J. metamorphic Geol.

, 1996, 14, 549563

Pressuretemperature conditions and retrograde paths of eclogites, garnetglaucophane rocks and schists from South Sulawesi, Indonesia
K . MI YAZ A KI , 1 I . Z UL K AR N AI N , 2 J . S O PA HE L UWA K AN 2 A N D K . WA K I TA 1 1 Geological Survey of Japan, 11-3 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan 2 Research and Development Centre for Geotechnology, Jl. Cisitu, 21/154D, Bandung, 40135 Indonesia

A B S TR A CT

High-pressure metamorphic rocks exposed in the Bantimala area, c. 40 km north-east of Ujung Pandang, were formed as a Cretaceous subduction complex with fault-bounded slices of melange, chert, basalt, turbidite, shallow-marine sedimentary rocks and ultrabasic rocks. Eclogites, garnetglaucophane rocks and schists of the Bantimala complex have estimated peak temperatures of T =580630 C at 18 kbar and T =590640 C at 24 kbar, using the garnetclinopyroxene geothermometer. The garnetomphacite phengite equilibrium is used to estimate pressures. The distribution coefficient K =[(X )3 (X )6/ D1 pyr grs ( X )6 ]/[(Al/Mg) (Al/Si) ]3 among omphacite, garnet and phengite is a good index for metamordi M2,wm T2,wm phic pressures. The K values of the Bantimala eclogites were compared with those of eclogites with D1 reliable PT estimates. This comparison suggests that peak pressures of the Bantimala eclogites were P= 1824 kbar at T =580640 C. These results are consistent with the PT range calculated using garnet rutileepidotequartz and lawsoniteomphaciteglaucophaneepidote equilibria. The estimated PT conditions indicate that these metamorphic rocks were subducted to c. 6585 km depth, and that the overall geothermal gradient was c. 8 C km1. This low geothermal gradient can be explained with a high subduction rate of a cold oceanic plate. The retrograde paths of eclogite and garnetglaucophane rocks suggest that these units were refrigerated during exhumation, consistent with decoupling of the high-P rocks and ascent due to buoyancy force during continued underow of the cold oceanic plate. Key words: eclogite; high-pressure metamorphism; Indonesia; PT conditions; retrograde metamorphism.

I N T RO DU C TI O N A Cretaceous subduction complex, the Bantimala Complex, is exposed in the Bantimala area, east of Pankajene, South Sulawesi (Figs 1 and 2 ). It is made up of fault-bounded slices of Cretaceous accretionary sediments, ultrabasic rocks and Cretaceous highpressure metamorphic rocks (Sukamto, 1986 ). Wakita et al. (1994, 1996) presented the following scenario of the evolution of the Bantimala Complex. The highpressure metamorphic rocks were formed in the Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous by subduction of an oceanic plate toward the West Kalimantan Continent. Subduction ceased in the Albian, and the highpressure metamorphic rocks were exhumed before and during the deposition of middle Cretaceous radiolarian chert. This paper describes the occurrence, mineral assemblages, mineral chemistry, peak pressure and temperature conditions, and retrograde metamorphism of eclogites, garnetglaucophane rocks and schists of the Bantimala Complex. These results contribute to an understanding of the evolution of the palaeo-oceanic
Correspondence: Kazuhiro Miyazaki (email: g8707@gsj.go.jp)

plate subducted Continent.

toward

the

West

Kalimantan

GE O LO G IC A L S E T TI N G Cretaceous subduction complexes of Indonesia are distributed in West and Central Java, South Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi (Fig. 1). Before the opening of the Makassar Strait, the Bantimala Complex constituted a single subduction complex with the subduction complexes in Java and South Kalimantan (Hamilton, 1979 ). Cretaceous plutons occur in West Kalimantan and the basement of the western Java Sea (Hamilton, 1979). The eastern and southern arms of the Sulawesi subduction complex are underlain by a Tertiary complex consisting mainly of high-pressure metamorphic rocks and ophiolites (Parkinson, 1991). These rocks are structurally overlain by the BanggaiSula continental fragments (Hartono, 1990 ), as a result of eastward-directed subduction.

549

550

K. MIYA ZA KI ET AL .

Fig. 1. Tectonic map of the Indonesian region (modied from Wakita et al., 1994).

O U TL I N E O F T HE G EO L OG Y O F T H E B A NT I MA L A C O MP L EX The Bantimala area is located about 40 km north-east of Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi (Fig. 2). The detailed geology of this area was investigated by Sukamto (1975, 1978, 1982, 1986). The Bantimala Complex is about 10 km wide in the Bantimala area; it is surrounded by Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary and volcanic rocks, and unconformably covered by Late Cretaceous to Palaeocene sedimentary rocks. The complex is intruded by Palaeogene diorite. The Bantimala Complex is composed of tectonic slices of high-pressure metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks and ultrabasic rocks (Fig. 2 ). The boundary faults were active before the Palaeocene, and some of them were partly reactivated in Cenozoic time. The metamorphic rocks in the Bantimala Complex consist of glaucophane schist, albiteactinolitechlorite schist, chloritemica schist, garnetglaucophane quartz schist, garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist, serpentinite, garnetglaucophane rock and eclogite. Predominant lithologies are glaucophane schists that are divided into three types: very ne-grained lawsonite-bearing glaucophane schist; hematite-bearing glaucophane schist; and garnetglaucophane schist.

The lawsonite-bearing and hematite-bearing glaucophane schists are repectively interlayered with lawsonite-bearing chloritemica schists or albiteactinolite chlorite schists. The garnetglaucophane schists are interlayered with garnetchloritoidglaucophane quartz schists or garnetglaucophanequartz schists (Fig. 3). All three types of glaucophane schists are in fault contact with each other. Eclogite and garnet glaucophane rock occur as tectonic blocks within sheared serpentinite (Figs 4 and 5 ). KAr ages of phengite from these rocks (Wakita et al., 1994, 1996) are as follows: garnetglaucophane rocks (1327, 1136 Ma); mica-rich part intercalated with garnet glaucophane rock (1246 Ma); and micaquartz schists intercalated with hematite-bearing glaucophane schists (1146, 1156 Ma). The sedimentary rocks are identied as melange, turbidite and shallow-marine clastic rocks. Melanges include clasts and blocks of sandstone, siliceous shale, chert, basalt and schist in a sheared shale matrix. A radiolarian assemblage from chert is assigned a middle Cretaceous (late Albianearly Cenomanian) age, and the chert unconformably overlies the high-pressure metamorphic rocks (Wakita et al., 1996). The ultrabasic rocks are mostly serpentinized peridotite, locally including chromite lenses.

P-T C ON DI TIO NS , S UL AWE S I

551

Fig. 2. Simplied geological map of the Bantimala Complex, South Sulawesi (modied from Sukamto, 1986 ).

Fig. 3. Outcrop of garnetglaucophane schist (dark coloured ) intercalated with garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist ( light coloured ). This outcrop occurs along the Cempaga River.

epidote, phengite, rutile, quartz and, in very rare cases, chloritoid. The matrix contains subordinate amounts of epidote, phengite, rutile and quartz. Idioblastic glaucophane occurs rarely in the matrix. Magnesiohornblende occurs as a matrix mineral in one sample (P-04). The garnetglaucophane rocks are characterized by modally abundant glaucophane. Garnet porphyroblasts (up to 5 mm) are set in a matrix of glaucophane (0.20.75 mm), containing subordinate amounts of epidote, omphacite, phengite, rutile and quartz. In very rare cases, the matrix contains no omphacite. The mineral paragenesis of the eclogites and garnet glaucophane rocks are as follows (abbreviations after Kretz, 1983): eclogites, Omp+Grt+Ep+Phengite+ Qtz+Rt; Omp+Grt+Gln+Ep+Phengite+Qtz+Rt; Omp+Grt+Gln+Hbl+Ep+Phengite+Rt; and Omp+Grt+Ep+Phengite+Rt; and garnetglaucophane rocks, Gln+Grt+Omp+Ep+Phengite+ Qtz+Rt; Gln+Grt+Ep+Phengite+Qtz+Rt. Garnetglaucophane schists and their associated rocks

P E T RO GR A P HY Eclogites and garnetglaucophane rocks The eclogites are made up essentially of garnet porphyroblasts (up to 1 cm) set in a matrix of a negrained omphacite (0.010.05 mm). Garnet porphyroblasts have inclusions of omphacite, glaucophane, Garnetglaucophane schists show distinct schistosity and compositional banding of garnet-rich and garnetpoor layers. The euhedral garnet ranges from 0.1 to 1 mm. The matrix consists of glaucophane (0.10.75 mm), epidote, phengite and quartz with

552

K. MIYA ZA KI ET AL .

Fig. 4. Geological map along the Cempaga River. This gure shows occurrence of eclogites, garnetglaucophane rocks and schists.

R ET R OG R AD E M I NE R AL PA R AG E NE S I S Some of the eclogites, garnetglaucophane rocks and schists underwent variable degrees of retrograde metamorphism. In general, the garnetglaucophane schists suffered more extensive retrograde metamorphism than the other rock types. Chlorite and lawsonite are found in some eclogites and garnetglaucophane rocks. In sample P-04 (eclogite), these phases occur in particular domains showing well-developed chlorite aggregates and coarsegrained lawsonite patches (12 mm). Outside these domains the mineral assemblage is garnet+epidote +omphacite+hornblende+glaucophane+rutile (Fig. 6a). Lawsonite has inclusions of omphacite, garnet, epidote, glaucophane, hornblende, titanite and rutile rimmed by titanite. This shows that the retrograde domains had the same mineral assemblage before lawsonite crystallized. In these retrograde portions (Fig. 6b), fractures in garnet are lled by chlorite and lawsonite, and garnet rims are completely replaced by chlorite. Prismatic glaucophane (0.70.2 mm) is rimmed by strong blue- and lavender-coloured crossite. Omphacite (1.00.5 mm) is rimmed by pale-greencoloured chloromelanite. Titanite occurs instead of rutile. Therefore, the retrograde mineral assemblage is interpreted to be Chloromelanite+Crossite +Lws+ Chl+Ttn. A negligible amount of albite occurs with chlorite and partly replaces chloromelanite and crossite rims. Therefore, it is interpreted as a later retrograde mineral crystallized after the chloromelanitelawsonite assemblage. Fine-grained phengite is also found partly along interfaces between lawsonite and chloromelanite.

Fig. 5. Outcrop along the Pateteyang River of garnet glaucophane rock associated with sheared serpentinite.

small amounts of rutile. Omphacite is rare in these rocks. Garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schists are intercalated among the garnetglaucophane schists, and show compositional banding of mica-rich and mica-poor layers. Euhedral garnets are set in a matrix of quartz, glaucophane (0.10.75 mm), epidote and phengite with a small amount of chloritoid. In very rare cases, chloritoid is absent (garnetglaucophane quartz schist). The mineral assemblages of these rocks are as follows: garnetglaucophane schists, Gln+Grt+ Ep+Phengite+Qtz+Rt; and Gln+Grt+Omp+ Ep+Phengite+Qtz+Rt; garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist, Grt+Gln+Cld+Ep+Phengite+ Qtz; and garnetglaucophanequartz schist, Grt+ Gln+Ep+Phengite+Qtz.

P-T C ON DI TIO NS , S UL AWE S I

553

Fig. 6. Photomicrograph of eclogite (sample P-04 ). (a) Omphacitegarnetepidotehornblende in major part. (b) LawsonitegarnetglaucophaneNa-pyroxene in retrograde portion.

Fig. 7. Photomicrograph of garnetglaucophane schist (sample Mg-51). (a) Albite porphyroblast in garnetglaucophane schist. Garnet rim is replaced by chlorite and epidote within albite porphyroblast. (b) Actinolite and chlorite within albite porphyroblast.

Albite porphyroblasts (up to 1.0 mm) in sample Mg-51 (garnetglaucophane schist) occur in particular layers in which chlorite is more abundant than in the other parts (Fig. 7). The major part of this sample consists of glaucophane, epidote, garnet, quartz, phengite and rutile. Omphacite, garnet, epidote, zoned amphibole, actinolite, chlorite, titanite and hematite are enclosed in albite porphyroblasts. The omphacite has irregular interfaces against albite, and the garnet rim is replaced by chlorite. The amphibole is zoned from a glaucophane core, through a crossite inner mantle and winchite outer mantle to an actinolite rim. Hematite occurs only in albite porphyroblasts. Therefore, the following retrograde mineral assemblages are inferred: Ab+Chl+Crossite+Ep+Ttn+ Hem+Qtz; Ab+Chl+Winchite+Ep+Ttn+Hem+ Qtz; and Ab+Chl+Act+Ep+Ttn+Hem+Qtz.

MI N E RA L C H EM I S TR Y Mineral analyses were carried out using either a JEOL 8800 or a JEOL 733 EPMA at the Geological Survey of Japan. Accelerating voltage, specimen current and beam diameter were kept at 15 kV, 12 nA on Faraday cup and 2 mm, respectively. The mineral assemblages of analysed samples are shown in Table 1 and mineral chemistries are listed in Table 2. The Fe O content of 2 3 sodic pyroxene was estimated on the assumption of Al+Fe3+=Na. The Fe3+/Fe2+ value of amphibole was calculated as total cations=13 exclusive of K, Na and Ca (O=23). Clinopyroxene Assuming the pyroxene components are jadeite ( jd), acmite (acm), diopside (di) and hedenbergite (hd ), the end-member mole fractions are calculated as X =Al/(Na+Ca), X =Fe3+/(Na+Ca), jd acm

554

K. MIYA ZA KI ET AL .

Sample no. Mg-47a Mg218a P-04 Mg-49a Mg-51 Mg-50

Type Ecl. Ecl. Ecl. Grt-Gln Grt-Gln Grt-Qtz

Grt Pyroxene Gln Act Hbl + + + + + + + + + + i + i,r + + + + r

Ep Lws Cld Ab Chl Phengite Qtz + + + + + + i r r r + r r + + + + + + +

Other Rt Rt Rt, Ttn* Rt Rt, Ttn*, Hem*

Table 1. Mineral assemblages of analysed samples.

+ + +

+: prograde mineral, i: inclusion in garnet or albite, r: retrograde mineral, *: retrograde mineral. Ecl. : eclogites, Grt-Gln: garnetglaucophane schists, Grt-Qtz: garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist.

Table 2. Representative analyses of pyroxene (O=6).

Eclogites Rock no. N.B. SiO 2 TiO 2 Al O 2 3 Cr O 2 3 FeO* MnO MgO CaO Na O 2 K O 2 Total Si Al Ti Cr Fe3+ Fe2+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Total jd(%) acm(%) di(%) hd (%) Mg-47a core 55.21 0.00 7.02 0.00 5.85 0.01 10.25 15.7 5.5 0.00 99.53 1.992 0.298 0.000 0.000 0.086 0.090 0.000 0.551 0.606 0.384 0.000 4.008 30.11 8.69 52.59 8.61 Mg-47a rim 55.54 0.02 10.02 0.04 5.15 0.05 8.42 13.5 6.92 0.00 99.66 1.987 0.422 0.001 0.001 0.057 0.097 0.001 0.449 0.517 0.479 0.000 4.012 42.37 5.74 42.68 9.22 Mg-47a f-matrix 55.64 0.01 10.01 0.00 5.3 0.01 8.29 13.22 6.88 0.00 99.35 1.995 0.423 0.000 0.000 0.055 0.104 0.000 0.443 0.508 0.478 0.000 4.005 42.92 5.56 41.72 9.8 Mg2-18a P-04 inc. in Grt 53.77 0.05 8.53 0.01 11.27 0.14 5.36 10.42 8.63 0.01 98.19 1.978 0.370 0.001 0.000 0.246 0.101 0.004 0.294 0.411 0.615 0.000 4.020 36.02 23.96 29.8 10.22 P-04 major part 55.31 0.08 7.82 0.05 7.17 0.19 8.95 14.18 6.79 0.01 100.56 1.977 0.329 0.002 0.001 0.141 0.073 0.006 0.476 0.543 0.471 0.000 4.020 32.5 13.93 46.44 7.14 P-04 r-portion 53.93 0.04 5.08 0.01 12.44 0.23 7.13 12.86 7.39 0.01 99.10 1.983 0.220 0.001 0.000 0.306 0.076 0.007 0.391 0.506 0.526 0.000 4.016 21.31 29.65 41.03 8.01 Garnet-glaucophane schists Mg49a Mg-51

55.68 0.05 10.63 0.04 6.37 0.02 7.16 11.85 7.67 0.00 99.46 1.994 0.448 0.001 0.001 0.084 0.107 0.001 0.382 0.454 0.532 0.000 4.004 45.45 8.48 35.99 10.08

55.06 0.04 8.21 0.07 7.4 0.07 8.36 13.96 6.29 0.02 99.46 1.993 0.350 0.001 0.002 0.091 0.133 0.002 0.450 0.541 0.441 0.001 4.005 35.65 9.25 42.53 12.58

55.48 0.1 8.44 0.05 9.08 0.01 7.5 12.68 7.39 0.00 100.73 1.984 0.356 0.003 0.001 0.156 0.115 0.000 0.400 0.486 0.512 0.000 4.013 35.64 15.68 37.79 10.89

* Total Fe as FeO. Calculated values. f-matrix: ne-grained matrix; r-portion: retrograde portion; inc. in Grt: inclusion in garnet.

X =[Ca/(Na+Ca)][Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)] and X = di hd [Ca/( Na+Ca)][Fe2+/(Mg+Fe2+)]. Most analysed pyroxene in the eclogites and garnetglaucophane schists falls in the omphacite region of the jdacm(di+hd ) diagram (Fig. 8 ). The jadeite content at rims of omphacite ranges from X =0.35 to 0.45, jd and usually the rim is more jadeite-rich than the core. Retrograde zonation is observed in the retrograde domains in sample P-04 (eclogite). Omphacite is rimmed by more acmite-rich sodic pyroxene (chloromelanite: X =0.21 and X =c. 0.30). jd acm Garnet The mole fractions of garnet end-members are calculated as follows: X =Mg/(Fe+Mn+Mg+ pyr Ca), X =Fe2+/(Fe2++Mn+Mg+Ca), X = alm sps Mn/( Fe2++Mn+Mg+Ca) and X =Ca/(Fe2++ grs Mn+Mg+Ca). Garnet compositions are shown in Fig. 9. Garnet in the garnetglaucophane schists shows

a very distinct chemical zonation (normal-type) with Fe- and Mn-enriched cores and Mg-enriched rims. The zonation in Ca is generally weak, although garnet in sample P-04 (eclogite) is depleted in the grossular component at the rim. The composition of garnet rims in the eclogites and garnetglaucophane schists is similar (X =0.200.30 and X =0.200.25). The prp grs grossular content of garnet in garnetchloritoid glaucophanequartz schists is slightly lower (X = grs 0.150.20). Amphibole Glaucophane in eclogites, garnetglaucophane schists and garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schists is usually homogenous over the scale of a thin-section, but, in some cases, it is distinctly zoned (sample P-04) or rimmed by winchite and actinolite (sample Mg-51). Winchite occurs also in the core of zoned sodic amphiboles in the garnetglaucophane schist (sample

P-T C ON DI TIO NS , S UL AWE S I

555

Table 2. (continued ) Representative analyses of garnet (O=12).

Eclogites Rock no. N.B. SiO 2 TiO 2 Al O 2 3 Cr O 2 3 FeO* MnO MgO CaO Na O 2 K O 2 Total Si Al Ti Cr Fe2+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Total pyr (%) alm(%) sps (%) grs (%) Mg-47a core 37.84 0.07 20.64 0.00 28.33 1.19 2.58 9.07 0.01 0.00 99.73 3.017 1.939 0.004 0.000 1.888 0.081 0.306 0.774 0.001 0.000 8.010 10.04 61.93 2.64 25.39 Mg-47a rim 38.176 0.094 21.396 0.013 25.104 0.687 4.92 8.807 0.02 0.00 99.217 3.001 1.982 0.006 0.001 1.650 0.046 0.576 0.741 0.003 0.000 8.004 19.12 54.75 1.52 24.61 Mg2-18a P-04 core 37.72 0.13 21.07 0.05 28.01 1.66 2.90 8.84 0.05 0.01 100.45 2.986 1.965 0.008 0.001 1.853 0.111 0.342 0.749 0.008 0.001 8.026 11.2 60.64 3.65 24.51 P-04 medium 37.33 0.05 21.57 0.10 26.39 1.22 4.26 8.27 0.02 0.00 99.21 2.96 2.016 0.003 0.003 1.750 0.082 0.503 0.703 0.003 0.000 8.024 16.57 57.59 2.71 23.13 P-04 rim 37.85 0.02 22.48 0.01 23.99 0.61 7.22 7.38 0.10 0.00 99.67 2.934 2.053 0.001 0.00 1.555 0.04 0.834 0.612 0.015 0.000 8.045 27.41 51.14 1.31 20.14 Garnet-glaucophane schists Mg-49a core 37.92 0.22 20.60 0.00 26.03 3.97 1.65 9.36 0.02 0.00 99.77 3.029 1.939 0.013 0.000 1.739 0.269 0.196 0.801 0.003 0.000 7.990 6.54 57.87 8.94 26.65 Mg-49a rim 38.78 0.03 21.29 0.03 26.83 0.5 4.15 8.83 0.00 0 100.45 3.026 1.958 0.002 0.001 1.751 0.033 0.483 0.738 0.000 0.000 7.991 16.07 58.27 1.09 24.57 Mg-50 core 38.76 0.11 21.33 0.00 25.60 6.44 3.45 6.34 0.08 0.01 102.12 3.015 1.955 0.006 0.000 1.665 0.424 0.400 0.528 0.012 0.001 8.007 13.25 55.19 14.06 17.5 Grt-Qtz Mg-50 rim 39.36 0.14 21.55 0.00 28.7 0.69 5.19 6.23 0.00 0.00 101.86 3.028 1.953 0.008 0.000 1.846 0.045 0.594 0.514 0.000 0.000 7.987 19.82 61.56 1.49 17.13

38.06 0.07 21.64 0.00 25.41 0.98 4.65 8.41 0.02 0.01 99.23 2.995 2.006 0.004 0.000 1.672 0.065 0.545 0.709 0.002 0.001 7.999 18.22 55.91 2.18 23.7

* Total Fe as FeO. GrtQtz: garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist.

Table 2. (continued ) Representative analyses of amphibole (O=23).

Eclogites Rock no. N.B. SiO 2 TiO 2 Al O 2 3 Cr O 2 3 FeO* MnO MgO CaO Na O 2 K O 2 Total Si Al(IV ) Al( VI) Ti Cr Fe3+ Fe2+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Total Na in M4 Y Fe3+ (%) X Fe2+ (%) a gln P-04 inc. in Grt 56.44 0.01 9.95 0.09 13.00 0.09 9.25 0.72 7.30 0.02 96.85 7.892 0.108 1.531 0.001 0.010 0.367 1.153 0.010 1.928 0.108 1.977 0.003 15.083 1.89 19.32 37.42 0.14 P-04 major part 49.84 0.18 8.39 0.09 8.16 0.24 15.29 10.08 3.07 0.32 95.65 7.221 0.779 0.653 0.019 0.010 0.029 0.960 0.029 3.300 1.564 0.862 0.058 15.480 0.44 4.23 22.54 0.02 P-04 r-portion, core 56.83 0.07 10.15 0.04 8.55 0.24 12.23 1.63 6.60 0.02 96.37 7.822 0.178 1.469 0.007 0.004 0.445 0.539 0.028 2.508 0.241 1.761 0.004 15.004 1.76 23.24 17.7 0.25 P-04 r-portion, rim 56.65 0.00 7.49 0.01 14.65 0.23 9.98 0.79 7.32 0.02 97.13 7.937 0.063 1.174 0.000 0.001 0.658 1.057 0.027 2.082 0.119 1.987 0.004 15.109 1.88 35.93 33.67 0.11 Mg-49 core 53.92 0.00 5.84 0.07 10.22 0.10 14.61 7.08 3.61 0.10 95.55 7.682 0.318 0.662 0.000 0.008 0.474 0.743 0.012 3.101 1.081 0.996 0.018 15.090 0.92 41.72 19.33 0.04 Mg-49 rim 58.37 0.08 9.97 0.00 8.49 0.01 12.70 1.63 6.30 0.03 97.58 7.888 0.112 1.475 0.008 0.000 0.495 0.464 0.002 2.556 0.235 1.650 0.005 14.890 1.76 25.14 15.37 0.26 Garnet-glaucophane schists Grt-Qtz Mg-47a 54.85 0.01 8.51 0.04 19.86 0.04 5.61 0.08 6.75 0.01 95.76 7.931 0.069 1.380 0.002 0.004 0.763 1.638 0.005 1.209 0.012 1.892 0.001 14.904 1.99 35.61 57.53 0.03 Mg-51 core 57.25 0.01 10.33 0.01 11.20 0.00 10.57 0.69 7.36 0.02 97.43 7.873 0.127 1.547 0.001 0.001 0.411 0.877 0.000 2.164 0.101 1.961 0.004 15.065 1.9 20.97 28.83 0.2 Mg-51 mantle-1 55.33 0.08 6.68 0.00 18.27 0.17 8.80 1.38 6.79 0.00 96.36 7.836 0.164 0.952 0.009 0.000 0.911 1.252 0.021 1.856 0.209 1.864 0.001 15.051 1.79 48.9 40.29 0.04 Mg-51 mantle-2 57.41 0.02 5.92 0.00 12.96 0.36 10.79 7.5 3.52 0.07 98.49 8.050 0.000 0.978 0.002 0.000 0.000 1.519 0.043 2.253 1.127 0.957 0.012 14.987 0.87 0.00 40.27 0.04 Mg-51 rim 53.69 0.01 1.20 0.00 13.74 0.46 15.02 11.08 1.12 0.05 96.34 7.811 0.189 0.016 0.001 0.000 0.394 1.277 0.056 3.255 1.726 0.316 0.009 15.045 0.27 96.01 28.18 0.00 Mg-50 58.77 0.02 9.43 0.00 9.73 0.00 12.35 1.29 6.88 0.02 98.69 7.923 0.077 1.421 0.002 0.000 0.479 0.618 0.000 2.481 0.187 1.798 0.003 15.542 1.81 25.19 19.94 0.24

* Total Fe as FeO. Calculated values. f-matrix: ne-grained matrix; r-portion: retrograde portion; Y : Fe3+/(Fe3++Al (VI)); inc. in Grt: inclusion in garnet; a : activity of glaucophane Fe3+ gln (see Table 3); X : Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg); GrtQtz: garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist. Fe2+

556

K. MIYA ZA KI ET AL .

Table 2. (continued ) Representative analyses of epidote (O=12.5).

Eclogites Rock no. N.B. SiO 2 TiO 2 Al O 2 3 Cr O 2 3 Fe O * 2 3 MnO MgO CaO Na O 2 K O 2 Total Si Al Ti Cr Fe3+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Total Y (%) Fe3+ a czo Garnet-glaucophane schists Grt-Qtz Mg-47a 38.40 0.10 25.44 0.12 10.83 0.07 0.14 22.89 0.01 0.01 98.00 3.018 2.356 0.006 0.008 0.64 0.005 0.016 1.926 0.001 0.001 7.976 21.37 0.36 Mg2-18a 37.81 0.09 26.71 0.00 8.81 0.02 0.08 23.31 0.02 0.00 96.84 2.991 2.490 0.005 0.000 0.524 0.001 0.010 1.974 0.003 0.000 7.999 17.39 0.48 P-04 38.15 0.08 25.51 0.00 11.22 0.32 0.05 23.31 0.04 0.00 98.68 2.989 2.356 0.005 0.000 0.661 0.021 0.006 1.956 0.006 0.000 8.000 21.92 0.35 Mg-49a 38.95 0.02 24.71 0.01 12.04 0.06 0.05 23.16 0.00 0.00 99.00 3.040 2.273 0.001 0.001 0.707 0.004 0.006 1.936 0.000 0.000 7.968 23.72 0.28 Mg-51 core 37.65 0.01 24.66 0.04 11.06 0.03 0.04 23.64 0.00 0.02 97.14 3.000 2.316 0.000 0.003 0.663 0.002 0.004 2.018 0.000 0.002 8.009 22.25 0.32 Mg-50 39.05 0.05 22.00 0.00 13.52 0.42 0.02 22.68 0.02 0.00 97.76 3.109 2.064 0.003 0.000 0.810 0.028 0.002 1.934 0.004 0.000 7.953 28.18 0.07

Table 2. (continued ) Representative analyses of lawsonite (O=8).

Rock no. N.B. SiO 2 TiO 2 Al O 2 3 Cr O 2 3 Fe O * 2 3 MnO MgO CaO Na O 2 K O 2 Total Si Al Ti Cr Fe3+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Total Eclogites P-04 r-portion 38.17 0.23 31.66 0.10 1.47 0.00 0.01 17.34 0.07 0.01 89.05 1.995 1.950 0.009 0.002 0.058 0.000 0.001 0.970 0.007 0.000 4.992

* Total iron as Fe3+. r-portion: retrograde portion.

Table 2. (continued) Representative analyses of phengite (O=22).

Eclogites Garnet-glaucophane schists P-04 50.47 0.15 25.81 0.09 3.02 0.00 4.09 0.03 0.22 10.61 94.48 6.832 4.117 0.015 0.005 0.342 0.000 0.824 0.004 0.057 1.832 14.029 Mg-49a 53.38 0.04 26.66 0.00 2.67 0.02 3.83 0.00 0.33 9.64 96.59 6.974 4.105 0.004 0.000 0.292 0.002 0.746 0.000 0.085 1.606 13.814 Mg-51 51.60 0.10 25.96 0.00 3.62 0.00 4.16 0.00 0.24 10.44 96.13 6.865 4.070 0.010 0.000 0.403 0.000 0.824 0.000 0.061 1.771 14.005 Grt-Qtz Mg-50 49.77 0.11 25.52 0.00 3.85 0.11 2.84 0.00 0.87 9.85 92.92 6.866 4.148 0.012 0.000 0.444 0.013 0.584 0.000 0.232 1.733 14.031

* Total iron as Fe3+. a : activity of clinozoisite (see Table 3); Y : Fe3+/(Fe3++Al( VI)); czo Fe3+ GrtQtz: garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist.

Table 2. (continued ) Representative analyses of chloritoid (O=12).

Eclogite Rock no. N.B. SiO 2 TiO 2 Al O 2 3 Cr O 2 3 FeO* MnO MgO CaO Na O 2 KO 2 Total Si Al Ti Cr Fe2+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Total X Mg (%) Mg-47a inc. in Grt 25.34 0.00 40.83 0.00 19.86 0.00 6.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 92.40 2.042 3.876 0.000 0.000 1.337 0.000 0.765 0.000 0.000 0.000 8.020 36.40 Grt-Qtz Mg-50 26.01 0.00 40.65 0.00 20.17 0.19 5.63 0.01 0.02 0.00 92.69 2.091 3.849 0.000 0.000 1.355 0.013 0.674 0.001 0.004 0.000 7.987 33.20

Rock no. SiO 2 TiO 2 Al O 2 3 Cr O 2 3 FeO* MnO MgO CaO Na O 2 KO 2 Total Si Al Ti Cr Fe2+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Total

Mg-47a 53.51 0.12 24.05 0.00 2.90 0.00 4.38 0.05 0.16 10.90 96.08 7.099 3.760 0.011 0.000 0.322 0.000 0.866 0.008 0.042 1.844 13.952

Mg218a 50.87 0.20 26.67 0.02 2.25 0.00 4.07 0.00 0.36 10.85 95.27 6.807 4.205 0.020 0.001 0.252 0.000 0.811 0.000 0.094 1.851 14.040

* Total Fe as FeO. GrtQtz: garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist.

Other minerals Epidote in eclogites, garnetglaucophane schists and siliceous schist is only weakly zoned, with variation in Y [=Fe3+/(Fe3++Al)] being within0.01. The Fe3+ Y of epidote in the garnetglaucophane schist Fe3+ (sample Mg-51) varies from 0.22 (core) to 0.28 (rim). Chloritoid occurs in the garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist and, rarely, chloritoid is enclosed in garnet porphyroblasts of the eclogites. The X of Mg

* Total Fe as FeO. X : Mg/(Mg+Fe2+); inc. in Grt: Mg inclusion in garnet; GrtQtz: garnetchloritoidglaucophanequartz schist.

Mg-49a). Magnesiohornblende occurs as inclusions within garnet and as a matrix mineral in the eclogite (sample P-04). The magnesiohornblende is rimmed by glaucophane in the retrograde portion of sample P04.

P-T C ON DI TIO NS , S UL AWE S I

557

Table 2. (continued ) Representative analyses of chlorite (O=28).

Eclogite Rock no. N.B. SiO 2 TiO 2 Al O 2 3 Cr O 2 3 FeO* MnO MgO CaO Na O 2 KO 2 Total Si Al Ti Cr Fe2+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Total P-04 r-portion 27.92 0.01 19.02 0.06 17.66 0.24 21.20 0.04 0.07 0.02 86.22 5.740 4.609 0.001 0.005 3.034 0.041 6.493 0.009 0.026 0.004 19.961 Grt-Gln Mg-51 25.03 0.00 19.49 0.00 26.88 0.70 13.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 85.14 5.520 5.064 0.000 0.000 4.956 0.131 4.273 0.000 0.000 0.008 19.952

P EA K P T E S T IM AT E S F O R E CL O GI T E S A ND GA R NE T GL A UC O PH A NE SC H IS T S In this section, we estimate metamorphic temperatures and pressures of eclogites and garnetglaucophane schists. K =(Fe2+/Mg) /(Fe2+/Mg) beD garnet clinopyroxene tween garnet and clinopyroxene rims ranges from 11 to 13. These correspond to 580630 C at 18 kbar and 590640 C at 20 kbar using the calibration of Powell (1985). Jadeite content in omphacite coexisting with quartz, but not with albite, ranges from 35 to 45%. We calculated a minimum pressure of equilibration using the one-site model of Banno (1986 ) for the activity of the jadeite component in C2/c (disordered) pyroxene and excess enthalpy of 0.9 kcal (Table 3); the excess enthalpy was estimated by Banno (1986), assuming symmetric simple solution on the single-site model with experimental results of Holland (1983 ). The results show that metamorphic pressure is >1213 kbar at T =600 C. Peak PT estimates using garnetomphacitephengite equilibrium Okay (1993 ) showed that the garnetclinopyroxene phengite assemblage is a good geobarometer as it is not H O-dependent, and isopleths of Si in phengite 2 have low dP/dT . This geobarometer is based on following reaction: pyrope+2 grossular+3 celadonite=6 diopside +3 muscovite , (1 ) Mg Al Si O +2Ca Al Si O 3 2 3 12 3 2 3 12 +3K(MgAl)Si Si O (OH) =6CaMgSi O 2 2 10 2 2 6 +3KAl (SiAl)Si O (OH) . (2 ) 2 2 10 2 The DG of this reaction expressed in terms of the chemical potential of each component (m ), is as follows: i DG=m +2m +3m (6m +3m )=0 , (3 ) pyr grs cel di ms m0 +2m0 +3m0 (6m0 +3m0 ) pyr grs cel di ms =RT ln{[(a )(a )2/(a )6 ]/[(a )3/(a )3 ]} . (4 ) pyr grs di cel ms where m0 is chemical potential of pure phase i at given i PT , a is activity of each component and R is the gas i constant. For representation in a more convenient form, DG0 is as follows: DG0=m0 +2m0 +3m0 (6m0 +3m0 ) . pyr grs cel di ms We dene equilibrium coefficient K as follows: eq K =[(a )(a )2/(a )6 ]/[(a )3/(a )3 ] . eq pyr grs di cel ms Equation (4) becomes K =exp[DG0/(RT )] . eq Given appropriate thermodynamic data and activity models, the equilibrium coefficient K can be directly eq related to pressure and temperature. The following

* Total Fe as FeO. r-portion: retrograde portion; GrtGln: garnetglaucophane schist.

Table 2. (continued ) Representative analyses of albite (O=8).

Eclogite Rock no. N.B. SiO 2 TiO 2 Al O 2 3 Cr O 2 3 FeO* MnO MgO CaO Na O 2 KO 2 Total Si Al Ti Cr Fe2+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Total P-04 r-portion 65.92 0.03 20.06 0.06 0.31 0.00 0.28 0.23 11.62 0.03 98.53 2.936 1.053 0.001 0.001 0.012 0.000 0.019 0.011 1.003 0.002 5.037 GrtGln schist Mg-51 68.40 0.00 19.81 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.03 12.11 0.00 100.44 2.979 1.017 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.001 1.022 0.000 5.023

* Total Fe as FeO. r-portion: retrograde portion; Grt-Gln schist: garnetglaucophane schist.

chloritoid ranges from 0.33 to 0.36. Lawsonite occurs in the retrograde domain of eclogite (P-04 ) and has a slightly higher Fe O (=1.47 wt%). Phengite is a 2 3 common mineral in all types of metamorphic rocks in this district. It has rather high Si value, about 7.00 for O=22, in eclogites and garnetglaucophane schists (Table 2 ).

558

K. MIYA ZA KI ET AL .

Fig. 8. Chemical compositions of clinopyroxene in the jdacm(di+hd) diagram.

Fig. 9. Chemical compositions of garnet in the (alm+sps)pyrgrs triangular diagram.

activity models for garnet, clinopyroxene and white mica are used. Garnet: ionic solution model for garnet (Mg,Fe,Mn,Ca) Al Si O , 3 2 3 12 a =(c X )3 , pyr pyr pyr a =(c X )3 . grs grs grs Clinopyroxene: single-site model,

a =(c X ) . di di di White mica: independent mixing-on-sites model (refer to Holland & Powell, 1990), a =4c (X )(X )(X )2 (X )(X ), ms ms K,A V,M1 Al,M2 Al,T2 Si,T2 a =4c (X ) (X ) (X ) (X ) (X )2 , cel cel K,A V,M1 Mg,M2 Al,M2 Si,T2 where X and c are the mole fraction of component i i i

P-T C ON DI TIO NS , S UL AWE S I

559

Table 3. Solid-solution models used in calculations of equilibria (7) and (8).

czo gln jd a =XM3 czo Al a =(XM4)2 [AlVI/(AlVI+Fe3+)]2 [Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)]3 gln Na a =(c X ) assuming symmetric simple solution on one-site with GE=W X X +W X X +W X X +W X X +W X jd jd jd jd-di jd di jd-hd jd hd jd-acm jd acm di-hd di hd di-acm di X +W X X , W =W =3.766 kJ (=0.9 kcal ) and W =W =W =W =0. acm hd-acm hd acm jd-di jd-hd jd-acm di-hd di-acm hd-acm RT ln c =3.766 (1Xt ) (1X X ). jd jd jd acm a =(c X ) di di di RT ln c =3.766 (X +X ) X di acm jd jd a =( g X )3 grs grs grs 3RT ln c were given by Berman ( 1990) as a function of T , P, X , X , X and X . grs grs alm pyr sps Evans (1990)

di grs

Berman (1990)

and the activity coefficient of component i, respectively. X represents the mole fraction of i iron in j site of i,j white mica. Then the distribution coefficient (K ) and D1 ratio of activity coefficient (Kc) as follows: K =[(X )3 (X )6/(X )6 ]/ D1 pyr grs di [(Al/Mg) (Al/Si) ]3, M2,wm T2,wm Kc=(c3 c6 /c6 )/[(c /c )3 ] , pyr grs di ms cel where (Al/Mg) and (Al/Si) are the Al/Mg M2,wm T2,wm ratio in M2 site and the Al/Si ratio in T2 site of white mica. We assume that (Al/Mg) =(Al+Si8)/(Mg) M2,wm and (Al/Si) =(8Si)/(Si4) for O=22. K is T2,wm eq K =K Kc , eq D1 and K =(1/Kc)EXP[(DG0/(RT )] . (6 ) D1 The distribution coefficient K is obtained directly D1 from compositions of coexisting minerals. However, the term Kc (T , P, X ) is necessary for estimating i pressure and temperature. Qualitative relations of K , D1 pressure, temperature and composition of minerals in natural metamorphic rocks are evaluated in this paper. Figure 11 shows a plot of (X )3 (X )6/(X )6 vs. pyr grs di [(Al/Mg) (Al/Si ) ]3 of ultrahigh-pressure M2,wm T2,wm (UHP) metamorphic rocks from China (Hirajima et al., 1990; Okay, 1993; Wang & Liou, 1993), highpressure metamorphic rocks from Spitsbergen (Hirajima et al., 1988) and high-pressure metamorphic rocks from Sanbagawa (Enami et al., 1994). The K D1 values of Dabie Shan 1 are scattered, with the two lower values being obtained from eclogite lenses and bands in acidic gneiss. Okay (1993 ) suggested that these lower values of K were due to re-equilibration D1 at lower pressures during uplift of these metamorphic rocks. Except for two lower values of K of Dabie D1 Shan 1, the data in Fig. 11 suggest that K decreases D1 systematically from UHP metamorphic rocks to highpressure metamorphic rocks (Sanbagawa metamorphic rocks). Therefore, it seems that the value of K is a D1 good index of metamorphic pressure. The K values of Indonesian eclogite are close to D1 that of the Spitsbergen eclogite. Mineral assemblage, mineral compositions and metamorphic temperature of the Indonesian eclogites are similar to those of Spitsbergen eclogite. The similarity of the K value D1 in both regions suggests that metamorphic pressures are also similar. The metamorphic pressure of the

Spitsbergen eclogite was estimated as P=1824 kbar at 580640 C using jadeite+quartz and paragonite stabilities (Hirajima et al., 1988). Their estimation of lower pressure limit is given by stability of jadeite+quartz, but a jadeite+quartz assemblage was not found in the Bantimala metamorphic rocks. However, Hirajima et al. (1988) showed that mineral assemblages systematically change with the composition of coexisting garnet at the same pressure and temperature. Comparing the compositions of the garnets from this work with those of Hirajima et al. (1988), as shown in Fig. 9, it can be seen that the bulk composition of the metamorphic rocks in this region is not favourable to form the jadeite+quartz assemblage. We conclude that the metamorphic pressure of equilibration of eclogites and garnetglaucophane schists of the Bantimala Complex was 1824 kbar. Estimate of peak PT using mineral paragenesis involving Ti-minerals and lawsonite Constraints on pressure, temperature and the activity of H O can be set by comparison of the mineral 2 assemblages with computed phase equilibria. The mineral assemblages of eclogites and garnet glaucophane schists have a high variance. We compare the observed mineral assemblages to phase equilibria to set broad limits on the PT a conditions under H2 O which the phases equilibrated. For minerals with solid-solutions, it is necessary to make estimates of the displacements of the equilibria. For garnet, the solution model of Berman (1990 ) was used; for epidote and glaucophane, the solution models of Evans (1990) were used. For the activities of jadeite and diopside components in C2/c pyroxene, an extended single-site model of Banno (1986) was used, i.e. the symmetric simple solution model for a fourcomponent ( jadeiteacmitediopsidehedenbergite) system with excess enthalpies of W =W =0.9 jddi jdhd kcal and W =W =W =W =0. The jdacm acmdi acmhd dihd solid solution models used in this paper are listed in Table 3. The database of Holland & Powell (1990) was used to calculate phase equilibria. The equilibrium 3Grs+5Rt+2Qtz+H O=2Czo+5Ttn , 2 3Ca Al Si O +5TiO +2SiO +H O 3 2 3 12 2 2 2 =2Ca Al Si O (OH)+5CaTiSiO , 2 3 3 12 5 (7 )

560

K. MIYA ZA KI ET AL .

Fig. 10. Chemical compositions of sodic amphibole.

in epidote. For garnet (X =0.25 and X =0.16) and grs pyr epidote (XM3=0.27) in sample Mg-49a (garnetglaucoAl phane schist), the equilibrium lies near 17 kbar at 580 C and 16 kbar at 620 C for a =1 (Fig. 12 ). H2 O For garnet (X =0.24 and X =0.18) and epidote grs pyr (XM3=0.49) in sample Mg218a (eclogite), the equilibAl rium lies near 12 kbar at 560 C and 10 kbar at 610 C for a =1 (Fig. 12). Assuming eclogites, garnet H2O glaucophane rocks and garnetglaucophane schists were formed under the same PT a conditions, and HO using the temperature range given2 by the garnet clinopyroxene geothermometer, the minimum pressure ranges from 17 kbar at 580 C to 16 kbar at 620 C. The assemblage glaucophaneepidotequartz omphacite is common in the eclogites, garnet glaucophane rocks and schists. The equilibrium Gln+6Czo+2Qtz+14H O=2Jd+9Lws+3Di , 2 (8 )

Fig. 11. Plot of the distribution coefficient K of reaction (1) D1 ) in the (X )3 (X )6/(X )6 vs. [(Al/Mg) (Al/Si ]3 grs (this di study), Dhoghai M2,wm T2,wm diagram. pyr Bantimala (Hirajima et al., 1990 ), Dabie Shan 1 (Okay, 1993), Dabie Shan 2 (Wang & Liou, 1993 ), Spitsbergen (Hirajima et al., 1988), Sanbagawa (Enami et al., 1994 ).

can be used to set PT limits on the assemblage garnetrutilequartzepidote, which is present in the eclogite and garnetglaucophane schists. The equilibrium gives a minimum pressure that shifts to the lower pressure side with increasing clinozoisite component

Na Al Mg Si O2 (OH) +6Ca Al Si O (OH) 2 2 3 8 2 2 2 3 3 12 +2SiO +14H O=2NaAlSi O 2 2 2 6 +9CaAl Si O (OH) (H O)+3CaMgSi O , 2 2 7 2 2 2 6 can be used to set maximum pressure on the assemblage. It shifts to higher pressure with decreasing glaucophane component (Mg end-member) in Na-amphibole. For clinopyroxene (X =0.36, X = jd acm 0.16, X =0.38 and X =0.11), glaucophane (a = di hd gln 0.20) and epidote (XM3=0.32) in sample Mg-51 Al (garnetglaucophane schist), the equilibrium lies near 24 kbar at 580 C and 27 kbar at 650 C for a =1 H2 O (Fig. 12). For clinopyroxene (X =0.42, X = 0.06, jd acm X =0.43 and X =0.09), glaucophane (a =0.03) di hd gln

P-T C ON DI TIO NS , S UL AWE S I

561

Fig. 12. Calculated PT diagram for equilibria (7) and (8), and inferred PT path of the Bantimala eclogite and garnet glaucophane schist. Activities of phase or phase-components according to Table 3. Equilibria (7a), (7b) and (7c) represent Grossular+Rutile+Quartz+Water= Clinozoisite+Titanite equilibrium (7) for the sample Mg-49a (garnetglaucophane schist), Mg2-18a (eclogite) and P-04 (eclogite), respectively. Equilibria (8a), (8b), (8c) and (8d) represent Glaucophane+Clinozoisite+Quartz+Water= Omphacite+Lawsonite equilibrium (8) for Mg-51 (garnetglaucophane schist), Mg-47a (eclogite), P-04 (eclogite, major part) and P-04 (eclogite, retrograde portion), respectively. GrtCpx (max) and GrtCpx (min) represent metamorphic temperatures estimated with the garnet (rim) clinopyroxene geothermometer of Powell (1985 ). Reaction Jd+Qtz=Ab from Holland (1980). Inferred amphibole stability in hematite-bearing basic schist (Otsuki & Banno, 1990). Na-amp: Na-amphibole (magnesioribeckitecrossite), Win: winchite, Bar: barroisite, Hbl: hornblende.

and epidote (XM3=0.28) in sample Mg-47a (eclogite), Al the equilibrium lies near 26 kbar at 600 C and 29 kbar at 660 C for a =1 (Fig. 12 ). Assuming the eclogites, H2 O garnetglaucophane rocks and schists were formed under the same PT a conditions, and using the HO temperature range given 2by the garnetclinopyroxene geothermometer, the maximum pressure ranges from 24 kbar at 580 C to 27 kbar at 650 C. The stability region of the assemblages garnet rutilequartzepidote and glaucophaneepidote quartzomphacite with a =1 are consistent with the HO peak PT condition2 estimated with the garnet+omphacite+phengite equilibrium. R E T RO GR A DE PATH OF E CL O GI T E S, G AR NE T G L AU C OP H AN E R O CK S AN D S C HI S T S The retrograde mineral assemblage of eclogite (sample P-04: chloromelanite+crossite+Lws+Chl+Ttn in the retrograde portion) suggests that the retrograde PT trajectory must be located in the stability region of chloromelanite+lawsonite. This stability region can be calculated using Equilibrium (8). For clinopyroxene (X =0.33, X =0.46, X =0.14 and X =0.07), jd di acm hd

glaucophane (a =0.25) and epidote (XM3=0.35) in gln Al the major part of sample P-04 (eclogite), the equilibrium lies near 350 C at 10 kbar and 525 C at 20 kbar for a =1 (Fig. 12). For clinopyroxene (X =0.21, X = H2O jd di 0.41, X =0.30 and X =0.08) and glaucophane acm hd (a =0.03) in the retrograde domain, in combination gln with epidote (XM3=0.35) in the major part of sample Al P-04, the equilibrium is essentially the same (Fig. 12 ). The progress of Reaction (8 ) from the left to the right side requires water, and thus depends strongly on the addition of water. The inferred PT trajectory must cross this equilibrium (Fig. 12). In the retrograde domain of sample P-04, Ti minerals included in lawsonite patches are always titanite or rutile rimmed by titanite. This shows that rutile was unstable before lawsonite was produced. Therefore, the retrograde PT trajectory must cross Equilibrium (7 ) before crossing Equilibrium (8 ) (Fig. 12). These data show that these rock units were refrigerated during upward motion. Sodic amphiboles in the garnetglaucophane schist (sample Mg-51) were nally rimmed by actinolite, and the assemblage hematite+actinolite+albite is observed. This suggests that the later PT trajectory of this rock was located on the lower pressure side of

562

K. MIYA ZA KI ET AL .

the crossite stability region (Brown, 1974; Otsuki & Banno, 1990 ). Brown (1977) showed that variation in Fe2+/Mg had little effect on the stability of crossite. Otsuki & Banno (1990 ) showed semiquantitative phase relations of actinolitewinchitemagnesinoriebeckite (or crossite) associated with albite, chlorite, hematite and quartz. The composition of zoned amphibole coexisting with hematite, quartz and chlorite within an albite porphyroblast in sample Mg-51 varies through glaucophane, crossite, winchite and actinolite. Therefore, the inferred PT trajectory lies near 5 kbar at 350 C (Fig. 12 ). The retrograde paths of eclogite and garnetglaucophane schist show that these deeply subducted metamorphic rocks were cooled during upward motion. A similar path was reported from Franciscan metamorphic rocks (Ernst, 1988). D I S CU S SI O N PT estimates and solid-solution models For the PT estimation using the omphacitegarnet phengite equilibrium, we used only the relations between PT and compositions of minerals. The equilibrium coefficient K among omphacite, garnet D1 and phengite is a function of PT and the composition of the minerals, and the same value of K will give D1 the same equilibrium pressure when temperature and the compositions of the minerals are the same. In the absence of experimental data, observed K to K D1 D1 were linked in natural samples for which pressures were estimated with independent methods. Pressures and temperatures were estimated with garnetrutilequartzepidote and lawsoniteomphacite glaucophaneepidote equilibria, but these are dependent on the solid-solution models chosen for each mineral. The symmetric simple solution on single-site model was used for disordered omphacite. Holland (1983 ) proposed an asymmetric simple solution on two-site model, but Banno (1986) pointed out that jadeitediopside solidsolution may be explained with semi-ideal solution (symmetric simple solution with small excess enthalpy) on a single-site model by introducing strong interaction of cations between M1 site and M2 site. Therefore, the solid-solution behaves like a semi-ideal solution on a single-site model, although the solid-solution for omphacite must be treated as random mixing on a two-site model. He also suggested that the difference between single- and two-site models is not large at 300 C <T <600 C and X >0.3. jd Omphacite above 850 C is disordered and possesses C2/c space group symmetry, whereas below this transition temperature it is largely ordered on the basis of the primitive cell, P2/n. In this paper, we used a solidsolution model for disordered C2/c omphacite. Holland (1990) applied Landau theory to a tricritical phase transformation (C2/cP2/n). He evaluated the activity coefficients for jadeite and diopside from Landau ordering

in the simple jadeitediopside system. It is possible to evaluate the effect of the ordering on Equilibrium (8) using hypothetical compositions of minerals, clinopyroxene (X =X =0.50), glaucophane (a =0.25) and epijd di gln dote (XM3=0.35 ) with Hollands (1990) results. The Al equilibrium with P2/n omphacite shifts to 0.5 kbar at 600 C and to 1 kbar at 400 C, below the equilibrium with C2/c omphacite. Therefore, it seems that the ordering effect does not affect strongly Equilibrium (8). Tectonic implications The peak PT conditions of the eclogites, garnet glaucophane rocks and schists were estimated as T = 580640 C and P=1824 kbar. This means that these rocks were subducted to 6585 km depth (assuming density=2850 kgm3 ), under an overall geothermal gradient of c. 8 C km1. Calculations of the thermal structure of subduction zones suggest that such low geothermal gradients occur where shear stress and basal heat ux are low, and subduction angle and thermal conductivity are high (Peacock, 1992). Very high uid pressures along the plate contact are probably the way shear stresses are reduced (Dumitru, 1991 ). In such cases, the effect of shear heating becomes low, and the low geothermal gradient can be explained simply by a high rate of subduction of a cold oceanic plate. Some deeply subducted metamorphic rocks suffered retrograde metamorphism. The retrograde path of the eclogite in Fig. 12 suggests that the Bantimala eclogite evidently was refrigerated during upward motion. Ernst (1988 ) reviewed retrograde blueschist PT paths, in which some of the PT paths, such as of tectonic blocks in the Franciscan Complex, are similar to the retrograde path of eclogite in this study. He suggested that the upward motion took place as tectonically imbricated slices (e.g. Ernst, 1971), as laminar return ow in a melange zone (Cloos, 1982; Shreve & Cloos, 1986), and perhaps partly as lateral spreading/extension of an underplated accretionary prism (Platt, 1986, 1993). Platt (1993 ) pointed out that the laminar return ow may provide a mechanism for some occurrences of high-grade tectonic blocks in mud-matrix melanges. However, such mud-matrix melanges do not occur in this region. The eclogites are enclosed in sheared serpentinite. The serpentinite matrix+eclogite blocks are less dense than the mantle material they displace. When underow is maintained, leading to refrigeration of the accretionary section, decoupled high-pressure rocks (the serpentinite matrix+eclogite blocks) may ascend due to buoyancy force (Ernst, 1988). The inferred retrograde paths of the garnetglaucophane schist (Mg-51) and eclogite (P-04 ) suggest that the retrograde reaction of Mg-51 took place at lower pressure than that of P-04 (Fig. 12 ). The retrograde reaction strongly depends on the inux of water. We consider that both eclogite and garnetglaucophane schist ascended through the same path, in which case the inferred retrograde path of the garnetglaucophane

P-T C ON DI TIO NS , S UL AWE S I

563

schist represents the later segment of the upward path. The later segment suggests nearly isothermal decomposition. The upward motion due to buoyancy force is valid until lower crust is reached, because serpentinite matrix+eclogite blocks and garnetglaucophane rocks are more dense than materials of the upper crust. One possible mechanism is the extension mechanism of Platt (1986, 1993); lateral spreading/extension of underplated accretionary prism and diapiric decompression would be expected. In such cases, the retrograde path becomes steeper (Ernst, 1988). A C KN O WL E DG E ME N TS Dr Ir. S. Suparka, Director of the Research and Development Centre for Geotechnology, and his staff are thanked for their assistance and for many useful discussions. We thank Dr R. Sukamto for providing unpublished data on the Bantimala Complex and his useful suggestions, and Professor A. Barber, and Dr C. D. Parkinson for their advice and their geological information on the Bantimala Complex. K.M would like to express thanks to Professors S. Banno, M. Brown and two anonymous reviewers for their critical reviews and suggestions for improvement. R E F ER E NC E S
Banno, S., 1986. Stability of diopsidejadeite solid solution. Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, 81, 281288. Berman, R. G., 1990. Mixing properties of CaMgFeMn garnets. American Mineralogist, 75, 328344. Brown, E. H., 1974. Comparison of the mineralogy and phase relations of blueschists from the north Cascades, Washington, and greenschists from Otago, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85, 333344. Brown, E. H., 1977. Phase equilibria among pumpellyite, lawsonite, epidote and associated minerals in low grade metamorphic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 64, 123136. Cloos, M., 1982. Flow melanges: numerical modeling and geological constraints on their origin in the Franciscan subduction complex, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 93, 330345. Dumitru, T. A., 1991. Effect of subduction parameters on geothermal gradients in forearcs, with an application to Franciscan subduction in California. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 621641. Enami, M., Wallis, S. R. & Banno, Y., 1994. Paragenesis of sodic pyroxene-bearing quartz schists: implications for the PT history of the Sanbagawa belt. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 116, 182198. Ernst, W. G., 1971. Metamorphic zonations on presumably subducted lithospheric plates from Japan, California and Alps. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 34, 4359. Ernst, W. G., 1988. Tectonic history of subduction zones inferred from retrograde blueschist PT paths. Geology, 16, 10811084. Evans, B. W., 1990. Phase relations of epidote-blueschists. L ithos, 25, 323. Hamilton, W., 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian Region. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1078. Hartono, H. M. A., 1990. Late Cenozoic tectonic development of the Southeast Asian continental margin in the Banda Sea area. T ectonophysics, 181, 267276. Hirajima, T., Banno, S., Hiroi, Y. & Ohota, Y., 1988. Phase

petrology of eclogites and related rocks from the Montalafjella high-pressure metamorphic complex in Spitsbergen (Arctic Ocean) and its signicance. L ithos, 22, 7597. Hirajima, T., Ishiwatari, A., Cong, B., Zhang, R., Banno, S. & Nozaka, T., 1990. Coesite from Mengzhong eclogite at Dhonghai country, northeastern Jiangsu province, China. Mineralogical Magazine, 54, 579583. Holland, T. J. B., 1980. The reaction albite=jadeite+quartz determined experimentally in the range 6001200 C. American Mineralogist, 65, 129134. Holland, T. J. B., 1983. The experimental determination of activities in disordered and short-range ordered jadeitic pyroxenes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82, 214220. Holland, T. J. B., 1990. Activities of components in omphacitic solid solutions. An application of Landau theory to mixtures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 105, 446453. Holland, T. J. B. & Powell, R., 1990. An enlarged and updated internally consistent thermodynamic dataset with uncertainties and correlations: the system K ONa OCaOMgOMnO 2 . FeOFe O Al O TiO SiO 2CH O Journal of 2 3 Geology 2 3 , 8, 2 89124. 2 2 2 Metamorphic Kretz, R., 1983. Symbols for rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277279. Okay, A. I., 1993. Petrology of a diamond and coesite-bearing metamorphic terrain: Dabie Shan, China. European Journal of Petrology, 5, 659675. Otsuki, M. & Banno, S., 1990. Prograde and retrograde metamorphism of hematite-bearing basic schists in the Sanbagawa belt in central Shikoku. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 8, 425439. Parkinson, C. D., 1991. The petrology, structure and geologic history of the metamorphic rocks of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. PhD T hesis, University of L ondon. Peacock, S. M., 1992. Blueschist-facies metamorphism, shear heating, and PTt paths in subduction shear zones. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, (12 ) 69317, 707. Platt, J. P., 1986. Dynamics of orogenic wedges and the uplift of high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 10371053. Platt, J. P., 1993. Exhumation of high-pressure rocks: a review of concepts and processes. T erra Nova, 5, 119133. Powell, R., 1985. Regression diagnostics and robust regression in geothermometer/geobarometer calibration: the garnet clinopyroxene geothermometer revised. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 3, 231243. Shreve, R. L. & Cloos, M., 1986. Dynamics of sediment subduction, melange formation, and prism accretion. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, (10) 22910, 245. Sukamto, R., 1975. Geologic Map of Indonesia, Ujung Pandang Sheet (scale: 1,1,000,000). Geological Survey of Indonesia. Sukamto, R., 1978. The Structure of Sulawesi in the Light of Plate Tectonics. Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Geological and Mineral Resources of SE Asia. Sukamto, R., 1982. Geologic Map of the Pankajene and Western Part of Watampone Quadrangles, Sulawesi, and its Explanatory Note. Geological Research and Development Center, Indonesia. Sukamto, R., 1986. Tectonics of South Sulawesi with special reference of characteristics of rock association in Bantimala area. PhD T hesis, Institute of T echnology, Bandoung. Wakita, K., Sopaheluwakan, J., Zulkarnain, I. & Miyazaki, K., 1994. Early Cretaceous tectonic events implied in the time-lag between the age of radiolarian chert and its metamorphic basement in the Bantimala area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. T he Island Arc, 3, 90102. Wakita, K., Sopaheluwakan, J., Miyazaki, K., Zulkarnain, I. & Munasuri, 1996. Tectonic evolution of the Bantimala Complex, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Geological Society Special Publication, 106, 353364. Wang, X. & Liou, J. G., 1993. Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism of carbonate rocks in the Dabie Mountains, central China. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 11, 575588. Received 8 September 1995; revision accepted 11 March 1996.