PRACTICE ON SUBSTITUTION I. The verb do is used to avoid repeating an earlier phrase or clause.

This is one of various ways you can avoid repetition in English. Read the sentences below and highlight the words which substitute for: a noun a verb a clause

1. (In jokes,) the most obvious interpretation of the situation is replaced by a less obvious one. 2. Theyve received a pay rise and so have I. 3. A: Do you like the red sweater? B: I prefer the blue one.

4. Amanda was very surprised, but so were all the couples friends. 5. My wife thinks its important that I spend time with the children, and I feel the same. 6. I went to lock the gate. When I got there, I found somebody had already done so. 7. A: Has he seen the film? B: He may have done. If not, Ill tell him not to miss it.

8. If I have to put my family before my work, Ill do so. 9. A: It was a horse Id never seen before. B: I remember when you said that! He attacked you! (laugh) A: He did! He just came running up out of (laughing) nowhere.

10. I live in London. So does Peter. 11. He promised to come, and he did. 12. A: Theres a scratch on the car! B: So there is!

13. Do you want to come? If so, let me know as soon as possible. If not, it doesnt matter. 14. I thought the play was excellent and my friend thought the same. 15. David Aaronovitch claims: 'George W Bush and his voters are not dumb. Those who think so are the really dumb ones.' 16. David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. This highly autobiographical novel is the one its author liked best. 17. Mrs. Thatcher used to invite the political hacks in for drinks once a year, so did John Major. 18. Q. Do you feel that the Guardian's news coverage has become more populist in the last couple of years? R: More populist? Don't think so.

19. Lord Janner regrets that there were not more prosecutions under the 1991 War Crimes Act. So do I. 1

20. There seemed to be fewer problems after 9/11. Could this be because of the higher profile and wealth of New Yorkers compared with people in poorer, less influential Phuket and New Orleans? I hope not. 21. The best movies are the ones you probably won't see. 22. Mary loves red wine, and Susan does too. 23. The teacher talked about the problem with the parents after she did with the kid. 24. They travel to Europe often, and Peter does too. 25. John read everything which Bill did. II. Find four cases of substitution in the following extracts of an interview: G: So lets begin. Mount Rushmore honors four U.S. presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt. If you could add any person to Mount Rushmore, who would it be and why? P: This is an amazing question. Gosh . . . I have to think about that one. [laughs] Let me stew on it for a little while . . . Im trying to think of someone who has amazing enough features, but it also needs to be the face of a person who is a meaningful human being. Obviously, when you think of Mount Rushmore, you think of Lincoln. G: Lincolns face was just extraordinary. I think that part of the reason we make that association is because he was one of first presidents to be photographed. His face was just so impressive. As he went through the Civil War, it just got more and more wornhe wore his stress and his obligations on his face. But to think of someone whose face can be shown next to Lincoln, Washington, Roosevelt, and Jefferson . . . Thats hard. I dont know why I started off with that question. P: Do you have an answer to that one? G: No, I dont. I was just thinking that because you do so much wonderful work in the world, you must have met so many amazing people . . . There are more questions to come. This is just the Icebreaker sectionalthough we might have just broken the ice. Okay, let me ask you this: If you could get into a time machine, to what place and period would you travel? P: Well, right now, Im very fascinated with 1920s Berlin. I mean, probably the more interesting thing would be to go to the beginning of civilization or precivilizationlike polytheistic times. It would be interesting to see what came before modern religion and culturewhat circumstances created the environment or the need for it. I actually felt like I was in a time machine last week when I went with Jay-Z to the Laserium in Los Angeles. Have you been there? G: Is that the laser show that was at the Griffith Observatory? P: Theres a new one now at Hollywood and Vine. I think its the one that was at the observatory and it moved down there. But, dude, watching this display is like youre in the 70s. There were all these lasers, and out of the lasers, this man emerged with a noose. The lights were just going up and down, and side to side . . . It was like a Zeppelin show. You could just see how these lasers were once the peak of technology and why everyone was so stoked about them.