DATA SHEET

CSS-42L VIM-VAR
(U.S. Patent Number 5,424,028)

Timken Latrobe Steel

A Timken Company Subsidiary
Latrobe, Pennsylvania 15601-0031 USA

HIGH PERFORMANCE CARBURIZING STAINLESS STEEL BEARING AND GEAR STEEL TYPICAL ANALYSIS C 0.12 Cr 14.0 V 0.60 Ni 2.00 Mo 4.75 Co 12.5 Cb 0.02

CSS-42L is a case carburizable stainless steel alloy intended to be used at operating temperatures up to 800F (427C). The alloy is able to achieve and maintain a high surface hardness when carburized and heat treated that combines high fracture toughness, hot hardness, metal-to-metal wear resistance and corrosion resistance while retaining core ductility and strength. The alloy is particularly suited for use in bearing applications and also in cams, shafts, gears, bolts and like articles exposed to elevated temperature and corrosive atmospheres. This material is covered by U.S. Patent No. 5,424,028.

FIGURES AND TABLES

Table 1. Figure 1. Figure 2. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Table 5. Figure 8. Table 6. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. CSS-42L Heat Treatment CSS-42L Case and Core Microstructures Comparison of Hot Hardness CSS-42L Core Mechanical Property Data Comparison of Core Fracture Toughness Data (ASTM E399) Comparison of Core Short Rod Fracture Toughness Data (ASTM E1304) CSS-42L Core Charpy Impact and Hardness vs. Tempering Temperature CSS-42L Core Impact Transition Temperature CSS-42L Hardness Profiles After Vacuum Carburizing CSS-42L Hardness Profile After Gas Carburizing CSS-42L Hardness and Microstructure After Carburizing and Heat Treating CSS-42L Case Hardness and Residual Stress vs. Austenitizing Temperature Data CSS-42L Carburized Case Tempering CSS-42L Rolling Contact Fatigue Data CSS-42L Carburized Case Microstructure of Rolling Contact Fatigue Test Rod Comparison of CSS-42L and 440C Corrosion Resistance CSS-42L Physical Properties Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 5 Page 5 Page 6 Page 6 Page 7 Page 7 Page 8 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12

56109 6/97 Printed in U.S.A.

TABLE 1-- Suggested Guidelines for Carburizing and Heat Treating CSS-42L

CSS-42L
(U.S. Patent No. 5,424,028)

Carburizing Cycle: Preoxidize at 954 C (1750 F) (not required when vacuum carburizing) Carburize at 954 C (1750 F) Slow cool to 204 C - 260 C (400 F - 500 F) (or directly harden in vacuum) Condition at 593 C (1100 F) for 4 hours (not required when direct hardening in vacuum)

Hardening Cycle: Austenitize at 1093 C - 1121 C (2000 F - 2050 F) Oil quench (or gas/fan quench to 66 C (150 F) and cool to room temperature if vacuum furnace) Subzero cool to -79 C (-110 F) (or lower, whatever is convenient) Temper at 496 C (925 F) for 2 hours Deep cryogenically treat for 1 hour (minimum) Temper at 496 C (925 F) for 2 hours

Reference:

Burrier, H. I.; Tomasello, C. M.; Balliett, S. A.; Maloney, J. L.; Milam, D. L.; Ogden, W. P.; "Development of CSS-42L , A High Performance Carburizing Stainless Steel for High Temperature Aerospace Applications." Reprinted from the paper presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Bearing Steels; November 19-21, 1996; New Orleans, Louisiana.

FIGURE 1.

CSS-42L MICROSTRUCTURE

(U. S. Patent Number 5,424,028)

CORE MICROSTRUCTURE Condition: Etchant: Magnification: Heat Treated Marble's etch 500x

CASE MICROSTRUCTURE Condition: Etchant: Magnification: Gas Carburized and Heat Treated Marble's Etch 500x

Rev 12/95

Test Temperature, C
70

100

200

300

400

500

70

Hardness, HRC

65

65

60

60

55

CSS-42LTM AMS 6278 (M50 NiL) AMS 6490 (M50) AMS 5618 (AISI 440C) TM PYROWEAR 675

55

50 0 200 400 600 800

50 1000

Test Temperature, F
FIGURE 2. Hot hardness of case carburized CSS-42L and comparative alloys (direct Rockwell C hardness measurements).

Hardness, HRC

TABLE 2-- Average Core Mechanical Property Data from Longitudinal Samples
Tempering Temperature C (F) UTS MPa (ksi) YS MPa (ksi) R.A. % elongation % Youngs modulus x 106 GPa (Msi)

496 (925) 1 524 (975) 1 496 (925) 2

1 2

1760 (255.2) 1841 (267.0) 1764 (255.8)

1336 (193.7) 1340 (194.4) 1200 (174.1)

56.2 54.6 59.4

18.5 16.0 21.0

207.9 (30.16) 211.3 (30.65) ---

Solution treated at 1052C (1925F), austenitized at 1038C (1900F), and tempered at the indicated temperature. Heat treated per Table 1.

TABLE 3-- ASTM E399 Fracture Toughness Data of Core Material (Pseudo Carburized)
Alloy Tempering Temperature C (F) Hardness HRC Orientation MPam Kq (ksiin) MPam KIc (ksiin)

9310 1 CSS-42L 2

CSS-42L 3 M50-NiL 4 M50 4

1 2

149 316 316 496 496 496 496 524 538

(300) (600) (600) (925) (925) (925) (925) (975) (1000)

39 44 43 50 49 47 46 44 63

TL TL TL TL TL TL TL CR CR

---50.1 50.7 112.6 113.9 ---

---(45.6) (46.1) (102.4) (103.6) ---

115 119.7 112.4 ----52 17.6

105 108.9 102.3 ----57.1 16

3 4

Jatczak, C. F., "Specialty Carburizing Steels for Elevated Temperature Service," Metal Progress, 1978, pp. 70-78. Pseudo carburization included 1052C (1925F) solution treat followed by 1038C (1900F) austenitize and tempering at the indicated temperature. Heat treated per Table 1. Bamberger, E. N., Averbach, B. L. and Pearson, P. K., "AFWAL-TR-84-2103 Final Report - Improved Fracture Toughness Bearings," Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory - W. P. A. F. B., Ohio, January, 1985.

TABLE 4-- ASTM E1304 (Short Rod) Fracture Toughness Data of Core Material (Pseudo Carburized)
Alloy Tempering Temperature C (F) Hardness HRC Orientation KIvj MPam (ksiin) KIvM (ksiin)

MPam

CSS-42L 1

CSS-2L 2 M50-NiL 3
1 2 3

496 (925) 524 (975) 524 (975) 524 (975) 496 (925) 496 (925) 538 (1000)

51 51 51 51 47 47 44

LT LT TS TS LT LT LT

62.6 --91.8 --63.1

(57.0) --(83.5) --(57.4)

64.8 77.1 81.9 -125.1 125.3 --

(59.0) (70.2) (74.5) -(113.7) (113.9) --

Solution treated at 1052C (1925F), austenitized at 1038C (1900F), and tempered at the indicated temperature. Heat treated per Table 1. Commercially reported data from Latrobe Steel Company.

T em pering T emperature, C
90 30 0 350 40 0 4 50 50 0 5 50 600
HR C

52 50 48 46

Charpy V-Notch Impact, ft.-lbs.

80 70 60 50 40
CV N

44 42 40 600 70 0 8 00 900 1 00 0 1 1 00

30 20 5 00

20 5 0F A usten itize

T em pering T emperature, F

FIGURE 3. Core impact and hardness measurements versus tempering temperature for CSS-42LTM. CVN samples were taken from the LT orientation (hardness measurements were direct Rockwell C).

T e stin g T e m p er atu re , C 70 CVN Impact Toughness, ft.-lbs. 60 50 40 30 20 10

20 50 F A ust en it i ze + 9 25 F /2 hrs+ 9 25 F /2 hrs

-2 0 0

-1 0 0

100

200

300

0 -4 0 0

-2 00

20 0

400

6 00

T e stin g T e mp e ra tu re, F

FIGURE 4. Core impact transition temperature diagram for CSS-42LTM. (CVN samples were taken from the LT orientation)

Hardness, HRC

Dep th (m m)
0.00 0.25 70 65
(Converted from 500 gm Knoop)

0.50 0.75 1.00

1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25

Sh all ow Cas e A i m A s-h ard ened 1 00 h @ 4 27 C (8 00 F) 5 02 h @ 4 27 C (8 00 F ) De ep Case Ai m

2.50 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25

60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 0.00 0.02 0.04

Hardness (HRC)

A s- hard en ed 1 00 h @ 4 27 C (8 00 F) 5 02 h @ 4 27 C (8 00 F)

0.06

0.08

20 0.10

D epth (in ches)

FIGURE 5. Vacuum carburizing results illustrate shallow and deep case aims and the effects of exposure at 427 C (800 F) (hardened from 1121 C (2050 F)).

Depth (mm)
70
(Hardness converted from 500 gm Knoop)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

65 60 55 50 45
VIMVAR (HT 99157)

Hardness (HRC)

40 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

Depth (in)

FIGURE 6. Hardness profiles after gas carburizing at 1.3% carbon potential (hardened from 1038 C (1900 F)). 7

Hardness (HRC)

FIGURE 7. Hardness and microstructure of CSS-42L after carburizing and heat treating according to Table 1 (hardened at 1121 C (2050 F)). (original magnification 500x)

TABLE 5-- Effect of Austenitizing Temperature on Case Hardness and Residual Stress Austentitizing Temperature C 1038 1093 1121 ( F) (1900) (2000) (2050) Residual Stress
Average from indicated depth 0.25-0.50mm (0.01-0.02 in)

Effective Case Depth to 58 HRC mm 0.864 0.711 0.305 (in) (0.034) (0.028) (0.012)

514.4 MPa -44 MPa -249 MPa

(74.6 ksi) (-6.4 ksi) (-36.1 ksi)

Note: All samples come from the same experimental carburizing cycle to illustrate the effects of austenitizing temperature.

T e m pe ring T e m pe rature (C ) 80 75 300 3 50 400 4 50 500 55 0 600 80 75

Hardness (HRC)

65 60

65 60

55
(1121 C ) 2050F A ust eni ti ze

55 50 600 70 0 80 0 9 00 10 00 11 00 T e m pe ring T e m pe rature (F)

50 500

FIGURE 8. CSS-42LTM carburized case tempering curve (direct Rockwell C hardness measurements).

Hardness (HRC)

70

70

TABLE 6-- Ball-on-Rod Fatigue Results of CSS-42L

Carburized Specimen #1 1 Cycles 2 Hours (Million) Reason 294.4 212.4 438.0 853.7
1

Carburized Specimen #2 1 Cycles 2 Hours (Million) Reason 95.4 188.7 149.7 360.9 49.2 97.4 77.2 186.2 Machine Cup spall Ball spall Cup spall

151.9 109.6 226.0 440.5

Ball spall Ball spall Ball spall Ball spall

Accumulated cycles is obtained by multiplying the accumulated test hours by 516,024 cycles/hour. Reason test was discontinued.

0.050 (1.27mm) 26.4 HRC 0.040 (1.02mm) 34.5 HRC 0.030 (0.76mm) 44.5 HRC 0.020 (0.51mm) 66.0 HRC 0.010 (0.25mm) 69.4 HRC Rolling Surface

FIGURE 9. Carburized case microstructure of rolling contact fatigue CSS-42L test rod (original magnification 50X).

10

Corrosion Resistance The potentiodynamic scanning curves shown below were generated according to the Standard Practice for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements (ASTM G59) and the Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements (ASTM G102). The passive current density of the case is higher than 440C, while the core current density is significantly lower. Therefore, the corrosion rate for the case may be slightly higher than 440C while the core corrosion rate is predicted to be superior to 440C. The corrosion rate of the case is improved by lowering the tempering temperature.

FIGURE 10. Current density - potential curves for CSS-42L case and core and 440C steels in 3.5% NaCl solution using an Ag/AgCl Reference electrode. The CSS-42L samples were tempered at 925 F. The 440C was tempered at 350 F.

11

FIGURE 11.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CSS-42L

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion:

Temperature F
13 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 7.0

-6 mm/mm/C x 10

6.5 11

6.0

10

5.5

9 100

200

300

400

500

600

700

5.0 800

Temperature C

F 70 - 400 70 - 600 70 - 800

( C) (20 - 205) (20 - 315) (20 - 425)

10-6 in/in/ F (10-6 mm/mm/ C) 6.4 (11.6) 6.5 (11.8) 6.7 (12.0)

Density:

7.89 g/cm3 (0.28 lb/in3)

Thermal Conductivity:

Temperature F
300 600 900 1200 1500

Conductivity (W m K )

-1 -1

32 28 24 20 16 8 12 8 0 200 400 600 800 4 1000 12 16

Temperature C

12

Conductivity (BTU hr ft F )

-1 -1o -1

1800 20

-6 in/in/F x 10

12