MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

LIGN101 - INTRO TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE

LIGN101 01.24.2010

pop question

True (A) or False (B): A word cannot have both prexes and sufxes

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pop question
The morphological process that turns dedicate into dedication is: A) inectional B) derivational

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pop questions
Which of the following is NOT a function morpheme: A) for B) to (as in to walk) C) unD) them

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morphological processes
afxation prexes, sufxes, and inxes prexes In English, all prexes are derivational un-, in-, re-, ex-

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morphological processes
afxation prexes, sufxes, and inxes sufxes inectional or derivational in English -er (builder), -ed (slowed), -est (proudest)

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morphological processes
afxation prexes, sufxes, and inxes inxes rare in English, but we do have inxation rifuckingdiculous, unfuckingbelievable

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morphological processes
afxation prexes, sufxes, and inxes inxes Tagalog sulat (write) - s-um-ulat (to write) bili (buy) - b-um-ili (to buy)

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compounding
combination of multiple root morphemes free + free : girlfriend, blackbird, chalkboard free + bound: cranberry primary stress on rst word blckbird vs. blck brd

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reduplication
Total English: friend-friend, like-like Indonesian: rumah (house), rumahrumah (houses) Partial Tagalog: bili (buy), will buy (bibili) reduplicated part called reduplicant

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alternation
Sound segment within a root changes to signal change in meaning woman - women ring - rang swim - swam - swum break - broke

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suppletion
Meaning-related words do not have clear form relationship is/was good/better/best go/went undergo/underwent Rarer than other types of processes, usually limited to very frequent words/meanings

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language types
Languages differ w.r.t. which of these processes they use some use many or all some use none of these!

lign101 01.24.2011

language types
all languages

synthetic

isolating/analytic

agglutinating

fusional

polysynthetic

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analytic languages
Languages that do not use morphological processes to build complex words are called analytic or isolating words consist of single morphemes grammatical information comes from separate words word order carries a lot of importance

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language types
Chinese (Mandarin): [ta laj] - He comes [ta laj l] - He has come [ta tsw fan] - He makes food [ta tsw fan l] - He has made food

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analytic languages
Mandarin [w mn I plural [w mn I plural tan tan tin] tin l] past

play piano play piano

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synthetic languages
Common properties: morphemes combine to form complex words grammatical functions may be marked by word form word order freer single-word concepts in synthetic languages may map to combinations of multiple words in analytic languages

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agglutinating languages
Type of synthetic language morpheme stacking boundaries between morphemes are clear morphemes glued together

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agglutinating
Hungarian [haz-unk-bn] house-our-in in our house [haz-od-bn] house-your-in in your house

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fusional
Another synthetic language morphemes combine with a root bound morpheme fuses with root boundaries harder to detect examples: German, Spanish, Russian

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fusional
Spanish hablo - I am speaking habla - S/he is speaking hable - I spoke

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fusional
Single morphemes often carry more meaning than a single morpheme does in agglutinating languages Russian [titajt] - s/he is reading [tital] - he was reading [jt] - 3rd person singular present

lign101 01.24.2011

polysynthetic
Highly complex words produced by combining stems & afxes Inuktitut Qasuiirsarvigssarsingitluinarnarpuq
qasur -iir -sar -vig -ssar -si -ngit -luinar -nar -puq

tired not cause-to-be place-for suitable find not completely s.o. 3SG

Someone did not nd a completely suitable resting place

lign101 01.24.2011

language types
all languages

synthetic

isolating/analytic

agglutinating

fusional

polysynthetic

lign101 01.24.2011

allomorphs
In phonology, we saw that two allophones can be variants of the same phoneme morphology has a similar notion allomorphs -er builder - faster allomorphs of separate morphemes

lign101 01.24.2011

allomorphs
In phonology, we saw that two allophones can be variants of the same phoneme morphology has a similar notion allomorphs imbalance allomorphs of the inability same morpheme! incomplete irresponsible

lign101 01.24.2011