Thesis - TranHuuCuong - KSTN - DTVT - K52-Final PDF

` TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN IN T - VIN THNG
TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
THIT K GIAO THC TIT KIM NNG LNG CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
Sinh vin thc hin: TRN HU CNG Lp: KSTN-TVT-K52 Ging vin hng dn: TS. PHM VN TIN
H Ni, 6-2012
` TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN IN T - VIN THNG
TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
THIT K GIAO THC TIT KIM NNG LNG CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
Sinh vin thc hin: TRN HU CNG Lp: KSTN-TVT-K52 Ging vin hng dn: TS. PHM VN TIN
H Ni, 6-2012
`
B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI -------------------------------------------------CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
---------------------------------
NHIM V N TT NGHIP H v tn sinh vin: TRN HU CNG Kho: 52 1. u n:

.. .....
S hiu sinh vin: 20070387 Ngnh: in T
Vin: in t - Vin thng
2. Cc s liu v d liu ban u:

...... . .....
3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:

... ... ...
4. Cc bn v, th ( ghi r cc loi v kch thc bn v ):

... ... .
5. H tn ging vin hng dn: TS. PHM VN TIN 6. Ngy giao nhim v n: . 7. Ngy hon thnh n: .. Ngy Ch nhim B mn thng nm Ging vin hng dn
Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy
thng
nm
Cn b phn bin
`
B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
---------------------------------------------------
BN NHN XT N TT NGHIP
H v tn sinh vin: TRN HU CNG Ngnh: in T Vin Thng Ging vin hng dn: TS. PHM VN TIN Cn b phn bin: ....................................................................................................................................... 1. Ni dung thit k tt nghip:
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S hiu sinh vin: 20070387 Kho: 52
2. Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:

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Ngy
thng Cn b phn bin
nm
( K, ghi r h v tn )
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LI NI U
Nhng nm gn y, nh c s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc k thut cng vi nhng tin b vt bc trong cng ngh ch to to iu kin cho mt th h mng mi ra i mng cm bin khng dy (Wireless Sensor Network WSN). Vi kch thc nh gn, tiu th t nng lng v a chc nng, mng cm bin khng dy ang c nghin cu, pht trin v ng dng su rng trong i sng hng ngy trn khp cc lnh vc nh y t, qun s, mi trng sng, giao thng... Trong mt tng lai khng xa, khi mt s lng ln cc thit b cm bin c tch hp vo h thng, mng cm bin khng dy s tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong x hi hin i nhm mng li s tin nghi v nhng ng dng thit thc nng cao cht lng cuc sng cho con ngi. Mng cm bin khng dy c tim nng ln khng ch trong khoa hc v nghin cu m cn trong nhng ng dng thc t. Tuy nhin, vic thit k v trin khai c hiu qu mng cm bin khng dy cng phi i mt vi rt nhiu th thch do nhng c im ring bit ca n nhu cc nt cm bin b gii hn v phn cng, kh nng tnh ton, mt dy c ca cc nt trong h thng... Sau mt thi gian lm vic rt c gng trn phng Lab 411 Khoa in tVin thng di s hng dn tn tnh ca TS.PHM VN TIN cng s hp tc cht ch vi cc thnh vin ca nhm nghin cu pht trin phng Lab 411, em hon thnh n vi ti THIT K GIAO THC TIT KIM NNG LNG
CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY.
Vi nhng n lc tht s, n ca em t c mt s kt qu nht nh. Mc d vy, do hn ch v mt thi gian nn em khng trnh khi mt s thiu st cng nh mt s nhim v cha hon thnh. V vy, em rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca thy Thy gio v bn b. Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti:
Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52
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Thy gio TS.PHM VN TIN Nhm nghin cu v pht trin phng Lab 411 Vin in t - Vin thng, trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni Cng ton th gia nh bn b h tr em trong qu trnh nghin cu. Sinh vin thc hin TRN HU CNG
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TM TT N
Thit k giao thc tit kim nng lng cho mng cm bin khng dy Mng cm bin khng dy (wireless sensor network mng bao gm nhiu nt cm bin lin lc vi nhau bng sng v tuyn) l mt cng ngh mi c tim nng s dung rt ln trong thc t, c bit i vi nhu cu iu khin v gim st. y cng l mt gii php rt ph hp vi vic gim st v iu khin trm giao ct ng st - ng dn sinh bi c tin cy cao, kch thc cc nt mng nh gn, c ly thu pht kh xa, chi ph lp t v vn hnh nh. Cc mng cm bin khng dy lun lun phi i mt vi nhng vn tiu th nng lng. Nu khng c chnh sch kim sot thch hp, bn tin d liu c th c truyn qua cc tuyn ng cn kit nng lng, nhanh chng lm gin on kt ni mng. Nu mt nt truyn d liu mt mc nng lng qu cao, n khng ch khin nng lng ca mnh cn kit nhanh chng, m cn nh hng nhiu ti cc cc nt khc ang trao i bn tin trong mng. Trong nghin cu ny, em gii thiu mt phng pht iu khin nng lng hp tc, trong cc nt ca cc tuyn ng cng iu chnh cng sut pht ca chng thng xuyn theo thi gian v sau khi ti nh tuyn. La chn tuyn ng c thc hin qua vic xem xt cc s liu lin kt nh cng tn hiu, nng lng cn li, v xem xt ti kh nng ht nng lng trong tng lai. ng thi, gi cn bng tiu th nng lng trn ton mng, nhn thc nng lng c tin hnh nh k. Truyn ti in nng ca mi nt c thit lp mt mc cao theo gi ca nt k tip trn tuyn. C th ni dung n bao gm 5 chng : Chng 1 : M u Gii thiu tng quan v khi nim, cu trc v ng dng ca mng cm bin khng dy. Chng 2 : Tng quan mng cm bin khng dy
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Gii thiu tng quan v chun ZigBee / IEEE802.15.4 v mt s thit b thu pht h tr chun ZigBee. Chng 3 : Chun ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 Trnh by chi tit v nhng vn lin quan nh thit b thu pht, cm bin, ng c iu khin ro chn. Chng 4 : Thit k h thng Trnh by chi tit v nguyn l hot ng, s khi ca cc thnh phn trong h thng cng nh phi hp hot ng gia cc thnh phn . Chng 5 : M phng, th nghim v nh gi kt qu
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ABSTRACT
An Energy-Efficient Protocol for wireless Sensor Networks Wireless sensor network is now considered as a great potential network that can be applied to real world, especially in controlling and monitoring task. Since monitoring and controlling electronic equipments at railway cross-point (such as barrier) is now becoming popular in some developed countries, people start thinking about deploying such wireless sensor network to manage these electronic equipments automatically. As provided a high reliability, long range wireless communication, small size and economic implementing cost, Wireless Sensor Network promises to be a reasonable way to control and monitor railway systems. Deployment of wireless sensor networks always faces the issue of energy consumption. Without appropriate control policy, data messages might be routed over already-exhausted routes, quickly disrupting network connectivity. If a node transmits data at an excessively high power level, it not only depletes its own energy budget wastefully, but also interferes in other parallel transmissions. In this study, i introduce a cooperative power control strategy in which nodes of routes jointly tune their transmit power regularly over time and upon re-routing. Route selection is made considering link metrics that is a function of signal strength, remaining energy, and path loss. At the same time, to keep balancing power consumption among nodes extensively, energy-aware routes are re-initiated periodically. Transmit power of each node is set at a level is just high enough under the hint of its adjacent downstream node. Simulation outputs do support our proposals in connectivity and throughput.
Keywords: WSN, routing, power control, link quality. Content of Thesis includes 5 chapters: Chapter 1 :
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Overview of wireless sensor network and applications. Chapter 2 : WSN Overview Overview of ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 Standard and IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Compliant RF Transceivers. Chapter 3 : ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 Standard Presentation on issues of concern in design process such as tranceiver, sensor, motor. Chapter 4 : System Design Propose design model of modules and cooperating mechanisms. Chapter 5 : System Implementation and Results
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MC LC
LI NI U TM TT N ABSTRACT MC LC THUT NG VIT TT CHNG 1. M u
1.1 1.2 1.3 t vn Phm vi nghin cu Tin trnh nghin cu v trin khai
5 7 9 11 17 20
20 20 21
CHNG 2. Tng quan mng cm bin khng dy

2.1 2.2 Khi nim chung v mng cm bin khng dy Cu trc mng cm bin khng dy
23
23 24 25 28 30 34 35 35 35 36
2.2.1 Cu trc ton mng cm bin khng dy 2.2.2 Hai c trng ca mng cm bin khng dy 2.2.3 Cu trc nt cm bin 2.3 ng dng 2.3.1 ng dng trong nng v lm nghip 2.3.2 ng dng trong y t v chun on t xa 2.3.3 ng dng trong qun i 2.3.4 ng dng trong gia nh
CHNG 3. Chun ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4

3.1 3.2 Khi qut v mng WPAN Khi nim ZigBee
37
37 37
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3.2.1 Cc loi thit b trong mng ZigBee 3.2.2 Cu trc mng ZigBee 3.2.3 Cu trc phn lp 3.2.4 Cc thut ton nh tuyn
37 39 41 49
CHNG 4. Thit k h thng

4.1 C s l thuyt
61
61 61 62 66 69 69 70 71 71 72 73 74 76
4.1.1 Tng quan h thng 4.1.2 iu khin cng sut pht 4.1.3 nh tuyn 4.2 Thit k m phng 4.2.1 La chon cng c m phng NS-2 4.2.2 Thit k cc m-un trong m phng NS-2 4.3 Thit b phn cng 4.3.1 Thit b thu pht 4.3.2 Microchip Stack 4.3.3 Thit k m-un gim st nng lng nt mng WSN 4.3.4 Thit k m-un iu khin cng sut 4.3.5 Thit k m-un nh tuyn
CHNG 5. M phng, th nghim v nh gi kt qu

5.1 Qu trnh ci t v thit lp hot ng cho h thng m phng Kch bn 100 nt Kt lun Trin khai thc t 5.2.1 Kch bn th nghim 5.2.2 Kt qu th nghim
77
77 77 77 78 80 80 80 81
5.1.1 M t kch bn 5.1.2 Kt qu m phng 5.2
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KT LUN
87
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DANH MC HNH V
HNH 1-1 TIN TRNH NGHIN CU V TRIN KHAI HNH 2-1 CU TRC MNG CM BIN KHNG DY HNH 2-2 CU TRC PHNG CA MNG CM BIN HNH 2-3 CU TRC TNG CA MNG CM BIN HNH 2-4 CU TRC MNG PHN CP CHC NNG THEO LP HNH 2-5 CU TO NT CM BIN HNH 3-1 CU TRC MNG HNH SAO [4] HNH 3-2 CU TRC MNG LI [4] HNH 3-3 CU TRC MNG HNH CY [4] HNH 3-4 KIN TRC ZIGBEE STACK [8] HNH 3-5 PHN B KNH TRUYN [5] HNH 3-6 M HNH THAM CHIU LP VT L HNH 3-7 M HNH THAM CHIU CA LP CON MAC HNH 3-8 CU TRC LP MNG [6] HNH 3-9 CU TRC LP NG DNG [6] HNH 3-10 NH DNG TUYN NG TRONG GIAO THC AODV HNH 3-11 QU TRNH CHN NT GC HNH 3-12 THIT LP KT NI GIA CH V NT THNH VIN HNH 3-13 QU TRNH HNH THNH NHNH NHIU BC HNH 3-14 GN A CH NHM TRC TIP HNH 3-15 GN A CH NHM QUA NT TRUNG GIAN HNH 3-16 GN A CH NHM QUA NT GC HNH 3-18 MNG A NHNH V CC NT TRUNG GIAN HNH 4-1 TNG TC XUYN TNG HNH 4-2 TNG QUAN V M HNH IU KHIN CNG SUT HNH 4-3 QUAN H GIA MC CNG SUT PHT V CHT LNG LIN KT
22 25 28 29 29 31 39 40 41 41 42 44 45 46 48 52 54 55 55 57 58 58
HNH 3-17 GN A CH NHM QUA NT GC V NT TRUNG GIAN 59 60 61 62
64
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HNH 4-4 MI QUAN H GIA LQI V CNG SUT PHT. HNH 4-5 THUT TON NH TUYN HNH 4-6 V D V THAY I BNG NH TUYN HNH 4-7 KIN TRC CA B THU PHT MRF24J40 HNH 4-8 S THUT TON O IN P MI NODE HNH 4-9 HNH M T CC BC IU KHIN CNG SUT HNH 5-1 KCH BN 100 NT HNH 5-2 SO SNH T L GI N HNH 5-3 SO SNH THNG LNG HNH 5-4 SO SNH DI KT NI HNH 5-5 SO SNH DI KT NI NG VI KCH BN 60 NT HNH 5-6 SO SNH DI KT NI NG VI KCH BN 100 NT HNH 5-8 S TH NGHIM
65 67 68 71 74 75 77 78 78 79 79 80 81
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DANH MC BNG BIU

BNG 3-2 DI TN HOT NG V TC D LIU TRONG M NGUN BNG 5-1 BNG M T KCH BN 42 BNG 4-1 BNG CHNH SA CC CU TRC THUC LP NH TUYN 76 77
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THUT NG VIT TT
STT 1 Thut ng vit tt WSN Thut ng ting anh Wireless Sensor Network Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Ultra High Frequency Received Signal Strength 5 RSSI / ED Indicator / Energy Detection 6 7 LQ CCA Link Quality Clear Channel Assessment Physical Service Data Unit Physical Protocol Data Unit PAN Information Base Physical Layer Management Entity Thut ng ting vit Mng cm bin khng dy Mng c nhn khng dy tc thp iu ch cu phng b Siu cao tn Ch th cng tn hiu thu Cht lng lin kt nh gi knh truyn n v d liu dch v lp vt l n v d liu giao thc lp vt l C s d liu mng c nhn Thc th qun l lp vt l
LR-WPAN
3 4
SAP O-QPSK
PSDU
PPDU
10
PIB
11
PLME
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Carrier Sense Multiple 12 CSMA - CA Access Collision Avoidance 13 GTS Guaranteed Time Slot
a truy cp cm nhn sng mang trnh xung t Khe thi gian bo v n v d liu dch v lp MAC n v d liu giao thc lp MAC Lp con ca lp MAC,
14
MSDU
MAC Service Data Unit
15
MPDU
MAC Protocol Data Unit
16
MLME
MAC Layer Management Entity
chu trch nhim cp pht bng thng, thit lp kt ni Lp con hi t theo tnh cht dch v, chu trch nhim tip nhn, phn loi v x l cc n v d liu t lp cao hn
17
MCPS
MAC Common Part Sublayer
18
SSCS
Service- Specific Convergence Sublayer Network Protocol Data Unit Network Service Data Unit Network Layer
n v d liu giao thc lp mng n v d liu dch v lp mng Thc th qun l lp mng Thc th d liu lp
19
NPDU
20
NSDU
21
NLME
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Management Entity
mng
22
NLDE
Network Layer Data Entity Network Information Base Application Protocol Data Unit Application Service Data Unit Application Support Sublayer Data Entity Application Support
C s d liu lp mng n v d liu giao thc lp ng dng n v d liu dch v lp ng dng Thc th d liu lp con h tr ng dng Thc th qun l lp con h tr ng dng Thc th d liu lp con h tr ng dng C s d liu lp con h tr ng dng Lp ng dng i tng thit b ZigBee
23
NIB
24
APDU
25
ASDU
26
APSDE
27
APSME
Sublayer Management Entity
28
AIB
Application support layer Information Base Application Layer
29
APL
30
ZDO
ZigBee Device Object
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CHNG 1.
1.1 t vn
M u
Vi nhng tin b gn y v k thut v cng ngh WSN (mng cm bin khng dy) hin nay, n khng ch p ng cho cc thit b thu thp thng tin thi gian thc m cn p ng c cc ng dng thi gian thc phc tp. V vy, WSN c th c trin khai trn cc thit b truyn ng. Mi nt mng bao gm mt hoc nhiu thit b cm bin, mt b vi x l v mt b pht sng. Tt c chng u c cung cp bi mt ngun pin khng i v hn ch. Cc nt mng thu thp d liu t mi trng m h gim st v gi chng ti cc nt khc hoc v b iu phi. B iu phi nhn d liu v a ra lnh iu khin thch hp. Nhng n lc trong gii cc nh nghin cu i vi mng WSN (mng cm bin khng dy) tp trung vo kho di tui th mng tng ng vi nng lng pin hn ch. Tuy nhin, khi cc ng dng thi gian thc trin khai da trn mng cm bin khng dy, cng vi ko di thi gian sng ca mng phi p ng c cc yu cu v thi gian thc. tit kim nng lng, hu ht cng vic tp trung vo thit k giao thc truyn thng cho mt nt mng cm bin khng dy. Nng lng dnh vo vic truyn pht v tuyn chim mt t l ln trong tng nng lng tiu th. Chun IEEE 802.15.4 gii quyt vic ti u ha nng lng trong lp vt l (PHY) v lp iu khin mi trng truy cp (MAC). Tit kim nng lng t c phn ln bi khong thi gian ng trong siu khung. i vi phng pht ny cn tn ng nhiu mt hn ch i vi cc ng dng thi gian thc. V vy, em mnh dn xut mt cc tip cn khc pht trin trn nn tng chun IEEE 802.15.4 c th ti u ha nng lng tiu th cho ton mng m vn m bo cc yu cu thi gian thc ca h thng.
1.2 Phm vi nghin cu

Trong nghin cu ny, em gii thiu mt phng php ti u ha nng
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lng da trn s kt hp gia iu khin cng sut v chin lc la chn tuyn. Tuyn c thit lp mt cch t ng bng vic xem xt iu kin knh truyn. C th, chi ph lin kt c tnh ton nh l mt biu thc ph thuc vo LQI (mt h s phn nh cht lng tn hiu dc theo lin kt), nng lng cn li ca nt v cng sut pht cn thit i vi gi tin d liu. ng gp ca em khng dng li lp nh tuyn, m cn m hnh ha s hp tc gia nh tuyn v iu khin cng sut.
1.3 Tin trnh nghin cu v trin khai

Cc bc tin hnh nghin cu v trin khai giao thc tin kim nng lng cho h thng cm bin khng dy: Bc 1. Kho st: Cc giao thc tin kim nng lng cho h thng cm bin khng dy trn th gii. Cng c m phng hp l. Thit b testbet.
Bc 2. Lm th nghim testbet v m phng m hnh ha cc quan h rng buc gia cc thng s trong mng t m hnh ha c h thng v cc phng trnh ph thuc. Bc 3. M phng kim chng m hnh thit k. Kt qu xu quay v bc 2. Kt qu tt tin hnh tip bc 4.
Bc 4. Trin khai thit k trn testbed, khi m phng cho kt qu tt. Bc 5. Th nghim kim chng kt qu testbet. - Kt qu xu quay v bc 6 - Kt qu tt hon thnh thit k. Bc 6. Bt u li ti bc 2 vi cc s liu m phng c c t thc nghim.
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Kho st
o c cc thng s qua m phng v testbet &M hnh ha h thng v cc phng trnh ph thuc
M phng kim chng m hnh thit k
no
Kt qu c tt khng? yes Trin khai thit k trn testbed
Th nghim kim chng m hnh thit k
Phn tch s liu u vo t testbed lm u vo cho m phng
no
Kt qu c tt khng?
yes
Hnh 1-1 Tin trnh nghin cu v trin khai
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CHNG 2.
Tng quan mng cm bin khng dy
2.1 Khi nim chung v mng cm bin khng dy

Mng cm bin khng dy (wireless sensor network - WSN) l mt mng bao gm mt s lng ln cc nt cm bin c kch thc nh gn, gi thnh thp, c sn ngun nng lng, c kh nng tnh ton v trao i vi cc thit b khc nhm mc ch thu thp thng tin ton mng a ra cc thng s v mi trng, hin tng v s vt m mng quan st. Cc nt cm bin l cc sensor c kch thc nh, thc hin vic thu pht d liu v giao tip vi nhau ch yu qua kch v tuyn. Cc thnh phn ca nt cm bin bao gm: cc b vi x l rt nh, b nh gii hn, b phn cm bin, b phn thu pht khng dy, ngun nui. Kch thc ca cc con cm bin ny thay i ty thuc vo tng ng dng. Mng cm bin khng dy ra i p ng nhu cu thu thp thng tin v mi trng, kh hu, pht hin v do thm vic tn cng bng ht nhn, sinh hc v ha hc, chun on s hng hc ca my mc, thit b, t phn tch, x l v a ra cc phng n ph hp hoc cnh bo hay n thun ch l lu tr s liu. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh ch to linh kin in t, cng ngh nano, giao tip khng dy, cng ngh mch tch hp, vi mch phn cm bin to ranhng con cm bin c kch thc nh gn, a chc nng, gi thnh thp, tiu th nng lng t, lm tng kh nng ng dng rng ri ca mng cm bin khng dy. Mng cm bin khng dy c mt s c im sau: Pht thng tin qung b trong phm vi hp v nh tuyn multihop. c trin khai vi mt sensor ln. Cu hnh mng thng xuyn thay i ph thuc v fadinh v h hng cc nt.
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Cc nt trong mng cm bin b hn ch v cng sut, kh nng x l v dung lng nh. Mng cm bin thng ph thuc vo ng dng. V tr cc nt mng cm bin khng cn thit phi thit k hoc xc nh trc. Do c th phn b ngu nhin trong cc a hnh phc tp. Kh nng phi hp gia cc nt cm bin: cc nt cm bin c gn b x l bn trong, do thay v gi d liu th ti ch th chng gi d liu qua tnh ton n gin.
2.2 Cu trc mng cm bin khng dy

Cc cu trc hin nay cho mng Internet v mng ad hoc khng dy khng dng c cho mng cm bin khng, v mt s l do sau: S lng cc nt cm bin trong mng cm bin c th ln gp nhiu ln trong mng ad hoc. Cc nt cm bin d b li Cu trc mng cm bin thay i kh thng xuyn. Cc nt cm bin ch yu s dng truyn thng kiu qung b, trong khi hu ht cc mng ad hoc u da trn vic truyn im-im. Cc bt cm bin b gii hn v nng lng, kh nng tnh ton v b nh. Cc nt cm bin c th khng c s nhn dng ton cu (Global identification) (ID) v chng c mt s lng ln mo u v mt s lng ln cc nt cm bin. Chnh v cc l do trn, m cu trc ca mng mi i hi phi: Kt hp vn nng lng v kh nng nh tuyn Tch hp d liu v giao thc mng. Truyn nng lng hiu qu qua cc phng tin khng dy. Chia s nhim v gia cc nt ln cn.
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2.2.1 Cu trc ton mng cm bin khng dy Cc nt cm bin c phn b trong mt trng sensor nh hnh 1.1. Mi nt cm bin c kh nng thu thp d liu v nh tuyn li n cc sink. D liu c nh tuyn li n cc sink bi mt cu trc a im nh hnh di. cc sink c th giao tip vi cc nt qun l nhim v (task manager nt) qua mng Internet hoc v tinh. Sink l mt thc th, ti thng tin c yu cu. Sink c th l thc th bn trong mng (l mt nt cm bin) hoc ngoi mng. Thc th ngoi mng c th l mt thit b thc s v d nh my tnh xch tay m tng tc vi mng cm bin, hoc cng n thun ch l mt gateway m ni vi mng khc ln hn nh Internet ni m cc yu cu thc s i vi cc thng tin ly t mt vi nt cm bin trong mng.
Gim st t xa
Gim st t xa Robot (Actor)
Actor
Sensor Sensor
Sensor Sensor
Actor
Hnh 2-1 Cu trc mng cm bin khng dy
Nh trn ta bit, c im ca mng cm bin l bao gm mt s lng ln cc nt cm bin, cc nt cm bin c gii hn v rng buc v ti nguyn c
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bit l nng lng rt khc khe. Do , cu trc mng mi c c im rt khc vi mng truyn thng. Sau y, ta s phn tch mt s c im ni bt trong mng cm bin nh sau: Kh nng chu li: mt s cc nt cm bin c th khng hot ng na do thiu nng lng, do nhng h hng vt l hoc do nh hng ca mi trng. Kh nng chu li th hin vic mng vn c th hot ng bnh thng, duy tr nhng chc nng ca n ngay c khi mt s nt mng khng hot ng. Kh nng m rng: s lng cc nt cm bin l ty thuc vo tng ng dng c th, c khi ln n hng triu. Do cu trc mng mi phi c kh nng m rng c th lm vic vi s lng ln cc nt ny. Gi thnh sn xut: v cc mng cm bin bao gm mt c lng ln cc nt cm bin nn chi ph ca mi nt rt quan trng trong vic iu chnh chi ph ca ton mng. Nu chi ph ca ton mng t hn chi ph trin khai sensor theo kiu truyn thng, nh vy mng khng c gi thnh hp l. Do vy, chi ph ca mi nt cm bin phi gi mc thp. D trin khai: l mt u im quan trng ca mng cm bin khng dy. Ngi s dng khng cn phi hiu v mng cng nh c ch truyn thng khi lm vic vi WSN.Bi trin khai h thng thnh cng, WSN cn phi t cu hnh.Thm vo , s truyn thng gia hai nt c th b nh hng trong sut thi gian sng do s thay i v tr hay cc i tng ln.Lc ny, mng cn c kh nng t cu hnh li khc phc nhng iu ny. Rng buc v phn cng: v trong mng c mt s lng ln cc nt cm bin nn chng phi c s rng buc vi nhau v phn cng: kch thc phi nh, tiu th t nng lng, c kh nng hot ng nhng ni c mt cao, hot ng khng cn c ngi kim sot, thch nghi vi mi trng Mi trng hot ng: cc nt cm bin c thit lp dy c, rt gn hoc trc tip bn trong cc hin tng quan st. V th, chng thng lm vic m khng cn gim st nhng vng xa xi. Chng c th lm vic bn trong cc my mc ln, nhng iu kin mi trng khc nhit, nhim.
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Phng tin truyn dn: nhng mng cm bin multihop, cc nt trong mng giao tip vi nhau bng sng v tuyn, hng ngoi hoc nhng phng tin quang hc. Cc phng tin truyn dn phi c chn ph hp trn ton th gii thit lp s hot ng thng nht ca nhng mng ny. Cu hnh mng cm bin: trong mng cm bin, hng trm n hng nghn nt c trin khai trn trng cm bin. Chng c trin khai trong vng hng chc feet ca mi nt.Mt cc nt ln ti 20 nt/m3. Do s lng cc nt cm bin rt ln nn cn phi thit lp mt cu hnh n nh. S tiu th nng lng: cc nt cm bin khng dy, c th coi l mt thit b vi in t ch c th c trang b ngun nng lng gii hn (<0.5 Ah, 1.2 V). Trong mt s ng dng, vic b sung ngun nng lng khng th thc hin c. V th khong thi gian sng ca cc nt cm bin ph thuc mng vo thi gian sng ca pin. mng cm bin multihop ad hoc, mi mt nt ng vai tr kp va khi to va nh tuyn d liu.S trc trc ca mt vi nt cm bin c th gy ra nhng thay i ng k trong cu hnh v yu cu nh tuyn ti cc gi v t chc li mng.V vy, vic duy tr v qun l ngun nng lng ng mt vai tr quan trng. Bo mt: cc thng tin v nhit i vi ng dng gim st mi trng dng nh v hi nhng vic gi b mt thng tin v rt quan trng. Cc hot ng ca mt ta nh c th thu thp c d dng bng cch ly thng tin v nhit v nh sng ca ta nh . Nhng thng tin ny c th c s dng sp xp mt k hoch tn cng vo mt cng ty. Do , WSN cn c kh nng gi b mt cc thng tin thu thp c. Trong cc ng dng an ninh, d bo mt tr nn rt quan trng. khng ch duy tr tnh b mt, n cn phi c kh nng xc thc d liu truyn. S kt hp tnh b mt v xc thc l yu cu cn thit ca c ba dng ng dng. Vic s dng m ha v gii m s lm tng chi ph v nng lng v bng thng. D liu m ha v gii m cn c truyn cng vi mi gi tin. iu nh hng ti hiu sut ng dng do gim s lng d liu ly t mng v thi gian sng mong i.
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2.2.2 Hai c trng ca mng cm bin khng dy 2.2.2.1 Cu trc phng Trong cu trc phng (flat architectute) (hnh 1.4): tt c cc nt u ngang hng vng nht trong hnh dng v chc nng. Cc nt giao tip visinkqua multihop s dng cc nt ngang hng lm b tip sng.
Hnh 2-2 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin
Vi phm vi truyn c nh, cc nt gn sink hn s m bo vai tr ca b tip sng i vi mt s lng ln ngun. Gi thit rng tt c cc ngun u dng cng mt tn s truyn d liu, v vy c th chia s thi gian. Tuy nhin cch ny ch c hiu qu vi iu kin l c ngun chia s n l, v d nh thi gian, tn s. 2.2.2.2 Cu trc tng Trong Cu trc tng (tiered architecture) (hnh 1.5): cc cm c to ra gip cc ti nguyn trong cng mt cm gi d liu single hop hay multihop (ty thuc vo kch c ca cm) n mt nt nh sn, thng gi l nt ch (cluster head). Trong cu trc ny cc nt to thnh mt h thng cp bc m mi nt mt mc xc nh thc hin cc nhim v nh sn. Trong cu trc tng th chc nng cm nhn, tnh ton v phn phi d liu khng ng u gia cc nt. Nhng chc nng ny c th phn theo cp, cp thp
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nht thc hin nhim v cm nhn, cp gia thc hin tnh ton, v cp trn cng thc hin phn phi d liu.
Hnh 2-3 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin
Mng cm bin xy dng theo cu trc tng hot ng hiu qu hn so vi cu trc phng, v mt s l do sau: - Cu trc tng c th gim chi ph cho mng cm bin bng vic nh v cc ti nguyn v tr m chng hot ng hiu qu nht. R rng l nu trin khai cc phn cng thng nht. Mi nt ch cn mt lng ti nguyn ti thiu thc hin tt c cc nhim v.
Cp 2: Phn phi
Cp 1: Tnh ton
Cp 0: Cm nhn
Hnh 2-4 Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp
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- Mng cu trc tng c tui th cao hn cu trc mng phng. Khi cn phi tnh ton nhiu th mt b x l nhanh s hiu qu hn, ph thuc vo thi gian yu cu thc hin tnh ton. Tuy nhin, vi cc nhim v cm nhn cn hot ng trong khong thi gian di, cc nt tiu th t nng lng ph hp vi yu cu x l ti thiu s hot ng hiu qu hn. Do vy, vi cu trc tng m cc chc nng mng phn chia gia cc phn cng c thit k ring cho tng chc nng s lm tng tui th ca mng. - V tin cy: mi mng cm bin phi ph hp vi s lng cc nt yu cu tha mn iu kin v thi gian sng v bng thng. Vi mng cu trc phng, khi kch c mng tng ln th thng lng ca mi nt s gim v 0. Vic nghin cu cc mng cu trc tng em li nhiu trin vng khc phc vn ny. Mt cch tip cn l dng mt knh n l trong cu trc phn cp, trong cc nt cp thp hn to thnh mt cm xung quanh trm gc. Trong trng hp ny, dung lng ca mi lp trong cu trc tng v dung lng ca mi cm trong mi lp xc nh l c lp vi nhau. Tm li, khi dng cu trc tng th vic tng thch gia cc chc nng trong mng c th t c. Hin nay, ngi ta ang tp trung nghin cu v cc tin ch v tm a ch trong mng cu trc tng. 2.2.3 Cu trc nt cm bin Mi nt cm bin c cu thnh bi 4 thnh phn c bn (xem hnh 2-5): n v cm bin (sensing unit) n v x l (processing unit) n v truyn dn (transceiver unit) B ngun (power unit) Ngoi ra c th c thm nhng thnh phn khc ty thuc vo tng ng dng nh l h thng nh v (location finding system), b pht ngun (power generator) v b phn di ng (mobilizer).
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Cc n v cm bin (sensing units) bao gm cm bin. Da trn nhng hin tng quan st c, tn hiu to ra bi sensor c a vo b x l.
n v cm bin Cm bin
n v x l X l lu tr
n v truyn dn B thu pht
B ngun
Hnh 2-5 Cu to nt cm bin
n v x l thng c kt hp vi b lu tr nh (storage units), quyt nh cc th tc lm cho cc nt kt hp vi nhau thc hin cc nhim v nh sn. Phn thu pht v tuyn kt ni cc nt vo mng. Mt trong cc phn quan trng nht ca mt nt mng cm bin l b ngun. Cc b ngun thng c h tr bi cc b phn lc nh l t bo nng lng mt tri. Ngoi ra cng c nhng thnh phn ph khc ph thuc vo tng ng dng. Hu ht cc k thut nh tuyn v cc nhim v cm bin ca mng u yu cu c chnh xc cao v v tr. Cc b phn di ng i lc cn phi dch chuyn cc nt cm bin khi cn thit thc hin cc nhim v n nh. Tt c nhng thnh phn ny cn phi ph hp vi kch c tng module. Ngoi kch c, cc nt cm bin cn mt s rng buc nghim ngt khc, nh l phi tiu th rt t nng lng, hot ng mt cao, c gi thnhthp, c th t hot ng, v thch bin vi s bin i ca mi trng nh trnh by c th di y: Nng lng: t c yu cu duy tr nng lng hot ng trong nhiu nm, cc nt mng cn phi tiu th nng lng rt thp. Vic tiu th nng lng thp ch t c bng cch kt hp cc thnh phn cng nng lng thp v chu trnh hot ng ngn. Trong thi gian hot dng, truyn thng radio s tiu th mt phn nng lng ng k trong tng mc tiu th nng lng ca nt mng. Cc thut ton v cc giao thc cn c pht trin gim hot ng truyn nhn
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radio. iu ny c th t c bng cch s dng s tnh ton cc b gim lung d liu nhn c t cm bin. V d, cc s kin t nhiu nt cm bin c th c kt hp cng nhau thnh mt nhm cc nt trc khi truyn mt kt qu n l qua mng cm nhn. Tnh mm do: Cc nt mng phi c kh nng thch nghi cao thch hp vi cc ng cnh khc nhau. Mi mt ng dng s yu cu v thi gian sng, tc ly mu, thi gian p ng v x l ni mng khc nhau. Mt kin trc WSN cn phi mm do cung cp mt di rng cc ng dng. Thm vo , v l do chi ph mi thit b s ch c phn cng v phn mm cho mt ng dng c th. Kin trc cn n gin kt hp gia phn cng v phn mm. V vy, nhng thit b nyi hi mt mc cao v tnh modul ca phn cng v phn mm trong khi vn gi c tnh hiu qu. Sc mnh: h tr cho cc yu cu v thi gian sng, mi nt cn phi cng mnh cng tt. Trong s thc t, hng trm nt mng s hot ng trong nhiu nm. t c iu ny, h thng cn c xy dng vn c th hot ng khi mt nt b li. Modul ho h thng l mt cng c mnh pht trin h thng. Bng cch chia chc nng h thng thnh cc thnh phn con c lp, mi chc nng c th c kim tra y trc khi kt hp chng thnh mtng dng hon chnh. lmiu ny, cc thnh phn h thng phic lpn mc c th v c giao tip cht ch, ngn chn cc tng tc khng mong i. tng sc mnh h thng khi nt b li, mt WSN cng cn c kh nng i ph vi nhiu ngoi. Cc mng thng cng tn ti cng vi cc h thng khng dy khc, chng cn c kh nng thch nghi theo cc hnh ng khc nhau. N cng phi c kh nng hot ng trong mi trng c cc thit b khng dy khc hotng vi mt hay nhiu tn s. Kh nng trnh tc nghn tn s l iu ct yu m bo mt s trin khai thnh cng. Bo mt: t c mc bo mt m ng dng yu cu, cc nt ring l cn c kh nng thc hin s m ho phc tp v thut ton xc thc. Truyn d liu khng dy rt d b chn. Ch c mt cch bo mt d liu l m ho ton b d
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liu truyn. CPU cn c kh nng t thc hin cc thao tc mt m. bo mt ton b d liu truyn, cc nt cn t bo mt d liu ca chng. Trong khi chng k hng c lng ln d liu lu bn trong, chng s phi lu cc kho m ho c s dng trn mng. Nu nhng kho ny b l, tnh bo mt ca mng s mt. c c tnh bo mt tt, cn phi rt kh ly c kho m ha t mt nt. Truyn thng: Mt ch tiu nh gi cho bt k WSN l tc truyn, nng lng tiu th v khong cch. Trong khi bao ph ca mng khng b gii hn bi khong cch truyn ca cc nt ring bit, khong cch truyn c mt nh hng quan trng ti mt ti thiu c th chp nhn c. Nu cc nt c t rt xa n khng th to c kt ni vi mng lin kt hoc vi mt nt d tr c c tin cy cao. Nu khong cch truyn radio tho mn mt mt nt cao, cc nt thm vo s lm tng mt h thng ti mt mc no cho php. Tc truyn cng c nh hng ln n hiu sut ca nt mng. Tc truyn cao hn lm cho kh nng ly mu hiu qu hn v nng lng tiu th ca mng t hn. Khi tc tng, vic truyn mt t thi gian hn v do i hi t nng lng hn. Tuy nhin, khi tng tc cng thng lm tng nng lng tiu th radio. Mi th tr nn bng nhau, mt tc cao s tng hiu sut h thng. Tuy nhin, tng tc c nh hng ln ti nng lng tiu th v yu cu tnh ton ca nt. Tng th, li ch ca vic tng tc c th c b li bi cc yu t khc. Tnh ton:Hai vic tnh ton cho nt mng tp trung ch yu vo x l d liu ni mng v qun l cc giao thc truyn thng khng dy mc thp. C nhng yu cu gii hn v mt thi gian thc i vi truyn thng v cm bin. Khi d liu ti trn mng, CPU cn iu khin ng thi radio v ghi li/gii m (record/decode) d liu ti. Tc truyn cao hn i hi tnh ton nhanh hn. iu tng t cng ng i vi x l d liu cm bin. Cc cm bin tng t c th pht ra hng ngn mu trong mt giy. Cc thao tc x l cm bin ni chung bao gm lc s, trung bnh ho, nhn bit ngng, phn tch ph, tng kh nng x l cc b, cc nt lng ging c th kt hp d liu vi nhau trc khi truyn i trn mng. Cc kt qu t nhiu nt mng c thc tng hp cng nhau.
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X l ni mng ny i hi thm ti nguyn tnh ton. Ngoi ra, ng dng x l d liu c th tiu th mt lng tnh ton ph thuc vo cc php ton c thc hin. ng b thi gian: h tr s tng quan thi gian c cm bin v chu trnh hot ng ngn ca ng dng thu thp thng tin, cc nt cn duy tr ng b thi gian chnh xc vi cc thnh vin khc trong mng. Cc nt cn ng v thc dy cng nhau chng c th nh k truyn thng cho nhau. Cc li trong c ch tnh thi gian s to nn s khng hiu qu dn n lm tng chu trnh lm vic v lm gim tui th ca h thng mng. Kch thc v chi ph: Kch thc vt l v gi thnh ca mi nt ring l c nh hng ti s d dng v chi ph khi trin khai. Vic gim gi thnh trn mi nt s lm cho c kh nng mua thm nhiu nt, trin khai mt mng thu thp vi mt cao hn, v thu thp c nhiu d liu hn. Kch thc vt l cng nh hng ti s d dng khi trin khai mng. Cc nt nh hn c th c t nhiu v tr hn v c s dng trong nhiu tnh hung hn. Trong tnh hung theo di nt i tng, cc nt nh hn, r hn s tng kh nng theo di nhiu i tng hn.
2.3 ng dng
Mng cm bin c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, v thng pht huy hiu qu cao trong cc iu kin: Mi trng khc nghit, a hnh kh khn (v d: khu vc rng ni, vng nhim phng x). Cn gim st cc gi tr bin i theo thi gian (nhit , m trong mi trng). Khu vc rng ln (v d: rng, cc ta nh.). Chng ta phn loi cc ng dng ny trong nng, lm nghip, trong qun i, sc khe gia nh v cc lnh vc thng mi khc.
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2.3.1 ng dng trong nng v lm nghip Mng cm ng c th c trin khai trn cc khu vc rng, ng rung rng ln a ra cc cnh bo kp thi. Trong nng nghip, cc nt cm bin c th c gn vo cc ht ging kim tra m trong t, s tng trng ca cy Trong lm nghip, cc sensor c trin khai trn cc cnh rng cnh bo chy rng. Cc sensor cng c th c gn vo c th ng vt c th gim st s di chuyn ca chng. 2.3.2 ng dng trong y t v chun on t xa Trong tng lai, cc nt cm ng c th c gn vo c th, v d nh di da v o cc thng s ca mu pht hin sm cc bnh nh ung th, nh vic cha bnh s d dng hn. Hin nay tn ti nhng video sensor rt nh c th nut vo trong ngi, dng mt ln v c bc v hon ton, ngun nui ca thit b ny hot ng trong 24h. Trong thi gian , chng gi hnh nh v bn trong con ngi sang mt thit b khc m khng cn phi phu thut. Cc bc s c th da vo chun on v iu tr. 2.3.3 ng dng trong qun i V mng cm bin da trn s trin khai dy c ca cc nt cm bin c sn, chi ph thp v s ph hy ca mt vi nt bi qun ch khng nh hng n hot ng ca qun i cng nh s ph hy cc cm bin truyn thng lm cho khi nim mng cm bin l ng dng tt i vi chin trng. Mt vi ng dng trong qun i ca mng cm bin l quan st lc lng, trang thit b, theo di chin trng, do thm a hnh v lc lng qun ch,.. t nh gi mc nguy him ca chin trng, do thm v pht hin vic tn cng bng ha hc, sinh hc, ht nhn mt cch kh hiu qu.
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2.3.4 ng dng trong gia nh Trong lnh vc t ng ha gia nh, cc nt cm bin c t cc phng o nhit . Khng nhng th, chng cn c dng pht hin nhng s dch chuyn trong phng v thng bo li nhng thng tin ny n thit b bo ng trong trng hp khng c ai nh.
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CHNG 3.
Chun ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4
3.1 Khi qut v mng WPAN

WPAN l mng v tuyn c nhn. Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh v tuyn c vng ph nh tm vi mt n hng chc mt ti a. Cc cngngh ny phc v mc ch ni kt cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in, bn phm, chut, a cng, kha USB,ng h,...vi in thoi di ng, my tnh. Cc cng ngh trong nhm ny bao gm: Bluetooth, Wibree, ZigBee, UWB, Wireless USB, EnOcean...
3.2 Khi nim ZigBee

L tp hp cc giao thc giao tip mng khng dy khong cch ngn ctc truyn d liu thp. Cc thit b khng dy da trn chun Zigbee hot ng trn 3 dy tn s l 868MHz, 915 MHz v 2.4GHz. Ci tn Zigbee c xut pht t cch truyn thng tin ca cc con ong mt l kiu zig-zag ca loi ong honeyBee. Ci tn Zigbee cng c ghp t 2 t ny. Vi nhng c im chnh: Tc truyn d liu thp 20-250Kbps S dng cng sut thp, t tiu hao in nng Thi gian s dng pin rt di Ci t, bo tr d dng tin cy cao C th m rng n 65000 nt Chi ph u t thp.
Tc d liu l 250kbps di tn 2.4 GHz(ton cu), 40 kbps di tn 915 MHz (M ,Nht) v 20kbps di tn 868 MHz (Chu u). 3.2.1 Cc loi thit b trong mng ZigBee Chun IEEE 802.15.4 nh ngha hai loi thit b sau:
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Full-function devices (FFDs): l nhng thit b h tr y cc chc nng theo chun ca IEEE 802.15.4 v c th m nhn bt c vai tr no trong h thng. FFD c th hot ng trong ba trng thi: l iu phi vin ca ton mng WPAN, hay l iu phi vin ca mt mng con hoc n gin ch l mt thnh vin trong mng, b sung b nh v sc mnh tnh ton lm cho n tr thnh l tng trong chc nng router mng hoc n c th s dng trong cc thit b mng cnh. Reduced-function devices (RFDs): l nhng thit b gii hn mt s chc nng (ch giao tip c vi FFDs, p dng cho cc ng dng n gin, khng yu cu gi lng ln d liu) vi chi ph thp hn v phc tp hn.
Mt mng ti thiu phi c mt thit b FFD, mt FFD c th lm vic vi nhiu RFD hay nhiu FFD trong khi mt RFD ch c th lm vic vi mt FFD. Trong khi chun ZigBee li nh ngha cc loi thit b nh sau: ZigBee Coordinator (ZC): l mt loi thit b c chc nng khi to v duy tr kin trc mng tng th, ng thi n iu khin v gim st, lu tr cc thng tin v mng. V vy n yu cu b nh v sc mnh tnh ton ln nht. ZC c cc vai tr nh sau: Khi to mt mng. La chn ch s nhn dng cho mng (PAN ID: Personal Area Network Identifier). Cho php mt thit b gia nhp hoc ri khi mng. Thc thi tt c cc chc nng ca mt router. ZigBee Router (ZR): l mt thit b thng minh c kh nng m rng tm bao ph ca mng bng cch nh tuyn v cung cp tuyn d phng hoc phc hi nhng tuyn b nghn, hot ng nh mt router trung gian, truyn d liu gia cc thit b khc nhau. N c th kt ni vi ZC, ZR v c ZED. Mt ZR c cc vai tr nh sau: nh tuyn d liu gia cc thit b ZigBee.
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Cho php mt thit b gia nhp v ri khi mng. Qun l cc bn tin cho cc con ca n l cc thit b cui (end devices). Thc thi tt c cc chc nng ca mt thit b cui Zigbee. ZigBee End Device (ZED): l cc nt cm bin c cc thng tin t mi trng. N c th nhn d liu nhng khng th chuyn tip d liu, kt ni c vi ZC v ZR nhng khng th kt ni vi nhau. N c th l FFD hoc RFD. 3.2.2 Cu trc mng ZigBee Cc nt mng trong mt mng ZigBee c th lin kt vi nhau theo cu trc mng hnh sao (Star), li (Mesh), cu trc b cm hnh cy (Tree). S a dng v cu trc mng ny cho php cng ngh ZigBee c ng dng mt cch rng ri. 3.2.2.1 Mng hnh sao i vi loi mng ny mt kt ni c thnh lp bi cc thit b vi mt thit b c lp trnh iu khin c gi l b iu phi mng PAN. Sau khi FFD c kch hot ln u n c th to nn mt mng c lp v tr thnh mt b iu phi mng PAN. Mi mng hnh sao u phi c mt ch s nhn dng c nhn duy nht gi l PAN ID (PAN Identifier), ch s ny l duy nht m khng c s dng bi bt k mng no khc trong phm vi ca n.
Hnh 3-1 Cu trc mng hnh sao [4]
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3.2.2.2 Mng li Kiu cu trc mng ny cng c mt b iu phi mng PAN. Thc cht y l kt hp ca hai kiu kin trc mng hnh sao v mng ngang hng, cu trc mng ny th mt thit b A c th to kt ni vi bt k thit b no khc min l thit b nm trong phm vi ph song ca thit b A. Mng hot ng theo ch ad-hoc cho php chuyn tip nhiu chng trung gian l cc ZR, iu ny ng ngha vi vic phi c thut ton nh tuyn tm ra cc ng i ti u. Mng ny c th hot ng trong mt phm vi rt rng, tuy nhin rt kh khn gim thiu phc tp trong vic lin kt im im no trong mng, do kh c th m bo thi gian truyn ti thiu c.
Hnh 3-2 Cu trc mng li [4]
3.2.2.3 Mng hnh cy Cu trc ny l mt cu trc c bit ca cu trc li trong a s thit b l FFD v mt RFD c th kt ni vo hnh cy nh mt nt ri rc im cui ca nhnh cy. Trong cu hnh ny ZED c th gia nhp hoc l ZC hoc l ZR.
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Hnh 3-3 Cu trc mng hnh cy [4]
3.2.3 Cu trc phn lp
Hnh 3-4 Kin trc ZigBee Stack [8]
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3.2.3.1 Lp vt l Lp vt l chu trch nhim cung cp cc dch v: Kch hot v dng hot ng ca b thu pht. Pht hin nng lng trn knh truyn (ED). Ch th cht lng knh truyn (LQI) cho cc gi tin nhn c. nh gi knh truyn phc v CSMA-CA. Chn tn s knh truyn. Truyn nhn d liu.
Di tn hot ng v tc d liu:
Bng 3-1 Di tn hot ng v tc d liu Tn s trung tm (MHz) 868/915 868 - 868.6 902 - 928 2450 2400 - 2483.5 Bng tn (MHz) Tham s tri ph Tc chip (kchip/s) 300 600 2000 BPSK BPSK 20 40 20 40 62.5 Nh phn Nh phn H 16 K thut iu ch Tham s d liu Tc bit Tc k hiu K hiu
O-QPSK 250
nh s knh truyn vt l:
Hnh 3-5 Phn b knh truyn [5]
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Tng s 32 trang knh (channel page), cc trang knh t ba n 31 cha c s dng. Mi trang knh cha 27 knh (16 knh trong di 2450MHz, 10 knh trong di 915MHz, 1 knh trong di 868MHz).
Cc c t v thu pht v tuyn: Cng sut pht: b pht phi c cng sut ti a ln hn -3dbm. Cc thit b s pht i vi cng sut thp hn khi c th gim nh hng ti cc thit b v h thng khc. Mc thu ti a: l cng sut em a ca tn hiu c ch xut hin ti u vo ca b thu t c tn sut li gi chun. Mt thit b thu phi c mc thu ti a ln hn hoc bng -20dbm. D nng lng (ED): c lng cng sut tn hiu nhn c trong bng thng ca knh. Vic o c ny ch yu c s dng cho lp mng nh mt phn ca thut ton chn knh. nh gi knh truyn (CCA): c 3 phng php thc hin CCA Knh truyn c coi l bn nu pht hin nng lng trn knh truyn vt qua mt ngng cho trc. Knh truyn c coi l bn nu pht hin trn knh truyn c mt tn hiu s dng phng thc iu ch, tri ph ging vi thit b ang s dng. Kt hp 2 phng thc trn. Cc c t dch v lp vt l : lp vt l theo chun IEEE802.15.4 cung cp 2 dch v: Dch v d liu PHY: vn chuyn cc n v d liu lp MAC (MPDUs) gia cc thc th thuc lp MAC, truy nhp thng qua im truy nhp dch v PD-SAP. Dch v qun l PHY: vn chuyn cc lnh qun l gia MLME v PLME, truy nhp thng qua im truy nhp dch v PLME-SAP.
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PD - SAP
PLME SAP
PLME PHY layer

PHY PIB
RF - SAP
Hnh 3-6 M hnh tham chiu lp vt l
3.2.3.2 Lp MAC Lp con MAC x l tt c nhng truy nhp ti knh vt l v chu trch nhimvi cc cng vic: Pht cc bn tin bo hiu mng (network beacons) nu thit b l mt coordinator. ng b cc bn tin bo hiu mng. H tr vic tham gia v ri mng. H tr bo mt thit b. S dng c ch CSMA-CA truy nhp knh truyn. Thc hin v duy tr c ch khe thi gian m bo (GTS). Cung cp mt lin kt tin cy gia cc thc th MAC. Lp con MAC ng vai tr nh mt giao din gia lp con hi t dch v c bit (SSCS) v lp vt l. Lp con MAC cha mt thc th qun l gi l MLME. Thc th ny cung cp cc giao din dch v m qua cc chc nng qun l lp c th c gi ra. Thc th qun l MLME cng chu trch nhim trong vic duy tr mt c s d liu v cc i tng qun l gn lin vi lp con MAC. C s d liu ny c bit n nh l c s thng tin mng c nhn ca lp con MAC (MAC sublayer PIB).
c t dch v: -
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MCPS - SAP
MLME SAP
MAC common part sublayer
MLME
MAC PIB
PD - SAP
PLME - SAP
Hnh 3-7 M hnh tham chiu ca lp con MAC
Lp con MAC cung cp 2 dch v, c cung cp thng qua 2 im truy cp dch v: Dch v d liu MAC, c th truy nhp thng qua im truy nhp dch v d liu MCPS (MCPS - SAP).
Dch v qun l MAC, c th truy nhp thng qua im truy nhp dch v thc th qun l lp con MAC (MLME - SAP). 3.2.3.3 Lp mng Lp mng c yu cu cung cp chc nng m bo s hot ng ng ca lp con MAC v cung cp mt giao din thit b ph hp cho lp ng dng. giao tip vi lp ng dng, lp mng bao hm hai thc th dch v cung cp chc nng cn thit. Cc thc th dch v ny l dch v d liu v dch v qun l. Thc th d liu lp mng (NLDE) cung cp dch v truyn nhn d liu qua im truy cp dch v lin kt vi n (NLDE-SAP), v thc th qun l lp mng (NLME) cung cp dch v qun l qua im truy cp dch v lin kt vi n (NLME-SAP). Thc th qun l dng thc th d liu t mt vi trong s cc tc v qun l ca n v n cng duy tr mt c c d liu cc i tng qun l.
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Next Higher Layer Entity NLDE-SAP NLME-SAP NLME NWK IB NLME-SAP
NLDE
MCPS-SAP
MAC Sub-Layer Entity
Hnh 3-8 Cu trc lp mng [6]
Thc th d liu cung cp mt dch v d liu cho php mt ng dng truyn ti cc n v d liu chun (PDU) lp ng dng gia hai hay nhiu thit b. Bn thn cc thit b phi c t trn cng mt mng. Thc th d liu cung cp cc dch v sau: To ra n v d liu chun lp mng (NPDU): thc th d liu lp mng c kh nng to ra mt NPDU t mt PDU ca lp con h tr dch v qua vic thm vo cc thng tin iu khin. nh tuyn theo cu hnh c th: thc th d liu c th truyn mt NPDU ti mt thit b thch hp, thit b ny l ch n cui ca s truyn thng hoc bc tip theo hng n ch n cui cng trong chui truyn thng. Bo mt: kh nng bo mt c s xc nhn v s bo mt ca qu trnh truyn pht. Thc th qun l cung cp mt dch v qun l cho php mt ng dng tng tc vi cc lp di. Thc th qun l cung cp cc dch v nh sau: Cu hnh mt thit b mi: y l kh nng cu hnh mt cch y thit b vn hnh ng nh c yu cu. Cc la chn cu hnh bao gm khi to hot ng ca ZC hoc gia nhp mt mng tn ti. Bt u mt mng: l kh nng thit lp mt mng mi.
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Gia nhp, gia nhp li v ri khi mt mng: y l kh nng gia nhp, gia nhp li hoc ri mt mng cng nh kh nng ca ZC hoc ZR yu cu mt thit b ri khi mng. nh a ch: y l kh nng ca ZC v ZR gn cc a ch cho cc thit b gia nhp mng. Khm ph hng xm: y l kh nng khm ph, ghi li v bo co thng tin thuc v cc hng xm 1 chng ca mt thit b. Khm ph tuyn: y l kh nng khm ph v lu tr cc ng i qua mng, nh cc bn tin c th c nh tuyn mt cch hiu qu. iu khin s thu nhn: y l kh nng vi mt thit b iu khin khi b thu c kch hot v bao lu, iu ny cho php ng b lp con MAC hoc thu nhn trc tip.
nh tuyn: y l kh nng s dng cc c ch nh tuyn khc nhau nh: unicast, multicast, broadcast. 3.2.3.4 Lp ng dng Lp ng dng bao gm 3 tng con nh sau nh sau: Tng con h tr ng dng (APS: application support sub-layer). Application Framework. ZDO (ZigBee Device Object).
3.2.3.4.1 Tng con h tr ng dng Tng con h tr ng dng cung cp giao din gia lp mng v lp ng dng thng qua mt b cc dch v chung vi vic s dng bi c i tng thit b ZigBee (ZDO) v cc i tng ng dng c nh ngha bi bi nh sn xut. Cc loi dch v ny c a ra qua hai thc th: dch v d liu v dch v qun l. Thc th d liu tng con h tr dch v (APSDE) cung cp dch v truyn nhn d liu thng qua im truy cp dch v (SAP) lin kt vi n, APSDE -SAP. Thc th qun l tng con h tr dch v (APSME) cung cp dch v qun l thng qua
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im truy cp dch (SAP) lin kt vi n, APSME-SAP, v duy tr mt c s d liu v cc i tng c qun l. Thc th d liu s cung cp mt dch v d liu cho lp mng v c ZDO v cc i tng d liu cho php truyn ti cc n v d liu chuyn (PDU) ca lp ng dng gia hai hay nhiu thit b. Bn thn cc thit b phi c t trn cng mng. Thc th d liu cung cp cc dch v sau: To ra PDU mc ng dng: thc th d liu s ly mt PDU lp ng dng v to ra mt PDU ca lp con h tr dch v bng cch thm vo cc thng tin iu khin (PCI).
Next Higher Layer Entity APSDE-SAP APSDE-SAP APSME NWK IB NLME-SAP
APSDE
NLDE-SAP
MAC Sub-Layer Entity
Hnh 3-9 Cu trc lp ng dng [6]
Kt hp (Binding): mt khi hai thit b c kt hp vi nhau, thc th d liu c th truyn mt bn tin t mt thit b c kt hp ti thit b cn li. Lc a ch nhm: cung cp kh nng lc cc bn tin c nh a ch nhm da vo t cch thnh vin nhm. Truyn ti tin cy: tng tin cy ca cc tng tc. Loi b bn sao: cc bn tin c to ra truyn nhn s khng c nhn hn mt ln. Phn mnh: cho php phn mnh v ti lp ghp cc bn tin di hn chiu di ti (payload) ca mt khung lp mng n.
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Thc th qun l cung cp mt dch v cho php mt ng dng tng tc vi cc lp di. Thc th qun l cng cung cp kh nng kt hp hai thit b vi nhau da vo cc dch v v nhu cu ca chng. Dch v ny c gi l dch v kt hp (binding service), v thc th qun l c kh nng xy dng v duy tr mt bng lu tr cc thng tin ny. Bn cnh , thc th qun l cung cp cc dch v sau: Qun l kt hp: y l kh nng kt hp hai thit b vi nhau da trn cc dch v v nhu cu ca chng. Bo mt: kh nng thit lp cc mi quan h ng tin vi cc thit b khc thng qua vic s dng cc cha kha bo mt. Qun l nhm: cung cp kh nng khai bo mt a ch n c chia s bi nhiu thit b, thm cc thit b vo nhm, v loi b mt cc thit b ra khi nhm. 3.2.3.4.2 Tng Application Framework Chc nng ca tng ny l: D tm xem c nt hoc thit b no khc ang hot ng trong vng ph sng ca thit b ang hot ng hay khng. Duy tr kt ni v chuyn tip thng tin gia cc nt mng. 3.2.4 Cc thut ton nh tuyn Trong ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 s dng thut ton chn ng c phn c p nh xt cc phng n ti u. Khi im ca thut ton nh tuyn ny chnh l thut ton min cng cng c nghin cu rt k c tn l AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) dng cho nhng mng c tnh cht t t chc v thut ton hnh cy ca Motorola. 3.2.4.1 Thut ton AODV AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) n thun ch l thut ton tm ng theo yu cu trong mng ad hoc (mt mng t t chc). C th hiu nh
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sau, nhng nt trong mng khi m khng nm trong tuyn ng truyn tin th khng duy tr thng tin no v tuyn ng truyn v cng khng tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn theo chu k. Ni k hn na, mt nt mng khng c chc nng t nh tuyn v lu tr tuyn ng ti mt s nt khc cho n khi c hai nt mng trn lin lc vi nhau, tr trng hp nhng nt mng c ngh dch v nh l mt trm chuyn tip gi lin lc gia nhng nt mng khc. Mc ch u tin ca thut ton l ch pht qung b cc gi tin d ng khi cn thit hoc khi c yu cu, vic lm ny phn bit gia vic qun l lin lc cc b vi vic bo qun giao thc lin lc chung v pht qung b thng tin v s thay i trong lin kt cc b ti nhng nt di ng ln cn (l nhng nt cn thng tin cp nht). Khi mt nt ngun cn kt ni ti mt nt khc, m nt ngun khng cha thng tin v tuyn ng ti nt , nh vy mt qu trnh tm ng c thit lp. thit lp qu trnh tm ng ny th mi nt mng u lu hai b m c lp: sequence number v broadcast id. bt u qu trnh tm ng, nt ngun s khi to mt gi tin tm ng (RREQ) v pht qung b gi tin ny ti tt c cc nt mng ln cn, gi tin RREQ ny s cha cc thng tin v a ch ngun (source address), s chui (source sequence number), s id qung qu (broadcast id), a ch ch (dest address), s chui ch (destination sequence number), s m bc truyn (hop count). Bi mi khi nt mng ngun pht ra mt gi tin tm ng mi th ch s id qung b s tng ln mt n v, nn trong mi gi tin RREQ th cp a ch ngun v ch s id qung b lun lun l duy nht. Khi nt mng trung gian nhn c mt gi tin RREQ mi, n s em so snh a ch ngun v ch s id qung b vi gi tin RREQ trc , nu ging nhau th nt mng trung gian ny s t ng x a RREQ d tha ny v dng vic pht gi tin ny li. Nhng nu so snh thy khc nhau th nt mng ny s t ng tng s m bc truyn (hop count) ln v tip tc pht qung b gi tin RREQ ny ti cc nt ln cn tip tc qu trnh tm ng. Trong mi mt nt mng u lu tr cc thng tin v a ch IP ch, a
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ch IP ngun, ch s id qung b, s chui nt ngun v thi gian hn inh cho php gi tin mang thng tin xc nhn c gi tr li ni pht. Khi gi tin RREQ c truyn trn mng t ngun ti ch, n s t ng thit lp ng ngc li t cc nt mng ny quay tr li nt ngun. thit lp tuyn ng ngc chiu, mi nt phi lu gi a ch ca nt bn cnh m n sao chp c trong gi tin RREQ u tin. Tuyn ng ngc chiu c lu tr trong thi gian ti thiu gi tin RREQ ny vt qua mng tr v ni xut pht ban u. Khi RREQ ti mt nt no y m c th c th nt mng ny l ch n ca n, hoc nt ny nm trn tuyn ng truyn t ngun ti ch, nt nhn ti n ny u tin s kim tra xem gi tin RREQ va nhn qua kt ni hai chiu. Nu nt mng ny cha phait l nt mng ch nhng c lu giu tuyn ng ti nt ch, khi n s quyt nh xem tuyn ng ny c chnh xc khng bng cch so snh s chui ngun cha bn trong gi tin RREQ ny ti s chui ngun trong bng nh tuyn ca nt mng . Nu s chui ch ca RREQ ln hn s chui ch trong cc nt trung gian, th nt trung gian khng nm trn tuyn ng truyn ng vi gi tin RREQ ny. Nu tuyn ng ny c s chui ch ln hn hoc bng vi s chui ch trong RREQ nhng c s bc truyn nh hn, th n c th pht mt gi tin RREP (route reply packet) tr li nt mng pht RREQ cho n. Mt gi tin RREP gm c cc trng thng tin sau: trng a ch ngun, trng a ch ch, s chui ch, s m bc truyn v thi gian sng. Khi m gi tin RREP quay tr li c nt ngun, cc nt dc theo tuyn ng ca RREP s thit lp con tr hng ti nt mng RREP va n, cp nht thng tin timeout (vi timeout l khong thi gian m mt nt khng cn hot ng na v nm trong trng thi ch) ca n cho bng nh tuyn ng ti ngun v ch, ng thi sao lu li s chui ch cui ca nt ch cn ti. Nhng nt mng nm dc theo tuyn ng xc nh bi RREP s cht sau khi ht thi gian yu cu nh tuyn v con tr o b xa khi chng khng cn nm
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trn tuyn ng t ngun ti ch. Thi gian cht ny ph thuc vo kch c ca mng.
N2 N1 Ngun N1 N1 N1 N5 N1+N5 N4
N1+N2+N ch 3 N9 N3 N1+N2 N1+N4+N7+ N8 N8 N7 N1+N4 N1+N5+ N6 N6 N5 N1+N4+ N7 N1+N2+N3+N 9 Ngun N1
N1+N2+N3+N ch 9 N9 N3 N2 N1+N2+N3+N 9 N8 N4 N7
N6
Hnh 3-10 nh dng tuyn ng trong giao thc AODV
Nt ngun c th pht d liu ngay khi n nhn c gi tin RREP u tin, ng thi cng cp nht thng tin v tuyn ng nu pht hin ra tuyn ng ti u hn. Mi bng nh tuyn gm cc trng thng tin sau: trng thng tin v ch n, bc truyn k tip, s bc truyn, s chui ch, nt ln cn tch cc thuc tuyn ng, thi gian cht cho nhp d liu vo bng nh tuyn. duy tr ng truyn, mi nt mng lun phi c a ch ca nt mng tch cc ln cn (mt nt mng c coi l tch cc nu n c chc nng khi pht hoc chuyn tip ti thiu mt gi tin n ch trong thi gian cho php). Khi m bc truyn k tip nm trong tuyn ng t ngun ti ch ny khng thc hin c (tc l thng tin yu cu khng c nhn trong mt khong thi gian no , thng tin yu cu ny m bo rng ch c nhng nt mng no lin lc hai chiu mi c coi nt mng ln cn). Qu trnh ny c tip din n khi tt c cc nt ngun tch cc c thng bo. Nh vo vic nhn nhng thng bo v gin on ng truyn, m cc nt ngun c th khi ng li qu trnh tm ng nu chng vn cn mt tuyn ng ti ch c. Nu nt ngun la chn vic xy dng li tuyn ng mi t ngun ti ch, n cn phi phn pht mt gi tin RREQ mi vi s chui ch mi ln hn s chui ch c.
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3.2.4.2 Thut ton hnh cy Giao thc hnh cy l giao thc ca tng mng v tng lin kt d liu, giao thc ny s dng gi tin trng thi kt ni nh dng mt mng hnh cy n, cng nh mt mng hnh cy m rng. Loi mng ny c bn l mt loi mng c tnh cht t t chc v t h tr hn ch li mng n mt mc li cho php, c bit hn do y l mt loi mng c tnh cht t t chc nn n cng c th t sa cha khi gp s c mt nt mng no . Cc nt mng chn mt nt lm gc cy v to ra cc nhnh cy mt cch t do. Sau , cc nhnh cy t pht trin kt ni ti nhng nhnh cy khc nh vo thit b gc. 3.2.4.2.1 Thut ton hnh cy n nhnh Qu trnh hnh thnh nhnh cy bt u bng vic chn gc cy. Sau khi mt nt gc c chn, n s m rng kt ni vi cc nt khc to ra mt nhm. Sau khi mt nt c kch hot, n s d tm bn tin HELLO t cc nt khc (bn tin HELLO tng t nh beacon trong tng MAC ca chun IEEE 802.15.4). Nu trong mt thi gian nht nh no , n khng nhn c bt k mt bn tin HELLO no, th nt ny s t tr thnh nt gc v li gi bn tin HELLO ti cc nt ln cn. Nt gc mi ny s ch gi tin yu cu kt ni t cc nt ln cn trong mt khong thi gian no , nu n vn khng nhn c bt k yu cu kt ni no t cc nt ln cn th n s tr li thnh mt nt bnh thng v li tip tc d tm bn tin HELLO. Nt gc cng c th c chn la da trn tham s ca mi nt mng (v d nh phm vi truyn, cng sut, v tr, kh nng tnh ton).
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Nt A
Nt B
Qu trnh kch hot v d tm HELLO_MESSAGE
Chuyn thnh nt gc (CH_cluster head)
Qu trnh kch hot v d tm HELLO_MESSAGE HELLO_MESSAGE Yu cu kt ni
Qu trnh thit lp kt ni
Hnh 3-11 Qu trnh chn nt gc
Sau khi tr thnh nt gc, n s pht qung b gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE theo chu l, gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE ny gm mt a ch MAC v a ch ID ca nt gc. Nhng nt mng nhn c gi tin ny s gi tr li li bng gi tin yu cu kt ni (REQ) ti nt gc (ni va pht i). Khi nt gc nhn c gi tin yu cu kt ni, n s ngay lp tc gi tr li gi tin va u ra yu cu bng mt gi tin khc CONNECTION_RESPONE, gi tin ny cha a ch ID cho nt thnh vin (nt B), a ch ID ny do nt gc quy inh. xc nhn thng tin th nt thnh vin B ny s gi li nt gc gi tin Ack. Nu tt c cc nt u trong phm vi ph song ca nt gc th kin trc mng l kin trc hnh sao, tt c cc nt thnh vin s lin lc trc tip vi nt gc qua mt chng truyn (onehop). Mt nhnh c th pht trin thnh cu trc mng lin lc qua nhiu chng truyn (multihop).
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Nt A (CH)
HELLO_MESSAGE
Nt B (Nt thnh vin)
Yu cu kt ni (REQ)
p ng kt ni (RES) ACK
Coi nt B l nt gc
Thit lp kt ni
Coi nt A l nt gc
Hnh 3-12 Thit lp kt ni gia CH v nt thnh vin
Nt A (CH)
Nt B (Nt thnh vin)
Nt C (Nt thnh vin)
HELLO_MESSAGE HELLO_MESSAGE Yu cu kt ni (REQ) Yu cu NID p ng NID p ng kt ni (RES) ACK ACK Coi nt C l con ca nt B Coi nt C l con ca nt B
Coi nt B nt gc
Hnh thnh kt ni
Hnh 3-13 Qu trnh hnh thnh nhnh nhiu bc
Tt nhin nt gc ch c th qun l c mt s hu hn cc nt v cc nhnh ca mng cng ch c th vn ti nhng khong cch hn ch chnh v th m c lc nt mng cng cn phi t chi kt ni ca nhng nt mi. Vic t chi ny c thc hin nh vo vic ch nh mt ID c bit cho nt ny. Bng danh sch cc nt ln cn v tuyn lun lun c cp nht mi thng qua gi tin
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HELLO_MESSAGE. Trong mt thi gian nht nh, nu v mt l do no m mt nt khng c cp nht cc thng tin trn th n s b loi b. Tt nhin trong mt mng c tnh cht t do, t t chc nh loi mng ny th khng th trnh khi vic mt s nt mng thuc nhnh ny li nhn c gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE ca nhnh khc. Vy trong trng hp ny, nt mng ny s t ng thm a ch ID ca nhnh mi ny (CID) vo danh sch cc nt ln cn v gi n ti nt gc (CH) thng qua gi tin bo co tnh trng ng truyn, t nt gc (CH) c th bit c nhnh mng no tranh chp x l. Bn tin bo co tnh trng kt ni cng cha danh sch ID nt ln cn ca nt , iu ny gip cho nt gc bit c trn vn cu trc mng c th a ra cu trc ti u. Khi cu trc mng cn thay i, nt gc (CH) s pht i cp nht ti cc nt thnh vin. Nt thnh vin no nhn c bn tin cp nht ny lp tc thay i cc thng tin v nt gc nh trong bn tin ny, ng thi cng tip tc gi n cc nt cp thp hn trong nhnh cy ti thi im . Khi mt nt thnh vin c vn , khng th kt ni c th nt gc phi nh dng li tuyn ng. Thng qua bn tin bo co tnh trng ng truyn c gi theo chu k th nt gc c th bit c vn ca nt mng . Nhng khi nt gc gp phi vn trong lin lc th vic pht bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE theo chu k s b gin on, khi cc nt thnh vin s mt i nt gc v nhnh s phi t nh tuyn t u theo cch tng t nh qu trnh nh dng nhnh cy. 3.2.4.2.2 Thut ton hnh cy a nhnh to nh dng ln loi mng ny th cn phi s dng thit b gc (DD). Thit b ny c trch nhim gn a ch ID nhm (a ch ny l duy nht) cho cc nt gc (CH). a ch ID nhm ny kt hp vi a ch ID nt (l a ch NID m nt gc gn cho cc nt thnh vin trong nhnh ca mnh) to ra a ch logic v c s dng trong cc gi tin tm ng. Mt vai tr quan trng na ca thit b gc DD l tnh ton qung ng ngn nht t nhnh mng ti DD v thng bo n ti tt c cc nt mng.
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Khi thit b gc DD tham gia vo mng, n s hot ng nh mt nt gc ca nhnh s 0 (CID 0) v bt u pht qung b HELLO_MESSAGE ti cc nt ln cn. Nu mt nt gc (CH) nhn c bn tin ny, n s gi bn tin yu cu kt ni ti DD tham gia vo CID 0, sau nt gc ny s yu cu DD gn cho n mt ID nhnh (CID). Nh vy th nt gc ny c hai a ch logic, mt l thnh vin ca CID 0, th hai l a ch ca nt gc. Khi nt gc to ra mt nhnh mi, (mt CID mi), n s thng bo n cc nt thnh vin ca n bng bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE. Khi mt thnh vin nhn c bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE t thit b DD, n s thm a ch ID ca CID 0 vo danh sch thnh vin ri thng bo cho nt gc. Nt gc c thng bo ny s chn nt thnh vin ny nh l mt nt trung gian gia n vi nt gc ca n, ri gi bn tin yu cu kt ni mng ti cc nt thnh vin thiets lp kt ni vi thit b DD. Nt trung gian ny yu cu mt kt ni v tham gia vo thnh vin ca nhm s 0. Sau , n s gi bn tin yu cu CID ti thit b DD. n khi nhn c p ng CID, nt trung gian ny gi bn tin p ng lin kt mng ny ti nt CH, bn tin ny cha cc thng tin v a ch ID nhnh mi cho nt gc CH. Sau khi nt gc c c CID mi, th cch thnh vin trong thnh vin trong nhnh ca nt gc cng s nhn c thng qua HELLO_MESSAGE.
Nt trung gian DD
HELLO_MESSAGE Yu cu kt ni p ng kt ni
CH
ACK Yu cu CID p ng CID
DD CH (CID 0) Nhnh s 0
HELLO_MESSAGE
Hnh 3-14 Gn a ch nhm trc tip Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52 Trang | 57
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Nt trung gian
HELLO_MESSAGE Thng bo danh sch nh km CID0 Yu cu kt ni mng Yu cu kt ni p ng kt ni ACK Yu cu CID p ng CID p ng kt ni mng HELLO_MESSAGE HELLO_MESSAGE
CH Nt trung gian
Nhnh s 0 DD
CH
Hnh 3-15 Gn a ch nhm qua nt trung gian
DD
CH1 c gn CID
CH2
HELLO_MESSAGE Yu cu kt ni p ng kt ni
DD
ACK
CH2
Yu cu CID p ng CID
CH1
HELLO_MESSAGE
Nt trung gian
Hnh 3-16 Gn a ch nhm qua nt gc
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CH1
Nt trung gian
HELLO_MESSAGE Thng bo danh sch nh km CID0 Yu cu kt ni mng Yu cu kt ni p ng kt ni ACK Yu cu CID
CH2
DD CH2
p ng CID p ng kt ni mng HELLO_MESSAGE HELLO_MESSAGE
CH1
Nt trung gian
Hnh 3-17 Gn a ch nhm qua nt gc v nt trung gian
Trong mng ny th vic t t chc mng l mt tnh cht kh mnh m v mm do. C nhnh mng lin trc s c nhim v gn CID cho nhnh mng sau. Mi mt nt thnh vin ca nhnh phi ghi li thng tin v nhnh gc v c c nhnh con ca n, hoc c ID ca nt trung gian nu c. Thit b gc phi c trch nhim lu gi ton b thng tin v cu trc cy mng ca cc nhnh. Cng ging nh cc nt thnh vin ca nhnh th cc nt gc CH cng l thnh vin ca thit b gc v nh vy chng cng phi gi nh k bn tin thng bo tnh trng ng truyn n DD. thc hin th nt gc phi gi nh k bn tin thng bo tnh trng ng truyn trong mng ti DD, bn tin ny cha danh sch CID ln cn. DD sau khi x l thng tin s tnh ton, chn la ra ng truyn ti u nht ri thng bo nh k cc nhnh ca n thng qua bn tin cp nht. Nh trn ta c th thy vai tr ca thit b gc ny l rt quan trng, chnh v th lun cn c nhng thit b gc d phng (BDD) sn sng thay th thit b chnh khi gp s c. Cc nt trung gian nhn c mt gi tin, n s kim tra a ch ch ca n nu a ch ch nm trong nhnh ny hoc l chuyn tip ti nt trung gian tip theo ca nhnh lin k nu a ch ch khng nm trong nhnh ca n.
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Nt trung gian
CH2
DD/CH0
CH1
CH3 CH4
Nt trung gian
Hnh 3-18 Mng a nhnh v cc nt trung gian
Ch duy nht thit b gc mi c th bn tin ti tt c cc nt trong mng, bn tin ny c chuyn dc theo tuyn ng ca cc nhnh. Cc nt trung gian th chuyn tip cc gi tin qung b t nhnh gc n cc nhnh con.
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CHNG 4.
4.1 C s l thuyt
Thit k h thng
4.1.1 Tng quan h thng 4.1.1.1 Tng quan v m hnh iu khin ca h thng Phn ny miu t khi qut kin trc h thng. Hnh 4-1 miu t thit k hp tc xuyn tng m em xut. tng vt l, ni nhn gi d liu, s tnh ton thng s LQI sau thng bo cho lp trn. Cng thi gian , tng ny cng ch ra cng sut pht v nng lng cn li phc v cho chc nng nh tuyn. Da trn thng k, chi ph lin kt c c tnh nt , cung cp u vo cho tnh ton nh tuyn. iu ny cng c ngha rng nh tuyn c xc nh theo cch nh gi ph thuc vo cht lng lin kt, nng lng cn li ca ngun v c cng sut pht ti nt cho tuyn. Nh ch ra trong hnh 4-1, mt khi tuyn c xc nh, nt trung gian s hp tc trong vic thit lp mc cng sut pht ph hp nht. Cng sut pht nn ln nt nhn c th gii iu ch thnh cng. Mt khc, cng sut ny cng thp nht c th tit kim nng lng v gim nhiu i vi cc nt khc.
LQI, Tx power, remaining energy
Routing Link Control PHY
power resetting
Hnh 4-1 Tng tc xuyn tng
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4.1.2 iu khin cng sut pht 4.1.2.1 Model Nh c ch ra trong hnh 4-2, c s tng tc ln nhau gia nh tuyn v chc nng thit lp cng sut. Trong phn ny, em s miu t mi lm th no thit lp mc nng lng di s h tr ca giao thc nh tuyn v m hnh iu khin cng sut m em xut.
Send Request or Hello message with Default Transmission Power Level
Update Route Table
Radio Transmitter
Radio Reciever
Link Quality Threshold LQI
Radio Receiver
Send Reply or Hello message To Update Transmission Power Level for forward node
Adjust Transmission Power NextHop B
Node A
Hnh 4-2 Tng quan v m hnh iu khin cng sut
4.1.2.2 Ngng cht lng lin kt LQI (link quality index) lin quan n hot ng ca knh v tuyn thng gia mt cp nt. PRR (packet reception ratio) l mt thc o trc tip cho cht lng ng truyn. Tuy nhin, gi tr PRR c th thu thp c theo cch thng k trong thi gian di. Th nghim ca em ch ra rng c LQI v RSSI u c th c s dng hiu qu nh l thc o cht lng lin kt iu khin cng sut. Tt c kt qu th nghim cho thy c RSSI v LQI c mi quan h mt thit vi PRR. C mt mc ngng t c gi tr PRR mong mun. Tuy nhin, nhng cc mc ngng l c cht khc nhau trong mi trng khc nhau.
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4.1.2.3 Mi quan h gia mc cng sut pht v LQI/RSSI S bt thng ca sng v tuyn dn n s thay i v mnh tn hiu theo nhiu hng khc nhau, nhng mnh tn hiu bt c im trong di ph sng c mi tng quan vi cng sut pht trong khong thi gian ngn. Trong cc th nghim ngn, mi tng quan gia cng sut pht v RSSI/LQI mt cp nt vi khong cch nht nh l thng n iu v lin tc. Hnh 3-4 miu t s ph thuc tuyn tnh ca LQI vo cng sut pht. Tuy nhin, ga tr RSSI/LQI bin ng trong di nh bt c mc nng lng truyn c nh. V vy, mi quan h gia cng sut pht v RSSI/LQI l khng xc nh. C ba l do cho s bin ng v ch s RSSI v LQI theo ng cong. Th nht, fading gy ra s thay i mch tn hiu bt c khong cch c bit. Th hai, nhiu nn tc ng nghim trng n cht lng knh khi tn hiu sng v tuyn l khng mnh hn tn hiu nhiu. Th ba, phn cng khng cung cp chc nng n inh. Do thay i l nh, mi quan h ny c th c ly gn ng bi mt ng tuyn tnh. Mi quan h gia RSSI v cng sut pht l xp x tuyn tnh, v mi quan h gia LQI v cng sut pht cng l xp x tuyn tnh trong mt di. Chng ta c th xem rng c hai RSSI v LQI l tng i n nh khi cc gi tr l khng nh. Tt c cc im vi cc khong tin cy ln hn mt tng ng vi cc im cht lng thp, v gi tr RSSI/LQI, ci c hu ht cc bin ng, l di mc ngng cht lng ng truyn. Do em ch quan tm n cc gi tr RSSI/LQI ly mu trn hoc bng ngng cht lng ng truyn tt, n l kh thi khi s dng ng tuyn tnh gn ng mi quan h ny. ng tuyn tnh c xy dng da trn cc mu ca RSSI/LQI. ng cong gn nh i din cho mi quan h gia RSSI/LQI v iu khin cng sut. Mi quan h ny chu nh hng ca mi trng, v mi tng quan ny thay i theo thi gian. C dng v mc ph thuc vo mi trng. S tng quan ny cng t ng bin ng khi
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mi trng xung quanh thay i. Bin ng l lin tc, v tc thay i ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong mc thay i ca mi trng l mt nhn t chnh.
250 200 150 LQI 100 50 0 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Transmission Power Level Index LQI Transmission Power vs. LQI
Hnh 4-3 Quan h gia mc cng sut pht v cht lng lin kt
4.1.2.4 M hnh tin on cng sut pht Mc tiu thit k l thit lp cc m hnh phn nh mi tng quan gia cng sut pht v cht lng ng truyn gia bn gi v bn nhn. Da trn nghin cu thc nghim v phn tch trong phn trc, em xy dng mt m hnh tin on m t mi quan h gia cng sut pht v cht lng lin kt. Do khng c m hnh n no c th nm bt chnh xc hnh vi ca mi mng, hoc thm ch mi nt, chng ta s thit lp cc m hnh cp, phn nh tc ng ti ch trn cc lin kt ring. Da trn cc m hnh ny, chng ta c th tin on mc cng sut pht chnh xc m c th t ti ngng cht lng lin kt. tng ca m hnh ny tin on nay l s dng mt hm tnh gn ng s phn b cc gi tr RSSI/LQI cc mc cng sut pht khc nhau, v thch ng vi cc s thay i ca ca mi trng bng cch thay i hm tin on theo thi gian. Hm ny c xy dng t cc cp mu mc cng sut pht v RSSI/LQI tng ng. c c cc mu ny, tt c cc nt s dng cc bn tin iu khin ti lp nh tuyn o c v qun b thng tin v RSSI/LQI ca lin kt.
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LQI LQIpre LQIthr + a o
Ploss +Prthr
Ptdes
Ptpre Pt
Hnh 4-4 Mi quan h gia LQI v cng sut pht.
Hnh 4-4 ch ra mi quan h gia cng sut pht mong mun v gi tr o c hin ti ca cng sut pht vi LQI. Ch s pre v des lin quan n mc gi tr thc t qua qu trnh truyn nhn v mc gi tr thch hp mong mun sau khi hiu chnh. Ploss l gi tr suy hao t do ca lin kt. Lin kt c ti u ha nu n hot ng im O. T hnh 4-4 ta c th suy ra: (4.1) Thit lp cng sut truyn thch hp cho nt gi c xc nh quy da trn mc nng lng hin ti nh sau: ( Ti thi im khi to din ra, gi tr LQIpre v Ptpre ( ) (4.3) ) (4.2)
Sau phng trnh (4.3), Ptdes c xc nh, nt s tnh ton Metric ca link s c trnh by trong phn sau.
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4.1.2.5 Thit lp cng sut Do iu khin cng sut ch c p dung i vi cc bn tin d liu v vy i vi cc bn tin iu khin nh ACK messages, Route messages, MAC messages lun c pht vi mc cng sut n nh. i vi cc bn tin d liu c pht vi cng sut tnh c qua m hnh iu khin cng sut. Vic xc nh cng sut pht thch hp cho mt nt c xc lp trong qu trnh nh tuyn v c m t di y. Request message c pht vi mc cng sut pht n nh (Default Transmission Power Level) th pha bn nhn s nhn c ch s cht lng ng truyn (LQIdefault) tng ng. Nt nhn c bn tin Request Message s dng m hnh tin on mc cng sut pht thch hp c miu t chi tit trong mc 4.1.2.4 tnh c mc cng sut pht thch hp LPdesired m nt gi bn tin cn phi pht. Gi tr LPdesired c lu vo bng nh tuyn. Khi nt ch gi tr li mt Reply message xc nh tuyn th ta s nh km thng tin LPdesired, tnh c trc m n c lu trong bng nh tuyn, n nt trc cp nht cng sut pht cn thit i vi bn d liu lin kt . 4.1.3 nh tuyn 4.1.3.1 M hnh Vi tiu ch a ra mt thut ton nh tuyn mi chng em c gng thc hin trn giao thc AODV. Giao thc nh tuyn AODV ban u thut ton nh tuyn da vo duy nht thng tin v khong cch, em a ra thut ton nh tuyn ca mnh l da vo cc thng s LQI, nng lng cn li, cng sut pht cho lin kt i vi gi d liu. Cng bi cht lng ng truyn v mc tiu tit kim nng lng, kh nng duy tr kt ni lun ph thuc vo ba yu t nn v mt l thuyt thut ton c a ra kh hp l. Thng qua cc kin thc v mt ton hc chng em a ra thut ton nh tuyn nh hnh 4-5.
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LQI of Link
Remaining Energy of The Forwarding Node Determine ,, Coefficients and Transmission Power Level for Forward Node
Transmission Power Level
Determine routing metric

no
Best metric
yes
Best route
Hnh 4-5 Thut ton nh tuyn
4.1.3.2 Metrics Trong kh nng phn on, em gii thiu cch tnh chi ph lin kt nh trnh by theo phng trnh sau:
( ( ) )
(4.4) Trong : LQIth: Ngng ch s cht lng lin kt. LQIlink: Ch s cht lng lin kt truy o c t bn tin Request. LPsent: Mc nng lng cn li ca mt nt ti thi im xt. Ptdesired: Mc cng sut pht tnh c qua m hnh iu khin cng sut. H s , , l cc h s iu khin ph thuc vo LQIlink, LPsent, ptsent. Cc h s c trng cho tng lin kt ti mt nt ring theo thi gian. c im ca cc h s: l n t l nghch vi LQIlink v vy ta gn =
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l thng s t l nghch vi nng lng cn lai ca forward node c trng cho tin cy ca ng truyn ph thuc vo kh nng sng ca n. V vy n c gn:
{
l thng s nh gi mc tiu th nng lng thc ca bn tin sau khi hiu chnh cng sut. Trong thit k ca em =1. 4.1.3.3 Thay i trong bng inh tuyn
Routing table in Node 1 rt_dst 5 rt_nexthop rt_link_cost 2 12.455 rt_pt_fw default rt_pt_ 5
Node 2
Node 4
Node 5 Node 1
Node 3
Hnh 4-6 V d v thay i bng nh tuyn
Trong m hnh xut ca em, qu trnh thit lp tuyn c thit lp cng lc vi vic thit lp cng sut pht cho cc nt mng trn tuyn. V vy ngoi vic thm vo bng inh tuyn thng s chi ph tuyn (rt_pathcost), ta cn thm vo. thng s cng sut pht thch hp cho forward node (rt_pt_fw) v cng sut pht ca chnh n ti next hop (rt_pt_). Gii thch cc thng s thm vo:
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rt_pathcost: lu tr Metrics ca lin kt gia forward v chnh n. N c dng cp nht tuyn khi pht hin mt lin kt khc c chi ph thp hn. rt_pt_fw: Thng s ny lu li cng sut ph hp m forward node cn pht m n c sau khi qua m hnh iu khin cng sut. rt_pt_: Thng s ny lu li cng sut n ln pht ti next hop. N c gn bng gi tr rt_pt_fw ca nexthop sau khi nhn c bn tin reply message. 4.2 Thit k m phng 4.2.1 La chon cng c m phng NS-2 Khi nghin cu v ra mt giao thc mi, vic m phng li h thng l rt cn thit phc v cho cc pht trin sau ny. Khc vi trin khai thc t khi qui m phng th nghim thng ch cho php testbed vi s lng thit b nh, qui m th nghim va kim th cc chc nng, m phng cho php thc hin th nghim vi qui m ln hn, t a ra cc nh gi tng i chnh xc v cht lng sn phm. Ngoi ra, m phng cn gip vic k tha sn phm v nghin cu pht trin d dng hn, c bit khi nghin cu mng giao thng, vi c th s phng tin (nodes) tham gia mng l rt nhiu th vic m phng cng tr nn cn thit. NS thc thi cc giao thc mng nh Giao thc iu khin truyn ti (TCP) v Giao thc gi ngi dng (UDP); cc dch v ngun lu lng nh Giao thc truyn tp tin (FTP), Telnet, Web, Tc bit c nh (CBR) v Tc bit thay i (VBR) ; cc k thut qun l hng i nh Vo trc Ra trc (Drop Tail), D sm ngu nhin (RED) v CBQ; cc thut ton nh tuyn nh Dijkstra M phng NS2 cho cc m hnh mng u rt mnh y l l do chng em la chn chng trnh m phng ny thc hin.
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4.2.2 Thit k cc m-un trong m phng NS-2 4.2.2.1 Thit k m-un gim st nng lng nt mng WSN h tr m phng cc giao thc xt n hiu qu nng lng, m hnh nng lng trong ns-2 c pht trin rt hon thin v chnh xc bi cng ng khoa hc trn th gii. Tuy nhin, m hnh ny ch ng khi cng sut pht l khng i khi cng trng thi. Ngc li, giao thc m em xut c s kt hp cht ch gia iu khin cng sut vi nh tuyn v qu trnh cp nht li nng lng c tin hnh thng xuyn, v th cng mt trng thi cng sut pht l thay i theo thi gian. Do , giao thc mi yu cu phi c thit k li c th gim st c chnh xc nng lng tiu th ca nt mng v ton mng. Nhng thay i ln c thc hin ti lp vt l (ns-2/mac/wirelessphy.{h,cc}) and the energy model (ns-2/mobile/energy-model.{h,cc}). Lp vt l c ton quyn kim sot trng thi sng, v cung cp giao din h tr nhiu mc cng sut pht khc nhau. N cng theo di tiu th nng lng v tuyn tt c cc ln. Bt c khi no trng thi sng v tuyn thay i, n cp nht m hnh nng lng tr i mt lng thch hp cho trng thi trc . 4.2.2.2 Thit k m-un iu khin cng sut v nh tuyn Nhng thay i ln c thc hin ti lp vt l (ns-2/wpan/ p802_15_4phy.{h,cc}) v lp nh tuyn (ns-2/aodv/*.{h,cc}). Lp vt l cung cp cc thng tin v cht lng ng truyn, tnh trang nng lng ca nt v tip yu cu chuyn cng sut pht i vi gi d liu. Trn lp nh tuyn trin khai cc hm tnh ton chnh xc cng sut pht cn thit cho lin kt trong qu trnh thit lp tuyn cng vi tnh ton chi ph chn tuyn. Qu trnh cp nht tuyn v cng sut pht c thc hin thng qua bn tin hello. Cc thay i chnh trong m ngun gm c: Tnh ton cng sut pht thch hp, tnh ton chi ph lin kt chn tuyn, to b nh thi t ng ti nh
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tuyn, to b nh thi ch cc bn tin request chn tuyn tt nht, thay i bng nh tuyn cng nh nh dng cc bn tin xc nh tuyn gm request v reply, xy dng m hnh cp nht cng sut pht cho lin kt.
4.3 Thit b phn cng

4.3.1 Thit b thu pht c th s dng c cc thit b thu pht, chng ta cn xy dng h thng cc mch ngoi vi v anten ngoi phc tp do thng s dng cc modul tch hp sn c thit b thu pht v ngoi vi cng nh anten. Trong ti ln ny, em quyt nh s dng b thu pht MRF24J40 ca Microchip(c th l modul thu pht MRF24J40MA v MRF24J40MB).
Hnh 4-7 Kin trc ca b thu pht MRF24J40
Cc tnh nng v thu pht v tuyn: Hot ng bng tn ISM 2.405GHz2.48GHz( bng tn dnh cho cng nghip, y t v khoa hc).
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Tc d liu: 250kbps (theo chun IEEE802.15.4) v 625kbps(theo ch Turbo). nhy thu: -95dbm. Cng sut pht: Ti a: 0dbm. Di iu chnh: 36db. Tch hp chuyn mch thu pht. Tch hp VCO, PLL v b tng hp tn s. Tch hp ADC cho khi xc nh cng tn hiu(RSSI). Tch hp DAC cho khi iu ch I/Q. H tr c ch a truy cp CSMA-CA bng phn cng. T ng phn hi v kim tra li trong bn tin thu c. H tr tt c cc ch nh gi knh truyn theo IEEE802.15.4 v o mc nng lng(ED). H tr bo mt. H tr m ha v gii m cho lp MAC v cc lp cao hn. Giao din iu khin: SPI. Tch hp mch dao ng thch anh 32.768KHz v 20MHz. Di in p hot ng: 2.4V3.6V. Dng tiu th in hnh: Ch thu: 19mA. Ch pht: 23mA. Ch ng: 2A.
Cc tnh nng h tr lp MAC: -
Cc tnh nng khc: -
4.3.2 Microchip Stack Firmware ca MRF24J40 ch h tr cc tc v lp vt l v lp MAC, do xy dng cc ng dng s dng MRF24J40 theo chun ZigBee trc tin cn
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xy dng th vin m ngun lp mng, lp con h tr ng dng tun theo c t chun ZigBee ca t chc ZigBee Alliance. y l mt cng vic khng h n gin v cn rt nhiu thi gian. gip nhng ngi s dng cc b thu pht m Microchip cung cp c th nhanh chng xy dng ng dng, cng ty ny xy dng mt th vin m ngun ca lp mng v lp con ng dng tun theo c t chun ZigBee ca t chc ZigBee Alliance. Tuy nhin b th vin ny ch h tr cho cc dng vi iu khin PIC18 v PIC24 ca Microchip. Bn min ph ca th vin ny c th ti v t trang ch ca Microchip(http://www.microchip.com). Vi ti ny, em s dng b th vin ca Microchip (Microchip ZigBee2006 Residential Stack Protocol phin bn 2.0 2.6). 4.3.3 Thit k m-un gim st nng lng nt mng WSN a. Yu cu: o c mc nng lng cn li ca node mng ti mt thi im bt k Gi tin thng bo khi node mng khng cn nng lng duy tr hot ng pin Chun ha mc nng lng cn li ca node thnh mt s nguyn 8 bits(Kiu BYTE) s dng trong nh tuyn (Gii thut nh tuyn mi cn s dng thng s ny) b. Thit k: S dng khi ADC o mc nng lng (in p pin) cn li trong mi node mng. Phn cng: Yu cu mt in p c nh so snh vi in p ngun, t tnh in p ngun bng khi ADCS dng IC n p LM317 cho in p ra c nh 1.25V (Phn ny em ghp mch o vo cc node mng s dng pin) Nguyn l:
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Kt qu o (10 bits ) lu trong 2 thanh ghi kt qu ca khi ADC: Gi s c gi tr X Cng thc: Vin/1.25 = 1024/X Trong : Vin: in p pin (cn gim st) X: Gi tr thanh ghi kt qu ca khi ADC 1.25V: in p so snh n nh Ly t output ca IC LM317 1024: Gi tr ln nht ca b ADC 10 bits
Thut ton:
Bt Timer
Ngt Timer
Bt ADC, tt timer
Ngt ADC
c kt qu, ngt ADC
Hnh 4-8 S thut ton o in p mi node
4.3.4 Thit k m-un iu khin cng sut iu chnh cng sut s dng Firmware ca MRF24J40 c chia thnh ba cch iu chnh: iu chnh trong khong rng c 4 mc iu chnh vi bc iu chnh l 10dB. iu chnh trong khong hp c 8 mc iu chnh vi bc iu chnh l 1.25dB. Kt hp c hai phng php trn ta c 32 mc thay i
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Hnh 4-9 Hnh m t cc bc iu khin cng sut
Ta xy dng cc hm sau: Hm cu hnh thay i cng sut pht cho gi pht. void PHYSetOutputPower( BYTE power){} Hm quy i t n v dB sang mt s nguyn trong khong 0-255 biu din mc cng sut pht. BYTE find__(float a) {} Hm quy i n v biu din t mc cng sut pht sang n v dB. float check(BYTE p) {} Hm tnh gi tr cng sut pht cn thit cho ban u. BYTE PA_LEVEL_CONTROL(BYTE pt, BYTE lqi, BYTE lqi_threshold, BYTE offset) { } Cc hm c tch hp trong cc phai sau ca m ngun zPHY_MRF24J40 (.h &.c) zMAC_MRF24J40 (.h & .c) zNVM (.h & .c)
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4.3.5 Thit k m-un nh tuyn Nh trnh by l thuyt phn trc , trin khai giao thc mi ta phi chnh sa li cu trc cc bn tin nh tuyn v bng nh tuyn nh trong bng sau.
Bng 4-1 Bng chnh sa cc cu trc thuc lp nh tuyn trong m ngun Tn cu trc _ROUTE_DISCOVERY_ENTRY Ni dung thm vo - BYTE forwardpathCost[4]; - BYTE residualpathCost[4]; - BYTE indexforwardPt; - BYTE indexresidualPt; _ROUTE_REPLY_COMMAND - BYTE indexPt; - BYTE pathCost[4]; _ROUTE_REQUEST_COMMAND - BYTE pathCost[4]; - BYTE indexPt;
Xy dng cc hm sau: truyn i mt s tnh ton kiu float ta phi i kiu v dng lu d di dng mng kiu 4 byte, v ngc li. void Pack(float f, BYTE *p){...} float unPack(BYTE *p){...} Hm hin th mt kiu float qua UART kim tra thut ton void printfloat(float f) {...} Hm tnh chi ph lin kt void getmetrics(BYTE *pathcose,BYTE Ptsent,BYTE Ptdes, BYTE LQIhear, BYTE gama) {...} Cc hm c tch hp trong cc phai sau ca m ngun: zNVM (.h & .c)
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CHNG 5.
M phng, th nghim v nh gi kt qu
5.1 Qu trnh ci t v thit lp hot ng cho h thng m phng

5.1.1 M t kch bn
Bng 5-1 Bng m t kch bn
Parameter Tool MAC Protocol Routing Protocol Traffic Type Packet Size Rate Number of nodes - Kch bn 100 nt
Value NS2 802.15.4 AODV CBR, FTP 70KB(CBR), 60KB(FTP) 250Kbps 50,60,70,80,90,100,120 nodes
Hnh 5-1 kch bn 100 nt Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52
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5.1.2 Kt qu m phng - T l gi n
100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0%
delivery rate
60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 Original ACPCaR
number of nodes
140
Hnh 5-2 So snh t l gi n
Nhn xt: Giao thc c tch hp thut ton mi vt tri hn v t l gi n hn so vi gioa thc gc. - Data throughput
8 7
throughput (Kbps)
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 50 60 70 80 90 100 Original ACPCaR 120 140
number of nodes
Hnh 5-3 So snh thng lng
Nhn xt: Giao thc c tch hp thut ton mi vt tri hn v thng lng hn so vi gioa thc gc.
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n tt nghip
- Lengthening Connectivity
90 80 Lengthening Connectivity (s) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50 60 70 80 90 number of nodes 100 120 140 Original ACPCaR(a=15) ACPCaR(a=0)
Hnh 5-4 So snh di kt ni
Nhn xt: Cc lin kt ca giao thc c tch hp thut ton mi c thi gian sng lu hn so vi gioa thc gc. Percentage of energy
60 nodes
100.0% 90.0%
percentage of energy
80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 30 40 50 60 time (s) 70 80 90 Original ACPCaR
Hnh 5-5 So snh di kt ni ng vi kch bn 60 nt Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52 Trang | 79
n tt nghip
100 nodes
100.0% 90.0%
percentage of energy
80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 30 40 50 60 time (s) 70 80 90 ACPCaR Original
Hnh 5-6 So snh di kt ni ng vi kch bn 100 nt
Nhn xt: Qua ba hnh 5-5, 5-6 m t s tiu th ca ton mng theo thi gian, giao thc c ci tin cho kt qu tt hn i vi giao thc gc. - Kt lun Qua kt qu m phng l cc th nh trn bc u ta thy giao thc mi cho kt qu rt tt, iu ny chng t giao thc mi m em xut l hiu qu. Giao thc mi khng ch gim ng k nng lng tiu th cho cc nt cm bin m cn m bo cht lng mng.
5.2 Trin khai thc t

5.2.1 Kch bn th nghim - Cc kch bn th nghim - Topology: Coodinator 0000 ------ route 0001 ------ route 0002
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n tt nghip
Node 0000
Node 0001
Node 0002
Hnh 5-7 S th nghim
- Cc kch bn nh tuyn Nt c a ch 0000 yu cu nh tuyn n nt c a ch 0002. Nt c a ch 0000 yu cu nh tuyn n nt c a ch 0001. Nt c a ch 0001 yu cu nh tuyn n nt c a ch 0000. Nt c a ch 0001 yu cu nh tuyn n nt c a ch 0002. - Thnh phn thit b Nt mng sensor s dng MRF24J40MB Ba b mach np PICkit 2 Ba laptop 5.2.2 Kt qu th nghim Bng kt qu th nghim
Nt 0000 laptop Dng Trng Thng *Gia nhp Mng MicroChip ZigBee2006(TM) Stack Coordinator v2.0-2.6.0a
Nt 0001 - laptop Trn Hu Cng *Gia nhp mng ZigBee Router3 Transceiver-MRF24J40
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n tt nghip
Trying to join network as a new device... Network(s) found. Trying to join Join successful!
Transceiver-MRF24J40
Trying to start network... address network:0001 Router Started! Enabling joins... Joining permitted. Message sent successfully. Node Node 0002 With MAC Address 0001 With MAC Address PAN 1AAA started successfully. Current Channel: 0x0F Joining permitted.
0000000100000003 just joined. 9 *Kch Bn 1 0000 request 0002 Khoi tao lastEr_ = 1,000000000 Khoi tao lastEe_ = 0,0000000000 Khoi tao Piei_ = 0,6862745285
0000000100000004 just joined. *Kch bn 1 0000 request 0002 nhan ban tin request tu node0000 hopcount:=01
Er =0,0307692313 LQI =37 Ee =0,3819141578 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=0,001701239388
Route Reply from Node 0002 ban tin Reply gia tri hopcount:=01 1,000000000 gia tri Er =1,000000000 gia tri Ee =0,1000000000 gia tri Piei =0,6862745285 gia tri=6,862745285..Route Reply Successful...
Route Reply from Node 0001 ban tin Reply gia tri hopcount:=01 1,000000000 gia tri Er =0,8633333206
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gia tri Ee =0,1157897114 gia tri Piei =0,6862745285 gia tri=4,417585372..Route Reply Successful...
Dest 0002 FFFF FFFF FFFF | | | |
Next Hop 1867 1867 1867 1867 | | | |
Status
Dest 0002 FFFF FFFF FFFF | | | |
Next Hop 0002 D858 D858 D858 | | | |
Status
ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE
ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE
*Kch bn 2 0000 request 0001
*Kch bn 2 0000 request 0001
nhan ban tin request tu node0000 hopcount:=01
Khoi tao lastEr_ = 1,000000000 Khoi tao lastEe_ = 0,0000000000 Khoi tao Piei_ = 0,6862745285
Er =0,0676923084 LQI =3D Ee =0,3611865282 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=0,0087065277 nhan ban tin request tu node0000 hopcount:=02
Route Reply from Node 0001 ban tin Reply gia tri hopcount:=01 1,000000000 gia tri Er =1,000000000 gia tri Ee =0,1000000000 gia tri Piei =0,6862745285 gia tri=6,862745285..Route Reply Successful...
Er =0,0799999952 LQI =FF Ee =0,4545088291 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=0,0603970241 Route Reply from Node 0001 ban tin Reply gia tri hopcount:=02 2,000000000
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nhan ban tin request tu node0000 hopcount:=02
gia tri Er =1,000000000 gia tri Ee =0,2000000000 gia tri Piei =0,6862745285
Er =0,0799999952 LQI =D7 Ee =0,4545088291 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=0,0603970241 nhan ban tin request tu node0000 hopcount:=02 Er =0,0799999952 LQI =F9 Ee =0,4545088291 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=0,0603970241 nhan ban tin request tu node0000 hopcount:=02
gia tri=1,715686321..Route Reply Successful...
Er =0,0799999952 LQI =F7 Ee =0,4545088291 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=0,060397024188 Dest 0002 0001 FFFF FFFF | | | | Next Hop 1867 1867 1867 1867 | | | | Status Dest 0002 0001 FFFF | | | Next Hop 0002 0001 D858 | | | Status
ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE
ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE
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n tt nghip
FFFF *Kch bn 3 0001 request 0000 Khoi tao lastEr_ = 1,000000000 Khoi tao lastEe_ = 0,0000000000 Khoi tao Piei_ = 0,6862745285 Route Reply from Node 0000 ban tin Reply gia tri hopcount:=02 2,000000000 gia tri Er =0,0000000000 gia tri Ee =0,5000000000 gia tri Piei =0,6862745285 gia tri=0,0000000000..Route Reply Successful...
D858
ROUTE_INACTIVE
*Kch bn 3: node 0001 request 0000 nhan ban tin request tu node0001 hopcount:=01
Er =0,0000000000 LQI =1C Ee =0,4000000000 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=0,0000000000 nhan ban tin request tu node0001 hopcount:=02
Er =1,000000000 LQI =5C Ee =0,2000000000 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=1,715686321 nhan ban tin request tu node0001 hopcount:=02
Er =1,000000000 LQI =59 Ee =0,2000000000 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=1,715686321 nhan ban tin request tu node0001 hopcount:=02
Trang | 85
n tt nghip
Er =1,000000000 LQI =5F Ee =0,2000000000 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=1,715686321 nhan ban tin request tu node0001 hopcount:=02
Er =1,000000000 LQI =5A Ee =0,2000000000 Piei =0,6862745285 EL=1,7156863218 Dest 0002 0001 0000 FFFF | | | | Next Hop 1867 1867 1867 1867 | | | | Status Dest 0002 0001 0000 FFFF | | | | Next Hop 0002 0001 D858 D858 | | | | Status
ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE
ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_ACTIVE ROUTE_INACTIVE
- Kt lun Cc kt qu thu c t m phng chng minh hiu qu ca thut ton, vi kt qu em mnh dn tch hp ln h thng thc v t c mt s kt qu nht nh. Thut ton nh tuyn mi kt hp vi iu khin cng sut m em xut l hon ton c kh thi khi trin khai thc t v khng h gp kh khn vi cng ngh hin ti. Tip theo s l phn tng kt ton b n v cc hng nghin cu tip theo.
Trang | 86
n tt nghip
KT LUN
Kt lun chung : n ny thc hin Nghin cu v pht trin giao thc mng ti u ha nng lng trong mng cm bin khng dy. Trong m hnh mng WSN l m hnh mng phn tn kt ni da trn chun IEEE 802.15.4. im ni bt nht m n a ra l mt giao thc nh tuyn mi c s kt hp cht ch vi iu khin cng sut. Giao thc ny s dng cc thng tin v cht lng ng truyn cng nh tnh trng nng lng hin ti ca nt quyt nh cho vic chn tuyn cng nh l chn mc cng sut pht ph hp gii quyt vn ti u ha nng lng cho ton mng m vn m bo cc yu cu v cht lng. kim tra giao thc mi, n th hin cc kt qu thu c qua m phng v cc th nghim thc t. Cc kt qu a ra chng t thut ton nh tuyn mi rt kh quan v chim c u th so vi giao thc gc. T m phng n trin khai thc t cn kh nhiu vn , n cng trnh by cc thit k mi trong m ngun trin khai giao thc mi. Hng nghin cu tip theo: Do vn cn mt s vn tn ti, hng pht trin tip theo ca n thc hin cc mc tiu sau y: Trn trin khai thc t, em mi dng li l chng minh thut ton c th tch hp c trn h thng hin ti nhng li cha a ra kt qu kim chng hiu qu ca giao thc mi. Giao thc ny tp trung gii quyt vic ti u ha nng lng trong thi gian cc nt mng c trao i d liu. Nu xet trn ton min thi gian th nng lng phn ln duy tr nt mng hot ng trng thi khng tro i d liu quan trng. V vy, cn phi nghin cch thc tit kim nng lng cho nt mng khi n khng lm vic m vn m bo tin cy ca h thng.
Trin khai giao thc trn nhiu giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau.
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n tt nghip
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Tien Pham Van, Tien Dung Nguyen, Tuan Do Trong, Thanh Loan Nguyen, Quyet Vu Khac, A Service-Oriented Design for Controlling Multimedia Sessions over Stand-alone MANETs, IEEE 2010 First International Workshop on Engineering Mobile Service Oriented Systems (IEEE EMSOS), in conjunction with the 7th IEEE 2010 International Conference on Services Computing (IEEE SCC 2010), Miami, Florida, USA, July 2010. [2] Shan Lin, Jingbin Zhang, Gang Zhou, Lin Gu, Tian He, and John A. Stankovic, ATPC: Adaptive Transmission Power Control for Wireless Sensor Networks SenSys06, November 13, 2006, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Copyright 2006 ACM 1-59593-343-3/06/0011 ...$5.00. [3] Tien Dung Nguyen, Tien Pham Van, and Cuong Tran Huu, "Load and
Location-aware Routing over Vehicular Ad hoc Networks", the 6th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (ICUIMC 2012), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Feb, 2012 (accepted paper). [4] Shinya Takizawa, Nobuyoshi Komuro, Shiro Sakata, "Routing control
scheme prolonging network lifetime in a 6LoWPAN WSN with Power-supplied and battery-powered nodes", the 2012 IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA, January 14-17, 2012. [5] Boughanmi N., Song Y.Q., A New Routing Metric for Satisfying Both Energy and Delay Constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks, The Journal of Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology, Springer, Volume 51, Number 2, pp. 137-143, may 2008. [6] S. Lin, J. Zhang, G. Zhou, L. Gu, T. He and J. A. Stankovic, ATPC: Adaptive Transmission Power Control for Wireless Sensor Networks, Proceedings of 4th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys06), Boulder, November 2006, pp. 223-236.
Trang | 88
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[7]
Sandra Sendra, Jaime Lloret, Miguel Garca and Jos F. Toledo, "Power
saving and energy optimization techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks," Academy Publisher Journal of Communications, vol. 6, no. 6, Sept 2011. [8] Mohammad Abdul Azim, M. Rubaiyat Kibria, Abbas Jamalipour,
"Designing an Application-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE GLOBECOM 2008. [9] Kouakou Jean Marc Attoungble, Kazunori Okada, Keiichi Kanai, Yoshikuni
Onozato, "Greedy Routing for Maximum Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks", the IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC 2009, 13-16 September 2009. [10] Michele Rondinone, Junaid Ansari, Janne Riihijrvi, Petri Mhnen,
"Designing a reliable and stable link quality metric for wireless sensor networks", proceedings of the workshop on Real-world wireless sensor networks, 2008. [11] MRF24J4MB datasheet, Microchip Technology Inc. Available :
http://www.microchip.com/wwwproducts/Devices.aspx?dDocName=en542228 [12] Derrick P. Lattibeaudiere, ZigBee2006 Application Note AN1232A,
Microchip Technology Inc. Available : http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1 824&appnote=en537767 [13] IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003): Wireless
Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for LowRate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Available : http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.15.4-2006.pdf [14] 2008. [15] MRF24J40 datasheet, Microchip Technology Inc. Available : ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee Specification, ZigBee Standards Organization,
http://www.microchip.com/wwwproducts/Devices.aspx?dDocName=en027752
Trang | 89

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` TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN IN T - VIN THNG

` TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN IN T - VIN THNG

NHIM V N TT NGHIP H v tn sinh vin: TRN HU CNG Kho: 52 1. u n:

S hiu sinh vin: 20070387 Ngnh: in T

Vin: in t - Vin thng

2. Cc s liu v d liu ban u:

3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:

4. Cc bn v, th ( ghi r cc loi v kch thc bn v ):

Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy

S hiu sinh vin: 20070387 Kho: 52

2. Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:

thng Cn b phn bin

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

CHNG 2. Tng quan mng cm bin khng dy

CHNG 3. Chun ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

CHNG 4. Thit k h thng

CHNG 5. M phng, th nghim v nh gi kt qu

5.1.1 M t kch bn 5.1.2 Kt qu m phng 5.2

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

HNH 3-17 GN A CH NHM QUA NT GC V NT TRUNG GIAN 59 60 61 62

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

DANH MC BNG BIU

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

MAC Service Data Unit

MAC Protocol Data Unit

MAC Layer Management Entity

MAC Common Part Sublayer

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Sublayer Management Entity

Application support layer Information Base Application Layer

ZigBee Device Object

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

1.2 Phm vi nghin cu

1.3 Tin trnh nghin cu v trin khai

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

M phng kim chng m hnh thit k

Kt qu c tt khng? yes Trin khai thit k trn testbed

Th nghim kim chng m hnh thit k

Phn tch s liu u vo t testbed lm u vo cho m phng

Hnh 1-1 Tin trnh nghin cu v trin khai

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Tng quan mng cm bin khng dy

2.1 Khi nim chung v mng cm bin khng dy

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

2.2 Cu trc mng cm bin khng dy

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Gim st t xa Robot (Actor)

Hnh 2-1 Cu trc mng cm bin khng dy

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Trn Hu Cng KSTN-TVT-K52

Hnh 2-2 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin

Hnh 2-3 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin