ALKAN AKADEM

2001-2012 KONULARINA GRE KPDS SORULARI

ALKAN ENGLISH ACADEMY SAKARYA CAD NO:15 KAT: 2 -3-4 ANKARA

IRRELEVANT
1. (I) The collapse of the economies of southeast Asia in the early years of the decade was later followed by that of Korea, the classic tiger economy. (II) What happens next in a region that is now strewn with the wrecks of so-called economic miracles? (Ill) This leaves Europe and United States as significant mass markets. (IV) The assumption that recession will spread in the region owing to capital flight and belt-tightening is most plausible. (V) This will deepen as foreign investors increasingly reduce their profile in southeast Asia. A) 2. I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

7.

(I) All countries have a central bank, in many cases owned and operated by the government. (II) One of the oldest of the central banks is the Bank of England. (Ill) The duties of a central bank usually include the issuing of new bank notes. (IV) It originated in 1694 when a number of business men grouped together to form a bank to raise a loan for the government. (V) This bankgovernment relationship continued to develop and in 1946 the Bank of England was nationalized. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

8.

(I) The first obvious fact about the mass media system is that it is not controlled by corporations: it is made up of them. (II) Many large corporations are active in the Third World and in the arms trade. (Ill) Just as corporations do not control the car industry but the car industry itself is corporations, so the media is made up of large corporations, all in the business of maximizing profits. (IV) Moreover, media corporations are not simply businesses; they are also owned by even larger parent corporations. (V) It is these parent corporations which influence and formulate the media policies and practices. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

(I) As supplies of natural resources, prices and so on, change throughout the world, different countries may find their areas of comparative advantage changing. (II) One example of this is in the production of steel. (Ill) South Korea, for instance, has become increasingly competitive in steel products. (IV) The consumer goods exported from Japan constitute a similar competitive threat. (V) The result is, steelmakers in Western Europe are losing some of their markets to South Korea. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

9.

3.

(I) Once, when people dreamt, they dreamt of America: of its high wages, comforts, huge cars and high technology. (II) If only we could live there or make our country like it, millions said to themselves. (Ill) But no more. (IV) Today, only the desperately poor, the deluded or the oppressed wish to emigrate to America or build their countries in its image. (V) Finally, the rate of demographic growth in America has shown a downward trend in recent decades. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

(I) Solomon is traditionally regarded as one of the wisest kings of ancient times. (II) By the end of his reign his subjects were extremely discontented with his policies. (Ill) His reputation for wisdom is not without foundation. (IV) Since he inherited a large and relatively peaceful empire from his father, David, he was able to concentrate on economic matters. (V) Soon he proved a genius at exploiting a number of major trade routes as well as developing the copper mines south of the Dead Sea. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

4.

(I) The telephone has come a long distance indeed since Alexander Graham Bell invented the first crude transmitter in 1876. (II) Today we can place calls from automobiles, ships at sea and planes in the air. (Ill) Using the phone system, we can fax documents around the world. (IV) Most local telephone markets are still monopolised by one company, but here, too, competition is growing. (V) Soon we will be able to dial up images of computerised data. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

10. (I) Bonnington is now Britains best known mountaineer. (II) The book he wrote about the journey was a bestseller. (Ill) He is not, perhaps, as famous as Edmund Hillary, who was the first man to have conquered the worlds highest mountain. (IV) But he was the first to reach the top via Everests previously unclimbed South-West Face. (V) This route had already been attempted on six occasions but on each occasion the result had been a defeat. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

5.

(I) An international team of researchers has finished a study of the spread of HIV in Africa. (Il) Safe sex education needs to be targeted at women and men in countries such as Kenya and Zambia. (Ill) The results show that teenage women and girls in Africa are up to six times as likely to be infected with HIV as males of the same age. (IV) Their findings also suggest that the AIDS epidemic in Central and East Africa is being caused by older men infecting young girls, who then pass the virus onto their children. (V) In the worstaffected regions, up to half of all pregnant women are now infected with HIV, and 40 percent of them are teenage girls who have had sex with men aged 35 and over. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

11. (I) For many centuries most people thought the world was flat. (II) As a result they presumed that if one sailed to the edge of the world one would fall off into space. (Ill) Columbus postulated that the world was round and that one could sail round it. (IV) There were other great Spanish explorers besides Columbus. (V) He tested his theory and proved empirically that the earth was not flat. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

12. (I) During World War II submarines played a key role in all the worlds oceans. (II) In the Atlantic, German submarines began to sink British shipping far faster than it could be replaced. (III) Consequently, Britain came close to defeat. (IV) The British airforce continued to patrol the seas and protect shipping. (V) It was really only the discovery of submarinedetecting radar that saved her. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

6.

(I) It should be stated at the outset that it is the successful farmers with the best quality land who have generally benefited from all the government support. (II) Traditionally the farmers on the Malwa plateau in Central India cultivated a large number of unirrigated wheat varieties. (Ill) With the introduction to this region in the late sixties of electricity, and the technology for digging deep wells, they were induced to change to irrigated farming. (IV) Moreover, to develop high-yielding varieties of wheat appropriate for irrigated farming, the government set up a wheat research centre in the area. (V) This was then backed up with the organisation of special training courses for farmers. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

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(I) It was July 1789, and the Parisians were excited to fever pitch by the summons of troops to Versailles. (II) For them, the Bastille had long been a symbol of royal absolutism. (III) Everywhere in the country similar incidents were taking place. (IV) So now they seized guns and cannons from the Invalides and marched against the Bastille. (V) Since it was poorly defended this fortress passed into the hands of the mob in just four hours. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

19.

(I) Children vary greatly in the rate and pattern of normal development. (II) When a child does not speak it is because he cannot, not because he is lazy. (Ill) Many factors are involved in these variations apart from intelligence. (IV) For instance, environmental factors play an important part in development. (V) Nevertheless, development does depend on a sufficient stage of maturity having been reached and so ultimately on intelligence. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

14. (I) Heraclitus, an outstanding figure among the early Greek philosophers, was a native of Ephesus. (II) By birth he was an aristocrat, but devoted himself to speculation. (III) There he founded a school lasting down to the time of Plato, who was influenced by his ideas. (IV) He is best known for his doctrine of perpetual change and impermanence in nature. (V) Because of this it is usual to contrast him with Parmenides, his younger contemporary. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

20. (I) Australia has much land relative to its population. (II) On the other hand, Japan has little land relative to its population. (III) All other things being equal, one would expect countries with relatively more land to specialize in products that use more land. (IV) So one expects Australia to engage in extensive sheep-raising but not Japan, because the cost of raising sheep in Japan would be much higher. (V) Some developing countries, for example, cannot, for technological reasons, effectively compete with countries in Western Europe in the manufacture of clothes. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

15. (I) The provision of a safe water supply constitutes the most important step in preventing waterborne diseases such as cholera. (II) Water for a community is of vital importance. (III) It is obtained in various ways depending on local conditions. (IV) Surface water can be piped from reservoirs, rivers or lakes. (V) Underground water can be tapped by wells. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

21. (I) Gregor Mendel was not the first plant breeder. (II) He reported these and other findings at a meeting of natural scientists. (Ill) At the time he began his work, hybrid plants and animals had been known for a long time. (IV) His genius lay in his ability to recognize a pattern in the way the parental traits reappear in the offspring of hybrids. (V) No one before had categorized and counted the offspring and analyzed the patterns over several generations. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

16. (I) It seems that sprinters could get a bigger boost on windy days than athletics authorities ever imagined. (II) Most of the runners found the strong wind very trying. (Ill) Up to the present, crosswinds have always been ignored. (IV) A physicist from the University of Toronto thinks this is wrong. (V) He has calculated that runners could gain up to 0.6 seconds with a helpful crosswind, which is a great deal as a race can be won by 0.01 seconds. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

17. (I) The larger a hall is the more difficult it is to make the acoustic effects evenly good. (II) There is also a greater likelihood of echoes. (III) Halls which are used for both speech-making and music recitals have to compromise between the requirements of each. (IV) Actually, the sound heard in such a welldesigned hall is superior to that produced by any stereo system. (V) Even different kinds of music require different acoustic effects. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

22. (I) In modern international law, territorial jurisdiction is of much greater importance than personal jurisdiction. (II) A sharp distinction has to be drawn between international law and national law. (Ill) Whereas the latter has its sphere limited to the individual state, international law applies between entities endowed with international personality. (IV) This feature marks off international law from national law. (V) Indeed, essentially international law is the body of legal rules which govern the relations between sovereign states. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

18. (I) Even Indias own information technology has been hit. (II) Scientific research in India is facing up to a brain drain with a difference. (III) The financial lure of careers in information technology abroad is creaming off more and more of the talented young people who might otherwise become scientists. (IV) Addressing the Indian Science Congress last month the Indian Prime Minister referred to this problem. (V) He said that the global demand for Indian computer professionals was a challenge for Indian science. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

23. (I) My own knowledge of Jane Austens life, character and opinions depends mainly on her letters. (II) Some 150 of these survive. (Ill) Most are to her sister Cassandra and are really family letters intended for the whole family. (IV) Her nephew was to write a Memoir of his aunt, but he was old when he did so. (V) There are only a few written to friends, and these are the ones that reveal most about her. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

24. (I) The earliest really high buildings belong to Chicago. (II) They have a steel-frame construction. (Ill) Louis Sullivan was the outstanding architect of this Chicago school of architecture. (IV) More important, however, is the fact that they are truly splendid buildings, with a vigour and sureness and character, that is all their own. (V) It is no wonder that similar buildings began to appear not only in other cities in the US but in other cities throughout the world. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

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(I) The book furnishes us with some really fascinating information about hummingbirds. (II) For instance, they can hover for as long as 50 minutes at a time. (Ill) Their lovely colouring is even then apparent. (IV) They dont simply use their wings in order to do this, but also their tails which they spread like a fan to give extra lift. (V) Hovering allows access to nectar but requires so much nectar that they have to consume one and a half times their body weight in nectar every day. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

31. (I) Everyone knows that software is in and hardware is out, at least as far as start-up companies are concerned. (II) A software company has low manufacturing costs and can make good profits. (Ill) Mistakes in both hardware and software are easy to correct. (IV) For hardware companies the reverse is true. (V) They have extremely high manufacturing costs and thin profit margins. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

26. (I) The majority of existing robots do not look even remotely human. (II) Industrial robots are now in demand. (Ill) At least 750,000 robots work in global industry, according to the World Robotics 2001 survey. (IV) Japan is in the lead, producing twice as many industrial robots as the rest of the world combined. (V) Next comes the European Union, where Germany is the leader. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

32. (I) Norway remains aloof from the EU. (II) In contrast to Norway, the Swedish economy relies on multinational giants, not on oil reserves. (Ill) She sees it far more as a threat to her wealth than as a potential partner. (IV) The other Scandinavian countries, however, are all EU members. (V) They are trying to persuade Norway to join too, but she remains stubbornly resistant. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

27. (I) Forests come under increasing pressure as the population increases as so many people use firewood for cooking. (II) On the average, one person burns about a metric ton of firewood a year. (Ill) Another result of deforestation is accelerated soil erosion. (IV) Because of this fuel need, forests surrounding communities have been slowly cut down. (V) As nearby trees are used up for firewood, people travel farther to obtain wood and the size of the deforested area expands. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

33. (I) In 1912 some of the top mathematicians in the world received letters full of incredibly complex formulas. (II) They came from Madras, India, from a 23-year-old accounts clerk named Srinivasa Ramanujan. (Ill) He claimed to have worked them out in his spare time after leaving school. (IV) It is an ambition one shares with lots of people, of all ages and backgrounds. (V) One of the letters reached Professor G.H. Hardy of Trinity College, Cambridge, who soon realized that the formulas were the work of one of the greatest mathematical geniuses of all time. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

28. (I) In Egypt, with its proximity to the elephants of the Sudan, the craft of ivory carving was carried to a high state of perfection in late predynastic times. (II) Remarkably realistic figures of lions and baboons stil survive from this period. (Ill) Even more remarkable are the statuettes of the 4th-dynasty. (IV) Even quite a small collection of ivory figures can be quite valuable. (V) At a later date, the use of ivory continued in a rather different form; to provide inlaid ornamentation for furniture. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

34. (I) In this book on management, the author makes the point that most people are deeply and rightly resistant to being managed. (II) He then goes on to give an attractive solution. (Ill) The worlds business leaders are too often motivated by self-interest, not by a companys performance. (IV) It is that the best way to manage people is to let them manage themselves. (V) This becomes truly meaningful when we are reminded that the best performers are those who both know enough and care enough to manage themselves. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

29. (I) All the main problems today are interconnected. (II) These include, among other things, poverty, environmental devastation, the arms race and disease. (Ill) The reversal of one will nourish the reversal of the others. (IV) Indeed, poverty is only one of the reasons for these environmental problems. (V) Conversely, if there is an improvement in one, this will be reflected in the others. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

35. (I) Global inequality is not just about income. (II) It is also about education for children, access to world markets, control of technology and so on. (Ill) Nevertheless, the extremes of global inequality are exemplified in a striking fashion in income distribution. (IV) Cheap labour has undoubtedly aided economic development in many of the developing countries. (V) The richest 5% of the worlds people have incomes 114 times those of the poorest 5%. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

30. (I) The big divide among economists is no longer over whether there will be a recession in America. (II) A steeper drop in demand will now make overcapacity worse. (III) The debate is now over how deep it will be. (IV) Optimists say there will be a swift recovery. (V) If this does happen, it will be due to lower interest rates and a looser fiscal policy. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

36. (I) Global warming is bringing new arrivals to British shores. (II) Since 1980, 18 new fish species have been caught off the coast of Cornwall. (Ill) As the water warms up, they feel the need to move northward. (IV) Since they are cold-blooded creatures, they have to find suitable surroundings in which to regulate their temperature. (V) Indeed, between 1960 and 1980 no new species were reported any where in the area. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

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(I) A true partnership between developed and developing countries could have achieved a breakthrough. (II) Over the past half-century the dream of a world free from poverty, disease and despair has grown no nearer to fulfillment. (Ill) In the 1960s, some 60 countries actually grow poorer. (IV) Over the years, 30,000 children have been dying daily of preventable diseases. (V) Further, the spread of AIDS has become the most deadly epidemic in human history. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

43.

(I) Never in Hong Kongs history have so many people taken to the streets in protest against their own government. (II) Hong Kong officials have tried to play down the event. (III) A top official responsible for security, remarked dismissively, beforehand, that people might join the protest just because it was something to do on a public holiday. (IV) Mr Tung was anyhow unpopular and he had failed to revive Hong Kongs depressed economy. (V) It was, in fact, the sixth anniversary of Hong Kongs return to China. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

38. (I) The worlds population continues to increase. (II) And despite the rise in high-tech agriculture, 800 million people dont get enough to eat. (III) Admittedly, thats often due to a lack of money - the world actually produces enough for everyone, at least for now. (IV) In many African countries, famine has been a major concern for the United Nations. (V) But by 2050 we will have 9 billion mouths to feed, 3 billion more than today. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

44. (I) There are many different types of mercury. (lI) But the most dangerous of all are the organic mercury compounds. (Ill) Elemental mercury is used in thermometers, and is the least toxic form. (IV) These are toxic by ingestion, inhalation or contact. (V) Since they are not removed from the body, their concentrations gradually build up, particularly in the brain. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

39. (I) It will be a bad year for football clubs across Europe. (II) Having met spiralling wage demands and transfer fees in the belief that increasing television revenues would cover the costs, the realization that they will not, will lead to urgent reform. (Ill) Clubs across Europe have been given lucrative television contracts. (IV) Middle-sized clubs in England, Italy and Germany will be worst affected. (V) At least ten well-known clubs are at risk of bankruptcy. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

45. (I) Currently there has been a noticeable drop in applications for MBA courses in the USA. (II) If the economy picks up, the situation could change. (Ill) This is partly because fewer people can afford the annual tuition fee. (IV) Partly also, because new visa restrictions are making it harder for foreigners to apply. (V) But most important of all one is no longer sure of landing a well-paid job on graduation. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

40. (I) The Colosseum in Rome, which was the largest and most famous of the Roman amphitheatres, was opened for use in 80 A.D. (II) Even so, there are others that are in beter condition. (Ill) Elliptical in shape, it consisted of three storeys and an upper gallery. (IV) It was principally used for gladiatorial combat. (V) As for its capacity, it could seat up to 50,000 spectators. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

46. (I) Italy has a sad record of journalists succumbing to pressure from politicians and officials. (II) Indeed, many of them are virtually bought by powerful interests. (Ill) They find it hard to resist the combination of temptation and pressure that the government has at its disposal. (IV) Naturally, the country as a whole realizes what is happening and has no confidence in its newspapers. (V) Corriere della Sera, which is based in Milan, is Italys biggest newspaper. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

41. (I) Aerobic dancing, which exercises the whole body, is a popular type of exercise and is available at most community centers. (II) Stress aerobics primarily exercises the muscles in the upper legs. (Ill) There people can exercise at their own pace with guidance from experienced instructors. (IV) Lively music and familiar routines make the workout enjoyable. (V) Further, committing oneself to a Schedule and exercising with friends can improve motivation. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

47. (I) For years, the scale of Colombias tangled conflicts has dwarfed those of most of the worlds better known trouble spots. (II) The money from drugs and other forms of crime and plunder have allowed three irregular armies to flourish. (Ill) Colombia stands at the strategic heart of a very fragile Andean region. (IV) The result has been a heavy toll in murders and kidnappings. (V) Moreover, some two million Colombians have been driven from their homes and farms. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

42. (I) Sir Francis Galton is an English anthropologist and a pioneer of human intelligence studies. (II) He made important contributions to many fields of knowledge. (Ill) His research revealed important facts about the intellectual and physical characteristics that are passed on from one generation to the next. (IV) Galtons family included men and women of exceptional ability one of whom was his cousin Charles Darwin. (V) He also discovered that characteristics of two different generations could be plotted against one another. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

48. (I) A series of excellent vintages in 1990-97 put Californian wines on the world map. (II) Just as the new vineyards started to produce viable grapes, the dollar rose making imported wines cheaper. (Ill) The timing was exceedingly fortunate. (IV) It was at this time that scientific research began to highlight the health benefits of wine. (V) While at the same time aging baby boomers began drinking more of it. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

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(I) After decades of experimentation, the first practical and fairly reliable typewriters arrived on the market in the early 1870s. (II) Over the next fifteen years or so they became established in American offices and were soon regarded as indispensable. (III) But they were large and ungainly. (IV) Obviously, these early modals printed under the roller, so you couldnt see what you have typed till several lines later. (V) Indeed, one of the early models was built into a table, like a sewing machine and had a pedal to operate carriage return. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

55.

(I) In the 1996 movie Phenomenon, John Travolta plays a small-town mechanic, George, who experiences a remarkable transformation. (II) For many people, IQ is the definition of intelligence and high IQ is an unquestioned good. (III) Knocked unconscious by a mysterious flash of light, George Malley awakens to find himself a genious. (IV) Previously, he had been a man of simple interests and modest accomplishments, but suddenly he becomes intellectually insatiable. (V) He devours several books a day, creates invention after invention, beats his former mentor at chess and cracks security codes in his spare time.

50. (I) While megacities are renowned for pollution, they often generate a lot of money. (II) Estimates made during the past two decades suggested that most megacities would continue to increase at an alarming rate. (III) But contrary to expactations, more people are now leaving many of the worlds largest urban areas than are moving in. (IV) For example, the population of Sao Paulo was expected to reach 24 million by the year 2000, but fewer than 18 million live there now. (V) There is a similar situation in cities such as Calcutta, Buenos Aires and Beijing. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

56. (I) Countries throughout the world appear to be determined to avoid war at any cost. (II) In both France and Germany, governments are seeking to introduce more flexibility into the labour markets. (III) Germany plans to make it easier to fire workers, at least in small firms. (IV) It also plans to curb unemployment and make jobseekers take unattractive jobs. (V) The French are working on similiar lines, but hampered by their 35-hour-week.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

51. (I) In India, a lower-middle-class group is steadily emerging. (II) It was a long time before any improvements were made to the infrastructure. (III) Further, with the arrival of television, the expectations of these people have risen considerably. (IV) Indians are now demanding better education for their children. (V) They are also asking for tarred roads to facilitate business, and better products and services to make their lives easier. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

57. (I) The risks of flying and driving are influenced by different parameters. (II) The risk of driving depends largely on the distance travelled. (III) Most people do, in fact, realize that flying is safer than driving, but still get nervous about it. (IV) The risk of flying is primarily affected by the number of takeoffs and landings. (V) Indeed, over a 10-year period, 95 per cent of all airline fatalities occurred either during takeoff or during landing.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

52. (I) The film Last Samurai takes place in Japan in the mid-1870s and is based on the life of Saigo Takamori, a samurai. (II) This samurai lived during the period of transition in which the countrys ancient feudal culture, symbolized by samurai warriors, was being rapidly replaced by western ways. (III) Production of the film began at the 1000yearold Engyoji temple in Himeji near Tokyo. (IV) Throughout the film, the producers tried to be true to the elegant simplicity of Japanese architecture. (V) The rest of the film was made in New Zealand, where they built a replica of a 17th century samurai village, and in California. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

58. (I) Artists were much admired in ancient Greek society for their skill. (II) For example, in the case of vase painting, it was quite common for the painter to sign the vessel in paint before it was fired. (III) This means that numerous vessels are known to be the work of specific artists. (IV) Obviously, art is not restricted to the depiction of scenes or objects. (V) In fact, for the Attic black-figure style, twelve painters are known by name.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

53. (I) Europe has no need for biotechnology. (II) Its people are already well-fed and its farmers receive generous subsidies. (III) Apparently, gene-spliced crops make farming safer, easier and more productive. (IV) Indeed the wealthy European countries are inclined to see farming as a traditional cultural activity, similar to folk dancing that deserves preservation. (V) They dont see it as an economic activity that needs to be maximized. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

59. (I) It seems that some form of electric battery may have been in use two centuries before Christ. (II) In 1938 the German archeologist Wilhelm Knig found a small oddly contigured clay jar near Baghdad that he dated to 200 B.C. (III) In any event, the modern history of batteries begins with the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. (IV) It has a coiled copper sheet inside and an iron red extending through the top. (V) When filled with an acid such as vinegar it could have generated 1.5 to 2.0 volts.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

54. (I) Ever since the latter part of the 1990s, industrial pollution is being replaced by vehicle-linked smog in China. (II) Already, Shanghai planners estimate that 90% of the citys air pollution is from motor vehicles. (III) The thick smog over many Chinese cities has huge health costs. (IV) The World Bank estimates that air pollution takes about 5% of Chinas Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in health care costs and lost productivity from those too ill to work. (V) The nation has placed enormous economic and political capital into developing the car industry and the passenger car is rapidly becoming a symbol of the countrys success. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

60. (I) New legislation to ban the slaughter of horses for human consumption in the state of Illions was introduced on February 6th, 2004, in the Illions House of Representatives. (II) On February 18th, 2004, the bill was referred to the House Executive Committee. (III) The legislation would also make it illegal to transport horses into or out of the state for slaughter. (IV) The Cavel International slaughter plant was destroyed by fire in March of 2002. (V) The anti-slaughter legislation caused a clash between Horsemens Council of Illinois, which opposes the bill, and industry associations, welfare groups and animal rights groups that support it.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

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(I) There is no point in pretending to be someone youre not, not even when youre what is called a paper wasp. (II) A study at the University of Arizona has shown that these insects are severely punished if they try to mislead others over their social rankings. (III) Actually, their colouring is largely black and yellow. (IV) Scientists used a toothpick and special paint to alter the facial markings of a number of wasps and then analyzed how these dishonestinsects were treated by their peers. (V) Compared to unaltered wasps, the fakes received far more aggression and harassment.

67.

(I) Whisky began to be marketed commercially in the middle of the nineteenth century. (II) By enlarging and modernizing its distilleries, Scotland was able to dominate the market in Europe and America. (Ill) Up until then, production had been divided between a few official distilleries and many much smaller, illicit ones, whose produce was almost exclusively for local consumption. (IV) The development of reliable transport systems particularly trains - during the Industrial Revolution meant whisky could travel further afield. (V) And, a few Scottish and Irish traders seized the opportunity to begin exporting their output.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

68. (I) Infants all over the world begin to smile at about the same age. (II) Whether they are born in a remote African village or in a middle class American home, it seems to make no difference. (Ill) Unfortunately, this usually occurs when they see familiar faces or hear familiar voices. (IV) This suggests that age is more important in determining the onset of smiling than are the conditions of rearing. (V) Moreover, blind babies smile at about the same age as sighted infants, suggesting it is an innate response.

62. (I) Proper testing is often sacrificed when new management systems are being developed. (II) The system must respond with 100 per cent accuracy. (III) As a result, expensive and sometimes catastrophic problems may emerge later. (IV) Why, then, is testing so often neglected? (V) One reason is that testing can be both expensive and time-consuming.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

63. (I) X-rays, chemical analysis of paint and close scrutiny by expert eyes are all used to tell art forgeries from the real thing. (II) But now computer scientists at Americas Dartmouth College have come up with a digital method for sorting the real from the counterfeit. (III) Drawings or paintings are scanned at high resolution and a computer breaks them down into digital elements called wavelets. (IV) An analysis of Madonna with Child by the Renaissance painter Perugino showed that at least four people had worked on the six faces in the painting. (V) The wavelets are then analyzed statistically to find consistencies or differences.

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69. (I) In sharp contrast to many other euro-area members, Belgium and the Netherlands have in recent years been able to abide by the aim of the stability and growth pact, with budgets in balance or surplus. (II) Now the effects of weaker growth are eroding this achievement. (Ill) Their economys slide into deficit is a new worry and a reason for belttightening. (IV) Similarly, Luxembourg, which for years had more money than it could spend, is moving into the red. (V) In the end they have made concessions on their human-rights law to improve relations with America.

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70. (I) Stained glass windows are part of Britains heritage. (II) In fact we see them so often that we take the hours of effort that go into creating them for granted. (Ill) So an exhibition that counterbalances this effect is of particular value. (IV) Actually it is the work of local designers that are particularly interesting. (V) This one does just that by following the whole creative process from the initial designs all the way through to the finished product.

64. (I) Lengthy confinement and the isolating sensation of being cut off from Earth could endanger an astronauts mental stability. (II) In the enclosure of a Mars capsule, feuds, suicide and even murder could occur, which would endanger all aboard. (III) To estimate levels of psychological stress on a Mars mission, Russian space scientists plan to lock six astronauts in a 4,500- square-foot imitation spacecraft for 500 days, with limited amounts of water, food and oxygen. (IV) They would then be closely monitored as they went about their daily activities. (V) In fact, even healthy individuals make tiny facial movements when they are under stress.

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71. (I) Egypts water consumption is limited by international agreement with its upstream neighbors. (II) Existing irrigation systems are outdated and inefficient. (Ill) Under the Nile Waters Agreement of 1959 between Egypt and Sudan, Egypt is only allowed to take 55.5 cubic kilometers from the Nile each year. (IV) In fact, its annual consumption is closer to 65.5 cubic kilometers. (V) It makes up the difference by recycling water through various irrigation systems.

65. (I) A data warehouse is a database that stores current and historical data. (II) In general, data warehouses not only offer improved information, but they make it easy for decisionmakers to obtain it. (III) Although data administration is a very important organizational function, it has proved very challenging to implement. (IV) In fact, they even have the ability to model and remodel data. (V) These systems also enable decision-makers to access data as often as they heed, without affecting the processing performance of the operational systems.

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66. (I)Carrier companies have made great strides in recent years with the introduction of simple package tracking services. (II) Now they are racing to use the World Wide Web to gain market share by providing more sophisticated services for their customers. (III) Their web sites can handle package scheduling and pickup from start to finish. (IV) As a result, use of the World Wide Web has enabled companies to create new business ventures which wouldnt otherwise have been feasible. (V) Anyone in a major metropolitan area with a package to ship can use web sites to check delivery routes, calculate shipping charges, and schedule a pickup.

72. (I) Prints from digital photos last for generations. (II) In fact, they last longer than a traditional print if you use the right combination of printer, ink and specifically-formulated photo paper. (Ill) Indeed, lab tests show that they will not fade or discolor for about 50 years, or as long as about 75 years if you keep them behind glass. (IV) Fading takes place when prints are exposed to light and contaminants in the air. (V) The layer above it contains polymers that help prevent fading.

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73.

(I) It used to be argued that, once there were just two major companies involved in civil-aircraft manufacturing, aircraft prices would rise. (II) There are few engineering tricks left that could give one or other a technological edge. (III) That theory has been thoroughly discredited. (IV) The best indicator of new-aircraft prices the average price per seat on flights has been declining for several years. (V) This is due, of course, to the brutal competition between the two rivals.

79.

(I) Science is systematic because of the attention it gives to organizing knowledge and making it readily accessible to all who wish to build on its foundation. (II) If the results support the hypothesis, the scientist may use them to generate related hypotheses. (III) In this way science is both a personal and a social endeavour. (IV) In order words, it is beneficial both to the individual and to society at large. (V) Moreover, science contributes a great deal to the improvement and the quality of human life.

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74. (I) The most popular talk show on Arab TV is The Opposite Direction. (II) The show is hosted by Faisal al-Kasim, a forty-two-year-old with glasses. (III) The chance to take part in the regions first experiment with free journalism was one that could not be missed. (IV) Al-Kasim moderates while two guests debate a topic of his choosing; viewers join in by telephone, fax and e-mail. (V) No other Arab television personality is as controversial, as despised or as revered as al-Kasim.

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E)V

80. (I) As people age, the amount of water in the body decreases. (II) Since many drugs dissolve in water, and since less water is available to dilute them, these drugs reach higher levels of concentration in the elderly. (III) Also, the kidneys are less able to excrete drugs into the urine, and the liver is less able to metabolize many drugs. (IV) For these reasons, many drugs tend to stay in an elderly persons body much longer than they would in a younger persons body. (V) People in every civilization in recorded history have used drugs of plant and animal origin to prevent and treat disease.

75. (I) In the past century US lifeexpectancy climbed from forty-seven to seventy-seven. (II) Similar rises happened in almost every country. (III) And this process shows no sign of stopping. (IV) Such a pill could give us an extra twenty years of life. (V) According to the United Nations, by 2050 global life expectancy will have increased by another ten years.

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76. (I) Beginning about age 5, the child develops a sense of obligation to follow rules. (II) Indeed, young children change the rules frequently and arbitrarily. (III) He treats them as absolute moral imperatives handed down by some powerful authority. (IV) For him, rules are permanent, sacred and not subject to modification. (V) Obeying them to the letter is more important than any human reason for changing them.

81. (I) Many Romantic writers in Europe were preoccupied with the fact and idea revolution. (II) For instance, in the early period of the French Revolution, all the leading English Romantics were in sympathy with it. (III) In fact, they were among its most fervent adherents. (IV) Through the greater part of the eighteenth century, man had been viewed as a limited being in a strictly ordered and essentially unchanging world. (V) Later, even after the first enthusiastic expectations had been disappointed by the events in France, the younger writers felt that its example still constituted humanitys best hope.

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77. (I) The eruption of Nevada del Ruiz in Columbia in 1985 illustrates how a lack of monitoring and poor evacuation can lead to loss of life. (II) The eruption itself was a small one and didnt kill anyone. (III) Disaster came later when molten rock melted the ice cap. (IV) This caused mudflows which wiped out 230,000 people. (V) Sometimes there are early signs that an eruption is imminent.

82. (I) Modern Bergama is a sleepy agricultural market town in the midst of a well-watered plain. (II) There has been a town here since Trojan times. (III) Of Bergamas four main tourist attractions, only the museum is in the centre of the town. (IV) However, it was during the period between Alexander the Great and the Roman domination that Bergama, then called Pergamum, enjoyed its greatest prosperity. (V) At that time, it became one of the Middle Easts richest and most powerful small kingdoms.

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78. (I) Teachers naturally welcome information about their students that might help them to teach more effectively. (II) For many, results from standardized assessment tests, such as IQ and academic achievement measures, are one useful source of information. (III) Teachers, however, often interpret a childs quick responses as rude interruptions. (IV) Normally, of course, such tests are designed to be as accurate as possible. (V) There is one famous one, however, that was built around deliberately inaccurate information.

83. (I) Seismic waves are the vibrations from earthquakes that travel through Earth. (II) The Richter magnitude scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology to compare the intensity of earthquakes. (III) They are recorded on instruments called seismographs. (IV) Seismographs record a zigzag trace that shows the varying amplitude of ground oscillations beneath the instrument. (V) Sensitive seismographs, which greatly magnify these ground movements, can detect strong earthquakes from sources anywhere in the world.

A) A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V

B) II

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84. (I) In the fall of 2000 and the winter of 2001, Britain was beset by a series of problems. (II) In September 2000, rising oil prices prompted protests by truck drivers and farmers who demanded a reduction in the fuel tax. (III) In November 2000, a series of unusually severe rainstorms and tornadoes caused high flooding and killed 12 people. (IV) In June 2001, Blair won a second landslide victory, with the Labour Party capturing 413 seats in Parliament. (V) In February 2001, foot-and-mouth disease broke out among British livestock, prompting other countries to ban British meat import and forcing the slaughter of thousands of cattle, pigs and sheep.

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85.

(I) The governments of the EU, the US, China, India, Japan, Russia and Korea initialled a treaty to build the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the worlds largest fusion machine, in Provence, France. (II) It will take a decade to build and will then run for two further decades, performing tens of thousands of fusion experiments. (III) At the end of that time, say its backers, the world will know once and for all if nuclear fusion is technically viable. (IV) Once this point has been settled, the costs can be taken into consideration. (V) As well as being the largest, the fusion reactor known as JET in Culham, Britain, is, by common consent, the worlds most successful.

91.

(I) The history of the German occupation of France is dirty, tragic, and sometimes darkly comic. (II) It is also one of the most intensely researched subjects of the past decades. (III) In May of 1940, the Germans attacked France, and in June they entered Paris. (IV) More than 8,000 books and articles have been devoted to this subject. (V) However, Julian Jacksons recent book, France: The Dark Years, 19401944, is an exceptional contribution to the already-accumulated knowledge of the occupation.

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86. (I) In a small firm the manager may perform the role of cost accountant, salesman, personnel officer, stock controller etc. (II) However, as a firm increases in size it can take advantage of specialization of labour. (III) Each managerial role can be allocated to a specialist in that field. (IV) Many firms spend a lot of money on research and development. (V) Furthermore, bigger firms can buy inmanagement services and afford large in-house salaries to entice and retain the best management.

92. (I) Academics are smart and fast, and, in nonscientific fields such as law and history, they can be very fluent. (II) They are able to supply plausible commentary at short notice on pretty much any subject that engages the interest of the public. (III) The greater that interest, the greater the outpouring of instant commentary. (IV) But when academics speak unprepared, especially about matters outside their area of expertise, the quality tends to go down. (V) Furthermore, topics such as foreign affairs, terrorism, security, the intricacies of politics and the like have been studied extensively.

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87. (I) Many historians were sceptical that King Arthur was a historical figure. (II) The mystique of Camelot, Arthurs Palace, endures, from Disney films to Broadway musicals to the Kennedy White House. (III) Then, in 1998, scientists unearthed a broken stone at Tintagel Castle on Britains Cornish coast, long said to be Arthurs stronghold. (IV) The stone bore the Latin inscription Pater Coliavificit Artognou, which translates as Artognou, father of a descendant of Coll, has had this built. (V) Artognou is pronounced Arthnou, lending credence to theories that the legendary king was real.

93. (I) Caviar has held a place at the top of Russian menus under czarist, communist, and post-Soviet regimes alike. (II) Until the Russian economic crisis of 1998, even people with modest incomes could afford half a pound or so a month. (III) Caviar has always been treasured in Russia, where people believe that it provides relief from grief and despair. (IV) In Eastern Europe, caviar fetches as much as $700 a pound. (V) It is also prized for medical reasons since it contains lipids, vitamins, and albumen.

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88. (I) The road map of South America constantly needs updating. (II) Furthermore, we can expect that it will adversely affect international trade. (III) Hundreds of new bridges, roads and rail lines are turning formerly isolated areas into infrastructure corridors that will accelerate the continents economic integration. (IV) This vast undertaking, which has largely escaped media attention, is certain to bring unprecedented economic progress within the continent. (V) But it also poses major risks for some of South Americas most valuable natural areas.

94. (I) When searching for land mines, it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish them from the tin cans, spent cartridges, and other metallic debris that litter a war zone. (II) Fewer than one per cent of all signals from de-miners metal detectors actually indicate land mines. (III) Indeed, civilians have frequently been victims of land mines. (IV) Moreover, the technology used in the field has barely advanced since World War II. (V) Therefore, the clearing process is laborious and inefficient, as well as dangerous.

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89. (I) Administrative law first came into use in Turkey with the introduction of continental European legal thinking in the 19th century. (II) The most influential model was that of French administrative law. (III) This model developed in the 1890s as a result of the growing influence of Western academic institutions, namely the Law and Political Science Schools in Istanbul. (IV) The model was further developed when a system of administrative courts, modelled on a French pattern, was established by the Republic in 1927. (V) Unlike the German and French Constitutions, the Turkish Constitution does not merely characterize the Republic as a social state.

95. (I) Since the days of ancient Carthage, the area that makes up present-day Tunisia has been an oasis of urbanity, relative prosperity, and stable government. (II) Though lacking the oil and natural gas of their Libyan and Algerian neighbours, Tunisias 9.6 million people are by some estimates sixty per cent middle class, with a poverty rate of only six per cent. (III) Yearly economic growth rarely falls below five per cent, and inflation is about three per cent. (IV) Africa, originally a Roman term, meant Tunisia long before it meant the continent. (V) Moreover, the World Economic Forum rates Tunisia as the most competitive country in Africa.

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90. (I) Patriarchy does not simply mean that men rule. (II) Otherwise, through a process of cultural evolution, societies that adopted this particular social system maximized their population. (III) Indeed, it is a particular value system that not only requires men to marry but to marry a woman of proper station. (IV) It competes with many other male visions of good life, and for that reason alone is prone to come in cycles. (V) Yet before it degenerates, it is a cultural regime that serves to keep birth-rates high among the affluent while also maximizing parents investments in their children.

96. (I) El Salvador is a country tectonically so volatile that its capital city has been destroyed ten times in the past four hundred years. (II) In Latin America, El Salvador is not the first country to switch to the dollar, nor is it likely to be the last. (III) At least twelve major earthquakes shook El Salvador during the twentieth century. (IV) And in this century, disaster did not wait long to strike. (V) In early 2001, an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale levelled much of the country, killing almost a thousand people.

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97.

(I) The label homo sapiens was first attached to man by Linnaeus in his classification of the animal kingdom over two hundred years ago. (II) That kingdom is now thought to include over three-quarter of a million species. (III) Still, the physiology of the human body parallels, in a host of different ways, that of the animals. (IV) Though very many more species may be discovered, it is not likely that anything will ever shake our conviction that we belong to a very special class. (V) This conviction is quite as strong today as it was in the eighteenth century.

103. (I) The brains functions are both mysterious and remarkable. (II)
From the brain come all thoughts, beliefs, memories, behaviours, and moods. (III) The brain is the site of thinking and the control centre for the rest of the body. (IV) Before performing a physical examination, the doctor interviews the patient to obtain his or her medical history. (V) The brain coordinates the ability to move, touch, smell, hear, and see.

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104. (I) Most episodes of illness with a fever in children are caused by viral
98. (I) An incoming hurricane might at first seem a powerful photographic subject. (II) But how is a photojournalist to make a decent still image when people are hiding, and when there is only howling wind and spraying water? (III) Thats why hurricane photography generally documents the aftermath, says an illustrations editor. (IV) But this image was different enough to catch ones eye. (V) Uprooted trees and building rubble are mainstays of the genre. infections, although bacterial infections can also produce a fever. (II) The first symptom of a severe eye infection is usually swollen and red eyelids. (III) In fact, it is often hard to distinguish a bacterial infection from a viral infection. (IV) Though bacterial infections can be serious, they usually respond readily to antibiotics. (V) Prompt diagnosis of a bacterial infection is thus important to ensure prompt treatment.

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105. (I) Devaluation of the Jamaican dollar made Jamaican products more
competitive on the world market, and the country achieved record growth in tourism and agriculture. (II) Jamaica was inhabited by Arawak Indians when Columbus explored it in 1494 and named it St. Iago. (III) It remained under Spanish rule until 1655, when it became a British possession. (IV) In the following decades disease decimated the Arawaks. (V) As a result, slaves were brought from Africa to work on the sugar plantations. A)

99. (I) In a rare instance of a vertebrates behaviour being revealed by its fossil, a new species of dinosaur was found with its head tucked under a forelimb. (II) It represents the earliest known example of a dinosaur displaying the sleeping posture exhibited by modern-day birds. (III) As a result, though it is not known how the dinosaur died, it probably was killed instantly by a thick deposit of volcanic ash or by volcanic gas followed by a covering of ash and mud. (IV) The tuck-in pose would have preserved body heat, suggesting that, like birds, at least some dinosaurs were warm-blooded. (V) Delighted palaeontologists named this pigeon-sized dinosaur Mei long, meaning soundly sleeping dragon. A)

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106. (I) Since 1988, when China delivered intermediaterange ballistic

missiles and missile launchers to Saudi Arabia, there has been genuine concern that China may have been trying to buy into the lucrative Gulf arms market. (II) However, there has been no evidence of further significant arms deals between China and the Gulf since that time. (III) On the other hand, since the 1990s, China has enjoyed a healthy trade in military equipment with Iran. (IV) In 2005 Saudi Arabia supplied China with 17% of its imported oil needs. (V) Obviously, this has caused a great deal of worry in the other Gulf states about the military imbalance that exists between themselves and Iran, an imbalance that China has been instrumental in creating.

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100. (I) Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), born in Galesburg, Illinois, is best known for his poetry. (II) He was, however, also a journalist, an author of childrens books, and a historian. (III) Sandburgs poetry celebrates the lives of ordinary people. (IV) In The People, Yes, he uses the words, style, and rhythms of common speech to celebrate the tall tales of the American people. (V) Indeed, most American poets in the 19th century were concerned with nature and country life. A)

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107. (I) Earthquakes are the result of forces deep within Earths interior
that continuously affect its surface. (II) The energy from these forces is stored in a variety of ways within the rocks. (III) Although the Richter Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to 8.9 range. (IV) When this energy is released suddenly by rupturing movements along faults in the crust of Earth, an earthquake results. (V) The area of the fault where the sudden rupture takes place is called the focus of the earthquake, while the point on Earths surface directly above the focus is called the epicentre of the earthquake. A)

101. (I) Izmir owes its famously special atmosphere to its turbulent history. (II) What you see today has mostly risen from the ashes of Ottoman Izmir and dates from 1922, when a terrible fire swept across the city. (III) Before that, Izmir was known as Smyrna and was the most Westernized and cosmopolitan of Turkish cities. (IV) Nevertheless, famous citizens of ancient Smyrna include the poet Homer, the founder of Western literature, who lived before 700 B.C. (V) It was a city where the Muslims, Christians and Jewish communities lived in harmony and got on well with each other.

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102. (I) We may not know very much about butterflies, but they are certainly very beautiful. (II) For the first time, British scientists have tracked the movements of butterflies. (III) Two types of flight were found in the 30 butterflies monitored. (IV) One was the straight and fast flight used for travel. (V) The other was a slow and looping route to aid foraging.

108. (I) The average salt concentration in the oceans at the present time is
around 35 grams per litre of sea water. (II) Geological evidence shows that this figure has remained constant for the last 1.5 billion years. (III) Actually, this means that the oceans must lose nearly three billion tons of salt each year to balance the amount that enters them. (IV) Suggested mechanisms for this process include loss through sea spray, chemical reactions at the sea floor, biological activity, and the formation of salt deposits on land. (V) It is true that floating ice would not change sea levels if it melted.

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109. (I) Towards the end of the eighteenth century, a vast cultural movement began to sweep across Europe. (II) Within the Romantic movement, a group of composers were inspired by new ideas about national identity. (III) The movement, known as Romanticism, called into question many of the principles of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. (IV) In other words, the Romantics began to question human reason and the uniformity of human nature. (V) Moreover, they emphasized the diversity of humanity, and the importance of spontaneity, creativity, emotion and passion. A)

115. (I) Although about 1,400 seed banks exist worldwide, Norways massive Svalbard Global Seed Vault dwarfs them all and aims to safeguard duplicates of the seeds. (II) Stored seeds are frequently lost because of natural disasters, war, and warm temperatures. (III) However, the United Nations predicts that 70% of the worlds population will live in urban areas by 2050. (IV) So, Svalbard was built to withstand these challenges. (V) The facility is remote, located 1,000 kilometres beyond mainland Norways northernmost tip.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V
110. (I) By the fall of 1933, Germany had become a oneparty state. (II) Soon afterward, the socialist and communist left were crushed by the Nazi regime. (III) Almost all non-Nazi organizations were either abolished or forced to become part of the Nazi system. (IV) At the same time, party propaganda sought to impress citizens with the regimes ideology. (V) In fact, the 1928 election in Germany was a turning point for the Nazis. A)

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116. (I) On 26 July 1956, Egypt seized the Suez Canal. (II) Egypts president at the time, Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company. (III) His main aim was to provide funding for the construction of the Aswan High Dam. (IV) Violence is endemic in the Middle East even as the geopolitical landscape is changing rapidly. (V) His unilateral decision led to the invasion of the Canal area by a joint British and French force.

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111. (I) The social unrest of the Sixties was international. (II) Its roots lay in the political struggles and social transformations of the postwar period. (III) Mass culture made its most powerful impact in the visual world, especially through film. (IV) Of these, the most important were the anticolonial and civil rights movements. (V) Especially, anticolonial movements reflected a growing racial consciousness and also helped to encourage that consciousness. A)

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117. (I) In 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union signed a historic treaty reducing their stockpiles of nuclear warheads by about a third. (II) The Obama administration has not lost its way despite the myriad problems left behind by the previous administration. (III) The treaty, known as START (The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), was signed in Moscow by US President George Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. (IV) At a joint news conference after the signing ceremony, both Mr Bush and Mr Gorbachev strongly and enthusiastically praised the treaty. (V) Especially, Mr Bush described it as a significant step forward in dispelling half a century of mistrust.

112. (I) Columbus was not the first European to set foot on the American continents. (II) Viking sailors had reached and briefly settled presentday Newfoundland and perhaps New England around the year 1000. (III) But knowledge of these Viking landings had been forgotten throughout Europe for hundreds of years. (IV) It would not be right, therefore, to deny Columbus credit for his accomplishments. (V) In fact, Columbus brought back no Asian spices from his voyages. A)

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113. (I) In 1960, the leading Middle Eastern, African, and Latin American oil producers banded together in a cartel, forming the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). (II) By the late 1970s, in the aftermath of two Arab-Israeli wars, it appeared that a generation of fighting might come to an end. (III) The aim of this body was primarily to regulate the production and pricing of crude oil. (IV) So, in the following decades, it has played a leading role in the global economy. (V) Its policies have essentially reflected the desire to derive maximum profit from oil production. A)

118. (I) When we exercise, our body naturally produces heat. (II) Exercising in extreme temperatures therefore provides an added stress on our body to cool down. (III) In fact, our body cools down by redirecting the flow of blood to the skin, so the evaporation of sweat can dissipate heat from the blood. (IV) Unfortunately, individuals who take part in outdoor activities such as tennis, golf, or running are at greater risk of physical injury. (V) However, when the climate is humid, sweat cannot evaporate from the skin, and the body struggles to cool down. A)

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114. (I) The legacies of colonialism weighed heavily on sub-Saharan Africa. (II) Most of the continents former colonies came into their independence after World War II, with their basic infrastructures deteriorating after decades of imperial negligence. (III) The Cold War decades brought scant improvement, as governments across the continent were plagued by corruption, poverty and civil war. (IV) By the end of the twentieth century, East Asia had become a centre of industrial and manufacturing production. (V) Moreover, during the Cold War, these postcolonial states often became the very ground on which the superpower struggle was waged

119. (I) Ancient Lycia lay in the mountainous area between modern Fethiye and Antalya. (II) It wasnt a single country, but a federation of 19 independent cities. (III) The people of Lycia must have regarded burials as an important aspect of their religion, for they cut hundreds of tombs into cliff faces and crags that can be seen throughout the area today. (IV) These tombs were probably copies of domestic architecture, intended as houses for the dead. (V) Not much is known about the early history of Patara, although it was an influential member of the Lycian League.

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D) IV

E)V

120. (I) Sprawling across a vast plain at an altitude of almost 2,000 metres and ringed by mountains, Erzurum is one of Turkeys coldest cities. (II) It is also by far the most developed city in the region. (III) Erzincans history has been marked by earthquakes, notably those of 1939 and 1992. (IV) Because it was located astride the main caravan route from India to Europe and controlled the passage between the Caucasus and Anatolia, Erzurum was fought over and ruled by many peoples from the Byzantines to the Ottomans. (V) Yet its most famous sights date from Seljuk times.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

121.

(I) British dominance of the slave trade in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries gave it decisive economic advantages over other nations. (II) As one Englishman wrote in 1749, the slave trade had provided an inexhaustible fund of wealth to this nation. (III) But even apart from the slave trade, the value of colonial commerce was increasing dramatically during the eighteenth century. (IV) Like the Spanish colonies, the French colonies in the New World were established and administered as direct crown enterprises. (V) For instance, British foreign trade increased in value from 10 million in the 1730s to 40 million in the 1750s.

127. (I) One of the major strategies to manage global warming is

prevention. (II) Prevention of global warming involves developing ways to prevent the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. (Ill) It is the ultimate and best solution because it is permanent. (IV) However, it requires new technologies that have not yet been developed. (V) Most of all, environmental problems are connected to overpopulation.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

128. (I) The global ocean is a huge body of salt water that surrounds the
continents and covers almost three-fourths of Earth's surface. (II) It is a single, continuous body of water. (Ill) Not surprisingly, aquatic life zones are different in almost all respects from terrestrial ecosystems. (IV) Yet, geographers have divided it into four sections (the Pasific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans), separated by the continents. (V) The Pasific Ocean is the largest by far: it covers one-third of Earth's surface and contains more than half of Earth's water.

122. (I) Between 1800 and the middle of the twentieth century, the worldwide population roughly tripled, rising from 1 to 3 billion. (II) Like past scientific investigations directed at humankind, genetics has raised fundamental questions about ethics and humanity. (III) Between 1960 and 2000, however, the population doubled again, to 6 billion or more. (IV) Obviously, improvements in basic standards of health have contributed to this dramatic increase. (V) Yet such growth has strained the capacity of social services, public-health facilities, and urban infrastructures. A)

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

129. (I) On average, 30% of the solar radiation that falls on Earth is
immediately reflected away by clouds and surfaces, especially snow, ice, and ocean. (II) Trees of tropical rain forests are usually evergreen flowering plants. (Ill) The remaining 70% is absorbed by Earth and runs the water cycle, drives winds and ocean currents, powers photosynthesis, and warms the planet. (IV) Ultimately, however, all of this energy is lost by the continual radiation of long-wave infrared energy into space. (V) In fact, if heat gains from solar radiation were not balanced by losses, the Earth would heat up or cool down.

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

123. (I) Cervantess masterpiece, the satirical novel Don Quixote, recounts the adventures of a Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote of La Mancha. (II) Indeed, Cervantes was fully aware of the developments of the novel as a new literary form. (III) In the novel, Don Quixote is fifty years old and has already become unbalanced by his constant reading of chivalric epics. (IV) His mind is filled with all kinds of fantastic adventures. (V) So, he sets out on a knightly adventure, imagining windmills to be giants, and flocks of sheep to be armies of infidels. A)

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

130. (I) Among the fundamental themes of Greek tragedy were justice,
law, and the conflicting demands of piety and obligation that drove a heroic man or woman to destruction. (II) They were mostly derived from Homer. (Ill) Most tragedies were the dramatization of wellknown myths and legends from the past. (IV) But decidedly contemporary issues and events were also represented in some tragedies. (V) Epic and lyric poetry were already well-established Greek literary forms when the fifth century B.C. began.

124. (I) Between 1540 and 1660, Europe was racked by a combination of religious wars, political rebellions, and economic crises. (II) Hence, confidence in traditional structures of social, religious, and political authority was undermined. (III) The result was fear, scepticism, and a search for new, more certain foundations on which to rebuild the social, political, and religious order of Europe. (IV) However, for artists and intellectuals, the period proved to be one of the most creative epochs in the history of Europe. (V) Like Shakespeare, Rembrandt knew that lifes journey is full of perils, but his most mature paintings suggest that these can be mastered with a courageous awareness of ones human shortcomings.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

131. (I) Life in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was
largely shaped by the combined effects of war, trade, and a steadily growing population. (II) Especially the practice of free trade led to the establishment of overseas colonies and opened up new markets for European industry. (Ill) Additionally, agricultural productivity increased, making it possible for Europe to feed a population that had now reached unprecedented levels. (IV) The dominant artistic school of southern Europe from about 1600 until the early 1700s was that of the Baroque, a school not only of painting but of sculpture and architecture. (V) Moreover, population growth in turn enabled European governments to wage more frequent wars and employ larger and larger armies.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

125. (I) During the Late Bronze Age, trade became an increasingly important aspect of international relations. (II) Seaborne trade flourished up and down the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, allowing smaller, seaside centres to become powerful merchant citystates. (III) The great coastal cities of the eastern Mediterranean became wealthy entrepts for the exchange of a bewildering variety of goods. (IV) Bronze Age Greece was an important and wellintegrated part of the Mediterranean world. (V) At the same time, the great states of the region continued to exploit their control of overland trade routes, relying more than ever on moving goods to an international market.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

132. (I) Modern historians of science consider Newton's law of universal

gravitation to be the greatest contribution to physics ever made by a single person. (II) The praise for his discovery was just as great in Newton's own time. (Ill) In the eyes of his contemporaries he was a national hero. (IV) During the seventeenth century, the most innovative scientific work came out of the universities. (V) He was also celebrated across Europe, particularly in France.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

126. (I) The Mongols were one of a number of nomadic peoples inhabiting the steppes of Central Asia. (II) Although closely connected with various Turkishspeaking peoples with whom they frequently intermarried, the Mongols spoke their own distinctive language and had their own homeland to the north of the Gobi Desert in presentday Mongolia. (III) In fact, it was not until the late thirteenth century that Europeans began to establish direct trading connections with India, China, and the Spice Islands of the Indonesian archipelago. (IV) Like many nomadic peoples throughout history, they were highly accomplished cavalry soldiers and constantly raided the sedentary peoples to their south. (V) It was in part to control such raiding from Mongolia that the Chinese built the famous Great Wall.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

133. (I) Training children to cope with their fear of treatment presente special problems for health psychologists. (II) Paediatric hospitals often offer some type of preparation programme for children. (III) Group tours and discussions are the most common type of preparation, but the effectiveness of such interventions is questionable. (IV) Providing children and parents with information about hospital procedures and equipment is a more effective way to decrease anxiety. (V) Anxiety can be described as a psychological state that causes failure.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

137. (I) The rulers in Tehran had thought that perception wasmore significant than the actual security. (II) Iran is the21st century equivalent of 1930s Russia a puzzlewrapped in a mystery. (III) However, the Iranians havenot come across with this state coincidentally.(IV) Rather, the Iranian government has a deliberatepolicy aimed at confusing the outside world about itsgoals. (V) Given that intent, it is not surprising thatWashington has had such a difficult time formulating asuccessful Iran policy. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 138. (I) In the long march of mankind from the cave to thecomputer, a central role has always been played by theidea of law. (II) Law is that element which binds themembers of the community together in their adherenceto recognized values and standards. (III) Every society,whether it is large or small, powerful or weak, hascreated for itself a framework of principles or ruleswithin which to develop. (IV) And what is termedinternational law involves nation-states, not individualcitizens. (V) What can or cannot be done, permissibleacts, forbidden acts, have all been spelt out within theconsciousness of that community. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 139. (I) Although there are considerable cultural differencesbetween the various South Asian nationalities that havecome to Britain, there are certain underlying similarities.(II) Families from rural areas in South Asia typically takea more extended form. (III) The rebuilding of extendedfamily structures is vital to any community. (IV) Theyinclude three generations in the household and areorganized through a network of males. (V) They are alsostrongly bound together by ideas of brotherhood andfamily loyalty. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

134. (I) While there is a general tendency for children to conform to the values and attitudes of other members of the peer group, there are wide variations in the strength of this tendency. (II) Girls are more likely to conform to the peer group suggestions than boys, and low status group members are more likely to conform than leaders. (III) The child's contact with his peers also expands greatly during the school years. (IV) Furthermore, individual personality factors may play a role. (V) Dependent and anxious children are more conforming than non-dependent, non-anxious peers.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

135. (I) In 1537, the Ottoman admiral-in-chief Kheir-ad-Din launched a campaign to annex Venetian possessions around the coasts of Greece. (II) The most famous admiral of his day, Andrea Doria was admired and distrusted equally. (III) He also raided the Italian coast, ravaging the Papal States and the domains of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. (IV) In desperation the Christian states united to face a common enemy, forming a Holy League underthe leadership of Pope Paul III. (V) In the summer of 1538, they assembled a large fleet under the overall command of the Habsburg's admiral, the Genoese Andrea Doria. A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

136. (I) We have moved backwards in the last 50 or so years. (II) An international collaboration similarto the one that gave birth to Concorde is unthinkable under present day conditions. (III) It's not that the technology isn't available or even that a prestigious aircraft wouldn't be financially viable. (IV) The story of Concorde's long and challenging journey to full commercial flight certification is one of the most notable developments in aviation history. (V) It's more that the will and daring that made Concorde possible aren't part of the scene today, in the way they were in the 1960s.

A)

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E)V

140. (I) Apartheid is the legal and political endorsement orinstitutionalization of discrimination. (II) Even thoughSouth Africa has much to offer investors, itsgovernment has come under attack for its foreignpolicy. (III) It involves the assigning of an individual atbirth into a certain class of citizen. (IV) In the case, forexample, of the apartheid regime in South Africa, thisclassification depended on skin colour and four classesexisted white, coloured, Asian, and black. (V) Indeed,in the South African case, this distinction was madebefore birth, insofar as pregnant women could only betreated by doctors of their own skin colour. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V 141. (I) The name Daphne comes from the Greek, laurel bay tree, which is a small evergreen tree with shiny leaves. (II) In Greek mythology, Daphne is the goddess of music and poetry. (III) According to the legend, she was approached by Apollo, but she refused to respond to his love. (IV) As she fled from his embrace, she was saved by the earth goddesses who transformed her into a tree. (V) Therefore, the name has been common only in this century. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

142. (I) When you find a good source of pastured meat, you will want to buy it in quantity and store it for future use. (II) Animals are fed a high energy diet of grain to make them grow quickly. (III) Deep freezers are surprisingly inexpensive to buy and to operate, because they are not opened nearly as often as the one in your refrigerator. (IV) A freezer will also enable you to buy produce in bulk at the height of its season, when it will be most abundant and therefore cheap. (V) Also, freezing does not significantly diminish the nutritional value of the product. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

147. Las Vegas enjoys an average of more than 300 days of sunshine each year, which makes it quite appealing to visitors. (II) One of Americas most modern cities, Las Vegas did not exist before the 20th century. (III) Initially a simple resting area for desert travellers, many people say it was only after Bugsy Siegel built the Flamingo Hotel in 1946 that the town shed its frontier image in favour of ultra-modern neon. (IV) Since then, Las Vegass growth has centred around its image as the worlds busiest tourist destination. (V) More than 40 million people come to Las Vegas each year, lured by its attractions such as extravagant stage productions and massive casinos. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

143. (I) Galileo attempted to measure the speed of light by trying to measure the time required for light to travel a known distance between two hilltops. (II) Galileo stationed an assistant on one hilltop, and himself on another, and ordered the assistant to lift the cover from a lamp the instant he saw a flash from Galileos lamp. (III) When the persons head moved to one side, a different bundle of rays would enter the eye from each point. (IV) The time was so short that he concluded it merely represented human reaction time, and that the speed of light must be extremely high. (V) Galileo measured the time between the flash of his lamp and when he received the light from his assistants lamp. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

148. The London Games were a barrier breaker for female athletes. (II) London distinguished itself as the first Olympics in which all countries sent teams of both genders. (III) Of course, there were breathtaking events during the Games, but the failure of the well-known American female swimmers was a bit of a fiasco. (IV) Even countries such as Qatar, Brunei and Saudi Arabia, which have long abstained from sending female athletes, competed in sports from swimming to judo. (V) At the opening ceremony, the International Olympic Committee president noted that For the first time in Olympic history, all the participating teams will have female athletes. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

144. (I) In May, 2011, Rupert Murdoch flew to London for a meeting with his top newspaper executives. (II) Afterwards, he arranged a dinner to work out how to handle the phonehacking scandal that had been hanging over the newspaper for months. (III) A lawsuit filed by actress Sienna Miller charged that a senior editor in the News of the World was behind a campaign to hack into her phone. (IV) When it was time to sit down for the meal, everyone took assigned positions, with Murdoch sitting in the middle. (V) The claim sparked a police investigation, producing disclosures about repeated incidents of phone-hacking by the News of the World journalists. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

145. Do sinking ships suck nearby objects down with them? (II) In the early 20th century, this was held to be the case, and the advice for lifeboats launched from a sinking ship was to row hard away to avoid being pulled down with it. (III) This may have contributed to the loss of life on the Titanic, as only 13 survivors were pulled from the water. (IV) However, some survivors report struggling against a powerful suction, while others claim to have been able to step off the sinking ship without their head even going under. (V) Two surveying ships with the help of the US Navy made the discovery of the wreck, which required a huge amount of equipment. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

146. Perhaps more than any profession, science places a premium on being correct, but mistakes can push scientific understanding forward. (II) Acknowledging mistakes in scientific studies may not often be key to advancement. (III) Historians have unearthed many instances in which an incorrect idea proved far more potent than thousands of others that were widely accepted. (IV) Moreover, errors that touch on deep features of the world can be more valuable in the long run than narrowly correct ideas. (V) Niels Bohr, for example, created a model of the atom that was wrong in nearly every way, but it inspired the quantum-mechanical revolution. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

ANSWERS OF IRRELEVANT

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

C B E D B A C D B B D D C C A B D A B E B A D C C A C D D B

31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

C B D C D E A D C B B D D C B E C B D A B B C E B A B D C D

61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.

C B D E C D B C E D B E B C D B E C B E D C B D E D B B E B

91. C 92. E 93. D 94. C 95. D 96. B 97. C 98. D 99. C 100. E 101. D 102. A 103. D 104. B 105. A 106. D 107. C 108. E 109. B 110. E 111. C 112. E 113. B 114. D 115. C 116. D 117. B 118. D 119. E 120. C

121. D 122. B 123. B 124. E 125. D 126. C 127. E 128. C 129. B 130. E 131. D 132. D 133. E 134. C 135. B 136. D 137. A 138. D 139. C 140. B 141. E 142. B 143. C 144. D 145. E 146. B 147. A 148. C