Black Diaspora II / Exam I Mohamed Amine Bouzaghrane @02666059

1. Other than as slaves, list 3 classifications under which Africans left Africa. (6pts) Lack of resources, War, Violence.

2. 3 things that caused the deaths of the native people. (6pts) Hard labor, diseases,

3. This myth found in this text was used to justify enslaving Africans (4pts) The Hamitic myth.

4. He believed that 1 African could do the work of this many natives. (4pts) 1 African could do the work of 4 native Indians.

5. The transatlantic trade went to these three places. (6pts) Europe, West Africa, The Americas.

6. The second leg of the transatlantic was referred to as this. (2pts) The middle passage.

7. List 5 European / New World countries that participated in the African slave trade. (10pts) France, England, Spain, Portugal, Holland.

8. This country alone imported about 40% of the enslaved Africans brought to the Americas. (2pts) Brazil.

9. 5 things that could cause the death of an African within their first 3 years in the Americas (10pts) Punishment, diseases, escapes, suicide, malnutrition.

10. List 4 tasks of a domestic slave (8pts) Cooking, sowing, cleaning, serving.

11. List 4 tasks of a field / factory slave (8pts) Planting and cultivation of crops, clearing land, breaking soil, carrying water.

12. 4 types of resistance employed by slaves (8pts) Slow working, poisoning, stealing, revolts.

13. 4 types of punishments / tortures an enslaved person could be subjected to (8pts) Burning, hanging, Being chained to the ground, Being whipped.

14. List 3 types of crops a slave could cultivate in the West Indies (6 pts) Sugar, coffee, Indigo.

15. List 3 types of crops a slave could cultivate in the United States (6pts) Tobacco, Indigo, Cotton

16. List 3 types of crops a slave could cultivate in the South America (6pts)

Cocoa, cotton, sugar cane.

17. This treaty officially divided Hispaniola between these two nations (6pts) France and Spain. 18. Two of St. Domingues social classes. (4pts) Whites, Petits Blancs.

19. The free coloureds in St. Domingue were notable because of these two things (4pts) The free coloureds were wealthy and owned one third of the lands.

20. Two external factors that influenced the unrest in St. Domingue. (4pts) The war of Spain France and England, The French revolution. Toussaint Louverture, Aug 22nd 1791 August 29th 1793

21. He led the enslaved of St. Domingue to revolt on this date (4pts) -

22. Local French authorities granted the enslaved of St. Domingue their freedom on this date. (2pts) -

23. On what date did France grant emancipation to slaves in all French territories? (2pts) Feb 4th 1794. 24. What was the French Revolutionists slogan? (2pts) Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

25. List the nations directly involved in the Haitian Revolution (6pts) France, Spain, England.

26. This rebel leader created a constitution for St. Domingue in this year. (4pts) Toussaint Louverture, 1801.

27. This leader ordered the reinstitution of slavery in St. Domingue (2pts) Napoleon Bonaparte. 28. He declared St. Domingues independence on this date. (4pts) Jean Pierre Boyer, 1804.

29. He captained this ship from which 133 Africans were thrown. (4pts) Luke Collingwood

30. This country was the last in the Americas to abolish slavery (2pts) Brazil.

Section II: Short Essay Responses (approx. 8 12 lines each) Answer SIX (6) questions. 25pts each. Total possible points: 150 pts

1. Discuss and define the African Diaspora, making sure to explain the ways African people found themselves in Diasporas.

The African Diaspora is the movement of Africans in the world. This dispersion of Africans can be through voluntary immigration or through slavery. Voluntary immigration can be because of the lack of resources, violence or war. Slavery helped in the dispersion of a great number of Africans through Europe, Asia and The Americas during the Transatlantic and the Arab slave trade.
2. Why were Africans considered to be a better labor source than Native Americans or European servants? Discuss.

Africans were considered to be better labour source than Native Americans or European servants because they were easier to capture if they escape, they were used to the heat and sun exposure. Africans were more immune to European disease than Native Americans or European servants. Africans had more skills than Native Americans because of the type of society they came from. Africans usually knew about growing crops, mining, carpenting. Indians didnt have enough experience on keeping animals and growing crops, they couldnt tolerate the harsh conditions of work, thats why most of them became sick and died or committed suicide.

3. Briefly discuss and describe the seasoning process, making sure to explain what this process meant to achieve as well as the frequent outcome of this practice. -Seasoning is a process that every new coming slave from Africa undergoes so he can be

ready for the new conditions of life in the Americas. Seasoning made the slaves more profitable when sold to masters in North America. Seasoning usually lasts for periods a little bit over two years and it consisted of harsh methods of conditioning. The seasoning process resulted in large percentages of deaths in the rows of African slaves. The objective of this process is to change the behaviour and attitude of slaves, to make them do what they were told and therefore make them better labourers. If any slave went through the seasoning process, this means that he is able to survive the diseases, the harsh conditions of work and therefore are productive
4. Enslaved Africans found many ways to resist their enslavement. Explain the difference between passive and active means of resistance, giving specific examples.

Slaves had their own ways of expressing refusal of slavery, this refusal was in the form of resistance, and this resistance was active and passive. Active resistance was usually in the form of revolts and resulted in bloodshed because slave were in a direct confrontation against whites, active resistance resulted in the deaths of many slaves and white masters as well as the destruction of property, decrease in output and loss of time. Passive resistance is generally a non-violent type of resistance and refusal, many Africans used this type of resistance to express their refusal of the white power. There are many examples of this type of resistance; slaves refused to change their religion, they had codes, they were malingering, committing suicide, singing slaves songs etc

5. There have been numerous instances of infanticide during slavery. Explain and discuss infanticide making sure to discuss the factors that could cause an enslaved parent to kill their offspring.

Infanticide is the killing of child by an older person. Infanticide was tolerated during periods of slavery in the Americas. It was very common among black slaved women. Women usually killed their children to make sure that their offspring dont experience the brutality of the slaves life. Moms usually killed their children using knives. Infanticide was also in the form of abusing the mother during pregnancy or subjecting her to poor nutrition. There is no number of the babies who died from infanticide because the US legal system did not cover the slaves. Therefore African women had one of the solution to decrease the number of African American slaves.

6. Discuss the Haitian Revolution making sure to include the internal and external factors that led to the revolution, the participants and the immediate outcome of the revolution. - The Haitian revolution raised because of imbalance in the Haitian society.Haiti had 5

social categories and the slaves made up the majority of the population. These slaves didnt have any rights, were abused and used to produce the wealth of the country. The slaves wanted to be freed, and since they were the vast majority of the population, their problem was the main focus of the revolution. Other problems raised between the grands blancs and the petits blancs. The petits blancs were demanding political equality with the grands blancs. There were external factors that led to the revolution; the French revolution and the war between France and Britain+Spain. Haiti announced its independence in 1804 and all of the social groups reached equality except for the slaves.
7. Discuss the Haitian Revolutions impact on Haiti (what happened in Haiti after the revolution), and on the rest of the Americas.

The post-revolutionary period in Haiti was very difficult. The country was destroyed. Many of the plantations were destroyed, slaves didnt want to work anymore. Everyone was scared that France might invade the country again. Haiti was broke, all of the wealth from agriculture was ruined because most plantations were destroyed and burned. Slaves are now unwilling to work and want their own lands. There was no more slave trade in Haiti because the slaves didnt want to work. The agricultural importance of Haiti was decreasing because of the industrial revolution.
*Extra Credit: Answer one additional question from the above - 25pts.

The extra credit response is due with the exam

**Sources outside of class notes may be used, however you will need to attach a list of sources / bibliography.