LABORATORY INVESTIGATION

Laboratory investigations play a key role in the diagnosis and finding abnormalities in the metabolic functions. They are of paramount importance in the layout of treatment regimen. IMPORTANT LAB VAUES ARE TABULATED HEMATOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS Total WBC count NORMAL VALUES 4 11*103/UL INCREASE Allergy. Tuberculosis, cold. Polycythemia, emphysema. 13 14 g/gL 150 400 / uL Porphoria, Thalessemia Asphyxia, allergy, hemorrhage, rheumatic fever, trauma. DECREASE Shock, cirrhosis, pernicious anemia. Anemia

Total RBC count

Hemoglobin Platelet count

Anemia Acute leukemia, anemia, chicken pox, small pox, purpura, typhoid, tuberculosis. Allergy, polycythemia, sickle cell anemia. TB, typhoid, vitamin deficiencies, autoimmune diseases.

ESR

4 12 mm

Tuberculosis, anemia, liver disease, tumors. Infections, poisoning, vaccines, hemorrhage.

Neutrophil

50 80 %

Lymphocytes

20 30 %

Diphtheria and hepatitis

Monocytes

26%

TB, syphilis, malaria, glandular fever

AIDS, lymphoid leukemia, immune suppressants. Cushings syndrome, stress, infections Utricaria, stress radiation therapy.

Eosinophils

2 4%

Asthma, allergy, malarial scarlet fever. Small pox, chicken pox, polycythemia vera.

Basophils

0 1%

SEROLOGY

INVESTIGATIONS

NORMAL VALUES

INCREASE

DECREASE

Bilirubin

0.3 1mg/dL

Jaundice, liver failure, renal failure. MI, liver cirrhosis. Hepatitis, jaundice. Rickets, hyperparathyroidism. Hepatitis, jaundice, alcoholism. MI, hyperthyroidism MI, hepatitis. Dehydration, hepatitis, jaundice. Jaundice, CCF, excess glucocorticoids. Diarrhoea, cirrhosis.

SGOT SGPT Alkaline phosphate

Up to 37 U/ L Up to 40U/L 40 120U/L

GGT

10 66U/L

CPK LDH Total proteins

10 50 U/L 50 200 U/L 6 8 g/dl

Albumin

3.5 5g/dl

Malnutrition, burns, cirrhosis, hypothyroidism. Emphysema, hemolytic anemia Glomerulonephritis.

Globulin

2.5 3.5 g/dl

Jaundice, cirrhosis, hypersensitivity.

Glucose fasting Glucose random

70 100 mg/dl

Diabetes diabetes

URINE ANALYSIS INVESTIGATION NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE

Urine creatinine Urine urea Urine albumin

0.8 2g/dl 15 50 g/dl 0.5 1.5 g/dl

Chronic renal failure

LIPID PROFILE INVESTIGATION NORMAL VALUES INCREASE DECREASE

Total cholesterol

150 200 mg/dl

Diabetes, myxoedema, obstructive jaundice, atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis.

Hyperthyroidism, pernicious anemia, hemolytic jaundice.

Serum LDL

Serum

HDL

Dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis.

INORGANIC SUBSTANCES

INVESTIGATION Sodium

NORMAL VALUES 135 145mEq/L

INCREASE Aldosteronism, renal impairment.

DECREASE Diarrhoea, vomiting, CRF, Addisons disease, decreased blood pressure. Cushings syndrome, diarrhea, vomiting.

Potassium

3.5 5 mEq/L

Renal failure, diabetic coma, Addisons disease.

Calcium

9 11 mg/dl

Hyperthyroidism, vitamin D excess, Pagets disease.

Hypoparathyroidism, Vitamin D deficiency.

Iron

50 150mg/dl

Anemia, pregnancy, malabsorption, menstruation. Pregnancy Starvation, overdone adrenal gland Renal insufficiency. Kidney failure, heart failure, diuretic therapy.

Phosphorus Chloride

3 4.5 mg/dl 95 105 mEq/dl

Bicarbonate

24 30 mEq/dl