3B - 6B - Test For Ions 2013

1 P a g e |
LAS Chemistry Practicals (3B) 2012 - 2013 T.A. Aoudi

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2 P a g e |

Test For gases
GAS OBSERVATIONS

Oxygen

O
2

A colourless gas that:
Relights a glowing splint

Carbon dioxide

CO
2

gives a white ppt. with limewater.

CO
2
(g) + Ca(OH)
2
(aq) CaCO
3
(s) + H
2
O(l)

White ppt.

Sulfur dioxide

SO
2

A colourless acidic gas which:
Turns a filter paper soaked with acidified potassium dichromate(VI),
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
from orange to green.

3SO
2
(g) + Cr
2
O
7
2
(g) + 2H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 3SO
4
2
+ H
2
O
Orange Green
OR
decolourises a filter paper soaked with acidified purple KMnO
4

solution.

Hydrogen sulfide

H
2
S

smells like a rotten eggs.
The gas turns lead(II) ethanoate paper from white to black.
Pb
2+
+ S
2
PbS
black

ammonia

NH
3

has a pungent or choking smell.

The gas turns moist red litmus paper blue.
OR
Produces white fumes with HCl vapour

NH
3
(g) + HCl(g) NH
4
Cl(s)

Nitrogen dioxide

NO
2

A brown acidic gas which:
decolourises a filter paper soaked with acidified purple KMnO
4

solution.
OR
gives a colourless solution in water which remains colourless upon
addition of NaOH

hydrogen

H
2

A colouless gas which:
ignites with a pop with a lighted splint.

H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) H
2
O(l)

3 P a g e |


Hydrogen chloride

HCl

Gives steamy fumes when exposed to moist air;
acidic gas Turns damp blue litmus paper red.
Produces white fumes with NH
3
(g) vapour
NH
3
(g) + HCl(g) NH
4
Cl(s)
Hydrogen bromide
HBr
Gives steamy fumes when exposed to moist air;
acidic gas Turns damp blue litmus paper red.
Produces white fumes with NH
3
(g) vapour
NH
3
(g) + HBr(g) NH
4
Br(s)

Chlorine

Cl
2

A pale green choking gas which
bleaches moist litmus paper
OR
liberates orange Br
2
(aq) from a solution of KBr

Cl
2
+ 2Br

Br
2
(aq) + 2Cl

(aq)
orange
bromine
Br
2

Brown fumes
iodine
I
2

Purple fumes

Water vapour

H
2
O

Turns anhydrous cobalt (II)chloride CoCl
2
paper from
blue to pink.
Turns anhydrous copper(II) sulfate, CuSO
4
from white to blue

Gases may be evolved on heating the solid

GAS POSSIBLE SOURCE

CO
2

Carbonates or hydrogen carbonates of metals other than Group 1.
CaCO
3

heat
CaO + CO
2
(g)

NH
3
Ammonium salts NH
4
Br(s)
heat
NH
3
(g) + HBr(g)

O
2
alone

Group 1 nitrate [ other than Li]
KNO
3
(s)
heat
KNO
2
(s) + O
2
(g)

O
2
& NO
2
brown fumes

Nitrates [other than Na or K]
Mg(NO
3
)
2
(s)
heat
MgO(s) + 2NO
2
(g) + O
2
(g)

Hydrogen chloride
HCl(g)

Hydrated chlorides or ammonium chloride
NH
4
Cl(s)
heat
NH
3
+ HCl(g)

Water vapour
H
2
O(g)

Hydrated salt, hydrogen carbonate and other acid salts.
4 P a g e |

Testing gases

glowing splint
relights
Limewater
turns milky
CO
2
(g)
O
2
(g)
H
2
(g)
Burning
splint
NH
3
(g)
Pop
sound
damp red
litmus turns
blue
5 P a g e |

Test of Anions

Anion Test Test Result

Carbonate
CO
3
2

pH > 10

Add dilute acid

OR

Add CaCl
2
(aq)
or MgSO
4
(aq)

solution

Effervescence , CO
2
gas is produced.
Then test for CO
2

2H
+
(aq) + CO
3
2
CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)

Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2
CaCO
3
(s)

white ppt

Hydrogencar
-bonate
HCO
3

(PH = 8 - 9 )

Add dilute acid

OR

Add CaCl
2
(aq)
or MgSO
4
(aq)

solution

Effervescence , CO
2
gas is produced

H
+
(aq) + HCO
3

CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)

A white ppt confirms CO
3
2

No ppt. in the cold ,but a white ppt on
warming confirms the presence of HCO
3

Sulfate(VI)

SO
4
2

Add
Ba
2+
(aq) i.e Ba(NO
3
)
2
then
followed by dilute HCl

OR
use Sr
2+
or Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq)

White ppt. which is insoluble in excess
dilute strong acid ,HCl.

Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4
(s)
White ppt.

SrSO
4
and PbSO
4
are insoluble;

Sulfite

SO
3
2

Add
Ba
2+
(aq)

then followed by
dilute HCl

White ppt.
[solublein excess dilute strong acid to give
coloulress solution]

Ba
2+
+ SO
3
2
BaSO
3
(s)
White ppt.
SO
2
is liberated with dilute acids

BaSO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O + SO
2

Nitrate

NO
3

Add aq. NaOH , then
aluminium foil [Devardas
alloy]
warm gently

Ammonia gas NH
3
is liberated which turns damp
red litmus blue.

NH
4
+
+ OH

heat
NH
3
(g)

+ H
2
O

6 P a g e |


NH
4
+

How to test for nitrates

ions NO
3
?

Test : Add sodium hydroxide solution NaOH (aq) and aluminium foil to the
solution containing the nitrate ions.
Result : damp RED litmus turns BLUE
(alkaline) Ammonia gas is produced

The aluminium foil reduces NO
3
to ammonium ion NH
4
+
which reacts with
hydroxide to produce NH
3
(g) gas and water.

NH
4
+
(aq)
+ OH
(aq)

heat
NH
3(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)

Barium chloride or nitrate solution
BaCl
2
(aq) forms precipitate of insoluble barium salts with a number of anions:

Anion ppt. Addition of dilute HCl
Colour formula

Sulfate; SO
4
2

White

BaSO
4

The ppt. is insoluble

Sulfite; SO
3
2

White

BaSO
3

The ppt. dissolves
to give SO
2
(g) an acidic gas .

Carbonate; CO
3
2

White

BaCO
3

The ppt. dissolves with effervescence
& a colourless solution BaCl
2
(aq)

Aluminium
powder
Ammonia
NH3 gas

NO
3

Damp red litmus
paper turns blue
heat
heat

NH
4
+

7 P a g e |

Halide ions

Chloride

Cl
-

Add HNO
3
/AgNO
3
(aq)

OR

Gives white ppt.(AgCl) with Ag
+
(aq) which
is soluble in

dilute & Conc. NH
3

Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq)

AgCl

(s)

Add HNO
3
/ Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq)
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Cl

(aq)

PbCl
2
(s)

white ppt

Bromide

Br
-

Add HNO
3
/AgNO
3
(aq)

OR

Add HNO
3
/ Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq)

Gives pale cream ppt.with Ag
+
(aq) which is :
Ag
+
(aq) + Br

(aq)

AgBr(aq)

o
partially soluble in

NH
3
(aq)

o
completely soluble in conc. NH
3
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Br

(aq)

PbBr
2
(aq)

off-white ppt

Iodide

I
-

Add HNO
3
/AgNO
3
(aq)

OR

Add HNO
3
/ Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq)

Gives Pale yellow ppt.with Ag
+
(aq)

Which is insoluble in

dilute or conc. NH
3(aq)
Ag
+
(aq) + I
(aq)

AgI(s)

AgI is insoluble in both concentrated and dilute
ammonia NH
3

Pb
2+
(aq) + 2 I
(aq) PbI
2 (s)
bright yellow ppt.

Effect of aq.
AgNO
3

Effect of aq. (dilute) NH
3

Effect of Conc. ammonia

Cl
(aq)

chloride

White ppt.
AgCl

The ppt . dissolves forming a
colourless solution

AgCl + 2NH
3
(aq)
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq)

The ppt . dissolves forming
a colourless solution

AgCl + 2NH
3
(conc.)
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq)

Br
(aq)
Bromide

Cream ppt.
AgBr

remains insoluble

The ppt. is Soluble & dissolves
forming a colourless solution

AgBr + 2NH
3
(conc)
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
(aq) + Br
(aq)

I
(aq)

Iodide

Pale yellow
ppt.
AgI

remains insoluble
(No further change to the pale
yellow ppt.)

remains insoluble
(No further change to the pale
yellow ppt.)

8 P a g e |

Silver nitrate solution
AgNO
3
(aq) is used to test for the presence of halide ions in solution.

Anion ppt. Addition of Ammonia NH
3

Colour formula dilute concentrated

Chloride ; Cl

White

AgCl

dissolves to give
colourless solution

dissolves to give
colourless solution

Bromide ; Br

Cream

AgBr

Slightly soluble

dissolves to give
colourless solution

Iodide ; I

Yellow

AgI

insoluble

Insoluble

AgCl ppt. dissolves in both dilute and conc. ammonia forming a colourless solution of
diammine silver(I)ion complex.
AgCl + 2NH
3
(aq) Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq)
White ppt. colourless solution

Why the solution of the halide sample is kept acidic with nitric acid HNO
3
during
the precipitation?

The nitric acid reacts with, and removes, other ions that might also give a white
precipitate with silver nitrate e.g Ag
2
CO
3
.
Ag
2
CO
3
(s)

+ 2HNO
3
(aq) 2AgNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(liq) + CO
2
(g)

AgX with sunlight Photodecomposition
F
Cl
Br

Silver halide

AgF

AgCl

AgBr

AgI
Effect of
sunlight on
silver halide

No effect

white grey
the ppt. darkens

cream yellow/green
the ppt. darkens

remains yellow
To eliminate possible interference from anions (e.g CO
3
2
) that can also
form insoluble silver salts.

Ag
+
(aq) + X

(aq) AgX(s)

9 P a g e |


Action of concentrated sulfuric acid on halide salts:

Halide salts react with conc. H
2
SO
4
to give steamy fumes hydrogen halide HX(g) in
moist air & hydrogen sulfate (or sulfate).
The reaction is hazardous & must carried on small scale and in a fume cupboard.

Steamy white fumes
Conc. H
2
SO
4
displaces hydrogen chloride from sodium chloride:

NaCl(s) + H
2
SO
4
(liq) NaHSO
4
(s) + HCl(g)
Steamy white fumes

HBr can be displaced from KBr :

KBr(s) + H
2
SO
4
(liq) KHSO
4
(s) + HBr(g)
Steamy white fumes
but some of the HBr is oxidised by conc. H
2
SO
4

2HBr(g) + H
2
SO
4
(l) Br
2
(g) + 2H
2
O + SO
2
(g) oxidation of HBr
-1 +6 0 +4
Brown fumes
SO
2
(g) is a colouless gas it cant be seen!
SO
2
(g) turns a filter paper soaked with acidified K
2
Cr
2
O
7
from orange to green.

HI can be displaced from KI :

KI(s) + H
2
SO
4
(liq) KHSO
4
(s) + HI(g)
Steamy white fumes
Conc. sulfuric acid also oxidises HI but the reaction goes further as HI is a better reducing agent.
Hydrogen sulfide has a rotten egg smell.

8HI(g) + H
2
SO
4
(l) 4I
2
(s/g) + H
2
S(g) + 4H
2
O(l) oxidation of HI
-1 +6 0 2

NaX(s) + H
2
SO
4
(liq)

NaHSO
4
(s) + HX(g)

11 P a g e |

Conc.
H2SO4

Halide Observation on Adding Conc. H
2
SO
4
reaction products

Chloride ; Cl

white steamy fumes in cold

HCl(g)
Blue damp litmus turns red

Bromide ; Br

Brown or orange fumes

HBr(g)
Br
2
(g)

Iodide ; I

purple fumes
black solid (on test tube walls)
yellow solid
Bad egg smell

HI(g)
I
2
(g)
I
2
(s)
S
8
(s) or S(s)
H
2
S(g)

Simple chemical tests for the Halogens X
2

Element

Colour in water

Colour in hydrocarbon
solvent(e.g hexane) or Volasil
chlorine Pale yellow pale yellowish green
Bromine Yellow (brown) Red Orange
Iodine brown purple

Chlorine Cl
2
turns blue litmus red then bleaches it.
Cl
2
displaces bromine and iodine from bromide or iodide solutions.

Cl
2(
aq) + 2NaBr(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Br
2
(aq)

Cl
2(
aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KCl(aq) + I
2
(aq)

Bromine displaces iodine from an iodide solution.

Br
2(
aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KBr(aq) + I
2
(aq)

Iodine turns starch blue black.
HCl(g) white fumes
HBr(g) white fumes ; SO2(g) ; Br2 (g) orange fumes ;
HI(g) white fumes ; H2S(g) smell of bad eggs ;
I2 (g/s) purple fumes & grey solid ; S8 yellow solid
11 P a g e |

Flame colours

Metal
ion
Lithium
Li
+

Sodium
Na
+

Potassium
K
+

Magnesium
Mg
2+

Calcium
Ca
2+

Strontium
Sr
2+

Barium
Ba
2+

Flame
colour

Red

Yellow
persistent

Lilac

Colourless
No colour

(Brick)
Red

Crimson
Red

green

How you can carry out a flame test?

1. Take 4 5 drops of conc. HCl on a watch glass.
[chlorides salts are very volatile than others].

2. Make the Nichrome wire red hot and dip it into the acid and then heat
again until there is no colour is seen when the wire is in the flame.
[
3. Moisten the head of the Nichrome wire with the conc. HCl acid
4. Dip in the sample and then place it in the hottest roaring part of the flame.

5. Observe the flame. Repeat the steps if necessary.

Reasons for using Nichrome wire:
chemically Unreactive
stable at high temperatures in air and with HCl acid
does not colour the flame.

1. Calcium compounds produce yellow red (brick-red) flame but magnesium
compounds do not. Explain the difference.

2. A flame test for more than ONE cation is not reliable or possible ( e.g Na
+
and Ba
2+
).
Explain why.

The difference in energy AE = h c/ between the exited energy level and the
ground state is NOT within the visible spectrum for Mg
2+
ions.

since ONE flame hides or obscures the other flame (e.g yellow is longer lasting
than the apple green colour.
12 P a g e |

Thermal decoposition
Thermal Stability of Group I & II Nitrates NO3
& Carbonates( CO3

2
) :

Group II nitrates M(NO
3
)
2
decompose on heating to produce a metal oxide
(MO), a brown nitrogen dioxide NO
2
gas and
oxygen gas.

Ba(NO
3
)
2
>> Sr(NO
3
)
2
> Ca(NO
3
)
2
> Mg(NO
3
)
2
>> Be(NO
3
)
2

2 Mg(NO
3
)
2(s)
2MgO
(s)
+ 4 NO
2(g)
+ O
2(g)
Magnesium nitrate magnesium oxide brown gas

Group I nitrates MNO3 [ other than Li]:
All decompose on heating, except LiNO
3
,to produce a metal
nitrite MNO
2
, and oxygen gas.

KNO
3
(s)
heat
KNO
2
(s) + O
2
(g)
potassium nitrate potassium nitrte

Exception ( with lithium nitrate)

4 LiNO
3
(s)

heat
2Li
2
O(s) + 4 NO
2
(g) + O
2
(g)

lithium nitrate lithium oxide nitrogen dioxide
(acidic brown gas)

Above 70 C, sodium bicarbonate decomposes into sodium carbonate,
water and carbon dioxide.
2 NaHCO
3

heat
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2

M(NO
3
)
2
(s) MO(s) + 2NO
2
(g) + O
2
(g)

MNO
3(s)

heat
MNO
2
+ O
2(g)

Except
LiNO
3
13 P a g e |

Group II carbonates ( MCO3 ) They decompose on heating to produce a metal
oxide (MO and CO
2
)

at room temperature BeCO
3(s)
BeO
(s)
+ CO
2

(g)

at 540
o
C MgCO
3(s)
MgO
(s)
+ CO
2

(g)

at 1360
o
C BaCO
3(s)
BaO
(s)
+ CO
2

(g)

BaCO
3
>> SrCO
3
> CaCO
3
> MgCO
3
>> BeCO
3

Note: Both nitrates M(NO
3
)
2(s)
and carbonates MCO
3(s)
become more
thermally stable down the Group

Carbonates of Group 1; M
2
CO
3

Group I carbonates M
2
CO
3
do not decompose at normal Bunsen
burner temperature except Li
2
CO
3

Li
2
CO
3(s)

heat
Li
2
O
(s)
+ CO
2(g)

Na
2
CO
3
does not decompose at all but it melts at 850
o
C.

MCO
3(s)
MO
(s)
+ CO
2(g)

14 P a g e |

Investigating the trend (ease) in the thermal stability of the
carbonate MCO
3
of the elements of group 2

The rate of CO
2
(g) gas production is slower down the group so
The carbonates become more thermally stable down a group.

Amount of metal
carbonate MCO
3
used / moles
Mass of metal carbonate
MCO
3
used / g
m = n M
r

Volume of CO
2

gas produced after
2 minutes / cm
3

MgCO
3
2.510
3
2.510
3
84 = 0.21g
CaCO
3
2.510
3
2.510
3
100 = 0.25g
SrCO
3
2.510
3
2.510
3
147.6 = 0.37g
BaCO
3
2.510
3
2.510
3
197 = 0.50g

Heat
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

v
o
l
u
m
e

100 cm
3
graduated
syringe

Use the same number of moles of metal carbonate MCO
3

Heat each carbonate separately in a test tube in an identical manner.
Keep the test tube at the same height (or same position)
Keep Bunsen in the same position,
Use the same flame strength i.e always use roaring flame.

Measure & record the volume of CO
2
(g) collected in the gas syringe
after 2 minutes(same time).

15 P a g e |

Question
A student investigated the ease with which Group 2 metal carbonates thermally
decompose when heated with a Bunsen burner.

XCO
3
(s) XO(s) + CO
2
(g)

(a) Each test tube must be heated directly by a Bunsen flame in an identical manner.
Suggest how this can best be achieved.

(b) In each experiment, the student used the same number of moles of metal
carbonate.
The mass of magnesium carbonate, MgCO
3
, heated was 0.21 g.

Calculate the mass of barium carbonate, BaCO
3
, that should be used for a valid
comparison.

(c) The following results were obtained after heating each sample for two minutes.

Metal carbonate in
the test tube

Volume of gas
produced/ cm
3

None 9
MgCO
3
20
CaCO
3
13
SrCO
3
11
BaCO
3
9

(i) Why was a test tube containing no metal carbonate heated? (1)

(ii) Use the results in the table to describe the trend in thermal stability of the Group 2
metal carbonates. (2)

16 P a g e |

Reactions of acids

1. acids with metal carbonates

CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq)
CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(g)

CaCO
3
(s) + 2CH
3
COOH(aq)
Ca(CH
3
COO
)
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(g)

Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCO
2
H(aq)
2Na
+
HCOO
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(g)

Ionic Equation

2. acids with metal hydrogencarbonates

KHCO
3
(s) + HCl(aq)
KCl + H
2
O + CO
2
(g)

Ionic Equation

3. acids with metal oxides

CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq)

CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
White solid colourless solution

CuO(s) + 2HNO
3
(aq)

Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
Black solid blue solution

Metal carbonate + acid salt + water + carbon dioxide

CO
3
2
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) H
2
O + CO
2
(g)

Metal oxide + acid salt + water

Metal hydrogencarbonate + acid salt + water + carbon dioxide

HCO
3
(aq) + H
+
(aq) H
2
O + CO
2
(g)

17 P a g e |

4. acids with metals (above H)

[ Mg ; Zn . . . etc.]

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl
2
+ H
2
(g)

Zn(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) ZnSO
4
+ H
2
(g)

Ionic Equation

5. acids with sulfite salts

Ionic Equation

BaSO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O + SO
2
(g)

Summary of Action of dilute acids
Action of acid LIKELY CAUSE
Inference

CO
2
gas evolved

Carbonates or hydrogencarbonates of metals
other than Group 1*
CaCO
3

heat
CaO + CO
2
(g)

NH
3
Ammonium salts

Sulfur dioxide SO
2
evolved on warming

Sulfite
SO
3
2
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq)
heat
H
2
O + SO
2

Sulfur dioxide SO
2
and pale yellow ppt.
formed

thiosulphate
Hydrogen A metal ( above Hydrogen) e.g Zn, Mg, Fe..

Nitrogen dioxide NO
2
evolved

2NO
2

+ 2H
+
H
2
O + NO(g) + NO
2
(g)
nitrite

M(s) + 2H
+
(aq) M
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g)

SO
3
2
+ 2H
+
(aq)
heat
H
2
O + SO
2
(g)
Metal + acid salt + hydrogen

Sulfite salt + acid salt + water + sulfur dioxide

18 P a g e |

* To distinguish between carbonate & hydrogencarbonate HCO
3

TEST OBSERVATIONS
Carbonate Hydrogencarbonate
on aqueous solution CO
3
2
HCO
3

pH 12 14 8 9

boil

No change
CO
2
evolved &
pH increases to 12 14

Add aqueous solution of
MgSO
4
or Ca
2+
(aq)

Immediate ppt. at room
temp.

No ppt. at room temp.
A white ppt. only forms on
boiling.

Sodium hydroxide solution

Observation on adding
NaOH(aq)
Observation on adding
EXCESS NaOH(aq)

Likely ions

White ppt.

ppt. dissolves to give a
colouless solution

Pb
2+
; Zn
2+
; Al
3+

White ppt.

ppt. is insoluble

Mg
2+
; Ca
2+
; Sr
2+

No ppt.

Na
+
; K
+
;

No ppt. but NH
3

evolved

NH
4
+

NH
4
+
(aq)
+ OH
(aq)
NH
3(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)

19 P a g e |

Q u e s t i o n s
1. Complete the table below.

Observation expected for a
positive result
Reagents or test Gas
Glowing splint Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Solution turns from
. . . . . . . . . . .to . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium dichromate(VI)
solution acidified with
dilute sulfuric acid
Sulfur dioxide
Turns red and is then
bleached white
Moist blue litmus paper

2. Salt D contains one cation and one anion.
Complete the table, giving tests and observations to show that ammonium ions,NH
4
+
, is
present in D.

Test Observation Inference
NH
4
+
, ions
(ii) Complete the inference statements in the table below.
Aqueous barium chloride is
added to a solution of D.
Dilute hydrochloric acid is
then added.
White precipitate is
formed which does
not dissolve in dilute
hydrochloric acid.
The precipitate is
........................................
Therefore the anion in D is
........................................
(2)
21 P a g e |

3. A series of tests was carried out on a white solid X.
In the tables below complete the inferences.
(a) A flame test was carried out on X.
Inference Observation
The metal ion is......................................... The colour of the flame was green
(b) Dilute sulfuric acid was added to an aqueous solution of X.
The precipitate is .................................................... White precipitate

(c) X was heated, very strongly.
The gas is ................................................................ A brown gas was evolved.

(d) A sample of X was warmed with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aluminium powder.

The gas is ...............................................................
The anion in X is ....................................................
A gas was evolved which turned
red litmus blue.
(e) The formula of X is ...........................................................................

21 P a g e |


4. A student was given three aqueous solutions P, Q, and R. Complete the
test and observations which lead to the conclusions.

test

Observation

conclusion

(a) To a few cm
3
of P, dilute
nitric acid and aqueous
barium nitrate were added.

P contains SO
4
2

(b) To a few cm
3
of Q dilute
hydrochloric acid was
added.

The gas given off was
tested.

Q contains CO
3
2

ions

(c)

yellow precipitate

R contains
I
Iodide ions.

5. Describe tests you would use to distinguish between the following pairs of
compounds.
Include the results you would expect for each compound.

(a) Sodium nitrate, NaNO
3
, and ammonium nitrate, NH
4
NO
3
.

(b) Sodium carbonate, Na
2
CO
3
, and sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO
3
.

22 P a g e |

6. For each compound in the pair, describe the observations you would expect to make
when the test is carried out. If a gas is evolved, include the name of the gas.
(a) Solid sodium chloride and solid potassium chloride.
Test: Flame test.
Observation with sodium chloride: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observation with potassium chloride: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Aqueous potassium sulfate and aqueous potassium sulfite.

Test: Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid followed by aqueous
barium chloride.
Observation with potassium sulfate: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observation with potassium sulfite: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Solid ammonium sulfate and solid potassium sulfate.

Test: Warm with aqueous sodium hydroxide, testing any gas
with damp red litmus paper.
Observation with ammonium sulfate : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observation with potassium sulfate: : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23 P a g e |

(d) Solid sodium chloride and solid sodium bromide.

Test: Add concentrated sulfuric acid, testing any gas evolved
with damp blue litmus paper.
Observation with sodium chloride: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observation with sodium bromide: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. The tables below show a series of simple tests on different compounds. Fill in the spaces
in the tables.


The flame test was carried
out on solid A.

Potassium ions present in A.


To an aqueous solution of
B,add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

followed by. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A yellow precipitate was
produced that was
insoluble in concentrated
ammonia
solution.
Iodide ions present in B.


Add dilute hydrochloric
acid to solid C. Heat the
mixture and pass the gas
through acidified potassium
dichromate(VI) solution.

Orange solution goes
green.
Gas evolved . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anion in C . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 P a g e |

LAS Chemistry Practicals (3B) 2012 - 2013 T.A. Aoudi

& Carbonates( CO3

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