Berrios 1 Melissa Berrios ENC 1102 Literature Review Cultural policy is a broad spectrum of political policies that deal

with national identity and cultural identity. The theories proposed deal with the cultural policies that directly effect the direction of a nation. This means that the content ranges. Most theories deal with how cultural policy directly relates to a countries national identity and the use of culture as a type of propaganda. There are thousands of theories that talk about the use of cultural policy and advocating its benefits. European countries are more likely to use cultural policy, than the US. This is mainly because of Europes long history. Because of this, articles related to cultural policy are completely different. A great majority of them recount how important culture is to the history of civilizations and its political institutions. In order to understand the theories knowledge of European history is necessary. Complex lexus is limited and almost never used. Those who cannot understand the theories simply do not have the proper background to comprehend the proposed models. National Identity is Vital to European Nations To a European country national identity is a defining factor in how they develop and create their political policies. In Douglas Smiths article Modern and Contemporary France he proposes that the French only concern themselves with the preservation of their culture. The French view their country as a hexagon. Within the walls of the hexagon culture is held above all else, even when it comes to establishing themselves as a world power (Smith). France uses the invisible walls of the hexagon to promote culture

Berrios 2 within their country. Germany decided that the concept of cultural policy needed to be used internationally. The German idea of nationalism is based on expansion and assimilation. They use cultural diplomacy to spread their language. In their eyes the more people that speak German the more global they become (Eckard). It is fact that within the study of cultural policy European countries take immense pride in the way they identify themselves. Germany and Russia both use this new policy initiative to govern their state. Germany used cultural diplomacy to establish itself internationally. In order to create a stable state in the future the German government constantly looks at the past. Everything done in Germany is carefully analyzed and then applied in terms of their cultural past (James). Even though Russia is a part of Asia, politically it is similar to European nations. Russians developed a different idea of how to use cultural policy. The citizens of Russia developed a fear of immigrants and the un-pure cultural markers they would bring. In order to settle the fear the Russian government gave the plethora of immigrants in Russia the chance to assimilate culturally. Instead of spreading their culture outwards they imposed their ideals onto the mass non-Russian peoples. When Serbia separated themselves from the former Soviet Union and wanted to assimilate into the European nation Europe faced a severe case of xenophobia (fear of the unknown). The European Heritage Programme, created in at the height of Soviet Russias split, was used to bring out the Europeaness of non-European countries. Europe believed that if Serbia wanted to be apart of the European nation so bad they would accept the terms (Vos). Fear is primarily what drove most European nations to use their culture as a weapon. The idea

Berrios 3 was to expand their cultural grasp enough to allow them to not fear impending wars and political coups that might takes place. Propaganda used in Cultural Policy Propaganda in history usually has cataclysmic consequences. Wars, genocides, terrorism, and creation of independent city-states are all effects of cultural propaganda. Post World War II Germany initiates the East German Broadcasting (GDR). The GDR is a system that allows the German government to include pro-German messages within TV shows. They went as far as creating a soap opera dedicated to promoting Germany. The government decided that the only way to improve German sentiments was to exploit its culture. Germany uses its cultural history as a way to build its future. The job enlisted to the GDR was to target pathos in its audiences (Beutelschmidt and Wrage). The GDR initiative did not succeed as much as the government hoped it would. Another failed attempt at using cultural propaganda would be the Bretons. The Bretons were an influential family in France. They created a cult like group similar to the Westboro Baptist Church created by Fred Phelps. The Bretons promoted French purity, anyone who didnt see eye to eye with their views were immediately cast out and labeled an abomination (Bloodgaard). In order to keep their culture pure they wanted to lock down France and its people culturally. The borders of the hexagon would become walls similar to that of the Berlin Wall. Next door the Germans made headway with cultural propaganda. As mentioned previously their use of cultural diplomacy to promote their language is an example of successful propaganda. The government wanted to educate their people and others. Enhancing their national identity was the real goal education was a cover. Many benefited from the governments educational aid even if they were aiding

Berrios 4 the government spread its handling on the world. As the first major European country to use cultural propaganda the Germans succeeded in their mission (Eckard). Success in INR is defined by how many people believe you and your ideology. Most forms of propaganda involve a group such as the Bretons, the GDR, and the Russian Communist Youth Organization (Komsomol). Komsomol was a private group funded by Soviet Russia. The idea was to enlist young Russians and brainwash them so to speak. The Bolsheviks used this organization to spread and promote communism. At a young age they could manipulate the members. Then when they grew up they grew up around the idea of communism, thus creating a new generation of communist citizens. The Komsomol was a brilliant tactic, unfortunately Soviet Russia eventually collapsed. However, the Komsomal was a leading factor in the spread of communism (Neumann). Cultural policy is a form of policy making that requires a nation to exploit and have appropriate knowledge of their country. Without exploiting their culture a nation cannot accurately use it to dictate the future of the nation. Conclusion The ideals cultural policy stands for and promotes have been around for centuries. However, cultural policy is a new concept and its origins are not well defined. This affects the policies created with culture in mind. The less International Relations professional know about the past the less prepared they are to modify the present. The process to create a policy is the same across the genre. When a theory is proposed and others agree with it the theory is then converted into a working policy. The beginning of this process requires a great deal of knowledge.

Berrios 5 The multiple branches of policy making usually always have a clear and defined history and set of customs. The newest fields are less acknowledged and studied. This is because every nation is built on tradition and conformity, trying a new approach to controlling a nation is not usually invited. If INR professionals learn more about this field they will be more knowledgeable, thus allow cultural policy to flourish. Project Proposal The lack of concrete knowledge around the creation of cultural policy makes this a difficult area to research. The number of professionals that use this form of policy making is limited. Eastern Europe is the primary user and supporter of using cultural policy. To fully understand the origin one has to question those who use it for their everyday jobs. By interviewing INR professionals who specialize in Europe one can deduce how cultural policy was created. The challenging part about interviewing INR professional would be reaching the correct demographic. Because only a select European nations use cultural policy the interviewees need to be specialized. Legislators, diplomats, ambassadors, generals, ministers, and professors are a few of the individuals who could decipher the created of cultural policy. The pool of candidates is small because of the previous experience needed to understand the questions being asked. Work Cited Beutelschmidt, Thomas, and Henning WRAGE. "Range and Diversity in the GDR?: Television Drama in the early 1970s." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 24.3 (2004): 441-451. Historical Abstracts Bloodgaard, MC. "The rise of militant Bretonite ." National Identities 10.3 (2008): 281293. Historical Abstracts

Berrios 6 Douglas Smith; (2010) ''The Broken Hexagon: French Nuclear Culture between Empire and Cold War''. Modern and Contemporary France, 18 (2):213-229. Eckard, Michels. "Deutsch als Weltsprache? Franz Thierfelder, the Deutsche Akademie in Munich and the Promotion of the German Language Abroad." The German History Society 22.2 (2004): 206-228. Historical Abstracts. James, Jason. "Retrieving a Redemptive Past." 27.3 (2009): 1-24. Historical Abstracts Neumann, Matthias. "Revolutionizing mind and soul? Soviet youth and cultural campaigns during the New Economic Policy." Social History 33.3 (2008): 243267. Historical Abstracts Vos, Claske. Negotiating Serbias Europeanness. On The Formation and Appropriation of European Heritage Policy in Serbia. History and Anthropology 22.2 (2011): 221242. Historical Abstracts.