Amharic Egypt

Amarigna & Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners
Amarigna & Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

by Legesse Allyn
AncientGebts.org Press
http://books.ancientgebts.org
PO Box 8951 Los Angeles, CA 90008 http://books.ancientgebts.org
Copyright 2009 AncientGebts.org First AncientGebts.org trade paperback edition August 2009 All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever. For information, write to AncientGebts.org Press, PO Box 8951, Los Angeles, CA 90008 Amarigna and Tigrigna word matching by Legesse Allyn Copyright 2009 Legesse Allyn An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, by E.A. Wallis Budge, is a republication of the work originally published in two volumes by John Murray, London, in 1920 Page scans from the Dover Publications edition of An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, by E.A. Wallis Budge, are reprinted by permission of Dover Publications, NY The Dover Publications edition of An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary by E. A. Wallis Budge is available in bookstores and online at http://store.doverpublications.com Preface by Fikre Tolossa, Ph.D. Literature, Ethiopian Poet-Playwright Special thanks to AmharicDictionary.com from SelamSoft, Inc., located at http://www.amharicdictionary.com
PREFACE
This dictionary attempts to provide proof that the ancient language of the Egyptians, whose alphabet is known as the hieroglyphs, had something to do with the Ethiopian and Eritrean languages, Amharic and Tigrigna. According to the author, the vocabulary and concepts of Amharic and Tigrigna are concealed in the hieroglyphs. A person who can read hieroglyphs and knows Amharic and Tigrigna can decipher the mystery hidden behind the hieroglyphs. While it will be a great surprise to the world at large if Mr. Legesse Allyns discovery proves to be valid, it might not be that big of a surprise to Ethiopians and Eritreans in particular. This is because it is a known fact that ancient people of today's regions of Ethiopia and Eritrea have ruled Egypt. Given this fact, it is no wonder if they had left their impact and contribution to Egyptian civilization in a much broader sense, even from its beginnings, as Mr. Legesse Allyn asserts. Mr. Legesse Allyn is not a conventional Egyptologist per se, even though he has been studying Egypt and the hieroglyphs for the past 20 years. The truth that he is of Ethiopian descent has contributed immensely to the understanding of his claims. If one considers him to be an amateur Egyptologist, history has revealed amateurs who have discovered or invented new things which experts in a given field failed to discover or invent. As such, if his discovery is real, it is phenomenal and revolutionary. Its impact on the study of hieroglyphs, Amharic and Tigrigna languages, as well as on the history of Egypt, Ethiopia, and Eritrea, is tremendous. Moreover, open-minded Egyptologists, as well as those who study the regions of today's Ethiopia and Eritrea, can benefit a lot from his work. Even the skeptics will have to examine it before they decide to reject or accept it. If I were an Egyptologist (or even an Ethiopist), I would grab this book immediately and read it frantically. I would also be prompted to study right away Ethiopian and Eritrean languages, such as Amharic and Tigrigna, to delve into the world Mr. Legesse Allyn asserts his research has uncovered. Fikre Tolossa, Ph.D. Literature Ethiopian Poet-Playwright July 29, 2009 Vallejo, California
Gebts Is The Ancient Name Of Egypt
Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners
GUIDE TO TRANSLATIONS AND MATCHES IN THIS BOOK

AMARIGNA/TIGRIGNA MATCHES BY LEGESSE ALLYN actual fidel spelling actual meaning TRANSLATIONS FROM E.A. WALLIS BUDGE approximated spelling approximated meaning
arf A
AMARIGNA
rest, sleep, die (v.)
actual abugida pronunciation
actual language(s)
original ancient Gebts qal inscription
About the Hieroglyphic Translations by E. A. Wallis Budge Gebts (ge-bts) is the ancient name of Egypt. In looking at the translations of the Gebts hieroglyphs by E.A. Wallis Budge, it is important to recognize that he, and other Egyptologists like him, have always believed the language of ancient Gebts (pronounced ge-bts) is a dead language. Therefore, they have only been able to guess about which letters represent which sounds. But now, with the matching of the words to the Ethiopian and Eritrean related languages of Amarigna (am-ar-ee-nya) and Tigrigna (te-gree-nya), the true complexity of the use of objects for sounds is finally revealed. These Egyptologists made a breakthrough with the initial translation in 1822 of the ancient Gebts qal inscriptions with the discovery of what is called, the Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta Stone is ancient an inscription on a stone slab that contained three languages of the same message, one above the other. One of the languages was Greek, which allowed Egyptologists to translate the other two languages, which were both the languages of ancient Gebts one in hieroglyphs and the other in hieroglyphic script. Wallis Budge, the curator of the ancient Gebts collection at the British Museum in the early 1900s, did recognize the words as having the structure of African language. But he did not realize that ancient Gebts represented the Amarigna and Tigrigna languages of todays Ethiopia and Eritrea. But now, looking at the matched words, you can see the exact spelling, meaning, and pronunciation. If you know or learn Amarigna and Tigrigna, along with the ancient ancient Amarigna and Tigrigna picture-letters commonly referred to as hieroglyphs, you may be able to read ancient Gebts inscriptions on tombs, statues, art, ruins, and in documents for yourself.
Knowledge of fidel characters is also helpful. Fidel characters appear to be simplified ancient Gebts letters. Fidel characters are used today in Ethiopia and Eritrea to write Amarigna and Tigrigna. There are many fidel character charts that you can find online. Additionally, when reading the ancient Tigrigna and Amarigna Gebts qal inscription translations contained in this book, prefixes may or may not begin a word. This is because most words were written without their prefixes, such as me-, te-, and a-. Looking at the word, its associated symbols, and the use in the sentence can help you know which form of the word is being used.
VISIT ERITREA AND ETHIOPIA BEFORE VISITING EGYPT

Gebts Is the Ancient Name of Egypt While Gebts is the ancient name of Egypt, it did not originate there. It is the name given to what we now call Egypt by the ancient Amara and Akele-Gezai merchants, from todays regions of Ethiopia and Eritrea, who founded the ancient nation 5,100 years ago. Amarigna is the language of the ancient Amara (a-ma-ra) merchants, Tigrigna is the language of the ancient Akele-Gezai (a-ke-le ge-za-ee) merchants, and both languages are related. The word gebts is common to both languages. In fact, Ethiopia and Eritrea are countries located just south of Egypt, from where the ancient Amara and Akele-Gezai merchants sailed northwards into Gebts with their ships loaded with food and goods for the people living in the dry, barren desert hills there. The Amara sailed along the Nile River and the AkeleGezai merchants sailed into Gebts along the Red Sea. Gebts, the Ancient Name of Egypt, Is from Ethiopian and Eritrean Words The name Gebts was derived from Amarigna and Tigrigna words related to food, customers, and farming. This means that the ancient name of todays Egypt is an Ethiopian and Eritrean name. It was the Greeks who mispronounced Gebts as Egypt. The names Coptic and Copts are also both mispronunciations of the ancient name, Gebts. But still today, Ethiopians and Eritreans continue to call Egypt by their name for it, Gebts. The Culture of Ancient Gebts is the Culture of Ethiopia and Eritrea When you look at the artwork of ancient Gebts, you may see scenes of people growing, harvesting, and eating food that actually originated in Ethiopia and Eritrea, having been imported into Gebts by the ancient Amara and Akele-Gezai merchants. Even the clothing and many other articles of daily life you will see reflected in the ancient inscriptions and artwork, too, were Ethiopian and Eritrean in origin. Also imported into Gebts by the ancient Amara and Akele-Gezai merchants. The fact that the Amara and Akele-Gezai merchants fed, clothed, and ruled the people of ancient Gebts for nearly 3,000 years is symbolized by the aneqaqa symbol. This symbol commonly referred to by Egyptologists as an ankh is actually an Amarigna word that means give life. Unfortunately, when the Amara and Akele-Gezai left Gebts a little over 2000 years ago, so did their culture. Fortunately for us, it lives on in Ethiopia and Eritrea today, just to the south of Egypt, where you can experience it firsthand for yourself. A stopover in Eritrea and Ethiopia, before continuing on into Egypt, will allow you to experience for yourself much of the surviving original culture that you will discover about ancient Gebts while you 2
are in Egypt. And though there are Ethiopian and Eritrean restaurants located in cities around the world for you to enjoy, there is no better place to experience the inviting aromas, spicy sauces, and delicious cuisine of the Amara and Akele-Gezai than in Ethiopia and Eritrea on your way to Egypt. In coffee shops, markets, and on the streets of Eritrea and Ethiopia you will hear the language of the hieroglyphs for yourself. In the restaurants you will intimately experience the food that was eaten and depicted in scenes of ancient Gebts life, including the bread made from teff flour called injera and spiced bread called dabo. Your mouth will water as you pick up some berbere-seasoned wat stew with a piece of injera, and prepare to place it into your mouth, just as they did thousands of years ago in ancient Gebts. In the markets of Eritrea and Ethiopia you can purchase items similar to what you will see in artwork depicting life in ancient Gebts. You can buy the shama clothing, chama shoes, and mesob tables, as well as the etan incense enjoyed over 5,000 years ago by the people of ancient Gebts. And there is even more. You can see the Abay River and the Atebara River, both, which feed the Nile. You can visit the old Port Adulis on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea, from where the Akele-Gezai shipped goods to ancient Gebts, and take a boat ride on Lake Tana in Ethiopia, from where the ancient Amara launched their ships filled with goods destined for Gebts. Though Eritrea and Ethiopia have cities that look like modern cities anywhere around the world, the ancient culture is alive and still enjoyed today. The 5-star hotels, movie cinemas, and exciting night clubs of Eritrea and Ethiopia will keep you grounded, as a reminder you that you are still in the 21st century of today. So when planning a trip to Egypt, remember to book a stopover in Eritrea, Ethiopia, or both. Then when you are ready to continue your journey of discovery in Egypt, both Ethiopian Airlines and Eritrean Airlines can fly you into Egypt with world-class service.
ABOUT THE WORDS YOU ARE ABOUT TO READ

Amarigna and Tigrigna Are Two Related Languages As mentioned earlier, Amarigna and Tigrigna are two related languages. The ancient Amara merchants spoke what we today call Amarigna and the ancient Akele-Gezai merchants spoke what we call Tigrigna. Therefore, as you begin reading the following pages, you will see that some words are from the Tigrigna language, some are from the Amarigna language, and some words are from both languages. What Appear To Be Repeated Words You will also see some words listed that appear to repeat. But if you look closely, you will see that the various words are spelled using different picture-symbols to represent similar sounds. And while there are far more spellings of similar words with different picture-symbols than what you will see in this book, showing some helps to illustrate that Amarigna and Tigrigna were written in ancient Gebts purely by sound. A Complicated System of Sounds Represented by Picture-Symbols Each sound usually has more than one object associated with it, which can be drawn to form part of a word. Plus and here is the tricky part each object can represent many different related sounds. For example, a wavy line that Egyptologists thought only represented the letter n, turns out to primarily represent the letter m, coming from the Tigrigna word for water, may. Another example is the 3
circular spiral water wave Egyptologists have thought the circular spiral represented the letter u, but it most commonly represents w from the Amarigna word, wha. And here is one last example. Egyptologists thought what they call a mouth exclusively represented the letter r. In reality, that so-called mouth equally represents the letter, l, from the Amarigna word for wide open, beletete, (based upon the word letete, meaning pull to stretch out). But the lion symbol that is almost exclusively used to represent the letter l. The bottom line is that 5,100 years ago the Amara and Akele-Gezai found an effective way to write their Amarigna and Tigrigna languages using what we now refer to as hieroglyphs. The Order In Which Words Are Listed In This Book The English language follows the A-B-C-D-E-F-G pattern. Both Tigrigna and Amarigna follow an H-L-H-M-S-R-S pattern. This book follows neither, because, since it is based upon E.A. Wallis Budges An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, it follows the pattern in his book, A-U-I-B-F This is so that if you decide to purchase Budges dictionary, the words listed in this book will closely follow the order in which they are listed in his. And this helps save us from referencing each page that the following words are listed on in An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary. Conclusion The language of the hieroglyphs and the culture of ancient Gebts originated from Ethiopia and Eritrea, imported there by ancient Amara and Akele-Gezai merchants. Educational scholars, sociologists, anthropology linguistics, linguistic anthropologists, and historians recognize the importance of understanding various relationships between language, society and culture. Acquiring knowledge about Amarigna and Tigrigna, as well as the culture of the Amara and Akele-Gezai people in Ethiopia and Eritrea, in relation to ancient Gebts, allows people to broaden their perspectives and appreciate our own linguistic and cultural experiences. Finally, after reading this book, it is hoped that those who happen to be students will have a heightened appreciation of the valuable gift of the written language.
adi
TIGRIGNA
place, region, territory (n.)
walya
AMARIGNA
type of antelope (n.)
mqa
AMARIGNA
reed (n.)
awaT'a
AMARIGNA
contribute (v.)
hyaw abat
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
bright (adv.) father, ancestor (n.)
abara
AMARIGNA
stop (v.)
ab abqa A aboka A
AMARIGNA
father (n.)
AMARIGNA
conclude, bring to an end (v.) mix, make ferment (v.)
AMARIGNA
aCH'bCH'b hfur afla -am -A A
A
TIGRIGNA
AMARIGNA
to clap (v.)
greedy (n.) bring to a boil (v.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
suffix for negative form of verb 5
mra mta nTS'uh arawit
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
guide, lead (v.) hit, beat, strike (v.) clean (v.) wild animals (n.)
hayl lay
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
ascend (v.) above, over (prep.)
lali
TIGRIGNA
high (adj.)
arf araT'a A ashT' shT'
AMARIGNA
rest, sleep, die (v.)
AMARIGNA
interest on money (n.) offer for sale (v.) sell (v.)
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
asqr azaba asqoy A wsha
A A
AMARIGNA
cancel (v.) distort (v.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
delay, cause to wait (v.) dog (n.) sand (n.) sand (n.) coffin holder (v.)
AMARIGNA
ashwa hshwa qareza 6
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
mqrTS'i mqurCH'a kotkot
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
axe (n.) axe (n.) care for (v.)
Akl A
TIGRIGNA
Akele Gezai tribe (n.) [the Akele Gezai of todays Eritrea]
akabi
TIGRIGNA
accumulate (v.)
gulbt mrgbgb T'ot aT'T'a
AMARIGNA
knee (n.) tremble (v.)
E A
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
lack (v.) give to drink (v.)
AMARIGNA
adi abo abat om
TIGRIGNA
place, region, territory (n.) father (n.) father (n.) tree (n.)
A A O
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
shnkurt
TIGRIGNA
onion (n.)
yqoy
AMARIGNA
old (adj.)
qT'qaT'i
TIGRIGNA
person who hits, pounds (n.)
kbb aTS'wd
TIGRIGNA
circle (n.) net, trap (n.)
TIGRIGNA
T'an aT'r
E A
AMARIGNA/TIGRIGNA
incense (n.)
TIGRIGNA
fence enclosure (n.)
AMARIGNA
water (n.)
abT'r hayl
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
comb (v.) ascend, go up (v.) alive (adj.)
hyaw
AMARIGNA/TIGRIGNA
awo
AMARIGNA
yes (adv.)
hiwt
TIGRIGNA
life (n.)
arnt
AMARIGNA
freedom (n.)
wn
AMARIGNA
real (adj.)
wr
TIGRIGNA
famous (n.)
rsha ashsh
E A
AMARIGNA
farm (n.) hide (v.) incense (n.) place (n.)
AMARIGNA
T'an ab
E A
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
bet
AMARIGNA
house (n.)
bza
AMARIGNA
increase (v.)
fchi rft mot
AMARIGNA
divorce (n.) rest (n.) death (n.)
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
amn A
AMARIGNA
believe, have faith in (v.)
amar
AMARIGNA
be beautiful (v.)
amch A
AMARIGNA
become comfortable (v.)
mwass
AMARIGNA
pull out (v.)
nay nya naa
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
of (prep.) we (pron.) come (imperative)
TIGRIGNA
nnda
TIGRIGNA
place (v.)
10
andi
TIGRIGNA
pole, pillar, support (n.)
gnb
AMARIGNA
wall (n.)
nbiy
AMARIGNA
prophet (n.)
nsu anq A nTS'a
TIGRIGNA
he (pron.)
AMARIGNA
smother, asphyxiate (v.) free (n.)
AMARIGNA
monCH'r ary
AMARIGNA
scratch someone (v.) to do, to fix (v.)
TIGRIGNA
ray
TIGRIGNA
sight (n.)
wh
AMARIGNA
water (n.)
11
wtt
AMARIGNA
milk (n.)
arhit hruy
A TIGRIGNA
TIGRIGNA
cow (n.)
selected, chosen (v.)
al'al A rba awry
TIGRIGNA
raise up, lift, elevate (v.) be profitable (v.) make known (v.)
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
ahlq A hoy
TIGRIGNA
reduce, shorten (v.) sign of respect in speech, utterance of solicitation (intj.)
AMARIGNA
ashbshb
AMARIGNA
dance in worship (n.)
hed 12
AMARIGNA
go (v.)
aCH'd
AMARIGNA
cut with a sickle, to mow (v.)
ashT'
AMARIGNA
offer for sale (v.)
CH'u
AMARIGNA
candidate (n.)
AMARIGNA
command (n.)
azz A sbr
AMARIGNA
command, to order (v.) break (v.)
AMARIGNA
hsab
AMARIGNA
suggestion (n.)
hisab s'ab z bet syfi asamn
E A
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
bill, account (n.) pull, drag (v.) command (n.) house (n.) sword (n.) persuade, influence (v.)
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
AMARIGNA
mzz
AMARIGNA
pull out (v.)
13
zmd asr msrat shash sqay ashafr
AMARIGNA
relative, family member (n.) put in jail (v.) work, make (v.) scarf, shawl (n.) torture, anguish (n.) be violent (v.)
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
aCH'd A shahan asash A
AMARIGNA
cut with a sickle, to mow (v.) dinner plate, circle (n.) examiner, investigator (v.)
TIGRIGNA
AMARIGNA
akl A
TIGRIGNA
be enough, be sufficient (v.)
Akl A
TIGRIGNA
Akele Gezai tribe (n.) [the Akele Gezai of todays Eritrea] Akele Gezai land (n.) of todays Eritrea evil person (n.)
Akl A
kysi
TIGRIGNA
AMARIGNA
qT'qaT'i TIGRIGNA person who hits, pounds (n.) aqan'ae A 14

TIGRIGNA
remediy, fix, straighten (v.)
gan
AMARIGNA
large jar (v.)
akheba
TIGRIGNA
catch, gather (v.)
gmgm aT'T'a haTS'ae haTSi'r azazi
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
evaluate, analyze (v.) give to drink (v.)
TIGRIGNA
king, chief, prince (n.) short (adj.) commander (n.)
TIGRIGNA
TIGRIGNA
TSfi
TIGRIGNA
doubled (v.)
dmdame
AMARIGNA
finish, conclusion (n.)
15
idna
TIGRIGNA
hands, arms (n.)
id
TIGRIGNA
hand, arm (n.)
aT'r
TIGRIGNA
fence, enclosure (n.)
adg A AMARIGNA grow, to grow up, to grow rapidly (v.) T'CH'I

AMARIGNA
heavy drinker (v.)
adis T'abiya dm zazina
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
new (adj.) station (n.) life, age, living (n.) commanders (n.)
E E
drz
TIGRIGNA
discipline (v.)
dg haTS'ae
AMARIGNA
waist band (n.)
TIGRIGNA
king, chief, prince (n.)
yh
AMARIGNA
this (pr.)
16
yhw
AMARIGNA
here you go (intj.)
absay bab
A E
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
chef, cook (n.) snake, serpent (n.)
anqaqa A
AMARIGNA
motivate, give life (v.) drive out, to obliterate, to purge (v.)
aswgd A AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
hand, arm (n.)
abl
AMARIGNA
salary, allowance (n.)
abal
AMARIGNA
member, element (n.)
17
anti
TIGRIGNA
woman (n.) scratch, graze (v.)
hnTT
TIGRIGNA
rq
AMARIGNA
reconciliation, peace (n.)
mwagat AMARIGNA fighting, struggling (v.)
shma
AMARIGNA
struggle (v.)
gan wnt TS'
E E
large jar (n.) truth, true (n.) plant, herb (n.)
wTS'
TIGRIGNA
have, be issued, go out, leave (v.)
18
wb
AMARIGNA
beautiful (adj.)
wr asri
TIGRIGNA
famous (n.) employer (n.)
TIGRIGNA
sari mzor
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
jailer (n.) to turn, to rotate (v.)
wskh
AMARIGNA
increase (v.)
wza
AMARIGNA
sweat (v.)
satn
AMARIGNA
hurry (v.)
19
haykh idna wj
I E
TIGRIGNA
chew (v.) hands, arms (n.) proclaim, decree (v.)
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
waj
TIGRIGNA
proclamation (n.)
wTS
TIGRIGNA
go, go out (v.)
TSh
TIGRIGNA
tough (adj.)
ab aby
A A
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
place (n.) disobey (v.)
20
ab
TIGRIGNA
soul (n.)
ab mot bg bet abba
A A
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
soul (n.) death, demise (n.) sheep (n.) house (n.) flower (n.)
bati
TIGRIGNA
cave, cavern (n.)
bni bla bahr
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
stone (n.) eat (v.) sea (n.)
AMARIGNA
brbre
AMARIGNA
crushed red pepper (n.)
bark brakt
AMARIGNA
bless (v.) be plenty (v.)
AMARIGNA
brqrq
AMARIGNA
shine (v.)
21
bshta bCH'q
AMARIGNA
sickness (n.) cut (v.)
AMARIGNA
abqay
AMARIGNA
productive land (n.)
budn
AMARIGNA
group, team, squad (n.)
dqq AMARIGNA be finely ground, be pulverized (v.) abrqrq A

AMARIGNA
shine (v.)
abann A
AMARIGNA
make excited, stir up (v.)
bni
TIGRIGNA
stone (n.)
br tbrgd CH'rr bsat
AMARIGNA
door (n.) open abruptly (v.) light (n.) on the fire (n.)
22
biro
AMARIGNA
office (n.)
abrara
A AMARIGNA
explain (v.)
abarr brtat abra brr
AMARIGNA
send away (n.)
AMARIGNA
strength, encouragement (n.) shine, give light (v.) run fast (v.)
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
mabrkt
AMARIGNA
increase in number (v.)
Abqa
AMARIGNA
bring to an end (v.)
bkul
AMARIGNA
direction, way (n.)
bqat
AMARIGNA
ability (n.)
23
bzu shT' from: bzu AMARIGNA many, much, numerous, plentiful (adj.) shT' AMARIGNA sell (v.)
bqolo
AMARIGNA
corn (n.)
bT'bT'
AMARIGNA
disorder, riot, mayhem (n.)
bTS'hae
TIGRIGNA
carve, engrave (v.)
bat
AMARIGNA
calf of leg (v.)
bota
AMARIGNA
place, space, location (n.)
bTS'uh btac bT's fnfn
TIGRIGNA
joined (adj.) below (prep.) cut off (v.) dislike, disgust (v.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
TIGRIGNA
fqd AMARIGNA allow, permit, to let, consent (v.) fngl

AMARIGNA
to dump (v.)
24
afnCH'a
A AMARIGNA
nose (n.)
fqq
TIGRIGNA
open (v.)
fss
AMARIGNA
spill over (v.)
fg aifthwi
AMARIGNA
manure (n.) unlawful (adj.)
AMARIGNA
T'afT' fahtr
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
be tasty, be sweet (v.) scrape, grate (v.)
mo E TIGRIGNA as, because, for (conj.) inasmuch (adv.)
maCH'd maadi A
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
cut with a sickle, to mow (n.)
consultant, advisor (n.)
25
maeda may amrar A
TIGRIGNA
field, lowland, flatland (n.) water (n.)
TIGRIGNA
AMARIGNA
management, leadership (n.)

AMARIGNA
mnoriya bet
house, home (v.)
mhed
AMARIGNA
leave, go (v.)
hCH'a
AMARIGNA
white (n.)
mo E TIGRIGNA as, because, for (conj.) inasmuch (adv.)
mta
TIGRIGNA
beat, hit, strike (v.)
mot manTS' mrta E
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
death, demise (n.)

build, form (v.)
AMARIGNA
improvement, potential, something having potential (n.)
26
hywt
AMARIGNA
life, existence (n.)
mhur
AMARIGNAA/TIGRIGNA
a learned person (n.)
mshT'
AMARIGNA
sell (v.)
mCH'an
AMARIGNA
transport (v.)
27
mushrit
TIGRIGNA
bride (n.)
ktma mshet
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
city, town (n.) evening, night (n.)
shll al mkt
AMARIGNA
move quickly along the ground (n.) support, shield (v.)
TIGRIGNA
Akl A amat
TIGRIGNA
Akele Gezai tribe (n.)

mother-in-law (n.)
TIGRIGNA
mfCH't mnm
AMARIGNA
grind (v.)
AMARIGNA
nothing (pr.)
28
mnt
AMARIGNA
faith, belief (n.)
mri
AMARIGNA
leader, guide, chief (n.)
mret mwart mlkat
AMARIGNA
earth, ground, land (n.) curse (n.) measure (v.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
mshT' mshaT' mwass
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
insert (v.) insert (v.) pull out (v.)
mist
AMARIGNA
wife (n.)
29
masb
AMARIGNA
think (v.)
mshmn
AMARIGNA
weave (v.)
qoda
AMARIGNA
cow skin (n.)
mzaq masT'lat
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
scoop up (v.) cause to hate (v.)
mkta
AMARIGNA
support (n.) bragging, boasting (n.) copulate (v.)
mkurarat mawT'at
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
mTS'arr
AMARIGNA
contradict (v.)
30
matt
AMARIGNA
report, make clear (v.)
mta
AMARIGNA
hit (v.)
nya nay
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
we (pron.) of (prep.) is (v.)
nw
AMARIGNA
nbrt nfa
AMARIGNA/TIGRIGNA
property (n.) breath (n)

flow freely (v)
E A
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
anfwafwa
31
nfu
TIGRIGNA
excellent (adj.)
man mhmam
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
who (pron.) sound, boom, roar (n.)
nCH'nCH'
AMARIGNA
complaining (v.)
mCH'rsha
AMARIGNA
end, last (n.)
mCH'bT'
AMARIGNA
grasp, take possession, shake hands (n.)
nCH' makm
AMARIGNA
white (adj.) to attend to (v.)
AMARIGNA
32
mkahn
TIGRIGNA
powerless (adj.)
mashsh AMARIGNA ngd

TIGRIGNA
to drive out, to send away (v.)
trade, business, commerce (n.)
tnqCH'aqCH' mqmat
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
grind (v.)
rob, take by force (v.)
gaga
AMARIGNA
make noise (v.)
mgmgm nata anT'r A
AMARINGA
to evaluate, to analyze, assess (v.) she is (pron. ) purify (v.)

yours (pron.)
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
natka l
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
to, for (prep.)
ras
AMARIGNA
head (n.)
lbs
AMARIGNA
clothes, apparel (n.)
ll al E A
AMARIGNA
cry for joy, to ululate (v.)
33
lT'T' AMARIGNA
hit, pull to stretch out (v.)
Mhlab lbs
TIGRIGNA
AMARIGNA
to milk a cow (v.) clothes, apparel (n.)
libiya
AMARIGNA
Libyan (n.)
marbat AMARIGNA
to duplicate, to breed (v.)
lmlm
AMARIGNA
fertile (adj.)
34
lmlm
AMARIGNA
sprout, bud, grow (v.)
lqlq lgs mlas
AMARIGNA
wash (v.)
AMARIGNA
be generous, donate (v.)

tongue (n.)
AMARIGNA
ras
AMARIGNA
head (n.)
lq
AMARIGNA
rude (adj.)
lkt haTS'ur
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
limit, restriction (n.) fence, enclosure (n.)
hwa
AMARIGNA
atmosphere (n.) 35
hoy
AMARIGNA
utterance of solicitation (intj.) alive (adj.); living person (n.)
hyaw
AMARIGNA
shu
TIGRIGNA
then, pastime (v.)
shmn
AMARIGNA
weave (v.)
mCH'bT'
AMARIGNA
take possession (v.)
CH'an CH'rr
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
load, pack, carry (v.) light (n.)
hyaw hbt
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
alive (adj.); living person (n.) wealth, treasure (n.)
shom shmt 36
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
appoint (v.) buy, purchase (v.)
shama hmm
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
candle (n.) rumble, boom (v.)
shom hone CH'an
TIGRIGNA
take office (v.) revenge (v.) load, pack, carry (v.)
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
hulu shro
AMARIGNA
all, every (adj.)
AMARIGNA
mixture of peas and beans (v.)
hlkh
TIGRIGNA
stubborness (n.)
CH's shaT'
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
smoke (n.) insert into (v.)
maCH'd
TIGRIGNA
cut with a sickle (v.)
T'an
TIGRIGNA
incense (n.)
37
haTS'ur
TIGRIGNA
shsh haTS'ay
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
flee, to evade (n.) emperor (n.)
hbu
TIGRIGNA
hidden, unseen (adj.)
hggat
AMARIGNA
laws (n.)
38
akheba
TIGRIGNA
gather, collect (v.)
hwi hbu
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
fire, fire heat, fire light (n.) hidden, unseen (adj.) be a bandit, rob people (v.)
shft
AMARIGNA
hmum
AMARIGNA
sick, ill (adj.)
gbzha
AMARIGNA
party, feast (n.)
39
hewan
AMARIGNA
maturity, puberty (n.)
llta
E AMARIGNA cries sounding like lililili (n.)
hafiri
TIGRIGNA
timid, shy (adj.)
CH'ama CH'an
AMARIGNA/TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
shoes (n.)
load, pack, carry (v.)
40
CH'nt
AMARIGNA
cargo (n.)
hulu
AMARIGNA
all, every (prep.)
hlf
TIGRIGNA
exceed, pass, go by, cross (v.)
hlawi
TIGRIGNA
supervisor, care taker, guardian (n.)
41
hlawi
TIGRIGNA
supervisor, care taker, guardian (n.)
hrur
TIGRIGNA
burning (v.)
CHiru
TIGRIGNA
falcon (n.)
hlwa
TIGRIGNA
care, guard, watch, observe (v.)
hrs shh
TIGRIGNA
plow (v.) thousand (adj.)
TIGRIGNA
42
gzai
TIGRIGNA
conqueror (n.)
hisab
AMARIGNA/TIGRIGNA
bill, account, math, arithmetic (n.)
hsma hqi
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
pig, swine (n.) box, case, chest (n.)
43
shgur
TIGRIGNA
poor person (n.)
haTS'ur hdar
TIGRIGNA
TIGRIGNA
condition, requirement (n.)
hCH'a
TIGRIGNA
white (n.)
shT'
TIGRIGNA
sell, solicit (v.)
44
shT'
TIGRIGNA
sell, solicit (v.)
gobT'
AMARIGNA
bend over (v.)
gagata
AMARIGNA
haste (n.)
gzat
TIGRIGNA
territory (n.)
gzat
TIGRIGNA
territory (n.)
mgzat
TIGRIGNA
submit, be ruled (v.)
45
qrCH'CH' hwi
TIGRIGNA
AMARIGNA
bite off and chew (v.)
fire, fire heat, fire light (n.)

AMARIGNA
mCH'bT'
grasp, take possession (v.)
ashbshb
AMARIGNA
dance in worship (v.)
kbr
AMARIGNA
honor, respect, dignity (n.)
gbnt
AMARIGNA
morality (n.)
46
gbTS'
AMARIGNA
Gebts (Egypt) (n.)
mCH'bT'
AMARIGNA
grasp, take possession (v.) small knife (n.) cockroach (n.)
CH'ube brro
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
CH'fCH'f qft shomont
AMARIGNA
cut down (v.) fat gut (v.) eight (adj.)
AMARIGNA
TIGRIGNA
47
hmr gma
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
bay (n.) stink, smell bad (v.)
qal
TIGRIGNA
word, voice (n.)
kilw aqrb A
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
anything, everything (n.) he offered, he served, he brought near, he set forth (n.)
qsb qsf qzf
TIGRIGNA
force (v.) punish (v.) row (v.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
48
shaT'
AMARIGNA
insert into (v.)
htm
TIGRIGNA
stamp, seal (v.)
gobT'
AMARIGNA
curved (adj.)
shft gm CH'an gzat
AMARIGNA
be a bandit, rob people (v.) bad smelling (adj.) pack, carry (v.) territory (n.)
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
49
mCH'an
AMARIGNA
transport (v.)
grat gilawi
TIGRIGNA
field, range, garden (n.)
T IGRIGNA
servant (n.); domestic (adj.)
gurbit gurbet grhe
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
back (n.) neighbor (n.)
TIGRIGNA
tell some what to do (v.)
50
sw
AMARIGNA
man, person (n.)
set
AMARIGNA
woman (n.)
zy zr
AMARIGNA
goose (n.)
AMARIGNA
seed, race, sperm (n.)
sat
AMARIGNA
watch (n.)
zbi
TIGRIGNA
hyena (n.)
TSbah sra
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
tomorrow (n.) work (n.)
51
asarg
AMARIGNA
complete (v.)
zraf mzrr
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
giraffe (n.) knock out, lay on the ground (v.) store, shop (n.)
suq
TIGRIGNA
zwd
AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA
crown (n.) calculate (v.)
TSbTSb
zfzf
AMARIGNA
soak, steep (v.)
zmd sini nfa sndu
AMARIGNA
relative (n.) small cup (n.) blow (v.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
prepared, ready (adj.)
sandal asarf
AMARIGNA
incense (n.) cause to rest (v.)
AMARIGNA
suq
AMARIGNA
store (n.)
sgsg 52
AMARIGNA
pack together, pound (v.)
sgsg tshkm
AMARIGNA
pack together (v.)

carry, to bear (v.)
AMARIGNA
shgor sar
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
hide away, lock (v.)
grass (n.)
msrt
AMARIGNA
reason (n.)
srq shta sat snt
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
steal, rob (v.) smell (n.) fire, flame (n.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
how many? how much?
saq
AMARIGNA
laugh (v.)
53
sdd
TIGRIGNA
send away, cause to flee (v.)
sbsb
AMARIGNA
gather (v.)
sb
TIGRIGNA
person (n.)
zbt
AMARIGNA
mock (v.)
asbla A
AMARIGNA
get someone in trouble (v.)
sibago
AMARIGNA
cord, string (n.)
safi
TIGRIGNA
basket, shoping basket (n.)
fntuh TIGRIGNA disassembled, split,undone (v.) asmama A

AMARIGNA
make agreeable (v.)
msmat
AMARIGN
listen (v.)
54
zmd
AMARIGNA
be related (n.)
snq
AMARIGNA
food (n.)
sndl
AMARIGNA
incense (n.)
sraat AMARIGNA order, system, protocol (n.) srr

AMARIGNA
beat, hit (v.)
asr A
AMARIGNA
tie up, put in jail, to fetter (n.)
asrar A AMARIGNA preparation, craftmanship (n.)
sryat srTS' mrja
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
gracefulness (n.) sprout (v.)
AMARIGNA
evidence, information (n.)
slsa
AMARIGNA
sixty (n.) 55
suq
AMARIGNA
store, shop (n.)
shkla
AMARIGNA
clay, porcelain (n.)
asT'ga
AMARIGNA
shelter (v.)
shT'
AMARIGNA
sell (v.)
wsha
AMARIGNA
dog, canine (n.)
sr bet
AMARIGNA
jail (n.)
sb msob shlqo
TIGRIGNA
person (n.)
AMARIGNA
round cultural table (n.) valley (n.)
AMARIGNA
56
slam
AMARIGNA
peace (n.)
shql
AMARIGNA
make a lot of money (v.)
ashwa ashaw
A A
AMARIGNA
sand (n.) want (v.)
AMARIGNA
hb
AMARIGNA/TIGRIGNA
give, donate (v.)
hbt TS'af
AMARIGNA
wealth, treasure, fortune (n.) write (v.)
AMARIGNA
hmu
TIGRIGNA
father-in-law (n.)
57
mshom hmm
AMARIGNA
ordination (v.)
AMARIGNA
ache, sickness, disease (n.)
hmle
Note: The Nile floods in the middle of July.
AMARIGNA
July (n.)
zem
AMARIGNA
sing religiously (n.)
sahn
TIGRIGNA
plate (n.)
njra E gubta qwura
AMARIGNA
Ethiopian flat bread (n.)

TIGRIGNA
mound (n.)
TIGRIGNA
pots, pans (v.)
58
qrqr
AMARIGNA
lock (v.)
nqurarit qareza qCH' qoshasha mgzat qbe gobnyi
AMARIGNA
frog (n.)
TIGRIGNA
coffin holder (n.)
AMARIGNA
cut down, split, crack (v.) dirt (n.) to buy, to subdue (v.) butter (n.) tourist (n.)
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
kbr kft
AMARIGNA
honor, respect, reverence (n.) open, agape (adj.)
AMARIGNA
gff aqom mgmt
AMARIGNA
remove, strip, undress, rob (v.) put an end to (v.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA evaluate, estimate (v.)
qom aqom
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
stand, be erect (v.) put an end to (v.)
59
qunn qanza qns
TIGRIGNA
weave (v.)
TIGRIGNA
wail, moan, groan (v.) decrease, be reduced (v.) downhill, hill (n.)
AMARIGNA
qulqult
AMARIGNA
qwura qrqr
TIGRIGNA
pots, pans (v.) lock (v.)
AMARIGNA
qulf
TIGRIGNA
button up (v.)
gize
AMARIGNA
time (n.)
gosa
AMARIGNA
tribe, ethnic group (n.)
qst aqast mgzat mqdat
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
bow, arrow (n.) groan (v.)
AMARIGNA
to buy, to purchase (v.)

AMARIGNA
to copy (v.)
60
mqdat
AMARIGNA
to copy (v.)
61
-ka ka -ki
TIGRIGNA
his (suffix poss. pron. male) too, well, also, so (adv.)
TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA
hers (suffix poss. pron. female)
gobnyi
AMARIGNA
tourist (n.)
kfl
AMARIGNA
room (n.)
kmy
TIGRIGNA
how?
kft
AMARIGNA
open (v.)
qsT'
AMARIGNA
steal, lie (v.)
62
kdan
AMARIGNA
lid, cover, clothes (n.)

AMARIGNA
tnqT'qT' quT'qwaT'o gaga
shake (v.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
bush (n.) make noise (v.)
gCH'
AMARIGNA
crashed into (v.)
gT'm
AMARIGNA
be united, compete, hook up (v.)
gbgb
AMARIGNA
struggling (v.)
gza
AMARIGNA
aid, support (v.)
gta
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
restrain, censor, ban (v.) be bent, be bent over (v.) injustice, abuse (n.) evaluate, analyze (v.)
gobT'
gf gmgm
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
63
gan
AMARIGNA
large jar, tank for liquid (n.)

AMARIGNA
qorqor
construct, found (n.)
akray maqrr
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
landlord (n.) hold back (v.)
agll A grr gza
AMARIGNA
withdraw from the world, quarantine, set apart (v.) AMARIGNA be scorching (v.)
TIGRIGNA
buy (v.)
tm T'ut turk dwe T'wat tra
TIGRIGNA
silent (adj.) breast (n.) Turkish person (n.) disease (n.) morning (n.)
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
turn (v.); not special (adj.) to collect (in order to give) (v.)
twaT'a
AMARIGNA
TSbah dfT'a 64
TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA
tomorrow (n.) ambush (n.)
dba
TIGRIGNA
cap, crown (n.)
mT'fT'f AMARIGNA mT'md
pound, flatten (v.) join (v.)
AMARIGNA
atm
AMARIGNA
print (v.)
aT'amr
AMARIGNA
unite (v.)
tdamT' trta adar A
AMARIGNA
be crushed, be pressed (v.) be defeated (v.) vigil, overnight (n.)
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
65
tshom
AMARIGNA
struggle for something (v.)
tshom
AMARIGNA
be appointed (v.)
tksks tach
AMARIGNA
be destroyed, break up (v.) down (prep.)
AMARIGNA
T'CH'i
AMARIGNA
heavy drinker (n.)
tsfafa tkur al
AMARIGNA
develop, spread (v.) look at (v.)
A
AMARIGNA
AMARIGNA
tksks
be destroyed, break up (v.)
tkos T'ad trara
iron (v.) cook (v.) mountain (n.)
mT'gat tzaz
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
approach (v.) order (n.)
66
awds
AMARIGNA
exalt, compliment (v.)
takm
AMARIGNA
treat medically (v.)
maTS'dat
AMARIGNA
to clean, to sanitize, to purge (v.) morning (adv.)
T'wat
AMARIGNA
adn aT'ara
A A
AMARIGNA
hunt (v.)
AMARIGNA
purify, refine, clear out (v.)
mdbadb
AMARIGNA
fight (v.)
dmT'
AMARIGNA
voice, sound (n.)
wT'md
AMARIGNA
trap, net (n.)
67
T'mm
AMARIGNA
be twisted (v.)
T'mama
AMARIGNA
crooked, bent (adj.)
mT'md
AMARIGNA
join (v.)
68
T'md
AMARIGNA
pair, couple (n.)
dnk
AMARIGNA
midget, dwarf (n.)
doro dro
AMARIGNA
chicken, hen (n.)
AMARIGNA
old, previous, long ago (adj.)
dldy tshom
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
bridge (n.)
be appointed (v.)
T'j
AMARIGNA
brownish alcoholic drink (n.)
ataklt adg
A A
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
vegetables (n.) grow (v.)
tm
TIGRIGNA
silent (adj.)
69
tzaz
AMARIGNA
command, order (n.)
T'm
AMARIGNA
thirsty, thirst (n.)
tfa dfa
AMARIGNA
spit (v.) pour out (v.)
AMARIGNA
T'md chrota
AMARIGNA AMARIGNA
pair, couple (n.)
generosity, charity (n.)
CHiru
TIGRIGNA
falcon, bird (n.)
CH'rs
AMARIGNA
finish, complete (v.)
70
NOTES:
71
72
73
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Amharic Egypt

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Amarigna & Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

Amarigna & Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

Gebts Is The Ancient Name Of Egypt

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

GUIDE TO TRANSLATIONS AND MATCHES IN THIS BOOK

rest, sleep, die (v.)

actual abugida pronunciation

original ancient Gebts qal inscription

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

VISIT ERITREA AND ETHIOPIA BEFORE VISITING EGYPT

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

ABOUT THE WORDS YOU ARE ABOUT TO READ

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

place, region, territory (n.)

type of antelope (n.)

bright (adv.) father, ancestor (n.)

conclude, bring to an end (v.) mix, make ferment (v.)

aCH'bCH'b hfur afla -am -A A

greedy (n.) bring to a boil (v.)

suffix for negative form of verb 5

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

mra mta nTS'uh arawit

AMARIGNA AMARIGNA AMARIGNA AMARIGNA

ascend (v.) above, over (prep.)

arf araT'a A ashT' shT'

rest, sleep, die (v.)

interest on money (n.) offer for sale (v.) sell (v.)

asqr azaba asqoy A wsha

cancel (v.) distort (v.)

ashwa hshwa qareza 6

AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA TIGRIGNA

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

mqrTS'i mqurCH'a kotkot

TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA AMARIGNA

axe (n.) axe (n.) care for (v.)

Akele Gezai tribe (n.) [the Akele Gezai of todays Eritrea]

gulbt mrgbgb T'ot aT'T'a

knee (n.) tremble (v.)

lack (v.) give to drink (v.)

adi abo abat om

TIGRIGNA AMARIGNA TIGRIGNA

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

person who hits, pounds (n.)

circle (n.) net, trap (n.)

fence enclosure (n.)

comb (v.) ascend, go up (v.) alive (adj.)

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

farm (n.) hide (v.) incense (n.) place (n.)

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

fchi rft mot

divorce (n.) rest (n.) death (n.)

believe, have faith in (v.)

become comfortable (v.)

pull out (v.)

nay nya naa

of (prep.) we (pron.) come (imperative)

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

pole, pillar, support (n.)

nsu anq A nTS'a

smother, asphyxiate (v.) free (n.)

scratch someone (v.) to do, to fix (v.)

Amarigna and Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners

selected, chosen (v.)