DISCUSSION :In this experiment we had to use an orifice meter to determine the co-efficient of discharge by means of constant head

method and the principle of Bernoullis was based for the experiment. In here we can learn the way how to find the co-efficient of discharge. Correctly using flow measurement apparatus hear we had measure the time (T) which is gone for the water level in to (h) value and was connected three times which followed average of these three values that we taken to calculate because, it can be error if we take the one measurement of the time There can be the air bubbles with the water, so it can be another matter because the density of the water with the air bubbles is less than the density of the water with out air bubbles. There for at the beginning of this experiment the air bubble are allowed to remove While we were doing this practical we can see some errors but we can get readings almost correct using above methods. The equation is taken from beryllium equation for this experiment but the beryllium equation is correct only for the lamina flow of fluids. But the water floe through the orifice isnt fully lamina flow, so that the value of co-efficient of discharge is not equal to actual co-efficient of discharge value. The height of the water level of the tank is increasing the speed of the flowing water is also increasing then the time which we get is reduced the percentage of error is also increasing. We have to measure time and volume of the water in the same moment. That can be caused big mistake because we have to get the readings according to our naked eyes The errors which are mentioned above are done by us, we can minimize those errors then the accuracy of the experiment can be increased when the constant water volume is measured by using transparent utensil, then we can done the experiment almost correctly. It is very important in the industrial to find Cd value for the fluids. Ex:- Oil tank , industrial dryers , irrigation system We have to find Cd value for the oil tank and irrigation system. Because it must know what is the value of the Cd then we can work easily. In above examples there are orifice meter, consist of flat orifice plate with circular hole drilled So in industrial application, the Cd value is most important thing in dams the water inlet and outlet holes are also based on this theory.

Discussion: The results obtained in this practical investigation indicate that the vena contracta produced losses in the orifice. These losses induced, were expressed through the coefficients of contraction, velocity and discharge (flow rate). The height of water decreased after each reading was taken which means that the velocity and pressure also decreased. The area of the vena contracta affected the coefficient of contraction; as the area reduced, the value of the coefficient of contraction decreased. Actual velocity affected the coefficient of velocity; as the actual head value decreased after each reading, the coefficient of velocity value decreased as well. Actual flow rate affected the coefficient of discharge; as time increased after each reading, the actual flow rate together with the coefficient of discharge decreased. The line graph illustrating the head value (H) and the square root of the head value versus the theoretical flow rate (Qt) shows as the head values decreased after each reading was taken, the theoretical flow rate decreased as well. The decreasing lines on the graph show this relationship. Errors encountered during this experiment affected the slope of the graph and should have been straight decreasing lines.

The line graph illustrating the head value (H) versus the theoretical velocity of the fluid (Vt) shows that as the head values decreased after each reading was taken, the theoretical velocity decreased as well. This relationship is indicated on the decreasing slope of the line. Errors encountered during this experiment affected the slope of the graph and should have been a straight decreasing line. Errors encountered in this practical investigation include the following: timing taken could have been inaccurate, readings were not taken at eye level, the diameter of the vena contracta could have been measured incorrectly using the calliper and external forces surrounding this experiment could have affected the readings recorded. These errors are evident in the equations to calculate the coefficient of discharge (Cd=Qa/Qt) and (Cd=CcxCv) which should have been identical but are different. The most common function of an orifice meter is to measure the flow of fluid in piping systems. It is used to increase the pressure of fluid in the pipe, decrease its flow rate and increase the velocity of the fluid through the system. Accuracy is reduced due to low flow rates in the piping systems and the wear of the orifice plates. An orifice meter can also be used in natural environments to control the flow of water in flood-relief dams. Conclusion: The hypothesis of this investigation is proved correct and concludes that losses occurred in the orifice due to the vena contracta. The coefficients of contraction, velocity and discharge calculated, indicated that these losses exist. Reduction in the head values of the fluid result in smaller coefficients of contraction, velocity and discharge.