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Earth Structure (2nd Edition), 2004 W.W. Norton & Co, New York Slide show by Ben van der Pluijm
Extra Exam
Date: Nov 1, 2010 11:00 am I will offer an optional "midterm" exam that covers the material since the first exam, starting with rheology, through folds and ductile shear zones; see http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/Ben/gs351/#schedule. The exam will be on Tuesday Nov 16, from 7:00-8:30pm; room to be announced (likely 2520 CCL). Participation is optional and if you decide not to take this exam there is no negative impact (final grade key as before). If you decide to take it, we'll use the average of the extra exam and the lowest of the two other exams in place of Exam 1 or Exam 2 scores. Examples: Exam 1: 70; Optional exam: 84; Exam 2: 78. Exam 1 score will become 77 (HIGHER) and Exam 2 will remain 78. Exam 1: 88; Optional exam: 84; Exam 2: 78. Exam 1 score stays 88 and Exam 2 score will become 81 (HIGHER). Exam 1: 88; Optional exam: 80: Exam 2: 86. Exam 1 stays 88 and Exam 2 becomes 83 (LOWER). The primary goal is not to improve your grade, but to promote studying a subset of the material prior to Exam 2 date. You can bring a personalized, supporting notes sheet to the optional exam; rules as before. THE EXTRA EXAM IS OPTIONAL !
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Brittle behavior describes deformation that localizes on mesoscopic scale and involves formation of fractures. Ductile behavior describes ability of rocks to accumulate significant permanent strain that is distributed on mesoscopic scale.
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Brittle behavior normal stress and Pf dependent (effective stress temperature and strain insensitive shear stress is function of normal stress Ductile behavior normal stress and Pf insensitive temperature and strain rate dependent shear stress is function of temperature and strain rate
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Cataclastic flow (frictional behavior!) - bean bag analog Plastic flow (dislocation movement) - ice sheet Diffusional mass transfer (diffusion)
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Cataclastic flow
Changing shape of bag is accomplished by grains sliding past one another. Large grains may fracture and slide on the fracture surface.
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Cataclastic flow (frictional behavior!) - bean bag analogue Plastic flow (dislocation movement) - ice sheet, lower crust, mantle Diffusional mass transfer (diffusion)
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Oblique aerial view of folds in Malaspina Glacier; Mt. St. Elias and St. Elias Mountains in background. Scale of folding in glacier is in miles. Yakutat district, Alaska Gulf region, Alaska. USGS, August 25, 1969
Malaspina Glacier, combining Landsat and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data. NASA/JPL
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Crystal defects
Defect types: Point defects Line defects (dislocations) Planar defects (stacking faults)
Point defects: (a) vacancy, (b) substitutional impurity, (c) interstitial impurity, (d) vacancy migration.
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(a) The Burgers circuit around an edge dislocation (marked by l). (b) The Burgers circuit in a screw dislocation. The closure mismatch for both edge and screw dislocations is Burgers vector, b. In edge dislocation bl; in screw dislocation b//l.
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Imaging Dislocations
EMAL-CCLittle STEM
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Dislocation Glide
Russ, 1997
Screw Dislocation
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DePoar, 2002
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Origin of Dislocation s
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DePoar, 2002
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Cataclastic flow (frictional behavior!) - bean bag analog Plastic flow (dislocation movement) - ice sheet Diffusional mass transfer (diffusion)
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Grain-boundary diffusion (or Coble creep): eo ~ Db/d2 Volume diffusion (or Nabarro-Herring creep): eo ~ Dv/d3 D is diffusion coefficient; d is grain size Note: pressure solution is fluid-assisted grain-boundary diffusion
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DePoar, 2002
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Plasticity
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Calcite; experiments
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Temperature activated rearrangement of dislocations (by glide and climb) to form low-angle grain boundaries (or tilt walls), resulting in subgrains Glide is strain-producing mechanism Climb is rate-controlling mechanisms Dynamic vs. static recovery Exponential creep: eo exp(s)
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Number of dislocations in tilt wall 500m long, 2nm wide, Burgers vector of 0.5nm and angular mismatch of 10. Dislocation spacing of ~2.9nm and thus more than 170,000 (!) dislocations, representing a dislocation density in low-angle tilt wall (1 108 cm2) of 1.7 1013 cm2.
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Characteristics:
strain-free grains (low internal strain energy) straight grain boundaries (low grain-boundary energy) 120o triple points (foam texture)
Core-mantle structure
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Recrystallization mechanisms
Progressive subgrain misorientation (or subgrain rotation): Rotation recrystallization (a) Subgrain coalescense Grain boundary bulging: lower energy grain moving into higher energy grain because of high dislocation density in high-energy grain: Migration recrystallization (b)
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Rotation Recrystallization
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Migration Recrystallization
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Dynamic recrystallization:
Relatively small grain size (mylonites) straight grain boundaries foam texture strain (or work) softening
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Paleopiezometry
Recrystallized grain size is inversely proportional to differential stress: d = Adi A and i are empirically derived parameters for a mineral d is grain size in micrometers (m).
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Flow laws
eo = A f(sd) exp(-E*/RT) f(d) A is material constant, E* is activation energy, R is gas constant, T is temperature (in K), f(sd) is differential stress function, f(d) is grainsize function For dislocation glide (low to medium temperature creep) the function of stress is exponential: eo = A exp(sd) exp(-E*/RT) Also called exponential creep
For dislocation glide and climb (medium to high temperature creep) the stress is raised to the power n: eo = A sdn exp(-E*/RT) Also called power law creep, with n the stress exponent (2<n<5)
For diffusional creep (high T plasticity): eo = Do d exp(-E*/RT) d-r Also called grain-size sensitive creep, with r=2-3 (note: r=1 is viscous creep) Highest strain rate dominates behavior
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DePaor, 2002
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Summary table
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Extra
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Quartz Microstructures
shape fabric
deformation bands+subgrains
annealing
annealing
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Diffusion
Area covered: R2 = G.t.r2 (Einsteins equation)
Fe at melting
for 1 y.: R2 > 30 cm2 for 1 m.y.: R2 > 3000 m2
Diffusion coefficient (for vacancies): Dv = (G/6).r2 or, T-dependent: Dv = D0 exp(-E*/RT) O in SiO2 (1100oC): 1e-9cm2/y O inMg2SiO4 (1400oC): 9E-6cm2/y
R^2 Dv
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