
K: Of course, thi s depns on two thi ngs, one, how goo i s
your C coi l er.
S : Yah, wel l , see, now there' s the th i ng. I di d a l ot of
stuy on that back at Purdue. An the bi g probl e wi th C
coi l ers i s that bcause they coi l e a l l the way down to
object bfore they l i nk, a l ot of assut i ons have to b
mde abut every funct i on . Every funct i on might b
recurs i ve, therefore a l l var i abl es have to b passed on the
staCK. Wh i ch mans that say you j ust want to cal l a l i ttl e
funct i on that pl ays aroun w i th your [passe val ue] an does
a l i tt l e cal cul at i on, an cos r i ght back to you. Wel l ,
you ' ve got t o pass the var i abl es on the stack every ti m
[ i t ' s ca l l ed] , whi ch i s actua l l y a goo deal of overhead.
man, you coul d have j ust as mch overhead code in pass i ng
the stack as the actua l coe i n the funct i on my have. So
what wi l l en up hapni ng i s that i f you ' re cal t i ng thi s
funct i on, l et ' s say, one ti m f or every character i n a fi le
you' re processi ng. Mul t i pl y that by the overhead an you' ve
easi l y got hal f overhead an hal f program.
K: R i ght . Of course i f you go to a fast enouh processor,
l i ke where we saw i t up at BUSCO (VME stanard bs
convent i on) i n Boston l ast August I thi nk, or Septemr,
Mi croware had OS-9000 runni ng there, an they haad i t
runni ng on two mach i nes. I thi nk a 6020 an a 38.
S: So OS-9000 al so rus on 6k?
K: I t ' s wri tten i n C. I t can b prted on anythi ng you
want . Now that ' s very hany. Runi ng on a 38 or a 6030
i t ' s not goi ng t o mtter i f i t ' s runni ng i n C bcause i t ' s
goi ng to b fast .
S : But the probl em sti l l i s you' ve got to have that fast
processor.
K: I t smcks of the I ntel way of doi ng th i ngs, whi ch i s to
rel y on faster hardware to take care of i t .
S : Take care o f your l ack i n software. But that ' s where we
have an advantage back i n 68k OS9 because we' ve [wel l ,
M i croware had] done everyth i ng i n assemly.
K: However , I refuse to du on OS- 9000 , bcause in k years
we my a l l psh over to i t .
S : I ' d rather see i t done i n asseml y f i rst , bt yah .
K: An soboy may eventua l l y take the 3 part an
opt imi ze i t .
S : Wel l , not onl y that , bt soby my take the C coi ler
apart an opti mi ze i t . I ' ve actual l y got a desi gn for that .
K: They al so gave the guy who di d i t (OS-9000) pretty mch
f ree rei gn. Very simi l ar to what they di d wi th us on the
upgrade. So he aded in al l th i s stuff l i ke text edi t i ng on
the com an l i ne, al a my edi tor, an a neat way of havi ng
the bffers shared btween SCF an the ser i al dri ver. So
they don' t use separate bffers, they use the sam i nterrut
dri ven bffer.
S : 00 what now? [t rans l at i on: could you pl ease expl a i n that]
K: R i ght now, SCF has i t ' s own edi t i ng bffer ri ght? The
dri ver has i t ' s own i nterrupt dri ven bffer to hold the
[ i ncoi ng] characters . But i t sti l l coni cates btween SCF
an the dri ver one character at a ti m. Wh i ch is a lot of
overhead an mry usage. So what he did was i f i t ' s an
i nterrupt dr i ven dri ver you can set a bi t to tel l the SCF to
share the bffer an where i t ' s at . So l i ke doi n an I $READ
of 50 bytes SCF can go stra i ght to that bffer an pl uk i t
out, upate the pi nter for the dri ver, an whosh , ya knw.
S : Major sped i ncrease there, espci al l y i f you' ve got a
bi g f i l e coing i n on the ser i a l l i ne.
K : So i t ' s (OS-9000) a neat th i ng . An the mry ml e
di rectory i s the neatest th i ng of a l l . We' ve wanted that
for a long t i m.
S: How' s that work?
K: You have a mkmi r an a chmi r so yo can do .
S : Do what? [trans L ati o: huh?]
K: Makmi r mkes a mul e di rectory. Say you have several
pople on the syste, they' re at l coi l i ng mules that
have the sam nam or sothi ng , i t doesn' t mtter bcaue
you ' re i n a di fferent mul e di rectory.
S : O, so you can mke your o execut i on di rectory l i ke,
only in mry.
K: Yah, exactl y. So wat you can do i s a mkmi r Scott, an
onl y you can see those mules an only you can execute
the.
S : That ' s very cool I Cuz that ' s a lways ben a proble i f
you' ve got enough pople worki ng i n the mchi ne at the sam
ti m, an soby' S tryi ng to coi l e sothi ng that
soby el se i s t ryi ng to use it . The guy coi L i ng i s
woneri ng why t he change he j ust mde i sn ' t showing up, an
the guy us ing i t goes what the [oi tte] di d thi s change
for?
K: An when you do a mi r you don' t see a wol e lot of
mules you don ' t want to see.
S: R i ght, that too. L i ke I don' t nee to know abut a l l
these screwy syste mules i f I ' m j ust a user .
[al so di scussed here was that OS-9000 does not have the sa
di sk formt, thi s prt i on of tap was bggy]
K : Another quest i on is why we di dn ' t a l l mve to the Ami ga .
At one t i m, I was a l t for i t, to tel l the t ruth . The
probl em was A: i t wasn ' t readi l y avai lable, B : certa i n
thi ngs abut the Amiga dri ve m nuts.
S : L i ke what?
K: Wel l , one of them i s thei r bi t banger di sk dri ver.
S: You' re ki di ng?
K : I t ' s okay, bt i t ' s not a regul ar ch i p. I wi sh they use
a regul ar, everyday, Western Di gi taL chi p l i ke the Atar!
uses .
S : O, they di d' t use a coat i bl e chi pset for the f l opy
control L er.
K: They actua L ly use a ser i al to para l l el converter.
S : They bi t sh i fted i t out there.
K: Wh i ch mans that when you formt a di sk, you actua l ly
gi ve i t a l l of the data .
S : Oh mn.
K : Wel l , that has a sl i ck i dea bcause you can say, O weL L ,
I can b coati bl e wi th any di sk formt out there r i ght?
The probl e was of course that they did t h i s hor r i bl y sl ow
bcause they had to do
S : a l l the convers i on b the processor.
K: An track read an wri te. If you want to wri te one
sector , you have to read i n the enti re track, f i n an
mi fy that sector, an then wr i te the whol e t rack back out .
S : Ugl y! O mn
K: Ug l y i s r i ght . They get aroun th i s bcause of the fact
that they have OMA an they cache stuff up an th i ngs l i ke
that . But sti l l I di dn ' t l i ke [ i t] an the worst probl e
was we did not have an OS9 coat i bl e di sk dri ver an I
don' t thi nk there i s one yet . So, obvi ousl y bth OS-9000
an OS9 have the bi g proble of coat i bi l i ty. You can ' t
Sector 16
t ransfer [oi tted] over except by seri al prt . I ' m havi ng a
great t i m now bcause I st i l l use my edi tor on the CoCo,
edi t up the source coe, st i ck i t on the prototyp, coi l e
i t , take the di sk, s t i ck i t i n t he MM1 , an run i t . So I
l i ke bi ng abl e to read an wr i te CoCo or ST or MM1 di sks,
take the back an forth btween the mach i nes . I l i ke that
a l ot . At l east as a begi nni ng . Sooner or l ater I wi l l D
st i cki ng my CoCo i n the c l oset .
S : At the pi nt at wh i ch everyth i ng you need to do i s on the
MM1 .
K: Exact l y. Wi th a l l the 68k Ut i l i t i es, an the TOP stuff
f ro Germany, I thi nk we won ' t have a l ack of software. As
far as uti l i t i es go. We' l l be pretty wel l taken care of .
S : I t ' s the bi g apl i cat i ons that we' l l b l acki ng at f i rst .
K: Yah , an what [bgged?] everyby on the CoCo of course
was a l ack of space. We have no probl es l i ke that now.
S : That ' s true, we' ve got the mry an we ' ve got the SCSI
for mss disk storage.
K: An we ' ve got the space for processes, bcause that ' s
soth i ng a l o t of popl e say, wel l , I coul d prt th i s over,
bt I have to do so t r i cks to get aroun the 64k l i mi t .
An th i s way, you can edi t a hal f mg f i l e i n mry. I
t hi nk in many ways we ' re k i nd of ch i pi ng away at the dam
that hol ds popl e back . An i t ' s goi ng to rea l l y hel p out .
I feel a l ot l ess [1] myse l f .
S : Now you don ' t have t o b worr i ed so mch abut mry
constra i nts.
K: Exactl y.
S : At the sam t i m though , a l l the goo expri ence i n doi ng
that has probabl y taught you so goo programi ng ski l l s.
K: Exact l y. The di fference on the CoCo was you woul d wri te
soth i ng an l ook at f i rst an foremst at the s i ze
stanpoi nt .
S : An the probl e i s we were t ryi ng to pl ay catch-up wi th
a l l the other bi g mach i nes who di dn ' t have to.
K: Exact l y. So we ' l l be i n mch better shape here. I feel
ki na free mysel f .
S : I can quote you on that r i ght?
K: Yah, you can quote m on that . A l ot of peopl e ask m
that k i n of ques t i on al l the t i m - What ' s the di fference
between the two mach i nes , I s i t l i ke goi ng back to l evel 1 1
Wel l , i t would b i f you where on a 64k mach i ne. But you' re
not , you ' re on a 1 mg mach i ne. An those of us who have
had 51 2k Atari ' s for a l ong t i m, we di dn ' t feel
constr i cted. An wi th one mg , you rea l l y don ' t feel
constri cted. Even w i th poss i bl e fragmntat i on of mry, i t
i s s o rare a problem, I ' ve never run i nto i t . I t ' s a
regul ar OS9, as you know. Peopl e are worri ed about that .
Most l y, t he com ans have more opt i ons to them.
S: An they al l have the dashes now, l i ke should have.
K: Yah , and actua l l y we need to have peopl e wri te so coco
comat i bl e stuff l i ke that so that peopl e can get used to
i t . I ' m sure you' ve done the sam th i ng l do, you go back
an type di r - e on the coco an i t doesn' t [work] .
S : Yah, I keep doi ng that . I n fact , the coco r i ght now i s
j ust runni ng the network, a n I don ' t rea l l y use i t , except
i t ' s got the mems on i t . So unl ess I ' m pl l i ng stuff i n
an out , i n wh i ch case the f i rst th i ng I do i s s l ap i t on a
coco 3 - 1 /2 and read i t i nto the Atari .
K: Of course, soe th i ngs that we have mdi f i ed for the CoCo
over the years l mi ss. One i n pat i cul ar i s the way we
mdi f i ed the shel l to execute scr i pts out of the cOn
di rectory.
S: Those k i ns of th i ngs we can re- wr i te a new shel l ( for
aSK) .
K : Yah , we wi l l have to re- wr i te a new shel l to get so of
t hi s stuf f . But other than that , everyboy' s al ways
worri ed, no, no, i t ' s very easy.
S: Very easy to convert, yah .
K: I t rea I I y i s .
S: Yah, I ' ve got an art i c l e I ' m wr i t i ng i n the aSKer that i s
aSK for aSgers, that covers the bas i c set o f comns an
what the di fferences are. Rea l l y, i n the en i t shows, hey,
there' S not that mch di fferent .
K: Hey, soby a l ong t i m ago, myb i t was Frank [Hogg] ,
upl oaded a f i l e to the OS9 foru on C I S a f i l e that l i ste
the hel p outpt of a l l the comns . So stuff I ' ve rea l ly
taken to, l i ke the dsave -er, execute an rewri te over f i les
wi th the sam nam. I use that a lot when I ' m copyi ng stuff
aroun.
S: Real l y, cuz I ' m used to the di rcopy.
K: Th i ngs that were a l i t t l e bi t di f f i cul t on the coco
bco a l i tt l e bi t easi er here. An probabl y vi ce versa
sot i ms.
S: I t ' s mre a case of j ust gett i ng used to the new opt i ons .
K: Yah , an of course i n l evel 2 i t ' s the sam th i ng,
everyby pt hel p on a l l thei r comns . [the -?]
S: Yah , al l the com ans do that i n OSK. I n fact, I ' m mre
peved wi th the few com ans that popl e have wri tten for
OSK a l ready that don ' t . An what ' s mre I get rea l l y
i rri tated when I get on Uni x a n I pt a - 1 on sothi ng I
want to know the opt i ons to an the she l l barks back at m
that i t can ' t f i n ? . I t ' s l i ke, argh ! Now I gotta go pl l
up that stupi d man page an i t ' s goi ng t o g i ve m a l l thi s
[oi tted] I don ' t need t o know when a l l I want i s the stupid
opt i ons .
K: An of course the other thi ng we' ve done i s stepd up
wi th di sk [cache] an SCS I DMA. An that rea l l y hel ps us .
S : Yah , so that the through- pt even j ust on f l opy i s
faster .
K: An of course the ghost mul es i s another bi g th i ng .
S: Now, l rea l l y haven' t l ooked a t ghost mul es too
cl osel y. That ' s where i t st i cks i nto mry?
K: Now you not i ce a l ot of the stuff that you do now, di r
an copy
5 : Yah , the f i rst t i m you run d i r or copy i t l i nks i tsel f
i nto mry an i t stays there unt i l you unl i nk i t .
K : I t stays there unt i l i t needs the mmry. Whi ch i s
never.
S: Yah , i f you' ve got a mg of mry, i t never actua l l y
needs to unl i nk the.
K: I thi nk onl y once on the Atar i , I t hi nk the C coi l er i s
a l so ghost mul es. I woul d run a coi l e an I would have
al l sorts of stuff in mry, an then I need i t for
grapics screens, an that ' s when i t took the off . I was
supr i sed cuz i t went an I was woner i ng why. Then I
rel i zed that i t had gi ven up that space. But that onl y
hapned to m once. I had a whol e l ot of screens opn. Of
course the other t hi ng is we' re goi ng to need mre di sk
space, whi ch i s [why] we' ve got these h i gh densi ty dr i ves .
When each pi cture i s 6K l ong, twi ce the space of a CoCo
pi cture. I t ' s ben a goo trai ni ng groun for us . I woner
i f you could actua l l y coare us to, have you ever read
Frank Herbrt ' s Dune?
S: Yah ! Wel l , I ' ve watched the mvi e. I haven ' t actua l ly
sat down an read the whol e bok yet .
K: A l l these ki n of stor i es where these popl e are pt on a
rea l l y barren pl ace. They get a l ong there, an when they
break out to another spt , they ' re l ean an man, ya know.
An so we ' ve had exce l l ent t ra i ni ng over these years of
worki ng in sml l pl aces, doi ng the bst we can wi th that,
an opt i mi z i ng for sped an everyth i ng el se, wh i l e these
other guys have al ways had thi s opn space an not had to
worry.
5: Yah, an they ' re programi ng techni ques have ben
sl opier bcause of i t .
K : Exactl y. A n so, I t hi nk, when you take our sam
techni ques that we have done an mve the mve to the 6000
we can rea l l y, rea l l y, sped.
S : An outprform everythi ng al l the other stuff popl e are
Sector 1 7
doing . We' ve got the advantage now. I t ' s just a mtter of
t i m bfore we' re actua l l y bi l t the a l l up.
K : An that the other thi ng, popl e say i t takes years for
these t h i ngs to hapn. It rea l l y does, these big coani es
l i ke I BM, these popl e have mi l l i ons of dol l ars of backi ng,
20 popl e worki ng on a proj ect . Of course they can co up
wi th sothi ng, ours j ust takes l onger. As I mnt i oned on
the OS9 foru the other day the wi erd thi ng abut OSgers i s
they were pati ent . A n i f we see sothi ng new, we chew i t
over for a couple of years. Wi l l i t work out for the next
50 years. Can l st i l l b runni ng th i s i n the year 2000? A
l ot of us are st i l l runni ng ut i l i t i es that were wri tten i n
1 980.
S : Yah, l i ke the edi t com n for 609. I f i t wasn' t for
uacs I woul d have done soth i ng t o get that O 68k .
Because that was my edi tor . I f i nal l y l earned uacs to the
pi nt where l l i ke i t btter now.
K: Oe of the thi ngs that ' s wi erd abut OS9 is we' re f rugal
abut stuff an we don' t l i ke to wr i te the sa thi ng twi ce .
Not ever. Other popl e are i nto i nstant grat i f i cat i on.
Wi ch I can unrstan. L i ke the PC' ers, who i mdi ately
bypass the bi os an go strai gh t to screen mry. Whi ch has
caused the no en of t roubl e over the years .
S : Yah , you tal k to the screen di rect l y an you get faster
di spl ay, bt you don ' t have [oprat i ng syste] control when
you try t o go ml t i - user l ater.
K: How do you change thousans of program that are al l
cot i ng agai nst each other to b faster than the other
guy.
S : Yah, the btto l i ne i s tal k i ng to the hardware is al ways
the fastest . But i f you don ' t have that l ayer, you can ' t
swi t ch off program.
K: See, the ami ga guys are i n the sam ki n of psi t i on.
"ost of thei r program, so they tel l m, go di rect l y to the
screen hardware. We used to a rgue wi th the RSDOS ' ers as a
, mtter of fact , t hey' d say, th i s program, the sa program
uner OS9 runs s l ower . They' d say, wi l l soby by i t?
We' d say, yes , bcause peopl e are mre pat i ent . We rea l i ze
the hardware ' S goi ng to catch up. The hardware' s goi ng to
get rea l l y cool one of these days, an i f m stuff st i l l
works . . Of course now you' re goi ng to tel l m t o i ml ent
CoCo escape coes, r i ght? But i n the mi n, our stuff i s
wri tten t o b devi ce i nepenant . We l i ke that bcause the
hardware wi l l a l ways get better. An you can see i t even
now wi t h thi s stuf f . When we mve to the 6000 i t ' s a l ot
faster. An Kevi n Pease has a 68030 ui t runi ng the sam
wi nows here, h i s stuff j ust SCREAMS. So as t i m goes b,
we' re goi ng to bnefi t fro our devi ce i nepnance. So
popl e i nto i nstant grat i f i cat i on, popl e who have to ru
thi s canned progra now, t h i s gam now, that ' s f i ne. Use
your PC for that . Use your Atari , use your Com ore, use
whatever you' ve got . An I have no bef wi th those popl e.
S: Yah , i t ' s l i ke r i gh t now I ' m usi ng a desktop pbl i sher on
the PC. Because i t ' s the onl y one ava i l abl e that ' s decent
enough an wi l l t al k t o a l aser. But I keep thi nki ng i n the
back of my head, what l can do to wr i te one on an OS9
syste.
K : An now we actual l y have the f reedo, the ways to do i t .
Of course the other mi n th i ng i s OS9 has ben, a t l ast,
[for?) the hobi est . We may even have a PC aroun, l i ke you
do, to do sot hi ng spc i a l i zed l i ke that . But you want to
have fun, or you want to l earn, you use the CoCo or anyth i ng
runni ng OS9. A l ot of popl e on the bard use p' s at work,
bt when they co ho, they l earn an play i n thei r OS9.
I t ' s a learni ng expri ence. I know pople who have started
i n OS9, when they got the i r coco the f i rst they had was OS9.
They di dn ' t even use RSDOS by the way.
S: Yah , l actua l l y started i n RSDOS an then was doi ng so
very OS9- i sh th i ngs l i ke redi rect i ng i /o by pl aying aroun
i n asseml y l anguage wi th the ros i n the CoCo. An l was
i n the mi dst of that proj ec t , had mst of i t colete, Mm
l f oun OS9. I t ' s l i ke, oh , shoot , theY' ve a l ready d al |
t hi s.
K: Oh, yah, | was t he sam way. I l i ke a l ot of popl e had
heavi l y mi f i e the ro. Troubl e was , other popl e
coul dn ' t use m stuf f . When l use OS9, I sai d, gee, O I
wri te sothi ng l can share w i th other popL e an they can
i t i n, an i t wi l l work wi th everyt hi ng el se. Ya know,
V.
S: An, i t was ml t i - taski ng a l ready. So i t had so neat
features M hadn ' t gotten to.
K: So these popl e that start wi th 059, an then, say for
i ns tance, mve to MSOOS, they have far fewer probl e
bcause they' re used to a di sk orat i ng syste. So the
gl i tz an the g l amr, so popl e say our program don ' t
have the f l a i r , they don ' t have the f ancy col ors o the
screen an stuff l i ke that . Wel l , yah , bt thats wi now
dressi ng. Most OS9 heav duty software works great! An
i t ' s very [prof i c i ent?] . I t my not have pretty l i t t l e
wi nows, bt i t works . An i t works sol idly i s the mi n
thi ng . l am al ways astoni she wi t h s o of these foru
wi th popl e tal ki ng abut how thei r program c rash al l the
t i m. An l go how can you pt up wi th i t? I ' m [usi ng?] a
ml t i taski ng mch i ne an a ml t i taski ng mch i ne i s usel ess
i f i t crashes a l l the t i m.
S : EVen i f there' S just one program goi ng astray i t ' l L take
the whol e mchi ne down wi th i t .
K: Sure, so we do have bgs , bt i n t he mi n, i f you have a
program, i t ' s goi ng to work . A n i f i t ' s fol e i t my
foul up i t ' s own sel f , or i t my foul up i t ' s f i l es, bt
i t ' s very rare to f i n an OS9 program that actual l y msses
up the mchi ne.
S : Wel l , I ' ve actua l l y wri tten one that does, bt that ' s the
except i on rather than the rul e.
K: For i nstance, i f you wrote a Basi c09 progra, ul ess
you ' re doi ng [?] or a bad stat cal l , you' re not crashi ng the
mchi ne bcause i t ' s a sol i d program to start wi t h . O the
whol e we' re far btter off than mst popl e. A l ot of W
l i ke m l eave our mchi nes up for 24 hours a day for mnths.
S: In fact , l j ust ret i red a mchi ne that has me runi ng
pract i ca l ly 24 hours a day for the past 6 years.
K : l th i nk the r i gh t i ncenti ve to keep us wi th i t wi l l kee
us goi ng for a l ong t i m. As the hardware gets btter, we
wi l l reap the bni f i t s of i t . But mst l y OSgers a re i nto
learni ng stuff .
S : To get on t o other thi ngs of mi nor i nterest , how di d you
f i rst get started i nt o coti ng?
K: Wow.
S : B i g qest i on.
K : Back when l was 1 1 years ol d, 1 96, m parents gave m an
analog coter ki t . I n 1 971 | was at UNC chapl h i l l ,
taki ng programi ng courses there i n PL/1 . When everyone
thought that PL/1 was the l anguage to en a l l l anguages .
That was when they were f i rst star t i ng out UCP at North
Carol i na . Between Caro l i na an Duke was the f i rst UUCP .
5: Real l y?
K : Yah , that ' s where they started usi ng that . I wi sh l had
ben i nvolved i n that bt l wasn ' t . l was taki ng cal cul us
courses that used the coter. Then l j oi ned the arm, an
unbknownst to mysel f was usi ng i ncredi bl e technol ogy. We
were usi ng 32 bi t kl 5C processors [ i n?) these j amrs we had
an I di dn' t know i t . But i n 1 977 a f r i en of mi ne
i nt rouced m to Byte mgazi ne. So when l got out i n ' 78 I
went down to school at [?) state an [ stui ed i n?]
el ect roni cs engi neeri ng . I n ' I [bi l t?] a 600 processor
fro scratch .
[the tap i s reprouc i ng stat i c very c l earl y here]
K: I was runni ng a 6800 syste wi th a VG chi p l f i na l ly got
on k of programi ng mry. 4k of grapi cs mry. [Was?]
usi ng a scop for outpt , vector di splay. 32 b 32 dot
Sector 18
screen an managed to get up t o 256 by 256 vector usi ng d to
a converters. Ki nda s l i ck bcause I had stored i n mry a
pi cture of a t ransi tor curcu i t , and so what hapened i s i
hooked i t up to the scope, popl e woul d co over here an
they' d say L eme see your scop. I ' d turn on the power an
i t cam up w i th a pi cture of a t rans i stor curcui t on the
scop. I bi l t a voi ce synthesi zer on i t , had voi ce i npt
on i t , a math ch i p on i t , i t was neat . When you bi l t
soth i ng , i t was new. You coul d bui l d sothi ng that
nobody e l se had.
s: Very eas i l y.
K: An nowadays of course you ei ther by ch i p t o do i t or a
mach i ne a l r eady [? . ] . You k i nda mi ss the ol d days . So
when the CoCo cam out , ( went t o work for Radi o Shack j ust
so t coul d get a di scount o t he mch i ne. Here i t was wi th
a 6809 an a VG ch i p.
S: An you al ready knew the mch i ne.
K : An I wanted to mve to a 6809, so I sa i d, aw mn, I
gotta have i t . As i t turned out i t took m a year after
they cam out wi th i t bfore I coul d actual l y afford one.
An Marsha [my wi fe] gave i t to m for chri stmas, an I
th i nk she ' s regretted i t to thi s very day. I st i l l worked
at Radi o Shack when I bought my f i rst f l opy dri ve for $450
on sal e. Bought one of those grapi cs tabl ets for $400.
So f r i ends of mi ne at the cl ub here got i nto OS9, cam to
m after mss i ng w i th i t , an once I got i nto i t I was very
exci ted. I guess I got i nt o i t abut ' 83 or ' 8. Whenever
it cam out . I remer I was a t F t . Worth Rai nbwfest
when i t cam out .
S: That was ' 84 f ro my notes w i th F rank.
K: Okay, so I was there when i t cam out . As a mat ter of
fact we had been on a cross country t r i p on the way stopi ng
at every Radi o ShaCK, an ask i ng them [ i f they had] 059.
An t h i s i s what rea l l y k i l l s m. I stopd in a Radi o
Shack cente r i n Dal l as, Texas, and asked the guy i f he had
OS9 and he sai d yes. The problem was I di dn ' t have the
mney to by i t . Because that was two days before the
Rai nbwfest , when they off i c i a l l y started sel l i ng i t , i f
had had the mney I coul d have been the f i rst off i c i a l owner
of OS9 on the CoCo wh i ch I thought was cool . I bl ew i t . So
they had abut 50 or 1 00 [copi es ofl OS9 at t he fest, an
they were sol d out just l i ke that . They were gone. An
l i ke mst peopl e I l ooked at the manua l and sai d, oh,
[omi t ted] t h i s is col i cated. ( stayed away f ro OS9
actua l l y for a wh i l e after that because i t di d see
col i cated . I t wasn' t unt i l l ater t hat I rea l i zed how
[qui ck?] everyt h i ng was . An so about the next year, 85 , 8
or soet hi ng , I expanded my CoCo t o 1 28K . Just before
everybody el s e started comi ng out wi th the banker an al l
that . I went ahead an des i gned i t an bi l t i t here,
actua l l y one for a f r i en of mi ne too. So w had 1 28K
coco' s here, an we dec i ded what can we do wi th i t? So
wrote a rami sk for 059 to use i t . The coany DSL cam out
wi th a 1 28K k i t , an they ca l l ed W up an I they started
sel l i ng my rami sk. I mi f i ed it for [thei r] board. So
that was my f i rs t [?] product . And what I di dn ' t know was
that had made m known to popl e. I was not i nto
comni cat i ons, I wasn' t on CI S, I had no i dea . I sold
enough of them i t pai d for my f i rst hard di sk wh i ch was a 5
megger cost me $800 . That rea l l y hurts. Peopl e col a i n
abut the cost of dri ves , I just want t o smack them. I went
to my f i rst R ai nbowFest at P r i nceton, an I wal ked in there
and peopl e woul d wa l k up to me, spot my nam tag and say
' you ' re the guy who wrote the rami sk' ' . ( rea l l y had no
idea . An that ' s how I mt [? and 7] fro LRTech, they sai d
they had t aken apart [my rami skl and used i t for wri t t i ng
thei r hard di sk dri ver . Wh i ch i s funny because they way I
had wri ten the ram di sk was f ro a hard di sk arti c l e i n [1]
Mi cro Couti ng , that was wr i t ten by Steve Ch i l dres , who was
Pete Lya l ' s boss.
S: So you tak i ng that i t sort of snow- ba l l ed
K : i nto everyth i ng el se. An then we a l l l earned mr e as we
went a l ong. l ater on I got u on CI S , went on to bco the
ass i stant sysop. About the sam t i m, i n ' 87, I bi l d 8
68008 co- processor for my CoCo 1 . I used i t to do the
grapi cs . That desi gn < the a rbi t rat i on btween t he 6809 an
68008) is now i ml ented i n the TC9 , unl ess he change
that . I t took m forever to f i gure out . So after wri t i ng
that rami sk an seei ng how many other popl e were i nto OS9
that rea l ly got m i nterested. Af te r that I wrote the
I nsi de level 2 book. Vari ous popl e snuck m copi es of
level 2 ear l y. So I actua l l y had al l these notes wr i tten up
for mysel f , an F rank sai d why don ' t you wri te sothi ng up
on Level 2. Just a l i tt l e paml et shoul d hel p. As i t
turned out I had a l l t hese notes l ay i ng aroun. I thought
i t would b a goo i dea for F rank to pri nt a l l m notes for
m in a ni ce format . That ' s why ( kept t ossi ng stuff i n
there bcause I use i t for m own reference. That [rami sk]
and the reference are the two t h i ngs out there. But l mt a
l ot of popl e that way. That ' s my f avor i te t hi ng abut OS9
i s a l l the popl e. I l ove i t .
S : Wel l , for one t hi ng you do a somth i ng rea l l y neat that a
l ot of popl e l i ke an you bco i nstant l y famus.
K : Yah, i t ' s the rush i s the t h i ng . I tol d M i ke Haal an
[author of MVCanvas] wai t t i l l you go to the fes t , these
popl e are goi ng to know who you are [an he di dn ' t bl i eve
m] . Sure enough h i s f i rst day, popl e went " you' re Mi ke
Haal an, you' re Mi ke Haal an! ' . They even asked h i m for h i s
autograp. Now thi s i s as emarrasi ng as you can get .
Don ' t pri nt t hat , bt i t ' s emarras i ng . You know, I ' m j ust
you . . .
S : " I ' m j ust an average J oe , I j ust hapn t o have wri tten
t hi s t h i ns, ya know . Anybody coul d have done i t . ' !
K: An that ' s what m bi ggest probl em i s , mst anybody coul d
wr i te thi s stuff
S : I f they sat down an di d i t .
K : Yah , an my advantage has ben I have had 24 hours a day
for the past 4 years to do not h i ng bt OS9.
S: Now expl ai n that . How di d that co abut .
K : Marsha has her own bsi ness . An bl ess her heart , she ' s
al ways had f ai th that OS9 wi l l pay off . Eventual l y. An
then I ' l l be abl e to take care of her. So actual l y, the
worl d owes Marsha . Everybdy el se a l ways says , wel l , how do
you know so mch.
S: I t ' s the t i m you spen at i t .
K : Sure, yah . I f you had 24 hours a day, t o pl ay wi th OS9
an mss wi th i t , you woul d know a l l thi s stuff too. I ' m
j ust l i ke anyboy el se, [bt] I just hapn to have the
t i m.
S: Yah , that ' s where I ' ve had an advantage bei ng a stuent.
When my parents suprted m I coul d f i dl e w i th OS9 i n a l l
my spare t i m. [An now that I work f or myse l f , i t ' s al mst
al l [ do. ]
K : The other great th i ng i s that popl e have donated
equi pmnt too. L i ke Bi l l Brady he donat ed the Atari ST so
that I coul d wri te OSK stuf f , an Bob Santy bught m a 20
mg hard di sk so that I coul d wr i te wi ndows for hi m. An
Wayne Day gave m a (0(03, bcause see, [ coul dn ' t af ford
any of th i s . I am mre por t han the poorest prson you
know.
S: See, now that ' s soth i ng a l ot of peopl e woul dn ' t know.
K: So when peopl e say, why coul dn ' t you have done th i s or
the other, I have to say bcause I don' t have the mney or
resources . [He mnti ons about here that he can ' t even
afford mai l i ng l etters out rea l l y. ] Vari ous popl e have
donated var i ous th i ngs. A l ot of the stuff i n here. I want
to pay these popl e back one of these days .
S: Wel l , I tel l ya, you are real l y payi ng the back wi th the
work you do.
[the tap i s barel y i ntel l i gi bl e at t hi s pi nt an bi ts an
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Ch6B\ 8h66\ ' 10f \h6 DB8 C 6O \ Dg 1UDC \ 0D8 .
1 C0Uf86 `k 0BD8 \0 h0|O Ih6 C0DIf0| k6y O0HD BO f688
X. bU\ UBC8 B| 80 U868 I h6 68CB k6y I0 I f gg6f C6fIB D
86U6DC68 . |Of 6XB@| 6 I 0 6X \ UBC8 y0U f688 bbL Ih6D
. 1h 8 8 8h0HD D \h6 10fO H Hh6f6 Ih6 H* WBD8 Ih6
68CB. 0D ' I B8k 0 Hh0 CB0 U H I0 Ih6 O6B IO U86 H:
10f 68CB0 1 l kD6H ' O D g V Dg h O HhBI 10f \00.
D0Ih6f 0 \h Dg 8 IhBI y0U CBD f61BC6 C0 O8 H Ih bbL
k6y D B DUf BO Ih6D Ih6 C0D\f0| 80QU6DC6 10f Ih6
HBDI6O 1UDC I ! 0D. H08I C0 O8 H | f6BI IhBI Of 01
I ! 08 0\h6f8 l | k6 g0\0 | D6) H | l U86 \hBI B8 B DUf C
BrgU\ . | 8O U CBD D U86O \ 0 86\ B f60BI C0UD\ BO
8 U860 I0 BD0fI 08I BDy 1UDCI 0D. O 1 UBC8 g V68
y0U \h6 088Bg6 [k6y D0\ DUm| HhBI I ' 8 8By Dg 8 I
O068D' I UO6f8IBO Ih6 k6y 80QU6DC6 y0U h \ -
HVlk Kk0
Dg D Dg O1 * | D6
6O01 | ! 0
b6CI0f
forward- character
backward-character
bgi ni ng-of - f i l e
end-of- f i l e
next- l i ne
previous - l i ne
next- page
previ ous- page
next - word
previ ous-word
next- paragrap
previ ous- paragrap
goto- l i ne
ESC G)
MAKI NG SPACE
newl i ne
newl i ne-an- i nent
i nsert- space
open- l i ne
hanl e-tab
cont rol s spac ing)
OT HER STUFF
bffer- pos i t i on
c l ear-and- redraw
hel p
swap)
exi t-emacs
qui ck-ex i t
i - shel l
quote-character
f i l e)
redraw- di spl ay
at center)
KI LL AND YANK
k i l l -to-en-of - l i ne
yank
DElET I NG
-
F

M-<
N->
"N
-p
-V
"Z or H* V
M- F
M-B
M- N
M- P
H-G ( press ESC, then l i ne I, then
"M
J
" C
- 0
- I ( pl a i n tab, except THE
-X=
- L
M-? (goes spl i t screen - -X-O to
N- !
(abrts changes)
( save a l l changes an exi t )
( t emrary shel l )
(pts actual next char i n
( reraw di splay wi th cursor
-K (pts text i n yank bffer)
-Y ( yanks text bck in)
del ete- previ ous-character - H
- ? ( thi s i s the DEL key on PC ' s)
delete- previ ous-word M- - H
M _ _ 1
del ete-next- character -0
del ete-next- word M-O
FORMATTI NG PARAGRAPHS
f i l l - paragrap
to f i t wi dth )
set - fi l l -col un
F )
ED I TI NG ANOTHER F I LE
f i nd- f i l e
exi t i ng )
next- bffer
I i ne or foun)
i nsert - f i l e
save- f i l e
M-O
'XF
"XX
( t hi s reformts a paragrap
( set width - ESC (#col s) - X
( l oad up a new f i l e wi thout
(get nxt f i le on cOl n
( loa f i l e i nto current)
(save current f i l e)
SEARCH AND REPLACE
search- forward
search- reverse
query- repl ace- st r i ng
repl ace-st r i ng
( search for st r i ng )
( repl ace w i th prot ing)
( replace, no proti ng)

Apl ogi es to our readers for not bi ng abl e to pri nt the
art i c l e ' Pl ayi n Chess i n C' i n our f i rs t i ssue. We si ml y
ran out of spce, an i t ' s too bi g. Mayb i f Kevi n di d' t
have so mch t o say We wi l l pr i nt i t i n our next i ssue,
al ong wi th mre supri ses an fun. An j us t my J ' L l get
the hang of th i s stupi d DTP, or get i rri tated enough wi th i t
to start wri t i ng @ own. Anyways, thanks for your sup rtl
We can' t do i t wi thout you. Let us know what ki n of
arti cl es you want , an get your subi ssi os in to get your
,
OSKer for freel - StG
SPACE
AVAILABLE
Your advertiement could b here!
The is e for $!
Cll Scott at (317) 21-61
Sector 23
1 Want My OS9!