The war between the Tates

Perforate: / pfret / verb [ transitive ] To make a hole or holes in something : A broken rib had perforated her lung. Fragments of the bullet had perforated his intestines. Perforated: / pfretd, pfretd / adjective Something that is perforated has a hole or holes cut or torn in it : a perforated eardrum - a perforated ticket Perforation / pfre n/ noun formal 1 [ countable usually plural ] a small hole in something, especially one of a line of holes made in a piece of paper so that it can be torn easily : the perforations in a sheet of stamps 2 [ uncountable ] when something makes a hole or holes Pierce / ps $ prs / verb 1 [ transitive ] to make a small hole in or through something, using an object with a sharp point : The dog's teeth had pierced her skin. Shelley wanted to have her ears pierced (= for earrings ) . Steam the corn until it can easily be pierced with a fork. Rose underwent emergency surgery after a bullet pierced her lung. pierce a hole in/through something Pierce small holes in the base of the pot with a hot needle. 2 have your ears/nose etc pierced to have a small hole made in your ears, nose etc so that you can wear jewellery through the hole : I had my belly-button pierced. pierced ears 3 [ intransitive, transitive always + adverb/preposition ] literary if sound or light pierces something, you suddenly hear or see it : The darkness was pierced by the beam from the lighthouse. A sudden scream pierced the silence. pierce through The mens lanterns pierced through the dense mist. 4 pierce sbs heart to make someone feel a strong emotion such as pain, sadness, or love : Her memories sometimes pierced her heart. 5 [ transitive ] to force a way through something : Leicester rarely threatened to pierce the Manchester United defence. Piercing 1 / ps / adjective 1 literary, someone with piercing eyes is looking at you and seems to know what you are thinking : There was mockery now in those piercing blue eyes. She felt foolish and unsure under his piercing gaze . He gave her a piercing look . 2 a sound that is piercing is high, sharp, and unpleasant : He grinned and let out a piercing whistle. a piercing scream 3 a piercing wind is very cold 4 causing a lot of pain : She felt a piercing sensation in her arm. 5 emotion [ only before noun ] affecting your feelings very deeply in a sad way : a piercing moment of regret Piercingly adverb : It was piercingly cold. She looked at him piercingly. Piercing 2 noun [ uncountable and countable ] A hole made through part of your body so that you can put jewellery there, or the process of making these holes Punch 1 S3 / pnt / verb [ transitive ] 1 hit to hit someone or something hard with your fist (= closed hand ): He punched me and knocked my teeth out. punch somebody on/in something He punched Jack in the face. 2 to make a hole in something, using a metal tool or other sharp object : The guard punched my ticket and I got on. These bullets can punch a hole through 20 mm steel plate. 3 to push a button or key on a machine : Just punch the button to select a track. 4 punch holes in sbs argument/idea/plans etc to criticize someones views, idea, plans etc by showing why they are wrong 5 punch the air to make a movement like a punch towards the sky, to show that you are very pleased : He punched the air in triumph.

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6 punch sbs lights out informal to hit someone hard in the face 7 punch the clock American English informal to record the time that you start or finish work by putting a card into a special machine Punch In phrasal verb 1 American English to record the time that you arrive at work, by putting a card into a special machine. SYN clock in British English 2 punch something in to put information into a computer by pressing buttons or keys Punch Out phrasal verb American English 1 to record the time that you leave work, by putting a card into a special machine SYN clock out British English 2 punch somebody out to hit someone so hard that they become unconscious Crusted: /krstd / [adjective] [not usually before noun] crusted (with something) having a hard layer or covering of something old boots crusted with mud Crust: /krst / [noun] 1 [countable, uncountable]the hard outer surface of bread Sandwiches with the crusts cut off Sparrows pecked at a crust of bread. 2 [countable, usually singular]a layer of pastry, especially on top of a pie Bake until the crust is golden a thin crust pizza 3 [countable, uncountable]a hard layer or surface, especially above or around something soft or liquid a thin crust of ice A hard gray crust had formed on the bottom of the tea kettle I washed the crust of make-up from my face. 4 the hard outer layer of the Earth: deep within the Earth's crust Molten lava rose up from beneath the Earth's crust Crusty: / krsti /[adjective] crustier, crustiest 1 (of food) having a hard outer layer fresh crusty bread a crusty baguette 2 (informal) (especially of older people) bad-tempered; easily irritated [= grumpy] a crusty old man 3 having a thin dry hard layer of something on the surface The lake was ringed by crusty salt deposits. Crunchy / krnti / adjective Food that is crunchy is firm and makes a noise when you bite it usually used to show approval: often used about things that are fresh, for example fruit, vegetables, and nuts : a crunchy breakfast cereal | The carrots were still nice and crunchy. | a crunchy salad | crunchy peanut butter crunchiness noun [ uncountable ] Lawn: / ln/ [countable noun]an area of ground covered in short grass in a garden/yard or park, or used for playing a game on In summer we have to mow the lawn twice a week a croquet lawn They served afternoon tea on the lawn (= a large area of grass, near a big house, for example) Garden: / dn / [countable noun] (British English) (North American English yard) a piece of land next to or around your house where you can grow flowers, fruit, vegetables, etc, usually with a lawn (= an area of grass) a front/back garden children playing in the garden garden flowers/plants out in the garden a rose garden (= where only roses are grown) Yard: /jd / [countable noun] 1 (British English)an area outside a building, usually with a hard surface and a surrounding wall The prison yard The children were playing in the yard at the front of the school 2 (North American English) (British English garden)a piece of land next to or around your house where you can grow flowers, fruit, vegetables, etc, usually with a lawn (= an area of grass) The kids were playing in the back yard

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Backyard: /bkjd / [countable noun] 1 (British English)an area with a hard surface behind a house, often surrounded by a wall 2 (North American English)the whole area behind and belonging to a house, including an area of grass and the garden a backyard barbecue Patio: /pti / [countable noun] a flat hard area outside, and usually behind, a house where people can sit Let's have lunch out on the patio. Wet: / wet / [adjective] 1 covered with or containing liquid, especially water wet clothes wet grass You'll get wet (= in the rain) if you go out now Try not to get your shoes wet His face was wet with tears We were all soaking wet (= extremely wet) Her hair was still dripping wet. My shirt was wet through (= completely wet) 2 (of weather, etc.) with rain a wet day a wet climate It's wet outside It's going to be wet tomorrow It was the wettest October for many years The weather will be wet and windy in the south. Damp: /dmp / [adjective] slightly wet, often in a way that is unpleasant damp clothes It feels damp in here The cottage was cold and damp Wipe the surface with a damp cloth The wood won't burn if it's damp Cover the bowl with a warm damp cloth Humid: /hjumd / [adjective] (of the air or climate) hot and wet in a way that makes you feel uncomfortable These ferns will grow best in a humid atmosphere The island is hot and humid in the summer They were not prepared for the humid heat of the tropical forest Tokyo is extremely humid in mid-summer Moist: /mst / [adjective] slightly wet warm moist air a rich moist cake Water the plants regularly to keep the soil moist Her eyes were moist (= with tears). Soaked: / skt / [adjective] [not usually before noun] soaked (with something) very wet(synonym: drenched) He woke up soaked with sweat You're soaked through! (= completely wet) They were soaked to the skin You'll get soaked if you go out in this rain Your clothes are soaked! Drenched: /drentt/ [adjective] very wet We were caught in the storm and came home drenched to the skin Come on in - you're drenched! drenched in/with I was drenched in sweat chips drenched in vinegar rain-drenched/sweat-drenched etc He changed out of his rain-drenched clothes Dank: / dk / [adjective] (especially of a place)damp, cold and unpleasant a dark dank cave a dank prison cell Glitter: / lt(r)/ [verb] 1 [intransitive] to shine brightly with little flashes of light, like a diamond (synonym: sparkle) The ceiling of the cathedral glittered with gold The water glittered in the sunlight The river glittered in the sunlight His eyes glittered with greed Glitter noun [uncountable]

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1 brightness consisting of many flashing points of light: the glitter of his gold cigarette case Glisten: / lsn / [intransitive verb](of something wet)to shine Her eyes were glistening with tears Sweat glistened on his forehead The boy's back was glistening with sweat glistening black hair + adjective The road glistened wet after the rain all that glitters/glistens is not gold (idiom) Sparkle: /spkl /[verb] 1 [intransitive] sparkle (with something) to shine brightly with small flashes of light sparkling eyes Her jewellery sparkled in the candlelight The sky sparkled with brilliant stars The sea sparkled in the sun The crystal chandelier sparkled Bits of broken glass sparkled in the sunlight 2 [intransitive] sparkle (with something) to be full of life, enthusiasm or humour He always sparkles at parties She sparkled with cheerfulness and good humour Ron's eyes sparkled with excitement Sparkling: / spkl / [adjective] shining and flashing with light The calm and sparkling waters of the lake Sparkling blue eyes A sparkling blue lake A region of sparkling lakes, rushing streams, and denseforests Glint verb [intransitive] 1 if a shiny surface glints, it gives out small flashes of light synonym sparkle: The gold rims of his spectacles glinted in the sun. 2 if light glints off a surface, it shines back off it synonym reflect: Sunlight glinted off the windows of a tall apartment building. 3 if your eyes glint, they shine and show an unfriendly feeling Glow: / l / [verb] 1 [intransitive] (especially of something hot or warm) to produce a dull, steady light The embers still glowed in the hearth The lighted candles glowed in the darkness The strap has a fluorescent coating that glows in the dark + adjective A cigarette end glowed red in the darkness 2 [intransitive] (of a person's body or face) to look or feel warm or pink, especially after exercise or because of excitement, embarrassment, etc Her cheeks were glowing glow with something His face glowed with embarrassment Flash: / fl / [intransitive, transitive verb] to shine very brightly for a short time; to make something shine in this way Lightning flashed in the distance The flashing blue lights of a police car Start crossing when the green WALK sign starts to flash Thunder roared and lightning flashed His watch flashed in the sunlight flashing neon signs + adverb/preposition A neon sign flashed on and off above the door flash something The guide flashed a light into the cave Flickering: / flk(r) / [intransitive verb] (of a light or a flame) to keep going on and off as it shines or burns The lights flickered and went out The flickering screen of the television His eyes flickered slightly Anger flickered in his eyes A thought flickered through his mind The overhead lights flickered momentarily The flame flickered as the breeze picked up Fine: / fan / [adjective](with small grains) made of very small grains fine sand/gravel/soil Use a finer piece of sandpaper to finish A fine drizzle started falling A mixture of fine and coarse breadcrumbs Gravel / rv l / noun [ uncountable ] small stones, used to make a surface for paths, roads etc : a gravel path

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gravel pit (= a place where gravel is dug out of the ground ) Ditch 1 / dt / noun [ countable ] a long narrow hole dug at the side of a field, road etc to hold or remove unwanted water last-ditch deep/shallow The car had become stuck in a deep ditch. a drainage ditch (= for water to drain away into ) They were digging a drainage ditch. an irrigation ditch (= taking water to fields, crops etc ) The fields were separated by irrigation ditches. an open ditch (= not covered ) The horse had to jump over an open ditch. a roadside ditch (= along the edge of a road ) His clothes were found in a roadside ditch. Bare: / be(r) / [adjective] 1(of trees or countryside) not covered with leaves; without plants or trees The bare branches of winter trees A bare mountainside We looked out over a bare, open landscape, stripped of vegetation The trees soon gave way to bare rock 2 not covered with clothes A ragged child with bare feet bare-headed bare-chested bare-legged 3 Not covered / empty She looked around her tidy bare room Bare walls Bare shelves Bare: / be(r) / [verb] bare something to remove the covering from something, especially from part of the body She was paid several thousand dollars to bare all (= take all her clothes off) for the magazine The dog bared its teeth He bared his back to the hot sun He bared his head when he entered the church The dog bared its fangs when I tried to touch it He bared his chest to show the scar Bear: / be(r) /- bore / b(r) /- borne / bn / [transitive verb] (used with can/could in negative sentences and questions) to be able to accept and deal with something unpleasant(synonym: stand) bear something The pain was almost more than he could bear She couldn't bear the thought of losing him She couldn't bear the thought of moving again bear doing something I can't bear having cats in the house He can't bear being laughed at I can't bear seeing food thrown away. bear to do something Sue can't bear to be parted from her baby daughter He can't bear to be laughed at How can you bear to eat that stuff? bear somebody doing something I can't bear you doing that Sideways / sadwez / adverb 1 to or towards one side: A strong gust of wind blew the car sideways into the ditch. 2 with the side, rather than the front or back, facing forwards : They brought the piano sideways through the front door. 3 if you are moved sideways at work, you are given a job that is different from, but is at the same level as, your old job : He would be moved sideways, rather than demoted. sideways adjective : a sideways glance knock somebody sideways at knock Brilliant S2 W3 / brljnt / adjective 1 bright brilliant light or colour is very bright and strong : She closed her eyes against the brilliant light . We sat outside in the brilliant sunshine . She was dressed in brilliant white. 2 clever extremely clever or skilful :

The war between the Tates

I think thats a brilliant idea . a brilliant performance a brilliant young musician 3 excellent British English excellent : The film was absolutely brilliant . 4 successful very successful : He had a long and brilliant career . The project was a brilliant success . brilliantly adverb : The sun was shining brilliantly. The goalkeeper played brilliantly. Impartial: / mpl / [adjective] not supporting one person or group more than another (synonym neutral, unbiased) an impartial inquiry/observer to give impartial advice As chairman, I must remain impartial We offer impartial advice on tax and insurance Judges need to be impartial Impartial professional advice Partial: /pl /[adjective] [not usually before noun] partial (towards somebody/something)(disapproving)showing or feeling too much support for one person, team, idea, etc, in a way that is unfair (synonym: biased) It is important that historians are not partial partial towards: The referee was clearly partial towards the other side Partial to something (formal) being fond of Im partial to pizza Rise: / raz /- rose / rz / - risen /rzn/ [intransitive verb] Increase 5 to increase in amount or number rising fuel bills The price of gas rose Gas rose in price Unemployment rose (by) 3% Air pollution has risen above an acceptable level My anger rose as I thought about the insult Move upwards 1 (+ adverb/preposition) to come or go upwards; to reach a higher level or position Smoke was rising from the chimney The river has risen (by) several metres Get up 2 (+ adverb/preposition) (formal) to get up from a lying, sitting or kneeling position He was accustomed to rising (= getting out of bed) early They rose from the table She rose to her feet when the teacher came in Of the sun/moon 3 when the sun, moon, etc. rises, it appears above the horizon (to appear in the sky) The sun rises in the east Raise: /rez /[ transitive verb] Move upwards 1 raise something to lift or move something to a higher level She raised the gun and fired He raised a hand in greeting She raised her eyes from her work Raise your hand if you know the right answer Increase 3 raise something (to something) to increase the amount or level of something to raise salaries/prices/taxes They raised their offer to $500 We need to raise public awareness of the issue How can we raise standards in schools? Don't tell her about the job until you know for surewe don't want to raise her hopes (= make her hope too much) I've never heard him even raise his voice (= speak louder because he was angry) Collect money/people 4 raise something to bring or collect money or people together; to manage to get or form something to raise a loan We are raising money for charity

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He set about raising an army Child/animal 7 (especially North American English) to care for a child or young animal until it is able to take care of itself raise somebody/something They were both raised in the South Kids raised on a diet of hamburgers raise sb/sth as sth|raise sb/sth + noun They raised her (as) a Catholic I was born and raised a city boy Fox-hunting still succeeds in arousing a great deal of controversy Arise: /raz /- arose /rz/ - arisen/rzn/ [intransitive verb] 1 (rather formal) (especially of a problem or a difficult situation)to happen; to start to exist A new crisis has arisen We keep them informed of any changes as they arise Children should be disciplined when the need arises (= when it is necessary) A storm arose during the night 2 arise (out of/from something) (rather formal)to happen as a result of a particular situation Injuries arising out of a road accident Emotional or mental problems can arise from a physical cause Are there any matters arising from the minutes of the last meeting? Rouse: /raz/[ transitive verb] 1 (formal)to wake somebody up, especially when they are sleeping deeply rouse somebody from sleep/bed The telephone roused me from my sleep at 6 a.m He came to the door, evidently just roused from his bed rouse somebody Nicky roused her with a gentle nudge 2 to make somebody want to start doing something when they were not active or interested in doing it rouse somebody/yourself (to something) A lot of people were roused to action by the appeal Suspicions were roused by their behaviour rouse somebody/yourself to do something Richard couldn't rouse himself to say anything in reply Arouse: / raz /[transitive verb] 1 arouse something to make somebody have a particular feeling or attitude to arouse somebody's interest/curiosity/anger Her strange behaviour aroused our suspicions 2 to make you feel more active and want to start doing something The whole community was aroused by the crime

Aged / edd / adjective aged 5/25 etc 5 etc years old aged 5/25 etc between Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35. The course is open to children aged 12 and over. Aged / edd, edd / adjective 1 very old: my aged parents 2 the aged [plural] old people: the care of children and the aged Age noun 1 how old [uncountable and countable] the number of years someone has lived or something has existed: Francis is the same age as me. Experts disagree over the age of the drawings. Dad retired at the age of 56. My mother reached the age of 90 (=lived until she was 90). children ranging in age from 6 to 17 at age 5/18 etc In Britain, schooling starts at age 5. 4/15 etc years of age (=4, 15 etc years old) She was just over 16 years of age. at my/your etc age (=when you are as old as me etc) At my age, it's quite difficult getting up stairs. at/from an early age (=at or from the time when someone is very young) girls who become mothers at an early age over/under the age of 5/18 etc people over the age of 65 of his/her etc own age (=of the same age as him, her etc) Kids need friends of their own age to play with.

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for his/her etc age (=compared with other people of the same age) She's tall for her age, isn't she? act your age (=behave in a way that is suitable for how old you are) It's time you started acting your age, Jeff. 2 legal age [uncountable] the age when you are legally old enough to do something: What's the minimum age for getting a driver's license? You're not allowed to buy alcohol. You're under age (=too young by law). retirement/pension age (=when you are old enough to stop working or receive a pension) the normal retirement age of 65 3 [uncountable and countable] one of the particular periods of someone's life women of childbearing age a difficult/awkward age The early teens are often a difficult age. 4 [uncountable] the state of being old Some of the furniture was showing signs of age. with age High blood pressure increases with age. 5 [countable usually singular] a particular period of history synonym era: We are living in the age of technology. Molecular biology is pushing medicine into a new age. the computer/industrial/nuclear etc age Completely new skills are required in the information age. 6 ages [plural] also an age informal especially British English a long time: Simon! I haven't seen you for ages. That recipe takes ages. it's ages since/before/until etc something It's ages since we've played that game. 7 come of age a) to reach the age when you are legally considered to be a responsible adult b) if something comes of age, it reaches a stage of development at which people accept it as being important, valuable etc: During this period the movies really came of age as an art form. Age verb - present participle aging or ageing 1 [intransitive and transitive] to start looking older or to make someone or something look older: He was worried to see how much she'd aged. The experience had aged him in advance of his years. 2 [intransitive] to become older: The buildings are ageing, and some are unsafe. 3 [intransitive and transitive] to improve and develop in taste over a period of time, or to allow food or alcohol to do this synonym mature: Cheddar cheese ages well The whisky is aged for at least ten years. Aging adjective [only before noun] becoming old: aging movie stars Europe's ageing population (=with more old people than before) Ageing: a British spelling of aging Ageless adjective 1 never looking old or old-fashioned: Her face seemed ageless. 2 having existed for a very long time and continuing forever synonym timeless: the ageless charm of a country kitchen agelessness noun [uncountable] Toast: / tst /[noun] 1 [uncountable] slices of bread that have been made brown and crisp by heating them on both sides in a toaster or under a grill cheese on toast a piece of toast two slices/rounds of toast 2 [countable] toast (to somebody/something) the act of a group of people wishing somebody happiness, success, etc. by drinking a glass of something, especially alcohol, at the same time I'd like to propose a toast to the bride and groom The committee drank a toast to the new project They drank a toast to the queen Toast: / tst / [verb] 1[transitive] toast somebody/something to lift a glass of wine, etc. in the air and drink it at the same time as other people in order to wish somebody/something success, happiness, etc The happy couple were toasted in champagne We toasted the success of the new company They toasted the birth of their new baby with champagne 2 [transitive, intransitive] toast (something) to make something,

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especially bread, turn brown by heating it in a toaster or close to heat; to turn brown in this way The buns should be served lightly toasted a toasted sandwich Place under a hot grill until the nuts have toasted 3 [transitive] toast something to warm a part of your body by placing it near a fire He sat toasting his feet in front of the fir