Distance Protection Program

EDSA MICRO CORPORATION 16870 West Bernardo Drive, Suite 330 San Diego, California 92127 USA Copyright 2008 All Rights Reserved

Version 5.00.00

October 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Whats New in This Release ............................................................................................................... 2 Impedance Relay Applications ............................................................................................................ 3 Program General Overview................................................................................................................. 3 4.2 Program Tools ........................................................................................................................... 3 Starting the Program and Entering the Relay Data............................................................................. 7 Edit Library ........................................................................................................................................ 29 6.1 Add a new relay to the library .................................................................................................. 30 Load /Edit the New Relay From the Library ...................................................................................... 34 How to Assign Font and Color to Protection Zones .......................................................................... 38 Graphical Report ...............................................................................................................................41 Interpreting the Distance Relay Program Results ............................................................................. 43 10.1 How to Use the Result of Power flow to Verify Operation of Impedance Relay...................... 43 10.2 How to Use the Result of Short Circuit to Verify Operation of Impedance Relay ................... 45

Distance Protection Methods ...................................................................................................................... 49 Impedance Protection methods and Relay Types ...................................................................................... 50

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure 21: Figure 22: Figure 23: Figure 24: Figure 25: Figure 26: Figure 27: Figure 28: Figure 29: Figure 30: Figure 31: Figure 32: Figure 33: Figure 34: Figure 35: Figure 36: Figure 37: Figure 38: Figure 39: Figure 40: Figure 41: Figure 42: Figure 43: Figure 44: Figure 45: Figure 46: Figure 47: Figure 48: Add an Impedance Relay to line L1 ............................................................................4 Impedance Relay tools................................................................................................5 Sample Power System Used For Impedance Relay Application.................................8 Power Flow Results.....................................................................................................9 Select and place the Impedance Relay R12 .............................................................10 Connect the Impedance Relay R12 to line L1, nearby BUS 1 ..................................11 Set up the relay location on the line ..........................................................................12 Insert a new relay R12 ..............................................................................................13 Open the relay library and select the relay type ........................................................14 Impedance relay R12 (3P-Mho) ................................................................................15 Relay R12 Characteristics.........................................................................................16 Relay settings and line data ......................................................................................18 Summary Report .......................................................................................................19 Check relay operation during faults conditions..........................................................20 Fault at BUS2 ............................................................................................................21 Sliding Fault on line L1 ..............................................................................................22 Print Preview Feature................................................................................................23 Print Preview Layout .................................................................................................24 Impedance Relays Layout.........................................................................................25 Relay R23 type and settings .....................................................................................26 R12 and R23 operation .............................................................................................27 Network Feature........................................................................................................28 Generate a New Relay Type .....................................................................................30 Generate a new relay type ........................................................................................31 New Relay: Quad(New).............................................................................................32 Save the new relay: Quad(New) ...............................................................................33 Add a new relay to the library....................................................................................34 Select the relay type from the existing relays............................................................35 Assign the relay name and type ................................................................................36 The new relay characteristics....................................................................................37 Assign the Zone color................................................................................................38 Change the zone color ..............................................................................................39 Font size and appearance.........................................................................................40 Zone line style and color ...........................................................................................40 Multiple relays network layout ...................................................................................41 Showing Three Distance Relay Curves Simultaneously ...........................................42 Accessing the Toolbar of the Paladin DesignBase Advanced Power Program ........43 Stating Advanced Power Program ............................................................................44 Automatic Transfer of the Short Circuit Result to the Impedance Relay ...................45 Bus network list .........................................................................................................46 Selection of Sliding Fault for Impedance Relay Verification......................................47 Fault types.................................................................................................................48 Impedance relay library .............................................................................................50 GCX Distance Relay .................................................................................................51 HZ Distance Relay ....................................................................................................53 KD Distance Relay ....................................................................................................58 MHO Distance Relay.................................................................................................60 QUAD Distance Relay...............................................................................................63 ii

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Figure 49: Figure 50: Figure 51: Figure 52:

RAZOA Distance Relay.............................................................................................67 REL316 Distance Relay ............................................................................................70 7SA513 Distance Relay ............................................................................................78 7SA511 Distance Relay ............................................................................................81

Note: You can view this manual using your CD as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. The file name is:

Distance Relays

Distance.pdf

You will find the Test/Job files used in this tutorial at the following location:

C:\PALADIN DESIGNBASE 2.0\Samples\DistRelays = Distance Relays Test Files: SAMPLE-RELAY-IMP, SAMPLE-RELAY-QUAD, SAMPLE-RELAY-QUADV&V

Copyright 2008 All Rights Reserved

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1. Introduction
Impedance relays / distance relays are double actuating quantity relays with one coil energized by voltage and the other coil energized by current. The torque produced is such that when V/I reduces below a set value the relay operates. However the impedance relay is a minimal protection type. During a fault on a transmission line the fault current increases and the voltage at the fault point reduces. The ratio V/I is measured at the location of CTs and VTs. Assuming a constant fault resistance each value of V/I measured from the relay location corresponds to distance between the relying point and the fault along the line. Hence such protection is called Impedance Protection or Distance Protection. One needs to highlight that R-X diagram are useful in plotting the characteristics of distance relay. There are three variables V, I and are converted into two variables R and X. The impedance Z is defined as ratio of rms values of V and I and however the impedance can be plotted on R-X diagram. The family of impedance relays can offer a wide range of characteristics. Details about distance relays and theirs characteristics are given in Appendix 1 and 3 of this Manual. The success of impedance protection is due to the followings: Fast protection and simple coordination; Less effect of amount of generation and fault levels, fault current magnitude; Permits high line loading; Simpler application; Permanent setting without need for readjustments; Static distance relays have superior and versatile characteristics.

Impedance protection schemes are generally used for primary protection and back-up protection for AC transmission and distribution lines against: 3 phase faults; Phase to phase faults; Phase to earth faults.

In some schemes, in particular for short lines the Phase to earth protection is provided by overcurrent definite time protection, due to the fact that the short lines are susceptible to errors due to arc fault resistance. The operating limits of an impedance relay is usually specified in terms of impedance components R and X. However, it is convenient to describe the operation limits on R-X diagram on rectangular coordinates, with R on abscissa and reactance on ordinate. The current relays can achieve a variety of characteristics on R X diagram as is described in Appendix 1 and 2 of this manual. The type of relay can be identified on the basis of the form of characteristics on R-X plane. The characteristic of transmission line is, as a rule, a straight line on R-X plane. The length of the line is proportional to the length of transmission line

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2. Whats New in This Release

A number of major enhancements have been implemented in this version of the program. The features include the followings:

9 The most industry applied Distance Protection Methods and Relays have been added 9 Easy user interface 9 User define color and font for each zone of protection 9 Support of relays for three phase, line-line, and line-ground fault types 9 Simulation of sliding fault. Impedance relay operations and its coordination
checked against simulation result of sliding fault along a transmission line/cable

can be

9 Global

relay setting verification for all relays defined in the network. The result of simulated fault (Bus faults or sliding faults) will be checked and verified for each relay used in the network and a summary report clearly outlining operation of all relays. relay types (Impedance, Reactance, Mho, Quadrilateral, etc.)

9 Default typical relay settings for three-phase, line-line, and line-ground faults impedance 9 Advanced plotting showing relay setting for each protection zones, fault location and as
well as steady state operating point

9 User friendly feature to add new relays to library 9 Powerful library editor to add new relays.

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3. Impedance Relay Applications

The Impedance Relay Program can be used for: Check the relay settings within a given network layout; Check if the relay operates during normal operation; Check the relay operation during fault conditions: 3 phase, L-L, L-G faults; Verify if the relay with the given settings operates properly; Examine and verify the operation of all the impedance relays associated to the power system under the study

4. Program General Overview

Paladin DesignBase Impedance relay is a new program with new incorporated features Following are some of the capabilities of the Impedance Protection Program:

A powerful library with SIEMENS, ABB, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Areva, GE and GEC; Once that the user select a relay type from the Paladin DesignBase library, the impedance relay user dialog allows the user to input his/her data. The relay data are considered entirely. The new program displays the relay location up to 3 consecutive lines; The relay looks forward and back wards 3 or 4 zones; If the end line is connected to a bus, and to this bus are connected several lines, the program considers relay location on each reticulated line; The program considers any type of fault, including the sliding fault.

4.2 Program Tools The Figure below represents the impedance relay tools: To launch the Impedance relay, the user needs to open a project file; the impedance relay symbol is in the Branch Catalogue:

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Select the symbol and drag it nearby a branch. Connect the symbol to a given branch as shown in the figure below:

Figure 1: Add an Impedance Relay to line L1

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Figure 2: Impedance Relay tools

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Figure 3: Relay Tools (continued)

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5. Starting the Program and Entering the Relay Data

Before using this program, we recommend reading Appendix 1 and 2 at the end of this manual. In this section, through step-by-step instructions, we will show how to start and enter the data for different impedance relays, obtain reports on the relay settings, and verification of their operation under steady-state (power flow) and fault conditions including shunt faults as well as faults along the transmission lines/cables. Step 1: Launch Paladin DesignBase Program and Open the File: Start the Paladin DesignBase program and open the project file named SAM PLE-RELAY-IMP located in DesignBase2/ Samples/DistRelay folder as indicated in the figure capture below:

Figure 4: Opening a Sample Impedance Relay Job File

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Figure 3: Sample Power System Used For Impedance Relay Application

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Step 2: Run Power Flow and Check the Power Flow Results:

Figure 4: Power Flow Results

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The objective is to place an impedance relay R12 on line L1 connecting buses BUS 1 and BUS 2 in the above network. Step 3: Insert the Impedance Relay R12: To insert impedance relay choose the symbol of the impedance relay from the branch catalogue and drag and drop it nearby L1. Using the symbol terminal connect the relay to line L1:

Figure 5: Select and place the Impedance Relay R12

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Figure 6: Connect the Impedance Relay R12 to line L1, nearby BUS 1

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Step 4: Select the relay location on the line: At this point the program has assumed that the relay is on the line L1 at FROM bus (BUS 1) side. In order to check this, right click on the relay and select the relay location on Line 1.

Figure 7: Set up the relay location on the line However, the user has a choice to select the TO bus if so desired.

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Step 5: Select the relay type and settings: Once the relay symbol is in placed and connected to line L1, double left mouse click on the relay symbol opens the distance relay screen as shown below. Follow the steps a, b and c as shown in the Figures 10 and 11 below:

Figure 8: Insert a new relay R12

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Figure 9: Open the relay library and select the relay type

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Step 6: Edit the Relay Settings:

Figure 10: Impedance relay R12 (3P-Mho)

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Step 6: Edit the relay characteristics and settings:

Figure 11: Relay R12 Characteristics

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Note: Rated primary and secondary voltages of the voltage transformers that provide inputs to the relays are specified here (we use the default values for this example). Next, we enter the rated primary and secondary currents of the current transformers that provide inputs to the relays (again, let us use the default values). In addition to the voltage and current transformer ratios, this dialog box allows the user to ask the software to calculate the maximum power that would cause the relay to operate at a selected power factor. This option can be requested by simply clicking the check box at the bottom left-hand section of the dialog box. The power factor is entered in the edit-box located at the bottom right-hand section of the dialog box (here specified as 0.8 lagging). We have now provided the parameters of the voltage and current transformers, and the line impedances for calculating the impedance settings of the relays. Before we examine the graphical display of relay settings and text report, lets use the relay setting that can be verified under steady state (power flow) and fault conditions. Note that the transducer information will be used by program to find secondary impedances as described with the following equation: Z(secondary)= Z(primary) X (CT Ratio/VT Ratio) In industry the following settings are recommended in regards with the time delays for zone 2 and 3: Zone 1 (Z1) TD = 300 msec; Zone 2 (Z2) TD = 2500 msec.

Normally one of zones 3 or 4 is set reverse and 10% of the line, ie covering the switchgear and bus feeding the relay.

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Step 7: Edit the relay characteristics and settings:

Figure 12: Relay settings and line data

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Step 8: Check the relay operation during normal operation: During normal operation relay should not be energized. Load Flow Status: Doesnt operate.

Figure 13: Summary Report

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Step 9: Check the relay operation during faults conditions: Fault at a bus:

Figure 14: Check relay operation during faults conditions

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Step 10: Check the relay operation during faults conditions: Relay operates in Zone1 as shown in the figure below:

Figure 15: Fault at BUS2

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Step 11: Check the relay operation during faults conditions: Sliding fault on line L1: Select line L1 and then click calculate button. Check the Short Circuit Status:

Figure 16: Sliding Fault on line L1

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Step 12: Check Print Preview:

Figure 17: Print Preview Feature

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Figure 18: Print Preview Layout

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Step 13: Insert other relays as shown:

Figure 19: Impedance Relays Layout

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Step 14: Relay 23: type and settings:

Figure 20: Relay R23 type and settings

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Step 15: Relay 23: type and settings:

Figure 21: R12 and R23 operation

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Step 16: Relay 23: type and settings:

Figure 22: Network Feature

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6. Edit Library
In this release of Distance Relay Program user can add more relays to the library. User can start with a brand new relay with different type of characteristic for each zone (Custom) or can copy an existing relay and modify it, i.e. add or delete zones etc.

Note:
Before creating a new relay in the library, user needs to find out the following information about the relay: Number of protection zones this relay have. Each zone follows which distance protection method

Example:
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories relay SEL-321 has four zones in both phase and ground. However in phases uses mho characteristic and in ground uses quadrilateral characteristic. (For more information refer to http://www.selinc.com/datasheets/321ds.pdf, sheet 5). Remember to save the library and exit distance relay program before picking a new relay from modified library.

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6.1

Add a new relay to the library

Step 1: Double click on the relay symbol to edit the relay. Then click on New Relay button. Click on the relay type arrow to open the existing library as shown in the figure below:

Figure 23: Generate a New Relay Type

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Step 2: Click on Add New Relay Template button as shown in the figure below:

Figure 24: Generate a new relay type The user has two options: Select Custom and generate a new relay type; Select an existing relay type and modify it.

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Step 3: Click on Quad and call it Quad(New). Make the changes as needed:

Figure 25: New Relay: Quad(New)

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Step 4: Save the new relay:

Figure 26: Save the new relay: Quad(New)

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7. Load /Edit the New Relay From the Library

We will present the steps to Load the new relay Quad(New) from the library. Step 1: Double click on the impedance relay symbol, and then click on New Relay button.

Figure 27: Add a new relay to the library

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Step 2: Check the new relay:

Figure 28: Select the relay type from the existing relays

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Step 3: Assign a name to the new R_NEW and then select it from the library:

Figure 29: Assign the relay name and type

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Step 4: The new relay characteristics are displayed as shown in the figure below:

Figure 30: The new relay characteristics

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8. How to Assign Font and Color to Protection Zones

To change the font size and type for each protection zone, select the zone of interest (see the third zone which is highlighted in the above figure) and then press Color icon as shown above. For quadrilateral and polygon relays, showing of the coordinates of the vortexes can be turned off as shown below:

Figure 31: Assign the Zone color

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To change color click on the Color button

Change Color buttons will bring up the following dialog:

Figure 32: Change the zone color

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Change Font button brings up the following dialog:

Figure 33: Font size and appearance

For example, line thickness of three pixels, red border lines, green fill color and brown font Arial Black size ten produces the image shown below:

Figure 34: Zone line style and color

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9. Graphical Report
User can review and study few relay curves at the same time. As shown in the following SLD there are four distance relays protecting the lines. User can see the characteristic curves of specified relays together.

Figure 35: Multiple relays network layout

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The multiple curves are as shown in the following pictures simultaneously. To show all three relays curve simultaneously, user needs to press Network on the top right hand side of the screen.

Figure 36: Showing Three Distance Relay Curves Simultaneously

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10. Interpreting the Distance Relay Program Results

How to Use the Result of Power flow to Verify Operation of Impedance Relay Paladin DesignBases impedance relay program automatically communicates with the program power flow program thereby eliminating the need of manually porting steady state operating voltages and currents results by the user. This facility not only saves time and improves efficiency, but it also reduces the chance of error if manual process had to be taken if opted by the user. To instruct the program to automatically communicate with the EDSA power flow program, we should first solve the power flow. To do this, select the Advanced Power Flow icon as shown below:

Figure 37: Accessing the Toolbar of the Paladin DesignBase Advanced Power Program

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Next, select Analyze icon of the power flow program as shown on the next page:

Figure 38: Stating Advanced Power Program By selecting the Analyze icon the power flow program solves the steady state flows and voltages. The result of system voltages and currents is automatically transferred to the Impedance Relay program. From the voltages and currents solution in the network, the impedance relay computes the operating relay impedance as follows: Line to Ground Voltage at the Relay Location Operating Impedance = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Current Flowing into the Line Protected by the Impedance Relay The above computed operating impedance will be reported in the impedance relay text result and it will also be shown in the graphical format in the plot of the relay characteristics. If the relay operates under steady state (this should not normally happen!!), then, the user can immediately identify this situation by just examining the graphs. Note that every time the system conditions are changed, the user should solve the power flow again, and examine the relay operation.

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10.2 How to Use the Result of Short Circuit to Verify Operation of Impedance Relay Paladin DesignBases impedance relay program also automatically communicates with the short circuit program thereby eliminating the need for manually porting fault calculation results by the user. This not only saves time and improves efficiency, but it also reduces the chance of error in case the user had opted for a manual process. To instruct the program to automatically communicate with the result of the EDSA short circuit program, select the tab marked as Fault Location. Choose Bus Fault (fault occurring at a bus) or Sliding Fault (fault occurring a distance from the sending side of a transmission line/cable). By default, the program suggests Bus Fault at the far side bus of the protected line. For the case at hand, it can be seen from the below dialog that the program has suggested BUS 2 for the application of the three phase fault.

Figure 39: Automatic Transfer of the Short Circuit Result to the Impedance Relay If the user wishes to verify if the relay operates for faults at any other locations in the power system, simply use the drop-down as shown below to identify the desired location (bus).

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Figure 40: Bus network list

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If the sliding fault is selected, the program will prompt the user to identify a line/cable as well as distance where the fault to be simulated. For example, figure below shows that a sliding fault is to be simulated at 80% of the line length from bus BUS1 on the line L1 between BUS1 and BUS2:

Figure 41: Selection of Sliding Fault for Impedance Relay Verification

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Other fault types, in addition to three-phase (3P or LLL) faults, such as line-line (LL), and single phase to ground (LG) are also supported. The fault type that is being simulated is associated with the relay type. For example, when verifying phase impedance relay, then, three phase fault results are used and when ground fault relay is being examined, then, the result of the lineground fault are used. Press the button marked as Calculate. The impedance relay then computes the operating impedance for the specified location as follows (here shown for three phase fault type):

Figure 42: Fault types Line to Ground Faulted Voltage at the Relay Location Faulted Operating Impedance =-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fault Current Flowing into the Line Protected by the Impedance Relay

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Appendix 1 Distance Protection Methods

The following Distance Protection Methods and relays have been added to this release.

GCX: This method simulates the GCX relay, which has a mho characteristic with 2 reactance lines. HZ: This method simulates the HZ balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics. HZM: This method simulates the HZM balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics. Offsets are possible. HCZ: This method simulates the 2-zone balanced-beam relay with variable time delay in zone 2. KD: This method simulates the well-known 3-phase KD phase relay. Mho: This method simulates the mho characteristics created by the classic phase-comparator method. Mho4: This is identical to the "Mho" method, except "Mho4" can have up to four zones (instead of 3). Quad: This method simulates the quadrilateral relay. Phase comparators are used to model the straight-line characteristics. Quad4: This is identical to the "Quad" method; except "Quad4" has 4 zones (instead of 3) and the resistive blinders for each zone can be specified independently. RAZOA: This method simulates the ABB RAZOA relay. REL316 and REL316_4: This method simulates the ABB REL316 relay. REL521: This method simulates the ABB REL521 relay. 7SA513: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA513 relay. 7SA511: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA511 relay.

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Appendix 2 Impedance Protection methods and Relay Types

The following methods and relays are already available in this release of Paladin DesignBase. Also user has the ability to add more new relays to the library. The Edit Library option is shown in the following dialogue box. Editing library is extensively discussed in subsequent sections.

Figure 43: Impedance relay library

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GCX: This method simulates the GCX relay, which has a mho characteristic with 2 reactance lines. The GCX method is for relay types that have a mho element for zone 3 and reactance lines for zone 1 and 2. The GCX method can be used for both phase and ground relays. There are three units in each zone. The voltage V and current I processed by the three units are listed in the tables below.

Figure 44: GCX Distance Relay

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Phase Relay V I Vb-Vc Ib-Ic Vc-Va Ic-Ia Va-Vb Ia-Ib

BC Unit CA Unit AB Unit Ground Relay V I

A Unit Va B Unit Vb C Unit Vc

Ia + 3 K Io Ib + 3 K Io Ic + 3 K Io

The logic for zone 3 is identical to that for the Mho method. The reactance-line characteristics are simulated by comparing the phase between (V-XI) and XI. The quantities V and I are identical to those used by the Mho method, and X is the zone reactance. This checking is done separately for the three units in each zone. The GCX characteristics are shown below. The parameters for the GCX method are as follows: Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 delay in milliseconds. Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 delay in seconds. Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms. Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees.

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HZ: This method simulates the HZ balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics. The HZ Method is for relay types of the balanced-beam design. This method can be used for phase relays only. The relay type modeled with the HZ method is assumed to have a built-in directional unit that is identical in design as those in directional overcurrent phase relays. Specifically, the inputs to the three directional units are:

Figure 45: HZ Distance Relay

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Directional Unit Vp Current Vb-Vc Ia Vc-Va Ib Va-Vb Ic

Phase A Phase B Phase C

The characteristic angle of the phase comparator is such that the maximum torque occurs when the current is 30 degrees ahead of the polarizing voltage. The memory voltage and duration specify for the relay type determines which voltages used to compute the quantity Vp for the directional unit. The memory voltage is not used for other purposes. The balanced beam relay is modeled as a magnitude comparator. The voltage and current inputs are these: Zone 1 and Zone 2 V I Vb - Vc Vc - Va Va - Vb Ib - Ic Ic - Ia Ia - Ib

BC Unit CA Unit AB Unit Zone 3 V I

BC Unit AB Unit CA Unit

Vb - Vc Va - Vb Vc - Va

Ib Ia Ic

Each zone has three units. Each unit is considered tripped if the magnitude of V is at least 5 volts and the magnitude of (Z I) is greater than the magnitude of V. A zone is considered tripped if the directional unit indicates that the fault is in the tripping direction and one or more units of that zone are tripped. The characteristics of the HZ method are circles centered at the origin. The parameters of the HZ method are listed below: Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 impedance in secondary ohms.

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HZM: This method simulates the HZM balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics. Offsets are possible. The HZM Method is for relay types of the balanced-beam design. This method can be used for phase relays only. The relay type modeled with the HZM method is assumed to have a built-in directional unit that is identical in design as those in directional overcurrent phase relays. Specifically, the inputs to the three directional units are: Directional Unit Vp Current Vb-Vc Ia Vc-Va Ib Va-Vb Ic

Phase A Phase B Phase C

The characteristic angle of the phase comparator is such that the maximum torque occurs when the current is 30 degrees ahead of the polarizing voltage. The memory voltage and duration specify for the relay type determines which voltages used to compute the quantity Vp for the directional unit. The memory voltage is not used for other purposes. The balanced beam relay is modeled as a magnitude comparator. The voltage and current inputs are these: V I Vb - Vc Vc - Va Va - Vb Ib - Ic Ic - Ia Ia - Ib

BC Unit CA Unit AB Unit

Each zone has three units. Each unit is considered tripped if the magnitude of V is at least 10 volts and the magnitude of (ZI) is greater than the magnitude of V. Offset is achieved by substituting V+Z'I for V, where Z' is the offset impedance. A zone is considered tripped if the directional unit indicates that the fault is in the tripping direction and one or more units of that zone are tripped. The characteristics of the HZM method are circles centered at the origin, unless the zones are offset.

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The parameters of the HZM method are listed below: Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 1 offset impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 1 offset angle in degrees Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 offset impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 offset angle in degrees Zone 3 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 offset impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 offset angle in degrees

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HCZ: This method simulates the 2-zone balanced-beam relay with variable time delay in zone 2. The HCZ Method is also for relay types with the balanced beam design. This method can be used for phase relays only. The HCZ Method has a directional unit that is exactly the same as HZM method. In fact, it is identical to the HZM method with only these exceptions: 1. 2. 3. The zones cannot be offset. There are only two zones. The delay of zone 2 is a linear function of the fault's apparent impedance.

The parameters of the HCZ method are listed here: Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 delay in milliseconds per secondary ohm.

The program considers zone 2 to be restrained if the time delay is 60 seconds or longer.

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KD: This method simulates the well-known 3-phase KD phase relay. The KD Method models the original KD relay as well as a number of electromechanical and microprocessor relay types that utilize the same basic technology. The KD Method can be applied to phase relays only. Each zone has two units: the 3-phase unit and the phase-to-phase unit. The zone reach and the characteristic angle for the two units are specified separately by the user, and they do not have to be the same. For each unit, three voltages, x, y and z are computed based on the voltages, currents and zone reach. The unit is considered tripped if the voltage phasor x-y leads the phasor z-y. The program logic employs a very short-term self-polarized voltage memory when a phase voltage is below 0.01 secondary volts. The memory-voltage option and duration you selected for the relay type have no effect on this logic.

Figure 46: KD Distance Relay

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3-Phase Unit Variable x y z Definition Va + 1.5 (Ib+Ic) Z Vb Vc

Phase-To-Phase Unit Variable x y z Definition Va - (Ia-Ib) Z Vb Vc - (Ic-Ib) Z

(Note: The variable Z in the first table is the reach of the 3-phase unit. The variable Z in the second table is the reach of the phase-to-phase unit. The reach of the 3-phase unit and the reach of the phase-to-phase unit need not be identical.) The KD Method does not allow offsets, but you can have the relay characteristics shifted slightly to include the origin. The graphical characteristics of the KD Method are the same as those of the Mho Method. The parameters for the KD method are as follows: Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees. Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 reach in secondary ohms Zone 2 characteristic angle in degrees. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees.

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Mho: This method simulates the mho characteristics created by the classic phase-comparator method.

Figure 47: MHO Distance Relay The Mho method models electromechanical and microprocessor relays with the well-known mho element. This method has provisions for reversed zones and offsets. These features, in addition to the choice for voltage polarization and memory duration, should make this method suitable for a large number of commercial relay types. The Mho4 method is identical to the Mho method, except Mho4 has 4 zones, instead of 3.

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There are three units in each zone. The Mho method determines whether a unit trips by comparing the phase angle between (V-ZI) and Vp, where Z is the zone reach (sometimes called the replica line impedance), I is the current, V is the voltage, and Vp is the polarizing voltage. The polarizing voltage must lead the quantity (V-ZI) by 90 degrees or more in order for the unit to trip. A zone is considered tripped if any one or more of the three units trip. The voltage V and current I of the three units are listed in the tables below. Phase Relay V I Vb-Vc Ib-Ic Vc-Va Ic-Ia Va-Vb Ia-Ib

BC Unit CA Unit AB Unit Ground Relay V I

A Unit Va B Unit Vb C Unit Vc

Ia + 3 K Io Ib + 3 K Io Ic + 3 K Io

The polarizing voltage Vp for each unit depends on the option chosen for the relay type. (See section 2.4 for details.) The program logic computes the polarizing voltages separately for each zone. If the time delay of that zone is shorter than the voltage memory, then Vp is computed from the prefault voltages. Otherwise, it is computed from post-fault voltages. If a zone has an offset, Vp is replaced by Vp+Z'I, where Z' is the offset impedance. The Mho method gives rise to static relay characteristics that are circular. See relay characteristics below. The parameters for the Mho method are as follows: Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms. Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 reach in secondary ohms. Zone 2 characteristic angle in degrees Zone 2 offset impedance in secondary ohms Zone 2 offset angle in degrees Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 Forward / Reverse Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms. Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees Zone 3 offset impedance in secondary ohms Zone 3 offset angle in degrees

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Mho4: This is identical to the "Mho" method, except "Mho4" can have up to four zones (instead of 3). The MHO4 method has four zones. additional parameters are: The first three zones are the same as Mho and the

Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms. Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 reach in secondary ohms. Zone 2 characteristic angle in degrees Zone 2 offset impedance in secondary ohms Zone 2 offset angle in degrees Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 Forward / Reverse Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms. Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees Zone 3 offset impedance in secondary ohms Zone 3 offset angle in degrees Zone 4 time delay in milliseconds Zone 4 Forward / Reverse Zone 4 reach in secondary ohms. Zone 4 characteristic angle in degrees Zone 4 offset impedance in secondary ohms Zone 4 offset angle in degrees

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Distance Relays

Quad: This method simulates the quadrilateral relay. straight-line characteristics. Phase comparators are used to model the

The Quad method is for relay types with quadrilateral characteristics. The Quad method can have up to three zones. All but the first zone can be reversed. This method can be used for both phase and ground relays. The Quad4 method is identical to the Quad method; except Quad4 can have up to 4 zones and the resistive blinders for each zone can be specified independently. There are three units in each zone. The voltage V and current I processed by the three units are these.

Figure 48: QUAD Distance Relay

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Distance Relays

Phase Relay V BC Unit CA Unit AB Unit Ground Relay V A Unit Va B Unit Vb C Unit Vc I Ia + 3 K Io Ib + 3 K Io Ic + 3 K Io I Vb-Vc Ib-Ic Vc-Va Ic-Ia Va-Vb Ia-Ib

The quadrilateral characteristics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, each of which is simulated as a phase comparator. To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of several phase comparators. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip, all of the following must be true: 1. 2. 3. 4. The directional phase comparator indicates that the fault is in the tripping direction. The right resistive blinder indicates that the fault is to the left of the blinder. The left resistive blinder indicates that the fault is to the right of the blinder. The reactance phase comparator indicates that the fault is below the zone-1 line.

The input quantities A and B for each of these comparators are listed below: A Reactance Line Right "Resistive" Blinder Left "Resistive" Blinder Directional Line V-XI V - R1 I -Z I -Z I B XI -ZI V - R2 I Vp

In this table, R1 and R2 are the x-axis intercept of the right and left resistive blinders, X is the zone reactance, Z is a unity vector at the characteristic angle, and Vp is the polarizing quantity. This implementation gives rise to a quadrilateral characteristic shown below. Note the characteristic angle determines the angle of the resistive blinders. The angle of the directional line can be controlled independently.

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The parameters of the Quad method are as follows: Characteristic angle in degrees Directional blinder angle in degrees Zone 1 X-intercept of R+ in secondary ohms. Zone 1 X-intercept of R- in secondary ohms. Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 Forward / Reverse Zone 2 X-intercept of R+ in secondary ohms. Zone 2 X-intercept of R- in secondary ohms. Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 Forward / Reverse Zone 3 X-intercept of R+ in secondary ohms. Zone 3 X-intercept of R- in secondary ohms. Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms.

(Right Blinder) (Left Blinder)

(Right Blinder) (Left Blinder)

(Right Blinder) (Left Blinder)

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Distance Relays

Quad4: This is identical to the "Quad" method; except "Quad4" has 4 zones (instead of 3) and the resistive blinders for each zone can be specified independently. The parameters of the Quad method are as follows: Characteristic angle in degrees Directional blinder angle in degrees Zone 1 X-intercept of R+ in secondary ohms. Zone 1 X-intercept of R- in secondary ohms. Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 Forward / Reverse Zone 2 X-intercept of R+ in secondary ohms. Zone 2 X-intercept of R- in secondary ohms. Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 Forward / Reverse Zone 3 X-intercept of R+ in secondary ohms. Zone 3 X-intercept of R- in secondary ohms. Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 4 time delay in milliseconds Zone 4 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 4 Forward / Reverse Zone 4 X-intercept of R+ in secondary ohms. Zone 4 X-intercept of R- in secondary ohms. Zone 4 reactance in secondary ohms.

(Right Blinder) (Left Blinder)

(Right Blinder) (Left Blinder)

(Right Blinder) (Left Blinder)

(Right Blinder) (Left Blinder)

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Distance Relays

RAZOA: This method simulates the ABB RAZOA relay. The RAZOA Method simulates the ABB RAZOA relay. The RAZOA relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and ground faults. Within Paladin new Distance Protection Program, however, a RAZOA relay must be modeled as a "ground" distance relay. The RAZOA method uses an overcurrent starting logic when the current threshold is set to 0.01A or higher. An under-impedance starting method is used otherwise.

Figure 49: RAZOA Distance Relay

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When using the overcurrent starter logic, EDSA/DR Program uses the following table to determine which of the units are used for a given fault: Starting Element R S R&S T T&R S&T R&S&T R&N S&N R&S&N T&N T&R&N S&T&N R&S&T&N PS Switch Position 0 A B AB C CA BC AB A B B C A C AB 1 CA AB AB BC CA BC AB A B B C A C AB 2 A B AB C CA BC AB A B A C A C AB 3 CA AB AB BC CA BC AB A B A C A C AB 4 A B AB C CA BC AB A B AB C CA BC AB 5 CA AB AB BC CA BC AB A B AB C CA BC AB

In this table, R, S, T and N are overcurrent starting units: R is TRUE if the phase 'a' current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. S is TRUE if the phase 'b' current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. T is TRUE if the phase 'c' current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. N is TRUE if the residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold. PS position is an option that can be selected by the user (through a knob on the panel). Depending on the PS position and which of the starting units are enabled, the relay checks one or more of the following units: Ground units A, B and C. Phase unit AB, BC and CA As an example, for a phase-to-phase fault in front of the relay (between phase 'b' and phase 'c'), the fault currents on phases 'b' and 'c' enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase 'a' current. Unit N is not enabled because there is no ground current. If the PS position is set at 1, the above table tells us that this fault will be checked by the phase units AB and BC. If the PS position is set at 2, the table tells us that the fault will be check by phase unit BC and ground units B and C. In both cases, the relay will be tripped by the phase unit BC.

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Paladin DesignBase /DR Program will display on the distance relay window all the units that are used and the corresponding apparent impedances. The parameters of the RAZOA method are as follows: Zone 1 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 1 Angle in degrees Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 Forward / Reverse Zone 2 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 Forward / Reverse Zone 3 Impedance in secondary ohms.

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REL316 and REL316_4: This method simulates the ABB REL316 relay. The REL316 Method simulates the ABB REL316 relay. (Please also see the documentation in section 2.14 for revision 4 of the REL316 relay.) The REL316 relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and ground faults. Within Paladin new Distance Protection Program, a REL316 relay must be modeled as a "ground" distance relay. The REL316 logic simulates both overcurrent and under impedance starter logic. Set parameter I_start to zero to invoke impedance start. The following table is used to determine which of the measuring loop are used for a given fault during the processing period I:

Figure 50: REL316 Distance Relay

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Distance Relays

Starting Element R,E S,E T,E R,S S,T T,R R,S,E S,T,E T,R,E R,S,T

Loop measured RE SE TE RS ST TR RS ST TR TR(RS)(ST)

In this table, R, S, T and E are overcurrent starting units: R is TRUE if phase 'a' current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. S is TRUE if phase 'b' current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. T is TRUE if phase 'c' current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. E is TRUE if residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold. As an example, for a phase-to-phase fault in front of the relay between phase 'b' and phase 'c', the fault currents on phases 'b' and 'c' enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase 'a' current. Unit E is not enabled because there is no ground current. Processing period I lasts until a trip signal is generated but not longer than 1 cycle. In the processing period II that follows, REL316 relay measures all the loops sequentially. If the measured impedance falls within the under-impedance region the relay generates trip or other signal accordingly. Present version of Paladin new Distance Protection Program simulates the relay trip signal only. It will display on the distance relay window the trip/restrain state of all the phase and ground units that are used and the corresponding apparent impedances. The parameters of the REL316 method are listed below: Zone 1 Forward / Reverse Zone 1 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 1 Reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 Forward / Reverse Zone 2 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 Reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 Forward / Reverse Zone 3 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 Reactance in secondary ohms.

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The REL316_4 Method simulates the ABB REL316 relay revision 4. The REL316 method models earlier versions of the relay. The revision modeled by this method can have different settings for the phase and ground units. It also has many user-enterable parameters that were fixed in earlier versions. The REL316 characteristics are shown below. The REL316_4 relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and ground faults. Within Paladin new Distance Protection Program, a REL316_4 relay must be modeled as a "ground" distance relay. The REL316_4 logic simulates both overcurrent and under-impedance starter logic. Set parameter "StartMode" to 1 for under-impedance start or to 0 for overcurrent start. The following table is used to determine which of the measuring loop are used for a given fault during the processing period I: Starting Element R,E S,E T,E R,S S,T T,R R,S,E S,T,E T,R,E R,S,T Loop measured RE SE TE RS ST TR RS ST TR TR(RS)(ST)

In this table, R, S, T and E are overcurrent starting units: R is TRUE if phase 'a' current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. S is TRUE if phase 'b' current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. T is TRUE if phase 'c' current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. E is TRUE if residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold. As an example, for a phase 'b'-to-phase 'c' fault in front of the relay, the fault currents on phases 'b' and 'c' enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase 'a' current. Unit E is not enabled because there is no ground current. Processing period I lasts until a trip signal is generated but not longer than one cycle. In the processing period II that follows, the REL316_4 relay measures all the loops sequentially. If the measured impedance falls within the under-impedance region, the relay will generate a trip (or other) signal. Present version of Paladin new Distance Protection Program simulate the relay trip signal only. It will display on the distance relay window the trip/restrain state of all the phase and ground units and the corresponding apparent impedances.

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The characteristics of a REL316_4 relay are shown below. The ground-unit characteristics are shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red. The parameters of the REL316_4 method are listed below (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, all zone delays are in seconds, all currents are in secondary amps, and all voltages are in secondary volts): Parameter Meaning

I_start Overcurrent start trigger in amperes. Set to 0 for under-impedance start. GFMode Method for detecting ground faults: = 0: use 3Io only (The 3Io threshold is entered as MinI in the dialog box) = 1: use 3Io AND 3Vo thresholds = 2: use 3Io OR 3Vo threshold. 3U0min Neutral voltage (3Vo) threshold for the ground fault detector. UminFault Minimum voltage at which the fault voltage is used for determining fault direction. R_load Resistive blinder for avoiding load encroachment. R_load must be greater than 0 and less than 999 ohms. Angle_load Limit phase-angle for avoiding load encroachment. Angle_load must be between 15 and 65 degree. X_1 Pickup line reactance for zone 1. X=0 disable zone. (Zone 1 cannot be disabled) X< 0 for restraint direction. R_1 Pickup line resistance for zone 1. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300. RR_1 Resistive reach of zone 1 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RR_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 RRE_1 Resistive reach of zone 1 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RRE_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 X_2 R_2 R_2 RR_2 RR_2 RRE_2 RRE_2 Delay_2 X_3 R_3 R_3 RR_3 RR_3 RRE_3 RRE_3 Delay_3 Pickup line reactance for zone 2. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction. Pickup line resistance for zone 2. (The sign must be the same as for X). is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300. Resistive reach of zone 2 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X. is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Resistive reach of zone 2 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X. is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Zone 2 time delay. Delay_2 must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10. Pickup line reactance for zone 3. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction. Pickup line resistance for zone 3. (The sign must be the same as for X). is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300. Resistive reach of zone 3 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X. is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Resistive reach of zone 3 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X. is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Zone 3 time delay. Delay_3 must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10.

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X_4 R_4 R_4 RR_4 RR_4 RRE_4 RRE_4 Delay_4 less than 10. zone 4.

Pickup line reactance for zone 4. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction. Pickup line resistance for zone 4. (The sign must be the same as for X). is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300. Resistive reach of zone 4 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X. is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Resistive reach of zone 4 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X. is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Zone 4 or overreach time delay. Delay_4 must be greater than or equal to 0 and If Delay_4 < Delay_2, Delay_4 is for the overeaching zone, otherwise it is for

X_Rev Pickup line reactance for the reverse zone. X=0 disable zone. X_Rev must be greater than -300 and less than or equal to 0. R_Rev Pickup line resistance for the reverse zone. R_Rev must be greater than -300 and less than 0. RR_Rev Resistive reach for reverse zone for phase faults. R_Rev must be greater than 300 and less than 0 RRE_Rev Resistive reach for reverse zone for ground faults. R_Rev must be greater than 300 and less than 0 Delay_Def Time delay for the reverse zone. Delay_Def must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10. The operating time of every active distance zone (when the parameter X is not zero) is determined by parameter 'Delay', which has a setting range from 0 to 10s in step of 0.01. The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box. The set time must satisfy the following relationship: If Delay_4 is zone 4 delay: Delay_1 < Delay_2 < Delay_3 < Delay_4 < Delay_Def If Delay_4 is overreach zone delay: Delay_1 < Delay_4 < Delay_2 < Delay_3 < Delay_Def

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REL521: This method simulates the ABB REL521 relay. The REL 521 method models the ABB REL-521 relay. This method models the phase or the ground function within the REL-521 relay. Within Paladin new Distance Protection Program, REL 521 relay can be added as either a phase or a ground distance relay. The user can set each zone as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. The polygon tripping characteristics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, which are commonly referred to as the reactance-reach lines, the resistance-reach lines, and the directional lines. The relay model permits separate setting of the reactance X and the resistance R for each zone. The REL-521 method has five zones. If the relay is modeled as a phase relay, each zone is made up of three units: L1-L2, L2-L3 and L3-L1. If the relay is modeled a ground relay, each zone is made up of three units : L1-G, L2-G and L3-G. For the distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used. For the directional determination, the sound phase and stored reference voltages are used. The table below summaries these quantities for the phase and ground units. REL-521 Phase Distance Relay Measured Loop Measured current(distance) Measured voltage(distance) Measured current(direction) Measured voltage(direction) L1-L2 Ia - Ib Vab Ia - Ib Vbc - Vca L2-L3 Ib - Ic Vbc Ib - Ic Vca - Vab L3-L1 Ic - Ia Vca Ic - Ia Vab - Vbc Note: Vbc is shorthand for Vb-Vc, Vca is Vc-Va, and Vab is Va-Vb. REL-521 Ground Distance Relay Measured Loop Measured current(distance) current(direction) Measured voltage(direction) L1-G Ia + 3 K Io Va L2-G Ib + 3 K Io Vb L3-G Ic + 3 K Io Vc Measured voltage(distance) Measured Ia Ib Ic Vbc Vca Vab

For directional determination, the relay uses prefault voltages when (1) the zone delay is below the memory time or (2) when the directional quadrature voltages are too low in magnitude. The memory time of a REL-521 relay starts at two cycles, and can automatically extend until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated value.

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To see whether the relay trips requires the computation and testing of various distance and directional quantities. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 of a ground relay to trip, all of the following must be true for one of the three units of zone 1: 1. The resistance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone-1 reach. 2. The reactance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach. 3. The relay's directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1. The polygonal characteristic of a REL-521 relay is shown below. The ground-unit characteristics are shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red The parameters of the REL 521 method are these (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, all delays are in seconds, and all angles are in degrees): Parameter Meaning

ArgDir Lower angle of forward direction characteristics (5 ArgDir 45). Angle is defined with reference to R-axis in clockwise direction. ArgNegRes Upper angle of forward direction characteristics (90 ArgNegRes 175). Angle is defined with reference to R-axis in counter clockwise direction. ZM1 Operation mode and directionality of zone 1. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM1 to 0 to disable zone 1. ZM1_Xline Zone 1 reactance. Set ZM1_Xline to X1PP for a phase relay, or ZM1_Xline = X1PE + X0PE for a ground relay. (X1PP, X1PE and X0PE are setting parameters of the relay). ZM1_Rline Zone 1 resistance. Set ZM1_Rline to R1PP for a phase relay, or ZM1_Rline=R1PE + R0PE for a ground relay. (R1PP, R1PE and R0PE are setting parameters of the relay). ZM1-RF Resistive reach of zone 1. Set ZM1-RF to ZM1_RFPP for a phase relay, or set ZM1-RF to ZM1_RFPE for a ground relay. (ZM1_RFPP and ZM1_RFPE are setting parameters of the relay). ZM2 Operation mode and directionality of zone 2. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM2 to 0 to disable zone 2. ZM2_Xline Zone 2 reactance. Set ZM2_Xline to ZM2_X2PP for a phase relay or ZM2_Xline = ZM2_X2PE + ZM2_X0PE for a ground relay. ZM2_Rline Zone 2 resistance. Set ZM2_Rline to ZM2_R2PP for a phase relay or ZM2_Rline=ZM2_R2PE + ZM2_R0PE for a ground relay. ZM2-RF Resistive reach of zone 2. ZM2-RF = ZM2_RFPP for Ph-Ph faults or set ZM2-RF to ZM2_RFPE for a ground relay. ZM2-T2 Time delay of zone 2. ZM3 Operation mode and directionality of zone 3. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM3 to 0 to disable zone 3.

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ZM3_Xline Zone 3 reactance. Set ZM3_Xline to ZM3_X3PP for a phase relay, or ZM3_Xline = ZM3_X3PE + ZM3_X0PE for a ground relay. ZM3_Rline Zone 3 resistance. Set ZM3_Rline to ZM3_R3PP for a phase relay or ZM3_Rline=ZM3_R3PE + ZM3_R0PE for a ground relay. ZM3-RF Resistive reach of zone 3. Set ZM3-RF to ZM3_RFPP for a phase relay or set ZM3-RF to ZM3_RFPE for a ground relay. ZM3-T3 Time delay of zone 3. ZM4 Operation mode and directionality of zone 4. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM4 to 0 to disable zone 4. ZM4_Xline Zone 4 reactance. Set ZM4_Xline to ZM4_X4PP for a phase relay or ZM4_Xline = ZM4_X4PE + ZM4_X0PE for a ground relay. ZM4_Rline Zone 4 resistance. Set ZM4_Rline to ZM4_R4PP for a phase relay or ZM4_Rline=ZM4_R4PE + ZM4_R0PE for a ground relay. ZM4-RF Resistive reach of zone 4. Set ZM4-RF to ZM4_RFPP for a phase relay or set ZM4-RF to ZM4_RFPE for a ground relay. ZM4-T4 Time delay of zone 4. ZM5 Operation mode and directionality of zone 5. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM5 to 0 to disable zone 5. ZM5_Xline Zone 5 reactance. Set ZM5_Xline to ZM5_X5PP for a phase relay, or ZM5_Xline = ZM5_X5PE + ZM5_X0PE for a ground relay. ZM5_Rline Zone 5 resistance. Set ZM5_Rline to ZM5_R5PP for a phase relay, or ZM5_Rline=ZM5_R5PE + ZM5_R0PE for a ground relay. ZM5-RF Resistive reach of zone 5. Set ZM5-RF to ZM5_RFPP for a phase relay, or set ZM5-RF to ZM5_RFPE for a ground relay. ZM5-T5 Time delay of zone 5.

The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box. The parameters of the REL521 method are listed below: Zone 1 Forward / Reverse Zone 1 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 1 Reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 Forward / Reverse Zone 2 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 Reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 Forward / Reverse Zone 3 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 Reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 4 time delay in milliseconds Zone 4 Forward / Reverse Zone 4 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 4 Reactance in secondary ohms.

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7SA513: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA513 relay

Figure 51: 7SA513 Distance Relay The 7SA513 method simulates SIEMENS relay 7SA513. The REL316 characteristics are shown below. This relay can have up to three zones. All zones can be set as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. This relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase to phase and phase to ground fault. Within Paladin new Distance Protection Program, a 7SA513 relay must be added as "ground" distance relay. The polygon tripping characteristics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, which are reactance reach lines, resistance reach lines, and directional lines. Separate setting of the reactance X and the resistance R is permitted for each zone. Resistance R can be set separately for faults with and without ground involvement. Each zone can be set forward, reverse or non-directionally. To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of apparent impedance and relay directional determination. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip a single-line-to-ground fault, all of the following must be true:

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1. The resistance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone1 reach. 2. The reactance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach. 3. The relay's directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1. For the distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used; for the directional determination, sound phase and stored reference voltages are used: Measured Loop Measured current(distance) current(direction) Measured voltage(direction) L1-G Ia + 3 K Io Va L2-G Ib + 3 K Io Vb L3-G Ic + 3 K Io Vc L1-L2 Ia - Ib Vab L2-L3 Ib - Ic Vbc L3-L1 Ic - Ia Vca Measured voltage(distance) Measured Ia Ib Ic Ia - Ib Ib - Ic Ic - Ia Vbc Vca Vab Vbc - Vca Vca - Vab Vab Vbc

For directional determination, when the directional quadrature voltages are not sufficient because of multiple faults, especially three-phase faults, prefault stored voltages are used when the trip time is below memory time. The memory time starts with two cycles, and can automatically extend up to 20 cycles. If the relay does not trip within 20 cycles, the directional voltages will take current quadrature voltages afterwards. This implementation gives rise to a 7SA513 polygonal characteristic shown below. Note that the angles of the two directional lines can be controlled independently. The polygonal characteristic of 7SA513 relay is shown below. The ground-unit characteristics are shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red The parameters of the 7SA513 method are these: Parameter Meaning

Alpha 1 Directional angle 1 (must be between -90 and 90 degrees) Alpha 2 Directional angle 2 (must be between 0 and 180 degrees) X1 Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms. Z1_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2) Zone 1 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for nondirectional. R1E Zone 1 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault. R1 Zone 1 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault. X2 Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. T2P Zone 2 delay for single-phase faults. T2PP Zone 2 delay for multi-phase faults. Z2_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2) Zone 2 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for nondirectional. R2E Zone 2 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault

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R2 Zone 2 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault. X3 Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms. T3 Zone 3 delay for all faults. Z3_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2) Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for nondirectional. R3E Zone 3 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault. R3 Zone 3 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault. The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box. The parameters of the 7SA513 method are listed below: Zone 1 Forward / Reverse Zone 1 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 1 Reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 Forward / Reverse Zone 2 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 Reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 Forward / Reverse Zone 3 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 Reactance in secondary ohms.

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Distance Relays

7SA511: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA511 relay

Figure 52: 7SA511 Distance Relay The 7SA511 method simulates the Siemens 7SA511 relay. This relay can have up to five zones: Zone 1 Z1, zone 2 Z2, zone 3 Z3, overreach zone 1B and overreach zone 1L Z1L. All zones can be set as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. The tripping zones of the 7SA511 relay have a polygonal characteristic. They consist of the directional line, a reactance and resistance limit. Reactance intersection X and resistance intersection R can be set separately and independently from each other. In addition, the Rintersections can be set separately for phase-phase faults and phase-earth faults (RE) so that a higher resistance margin can be obtained for earth faults, if required. This implementation gives rise to a 7SA511 polygonal characteristic shown below. The ground-unit characteristics are shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red

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Distance Relays

To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of apparent impedance and relay directional determination. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip a 1LG fault, all of the following must be true: 1. The resistance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone1 reach. 2. The reactance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach. 3. The relay's directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1. For distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used; for the directional determination, sound phase and stored reference voltages are used: Measured Loop Measured current(distance) current(direction) Measured voltage(direction) L1-G Ia + 3 K Io Va L2-G Ib + 3 K Io Vb L3-G Ic + 3 K Io Vc L1-L2 Ia Ib Vab L2-L3 Ib - Ic Vbc L3-L1 Ic - Ia Vca Measured voltage(distance) Measured Ia Ib Ic Ia - Ib Ib - Ic Ic - Ia Vbc Vca Vab Vbc - Vca Vca - Vab Vab Vbc

When the relay detects a fault, the delay timer are started. The impedance of the selected fault loop is compared with the threshold of the set zones. Tripping occurs when the impedance is within a zone whose corresponding time stage has expired and the fault direction agrees with the direction set for that zone. For zone Z1 (and Z1B overreach) the delay time can equal zero, meaning that tripping occurs as soon as it has been confirmed that the fault lies within the zone. For directional determination, when the directional quadrature voltages are not sufficient, prefault stored voltages are used when the trip time is below the memory time. The memory time starts with two cycles, and can automatically extend up to cycles. If the relay does not trip within 20 cycles, the directional voltages will take current quadrature voltages afterwards. The parameters of the 7SA511 method are these (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, and all delays are in seconds): Parameter Z1 Z1-X Z1-R Z1-RE Z2 Z2-X Z2-R Z2-RE Z2-T Meaning

Zone 1 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse. Zone 1 reactance reach. Z1-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Zone 1 resistance phase-phase. Z1-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 1 resistance phase-earth. Z1-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65 Zone 2 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse. Zone 2 reactance reach. Z2-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Zone 2 resistance phase-phase. Z2-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 2 resistance phase-earth. Z2-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 2 delay. Z2-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32.

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Distance Relays

Z3 Z3-X Z3-R Z3-RE Z3-T

Zone 3 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse. Zone 3 reactance reach. Z3-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Zone 3 resistance phase-phase. Z3-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 3 resistance phase-earth. Z3-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 3 delay. Z3-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32.

Z1B Overreach zone 1B enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse. Z1B-X Overreach zone 1B reactance = reach. Z1B-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Z1B-R Overreach zone 1B resistance phase-phase. Z1B-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Z1B-RE Overreach zone 1B resistance phase-earth phase. Z1B-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Z1B-T Overreach zone 1B delay. Z1B-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32. Z1L Overreach zone 1L enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse. Z1L-X Overreach zone 1L reactance = reach. Z1L-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Z1L-R Overreach zone 1L resistance phase-phase Z1L-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Z1L-RE Overreach zone 1L resistance phase-earth. Z1L-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Z1L-T Overreach zone 1L delay. Z1L-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32. The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box. The parameters of the 7SA511 method are listed below: Zone 1 Forward / Reverse Zone 1 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 1 Reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in milliseconds Zone 2 Forward / Reverse Zone 2 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 Reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in milliseconds Zone 3 Forward / Reverse Zone 3 Impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 Reactance in secondary ohms.

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