SDL Week 11: Website 2 Exercise #2 -- Coherence and Unity: Part (a) There are three major airports

near Washington, D.C., but the traveller to Washington should be careful about which one he or she chooses. For example, Baltimore-Washington International Airport, which is located near the city of Baltimore, is a good international airport. However, it is not the best choice for a traveller who wants to visit Washington. One reason is that it is relatively far from the city of Washington itself. Also, a passenger bus trip between Baltimore and Washington is somewhat expensive. Dulles International Airport is a slightly better choice, since it is located closer to the city. However, if a traveller arrives in the early evening, he or she will encounter rush-hour traffic, which is not a good way to begin a trip to the city. The best choice may be WashingtonReagan National Airport. There are two reasons for this. First, this airport is the closest to the city. Second, it is located on the Metro train system, which is a convenient method of transportation, allowing a traveller to travel almost anywhere he or she likes in the city of Washington.

SDL Week 11: Website 4 How to stop yourself snoring. Snoring is caused when the airway at the back of the nose and throat becomes partially obstructed. This is usually due to the loosening of the surrounding oropharyngeal muscles, but the reasons why this should occur are varied. The most common are smoking, obesity and the consumption of relaxants such as alcohol and sleeping pills. As with any common ailment, there are a host of "miracle" cures advertised - but you should first try a few simple steps to see if you can halt the snoring before adopting more drastic measures. Lifestyle changes can be the most effective. If you are overweight, a loss of weight will help to reduce the pressure on your neck. You should also stop smoking and try not to drink alcohol at least four hours before you go to bed. Beyond this, try to change your regular sleeping position. Raise the head of your bed with a brick, or tie something uncomfortable into the back of your pyjamas to encourage you to sleep on your side. Both of these will help to alter the angle of your throat as you sleep, and may thus make breathing easier for you. It is also important to keep your nasal passage clear and unblocked. Allergies, colds and hay fever can temporarily cause you to snore; nasal decongestants may help, but you are not advised to use such remedies for long periods. Nasal strips, as worn by sportspeople, have been proven to reduce nasal airway resistance by up to 30 per cent, so consider these as a long-term alternative. If this fails, then you may wish to look at the varied snoring aids that are on the market. They range from neck collars that stop your neck tilting, through to mandibular-advancement devices (such as gumshields) which reduce upper airway resistance, and tongue-retaining devices. You can also buy essential-oil products that are added to warm water and infused or consumed before bedtime. They claim to tone up your palate and unblock your nasal passage. Finally, if your symptoms persist, visit your GP or contact the British Snoring and Sleep Apnoea Association (01737 557 997) for advice. If you do not, your partner might.

SDL Week 11: Website 5 Pesticide suicide As many as 60,000 small farmers in the region of Andhra Pradesh, southern India, have taken to farming cotton instead of food crops. Some 20 of them have recently committed suicide by eating lethal doses of pesticide. Most of the farmers are extremely poor. Attracted by cheap loans from pesticides traders and the prospect of a quick buck, they borrowed heavily to raise cotton on small plots of land. Whitefly, boll weevils and caterpillars multiplied and destroyed their crops, despite the constant application of pesticides. The average yield of cotton fields in Andhra Pradesh fell by more than half in just one year. Now the farmers are in no position to repay the loans or feed their families. The suicide of Samala Mallaiah in Nagara village grabbed media headlines. He owned one acre of land, leased two more and grew cotton on all three. After making a loss in the first year, he leased yet more land in an attempt to recover. Confronted with falling prices, mounting debts and pest attacks, he committed harakiri. 'Cotton has given us shattered dreams,' said one old farmer in Nagara village. Nearly half the pesticides used in India go into protecting cotton, the most important commercial crop in the country. However, pests have shown increased immunity to a range of pesticides. Last year there were heavy crop losses due to leaf-curl, which is caused by the dreaded whitefly. This nondescript, milky-white fly sucks sap from the cotton leaves, making them curl and dry up. The fly struck first in Pakistan and north-western India. Then it turned south. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the crop losses and destruction in Andhra Padresh arose from the repeated application of excessive amounts of chemicals - a practice actively encouraged by pesticides traders.

SDL Week 12: Website 1 Exercise 1 Abdulaziz, H. T. & Stover, A. D. (1989). Academic challenges in reading. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Adkins, A. & McKean, I. (1985). Text to note. London: Edward Arnold. Alderson, J. C., Krahnke, K. J. & Standfield, C. W. (Eds.). (1987). Reviews of English language proficiency tests. Washington, DC: TESOL. Bachman, L. F. (1986). Reading English discourse: Business, economics, law, & political science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bell, J. (1999). Doing your research project. Buckingham: Open University Press. Campbell, A. F. (1983). Organise your English. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Carol, B. J. & West, R. (1989). ESU framework: Performance scales for English language examinations. London: Longman. Chafe, W. (1982). Integration and involvement in speaking, writing, and oral literature. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Spoken and written language: Exploring orality and literacy (pp. 35-53). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation. Cookson, L. (1984). Writing. London: Hutchinson. Davies, A., & Criper, C. (1987). Research report 1: ELTS validation project report. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1979). Reasons for reading. London: Heinemann. Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1981). Strategies for reading. London: Heinemann. Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1985). Study skills for reading. London: Heinemann. Davies, S. & West, R. (1984). The Pitman Guide To English Language Examinations (2nd ed.). London: Pitman. De Leeuw, M. & De Leeuw, E. (1965). Read better read faster. Harmondsworth: Pelican. Drew, S. & Bingham, R. (1997). The student skills guide. Aldershot: Gower. Dudley-Evans, T. (1985). Writing laboratory reports. Walton on Thames: Nelson. ECS/British Council (1991). Code of practice: Educational institutions and overseas students (2nd ed.). London: The British Council. Educational Testing Service (1992). TOEFL test and score manual. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Ferguson, N. & O'Reilly, M. (1977). Listening and note taking. London: Evans. Gattegno, C. (1969). Towards a visual culture. New York: Outerbridge Dienstfrey. Glendinning, E. & McEwan, J. (1987). English in computing. Walton-on-Thames: Nelson.

Hargreaves, R. & Fletcher, M. (1978). Making polite noises. London: Evans. Hogue, A. (1996). First steps in academic writing. London: Longman. International English Language Testing System (1989). An Introduction to IELTS. London: The British Council. Jones, L. (1981). Functions of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Kwan-Terry, A. (1988). Interactive writing. London: Prentice Hall. Laird, E. (1977). English in focus: English in education. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Latulippe, L. D. (1992). Writing as a personal product. London: Prentice Hall. Lawrence, M. (1972). Writing as a thinking process. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Leki, I. (1989). Academic writing. London: Macmillan. Maddox, H. (1963). How to study. New York: Fawsett Premier. Murphy, R. (1985). English grammar in use. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Neufeld, J. (1987). A handbook for technical communication. London: Prentice Hall. Northedge, A. (1990). The good study guide. Milton Keynes: The Open University Press. O'Connor, J. D. (1980). Better English pronunciation (new ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pirie, D. B. (1985). How to write critical essays. London: Routledge. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. Harlow: Longman. Raimes, A. (1999). Keys for writers: A brief handbook (2nd ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Seal, B. (1997). Academic encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tonkyn, A. (1995). English language proficiency standards for overseas students: Who needs what level? The Journal of International Education, 6(2), 37-61. ULEAC (1991). Certificate of attainment in English: General information. London: University of London Examinations and Assessment Council. University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (1995). English as a Foreign Language examination, certificates and diplomas: Regulations 1995. Cambridge: UCLES. University of Hertfordshire (1 September, 1996). University policies and regulations: Applications and admissions, number 14.1: Appendix II. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire. Walker, T. (1992). English for academic purposes - computer science. London: Prentice Hall. Wong, R., Glendinning, E. & Mantell, H. (1994). Becoming a writer. London: Longman. Yates, C. St. J. (1992). English for academic purposes - Agriculture. London: Prentice Hall. Zimmerman, F. (1989). English for science. London: Prentice Hall.

SDL Week 12: Website 2 References Exercise 3 Bachman, L. F. & Palmer, A. S. (1996). Language testing in practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bialystock, E. & Sharwood-Smith, M. (1985). Interlanguage is not a state of mind: An evaluation of the construct for second-language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 6, 101-117. Campbell, R. & Wales, R. (1970). The study of language acquisition. In J. Lyons (Ed.), New horizons in linguistics (pp. 242-260). London: Penguin. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. COBUILD English language dictionary. (1991). London: HarperCollins. Cooper, R. L. (1970). What do we learn when we learn a language? TESOL Quarterly, 4, 303-314. Divorced couple fight for frozen embryos. (1999, November 6th) The Guardian, p. 18. Gillett, A. (2005, May 6th). Using English for academic purposes. Retrieved November 7th, 2005, from http://www.uefap.com/ Mackey, W. F. (1965). Language teaching analysis. London: Longman. Martinson, J. (1999, November 6th). Micosoft faces defining moment. The Guardian, p. 10. Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance and collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Widdowson, H. G. (1983). Learning purpose and language use. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

SDL Week 12: Website 3 Citing sources: Exercise 1 Tyler (1871, p. 1) defines culture as consisting of patterns of behavior as well as patterns of thought. References Tyler, E. B. (1871). Primitive culture. London: J Murray.

SDL Week 12: Website 4 Citing sources: Exercise 2 Carroll (1994, p. 345) explains how damage in Broca's area leads specifically to deficiencies in speech production. References Carroll, D.(1994). Psychology of Language. New York: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

SDL Week 12: Website 5 Citation Practice 2 Citation 1: (book) Caldwell, Martin, & Briggs, Emily S. (1993). Appreciating the importance of proper articulation in Pig Latin multimedia materials. Ajo, AZ: Ajo University Press. Citation 2: (ERIC document) Subcommittee on Pig Latin Issues. (1996). Pig Latin in Ireland: Past, present, and future (Report No. 777-62). Dublin, Ireland: Dublin Committee on Foreign Language Development. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 846 963) Citation 3: (journal article) Duckworth, V. L. (1978). A series of checklists for evaluating Pig Latin performance. Logical Form in Education, 9, 110-115. Citation 4: (book) Hong, J., & Leung, M. X. 1994. Pig Latin pronunciation in North and South Korea. Seoul, Korea: Korean Association of Language Educators. Citation 5: (ERIC document) Goldman, W. (1996). A screenwriter's guide to Pig Latin orthography (Report No. 7746.2) Hollywood, CA: Screen Actors' Guild Committee on Pig Latin in the Cinema. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 456 951) Citation 6: (Internet resource) Lerner, K. L. (n.d.). Pig Latin resources on the World Wide Web [WWW page]. URL http://www.unn.edu/humanities/porkfinds.html Citation 7: (journal article) Jesperson, R., & Shaw, U. P. (1995). Anticipatory stress in Pig Latin phonetics: Overexplaining the obvious. Pig Latin colloquium, 3, 89-113. Citation 8: (journal article) Eisenstein, Y., Shomking, L., & Hennys, L. E. (1992). Schema-building in the Pig Latin classroom: Re-creating the world. Pig ped: Pig Latin teaching, 26 (2), 34-56. Citation 9: (book) Unwin, R., & Pinkersh, E. D. (1996). Mistakes and errors: Paying the price of an effective Pig Latin education. Bristol, England: Tyrth and Sons. 12.50. Citation 10: (ERIC document) Eeyore, D. (1997). Making children's classics available in Pig Latin (Report No. 7654-A). Baltimore, MD: Maryland Council on Children's Literature. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 563 779)

Citation 11: (book) Grendel, B. W. (1905). A brief introduction to Pig Latin philology.New York: Hrothgar House. Citation 12: (journal article) Gruber, J. M. (1983). "Understanding the Pig Latin/Pig Pidgin continuum." Language learning, 2, 244-306. Citation 13: (Internet resource) Glet, P. I. (1997). Communication games for the public school Pig Latin classroom. Pig Latin ENewsletter [On-line serial], 6. Available E-mail: plen@ubds.edu Message: get PLEN Citation 14: (book) Bates, M., Eponymus, N. N., & Quincy, T. C. (1988). A dynamic model of Pig Latin evolution. Toronto, Canada: Libraphobe. Citation 15: (book) Fernandez, S. J., & Garcia, O. P. (1979). Pig Latin in the Yucatan: Creating connections between cultures. Mexico City, Mexico: Mayan Research Institute. Citation 16: (journal article) Sidlecki, W., & Yertz, M. M. (1989). Getting the sounds on paper: Transcribing Pig Latin using simplified IPA. Sound and language, 16, 99-108.