Professional Documents
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Basic Maths
Introduction
Symbols Using your calculator Order of operations Rearranging equations Ratios Percentages Simultaneous equations
Symbols
= Sum of ^ = to the power of (e.g. 102 is 10^2) = square root = greater than or equal to = less than or equal to x = average of x = Standard deviation
Rounding example
e.g.
- To the nearest thousand - e.g. 123,456 to the nearest thousand = - e.g. 987,654 to the nearest thousand = - To a specific number of decimal places - e.g. 3.14159265 (pi) to 2d.p. = - e.g. 3.14159265 (pi) to 4d.p. =
Brackets Order (i.e. raising to the power of) Divide or Multiply, Add or Subtract
e.g. 7 + (6 x 52 +3) = ?
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e.g. PV = x x 1 (1 + i)n
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x = 9 y = 33 xy = 105 x2 = 29 y2 = 381
Write out the equation (from a formula sheet or from memory) Replace any letters with numbers that are given in the information When rearranging, you must do the same thing to both sides of the equation
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D0 Dividend yield
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Ratios
A ratio is an expression that compares quantities relative to each other Ratios are given in the format a:b:c A ratio can be used to show how something is to be spit
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Ratio illustration
e.g. a partnership of 3 partners have an agreement to share profits of 14,000 in the proportions 1:2:4. How much will each of the partners get?
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Ratio example
e.g. how much would each shareholder get if the profits were 250,000 and they were to be split 2:3?
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Percentages
A percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100 Per cent (%) = per hundred 45% = 45 / 100 = 0.45 To convert fraction/decimal to a % multiply by 100 To convert % to a fraction or decimal divide by 100
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Percentages quickly
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e.g. A sales value of 150,000 will decrease by 10% next year to what?
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Two ways of calculating percentage change: New Old Old or New Old
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e.g. What is the percentage change if sales moved from 12m to 15m?
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e.g. What is the percentage change if sales moved from 20m to 18m?
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Mark ups
A mark up is where the profit is expressed as a percentage of the cost e.g. a 25% mark up on 100 cost would mean a profit of 25
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Equation approach: Sales = Cost x (1 + P%) Format approach: Sales 125% Costs 100% Profit 25%
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Mark up example
e.g. calculate the sales price for a product with a 30% mark up that costs 40.
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Mark up example
e.g. calculate the profit for a product with a 20% mark up and a sale value of 90.
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Margin
A margin is where the profit is expressed as a percentage of the sales price e.g. a 25% margin on 100 sales price would mean a profit of 25
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Margins Formulae
Equation approach: Sales = Cost (1 - P%) Format approach: Sales 100% Costs 75% Profit 25 %
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Margin example
e.g. calculate the sales price for a product with a 30% margin that costs 42.
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Margin example
e.g. calculate the profit for a product with a 20% margin and a sale value of 90.
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5x + 2y = 18 6x + 3y = 24
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Speed
Calculations Made Simple
Knowledge
e.g. 6 x (5 + 3) = 5 x 22 = 2+5x3=
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b = log r log 2
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F = O(1+g)n e.g. What is the growth rate (g) if the original figure is 10,000 (O), the final figure is 13,310 (F), and the number of years of growth is 3 (n)?
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Ratio question
e.g. how much would each shareholder get if the profits were 360,000 and they were to be split 2:3:4?
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8x + 4y = 64 7x + 2y = 50
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