Eurobarometer 77

Standard Eurobarometer 77 Spring 2012
THE CRISIS
REPORT
Fieldwork: May 2012
This survey has been requested and co-ordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm
This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors.
Standard Eurobarometer 77 / Spring 2012 TNS Opinion & Social
STANDARD EUROBAROMETER 77 EUROPEANS, THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012
Standard Eurobarometer 77 Spring 2012
Europeans, the European Union and the Crisis
Survey conducted by TNS Opinion & Social at the request of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication
Survey coordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication Research and Speechwriting Unit
STANDARD EUROBAROMETER 77
EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................2 I. HASTHECRISISREACHEDITSPEAK?........................................................................................4
II. THEIMPACTOFTHECRISISONTHEHOUSEHOLDSITUATION...................................................9 III. THEMOSTEFFECTIVEACTORSINDEALINGWITHTHECRISIS..................................................13 IV. MEASURESTOBETAKENBYTHEEUROPEANUNION..............................................................20 1. 2. InitiativestoimprovetheperformanceoftheEuropeaneconomy.....................................22 Themosteffectivemeasuresfortacklingthecrisis .............................................................25
V. AREFORMOFTHEECONOMICANDFINANCIALSYSTEM?......................................................28 1. 2. VI. Necessaryreformstotacklethecrisisandreducepublicdebt............................................28 Reformingtheeconomicandfinancialsystem...................................................................33 THEIMPACTOFTHECRISISONTHEEUANDONEUROPEANS.............................................36
ANNEXES Technical specifications
INTRODUCTION
The recommendations1 made by the European Commission to the 27 EU Member States and to the Eurozone countries regarding national budgetary and economic policies in 2012-2013 were endorsed on 31 May 2012. They urge Member States to take more measures to stimulate growth while bringing down unemployment and helping young people to find work or get training. The Commission underlines the need to raise the skill levels of the workforce, and to create jobs in the services, energy and digital sectors. This spring 2012 Standard Eurobarometer survey (EB77) was conducted some days before the adoption of these recommendations. The full report on the Eurobarometer survey comprises several volumes. The first volume presents the state of public opinion in the European Union. Four further volumes address the Europe 2020 strategy, the European Union and the crisis, Europeans and European citizenship and the values of Europeans. The present volume is concerned with the economic and financial crisis. This Standard Eurobarometer was conducted between 12 and 27 May 2012 in 34 countries or territories2: the 27 Member States of the European Union, the six candidate countries (Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Iceland, Montenegro and Serbia), and in the Turkish Cypriot Community in the part of the country that is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. 32,728 people from different social and demographic backgrounds were interviewed face to face in their homes in their mother tongue at the request of the European Commission. The methodology used is that of the Standard Eurobarometer surveys conducted by the Directorate-General for Communication (Research and Speechwriting Unit)3. A technical note concerning the interviews carried out by the institutes within the TNS Opinion & Social network is annexed to this report. This note also describes the confidence intervals4.

http://ec.europa.eu/news/economy/120531_en.htm Please consult the technical specifications for the exact dates of the fieldwork in each country 3 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm 4 The results tables are annexed. It should be noted that the total of the percentages indicated in the tables in this report may exceed 100% when the respondent was able to choose several answers to the same question.
2 1
Theabbreviationsusedinthisreportcorrespondto:
BE CZ BG DK DE EE EL ES FR IE IT CY LT CY (tcc) HR TR MK IS ME RS Belgium Czech Republic Bulgaria Denmark Germany Estonia Greece Spain France Ireland Italy Republic of Cyprus Lithuania Turkish Cypriot Community Croatia Turkey Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia**** Iceland Montenegro Serbia EU27 EU15 NMS12 Euro zone Noneuro zone European Union 27 Member States
BE, IT, FR, DE, LU, NL, DK, UK, IE, PT, ES, EL, AT, SE, FI* BG, CZ, EE, CY, LT, LV, MT, HU, PL, RO, SL, SK** BE, FR, IT, LU, DE, AT, ES, PT, IE, NL, FI, EL, EE, SI, CY, MT, SK BG, CZ, DK, LV, LT, HU, PL, RO, SE, UK
ABBREVIATIONS LV LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK
Latvia Luxembourg Hungary Malta The Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden The United Kingdom
* EU15 refers to the 15 countries that formed the European Union before the 2004 and 2007 enlargements ** The NMS12 are the 12 new Member States which joined the European Union during the 2004 and 2007 enlargements *** Cyprus as a whole is one of the 27 European Union Member States. However, the acquis communautaire has been suspended in the part of the country which is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. For practical reasons, only the interviews carried out in the part of the country controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the CY category and in the EU27 average. Interviews carried out in the part of the country that is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the CY(tcc) category (tcc: Turkish Cypriot Community). **** Provisional abbreviation which in no way prejudges the definitive name of this country, which will be agreed once the current negotiations at the United Nations have been completed.
*****
We wish to thank all the people interviewed throughout Europe who took the time to participate in this survey. Without their active participation, this survey would not have been possible.
I.
HAS THE CRISIS REACHED ITS PEAK?
The last time this indicator was measured, in autumn 2011, a sharp rise in pessimism was recorded (68%, +21 percentage points). This abrupt deterioration in public opinion came in the wake of a steady growth, since spring 2009, in the impression that the impact of the crisis on jobs had reached its peak. The spring 2012 survey sees a decline in this pessimism, though it remains at high levels. Of the people interviewed, 60% believe that the worst is yet to come5, a level similar to that recorded the first time this question was asked in May-June 2009 (61%). Conversely, almost a third of Europeans (30%, +7) now seem to expect the future to be brighter.
The proportion of pessimists is higher in the EU15 countries (63%, compared with 50% in the NMS12).
5 QC1 Some analysts say that the impact of the economic crisis on the job market has already reached its peak and things will recover little by little. Others, on the contrary, say that the worst is still to come. Which of the two statements is closer to your opinion? The impact of the crisis on jobs has already reached its peak; The worst is still to come
In 22 of the 27 Member States, a majority of respondents believe that the impact of the crisis on the job market is still to come. Public opinion takes the opposite view in only three countries: Denmark (51% optimists, 45% pessimists), Estonia (50% vs 44%) and Bulgaria (42% vs 40%). Opinions are evenly divided in two other countries: Romania (where 42% of respondents are optimistic and 42% are pessimistic) and Austria (43% optimists and 44% pessimists). Of the six countries which have applied to join the European Union, three demonstrate a more marked degree of optimism (Iceland, Montenegro and Turkey, where 59%, 53% and 51% respectively say the crisis has reached its peak) and three record significant levels of pessimism (Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia, where 62%, 60% and 47% respectively say the worst is still to come). The Member States in which citizens are most emphatically pessimistic are Portugal (78%), Greece and Cyprus (both 77%), the United Kingdom (73%) and Spain (72%).
Pessimism has declined since autumn 2011 in 23 EU Member States, sometimes dramatically so, as in Slovakia (49%, -22 percentage points), Denmark (45%, -20) and the Czech Republic (54%, -20). This fall can also be seen in the candidate countries, with the exception of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (60%, +11). However, three Member States have recorded an increase in pessimism since autumn 2011: Spain (72%, +2), Bulgaria (40%, +2) and Greece (77%, +1). Opinion remains stable in Italy (62%).
QC1 Some analysts say that the impact of the economic crisis on the job market has already reached its peak and things will recover little by little. Others, on the contrary, say that the worst is still to come. Which of the two statements is closer to your opinion? The impact of the crisis Diff. Sp.2012The worst is Diff. Sp.2012- on jobs has Diff. Sp.2012Don't know Aut.2011 already Aut.2011 Aut.2011 still to come reached its peak EU27 EU15 NMS12 Euro area Non euro-area BG ES EL IT CY IE PT SI UK DE MT SE LT HU BE LV AT PL LU FI EE RO NL FR CZ DK SK CY (tcc) MK HR ME IS TR RS 60%
-8 -7 -11 -7 -9 +2 +2 +1 = -3 -5 -6 -6 -6 -7 -7 -7 -8 -8 -9 -9 -9 -9 -10 -10 -11 -14 -16 -17 -20 -20 -22 +7 +11 -3 -8 -11 -15 NA
30%
+7 +6 +11 +6 +8 +4 -2 -1 = +1 +5 +5 +7 +6 +8 +6 +5 +7 +9 +9 +6 +7 +5 +10 +10 +10 +17 +16 +14 +19 +21 +20 -3 -9 +3 +4 +12 +13 NA
10%
+1 +1 = +1 +1 -6 = = = +2 = +1 -1 = -1 +1 +2 +1 -1 = +3 +2 +4 = = +1 -3 = +3 +1 -1 +2 -4 -2 = +4 -1 +2 NA
63% 50%
61% 58% 40% 72% 77% 62% 77% 60% 78% 67% 73% 54% 56% 58% 53% 54% 65% 49% 44% 53% 67% 62% 44% 42% 60% 59% 54% 45% 49% 64% 60% 62% 37% 39% 31% 47%
28% 38%
29% 32% 42% 23% 20% 25% 17% 34% 16% 29% 22% 32% 31% 37% 38% 39% 32% 41% 43% 32% 28% 33% 50% 42% 34% 32% 40% 51% 45% 28% 36% 33% 53% 59% 51% 39%
9% 12%
10% 10% 18% 5% 3% 13% 6% 6% 6% 4% 5% 14% 13% 5% 9% 7% 3% 10% 13% 15% 5% 5% 6% 16% 6% 9% 6% 4% 6% 8% 4% 5% 10% 2% 18% 14%
Although the level of pessimism remains high, a comparison of the results of this Eurobarometer survey with those of May-June 2009 reveals some striking changes: in 19 Member States pessimism has declined (ranging from -1 point in Slovenia and the Netherlands to -33 points in Latvia), while eight countries have recorded a rise (from +1 point in Malta to +15 points in Spain).
Pessimism about the impact of the crisis on jobs is shared by a majority in all categories of the European population. Nevertheless, it is most widespread among the least advantaged groups: 66% of the unemployed (compared with 58% of managers), 65% of the least educated (compared with 57% of the most educated) and 65% of people who regard themselves as working class (compared with 48% of those who say they are upper class6). This is also the view of respondents aged 40 and over (62%, compared with 53% of 15-24 year-olds) and of those who do not believe that globalisation is an opportunity (71%, compared with 53% of those who think the opposite).
QC1 Some analysts say that the impact of the economic crisis on the job market has already reached its peak and things will recover little by little. Others, on the contrary, say that the worst is still to come. Which of the two statements is closer to your opinion? The impact of the crisis on jobs has already reached its peak 30%
The worst is still to come EU27 Age 15-24 25-39 40-54 55 + Education (End of) 1516-19 20+ Still studying Occupation scale Self-employed Managers Other white collars Manual workers House persons Unemployed Retired Students Consider belonging to The working class The middle class The upper class Globalisation is an opportunity Agree Disagree 53% 71% 65% 57% 48% 60% 58% 59% 61% 59% 66% 62% 51% 65% 61% 57% 51% 53% 59% 62% 62% 60%
Don't know
10%
35% 33% 30% 27%
12% 8% 8% 11%
24% 30% 35% 37%
11% 9% 8% 12%
32% 34% 33% 31% 29% 26% 26% 37%
8% 8% 8% 8% 12% 8% 12% 12%
26% 34% 44%
9% 9% 8%
39% 22%
8% 7%
6 Note that only 731 respondents describe themselves as belonging to the upper class of society in a sample of 26,637: just 3%, compared with 50% who say they are middle class and 42% who describe themselves as working class.
II.
THE IMPACT OF THE CRISIS ON THE HOUSEHOLD SITUATION
Unlike the question on emerging from the crisis, which has seen significant changes since the Eurobarometer survey of May-June 2009, the question on the situation of households seems to have remained stable. As in previous surveys, respondents remain divided on the direct impact of the crisis on their household7. The results are almost identical to those recorded during the preceding survey conducted in autumn 2011. More than a third of respondents (35%, +1 percentage point) say that their current situation does not allow them to make plans for the future. An unchanged 32% know what they will be doing in the next six months, and 29% (also unchanged) have a longer-term perspective of their households (one or two years).
7 QC2 Which of the following statements best reflects your household situation? Your current situation does not allow you to make any plan for the future. You live day by day; You know what you will be doing in the next six months; You have a long-term perspective of what your household will be in the next 1 or 2 years; Other
There are striking variations between countries. In particular, there is a significant difference between respondents in the EU15 countries and in the NMS12. In the EU15, 33% know what they will be doing in the longer term (in one or two years), while only 15% do so in the NMS12 countries. Conversely, 30% (contrasting with 38% in the NMS12) can make medium-term plans (for the next six months) and 33% (vs 42%) live day by day. Interestingly, and despite this difference in their assessments of the future of their households, respondents in EU15 countries are more pessimistic about the impact of the economic crisis than those in the NMS12. Similarly, 32% of Eurozone respondents (compared with 24% outside the Eurozone) have a long-term perspective of their households. The most common situation at the European level, which consists of living day by day, is reported by an absolute majority of respondents in six Member States: Greece (68%), Malta (67%), Cyprus (55%), Bulgaria and Hungary (both 54%) and Portugal (53%). This is also the case in two of the six candidate countries: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (59%) and Serbia (53%). Respondents are most likely to know what they will be doing in the medium term (in the next six months) in Slovakia (45%), Poland (44%) and the Czech Republic and Austria (both 40%).
10
In some Member States in the north of Europe, the effects of the crisis seem less felt, since an absolute majority of respondents say they have a long-term vision of their households: in Sweden (54%), Luxembourg (51%), and the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany (all 50%).
As was observed in the autumn 2011 survey, the least advantaged respondents are, reasonably enough, most likely to have difficulty in making long-term plans. Thus 47% of the least educated (compared with 24% of the most educated) say they live day by day, as do 68% of the unemployed (compared with 13% of managers) and 74% of people who have difficulty paying their bills most of the time (compared with 21% of those who almost never have problems).
11
It is also more likely to be the case for divorced people (49%, compared with 32% of married respondents). This is also the answer given by 41% of those who do not think that globalisation is an opportunity (compared with 27% of those who believe the opposite) and by 40% of the people who say that the worst impact of the crisis on jobs is still to come (compared with 28% of those who think the worst is behind us).
QC2 Which of the following statements best reflects your household situation?
Your current situation does not allow you to make any plan for the future. You live day by day EU27 Education (End of) 1516-19 20+ Still studying Occupation scale Self-employed Managers Other white collars Manual workers House persons Unemployed Retired Students Difficulties paying bills Most of the time From time to time Almost never Marital status (Re)Married Single living with a partner Single Divorced or separated Widow Globalisation is an opportunity Agree Disagree The impact of the crisis on jobs Has reached its peak The worst is still to come 28% 40% 27% 41% 32% 33% 37% 49% 48% 74% 48% 21% 32% 13% 28% 36% 44% 68% 37% 24% 47% 39% 24% 24% 35%
You know what you will be doing in the next six months
You have a longterm perspective of what your household will be in the next 1 or 2 years 29%
Other
DK
32%
2%
2%
26% 31% 33% 39%
23% 27% 39% 30%
1% 1% 2% 2%
3% 2% 2% 5%
32% 33% 38% 34% 27% 18% 30% 39%
33% 50% 30% 27% 26% 10% 29% 30%
1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 1% 2%
2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 5%
15% 33% 35%
8% 16% 41%
1% 1% 1%
2% 2% 2%
32% 34% 33% 24% 26%
33% 30% 25% 25% 21%
1% 1% 2% 1% 1%
2% 2% 3% 1% 4%
33% 32%
37% 24%
1% 1%
2% 2%
35% 30%
35% 27%
1% 1%
1% 2%
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III.
THE MOST EFFECTIVE ACTORS IN DEALING WITH THE CRISIS
Who can act most effectively against the effects of the crisis? This is the seventh time that this question8 has been asked since spring 2009. As during previous Eurobarometer surveys, respondents were shown a list of international institutions (the European Union, the G20 and the International Monetary Fund) and national entities (the government and the United possible. The European Union and the national government being respondents. now stand by the level, 21% both of mentioned States). Only one answer was
Previously
European
Union was in the lead (23% in autumn 2011, compared with 20% for the national government). The IMF comes next with 15% (+1
percentage point), followed by the G20 (14%, -2) and the United States (7%, +2 points).
8 QC3 In your opinion, which of the following is best able to take effective actions against the effects of the financial and economic crisis?: The (NATIONALITY) Government; the European Union; the United States; the G20; the International Monetary Fund (IMF); Other; None
13
Respondents in the Eurozone are more likely to mention the European Union (23%, vs 19% outside). The same is true for the IMF (16% vs 12%), whereas the government is mentioned more outside the Eurozone (25%, vs 18% in the Eurozone). Romania records the highest rate of mentions of the national government (49%), followed by the United Kingdom (34%) and Greece and Malta (both 29%). Turkey stands out among the candidate countries with a score of 46% for the national government. The national government has gained ground in 15 countries (while the results are unchanged or down in the remaining 12). The most striking rises are seen in Romania (49%, +13 percentage points), Portugal (24%, +11) and Greece (29%, +7), and in one candidate country: Turkey (46%, +12). The European Union is mentioned most often in Luxembourg (34%), Poland (30%), and Slovakia and Belgium (both 29%). It is also the most-mentioned item in Bulgaria and in Ireland (both 26%), Lithuania (25%), Slovenia (24%), and Germany, Spain, Italy and Estonia (all 23%). It is mentioned in equal first place with the government in Portugal (24%) and Austria (20%), and in joint first place with the government and the IMF in Hungary (20%). The European Union has lost ground since autumn 2011 in 18 Member States, with the greatest decline in Poland (30%, -9). The effectiveness of the International Monetary Fund in tackling the crisis is most widely recognised in Finland (35%), Cyprus (24%) and Hungary (20%). However, as in the three previous surveys (autumn 2010, spring 2011 and autumn 2011), the IFM receives the fewest mentions in Greece (3%, unchanged since autumn 2011), equal this time with one of the candidate countries, Turkey. It is mentioned less often than in autumn 2011 in 14 Member States (with the sharpest falls in Portugal, 5%, -8 percentage points, and the Netherlands, 19%, -7), cited more frequently in 11 Member States, and stable in two. As in autumn 2011, the G20 is most mentioned in the Czech Republic (38%, -3). It is also mentioned by 30% of respondents in the Netherlands and by 27% in Denmark. Conversely, the lowest scores are recorded in three of the six candidate countries: Montenegro and Serbia (both 3%), and Turkey (5%, equal with Spain). Downward trends were recorded for this item in 18 Member States. The United States, still seldom mentioned at European level, is nevertheless cited slightly more often in the Czech Republic (15%) and Denmark (13%). It is also apparently more trusted in the candidate countries: Turkey (20%), the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (15%) and Montenegro (14%).
14
15
The socio-demographic analysis shows that the more advantaged categories are more likely to mention the European Union (23% of managers, compared with 20% of whitecollar workers, house persons and retired respondents), the G20 (21% of managers, compared with 7% of house persons) and the IMF (19% of managers, compared with 11% of the unemployed). More vulnerable respondents are likelier to say that the government is most effective (24% of the unemployed and house persons, compared with 17% of managers). People who recognise the effectiveness of the European Union are also more widespread among those who think that globalisation is an opportunity (27%, vs 17% of those who think the reverse). Conversely, 23% of those who see globalisation in a negative light mention their government (compared with 19% of those who see it in a positive light). Respondents who mention the European Union are also more numerous among those who believe that the impact of the crisis on jobs has reached its peak (27%, compared with 19% of those who say the worst is still to come).
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The effectiveness of actors in combating the crisis Respondents were then asked whether they thought that the European Union, their national government and the United States had in fact acted effectively to combat the crisis9.
They are more likely to see their government (37%) and the United States (36%) as having been effective than the European Union (33%), which changes the order of answers in comparison with the Eurobarometer 75 survey of spring 2011. At that stage, the European Union came first, with 44% of respondents saying that it had acted effectively, while 38% mentioned their government and 36% the United States. Once again, there are some significant differences between the answers given by respondents in the EU15 countries and by those in the NMS12. EU15 respondents are more likely to approve of the actions of their government (39%, compared with 27% in NMS12), and are correspondingly less likely to support the actions of the United States (32%, vs 46%) and the European Union (31%, vs 48%). It is also interesting to compare the Euro Zone and the Non-Eurzone results. The EU is more often mentioned outside the Euro Zone (39%, compared with 32% within the Euro Zone countries). The same applies for the United States (42%, vs 31%).
9 QC8 Since the beginning of the economic crisis, would you say that each of the following actors has acted effectively or not to combat the crisis up till now?: The European Union; the (NATIONAL) Government; the United States; our Community's authorities (only for the Turkish Cypriot Community).
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The national government receives an absolute majority of mentions in the north of the EU: in Sweden (73%), Luxembourg (68%), Germany (67%), Finland (65%), Austria (58%) and Denmark (57%), and in one candidate country - Turkey (69%). The national government is least often seen as effective in Greece, where it was mentioned by only 4% of respondents. The greatest increases since May 2011 were recorded in Latvia (26%, +16 percentage points), Finland (65%, +12), France (39%, +8) and Lithuania (21%, +8). Declines were seen in the Netherlands (46%, -21), Cyprus (12%, -19), Italy (21%, -13), and in one candidate country, Montenegro (22%, -15). The United States is mentioned most often in Poland (52%), Lithuania and the Czech Republic (both 50%), the Turkish Cypriot Community (47%) and Bulgaria (46%). The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is the candidate country in which respondents are likeliest to acknowledge the effectiveness of the United States in combating the crisis (59%). The greatest evolutions were seen in Austria (33%, -17), Italy (38%, -13), and Romania (40%, -13). The European Union is particularly cited in Romania (58%), Bulgaria (54%) and Poland (50%), as well as by 58% of respondents in the Turkish Cypriot Community. Among the candidate countries, its effectiveness is most recognised in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (64%) and Turkey (54%). Conversely, Cyprus (13%) and Greece (14%) record the lowest rates of mentions of the European Union. Negative evolutions have occurred in 25 of the 27 Member States, and in the candidate countries (except Turkey). The most striking declines are recorded in Italy (30%, -18 percentage points), Austria (36%, -17), Cyprus (13%, -16) and Luxembourg (42%, -15).
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IV.
MEASURES TO BE TAKEN BY THE EUROPEAN UNION
The majority of Europeans (63%) believe that the European Union has sufficient power and tools to defend the economic interests of Europe in the global economy10, while a little over a quarter disagree. This result shows a marked improvement since May 2010, with an 11-point rise. Euro Zone respondents are the most convinced (65%, compared with 59% outside the Euro Zone). In particular, this opinion is held by 80% of interviewees in Lithuania and by 74% in Latvia and Portugal. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia stands out among the candidate countries, with 73% of citizens sharing this view.
10 QC4a.8 For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree. The EU has sufficient power and tools to defend the economic interests of Europe in the global economy.
20
The greatest positive evolutions were recorded in Portugal (74%, +26 percentage points), Latvia (74%, +23), Lithuania (80%, +22), Germany (70%, +22) and Malta (65%, +20).
The socio-demographic analysis reveals that this opinion is widely shared across the different categories of the population. Thus 67% of people aged from 15 to 24 years and 60% in the 55+ age band agree that the EU has sufficient means to defend the European economy against global competition. This opinion is also shared almost equally by managers (63%) and the unemployed (62%), and by people with no difficulties paying their bills (64%) and those who do have such financial problems (58%).
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1. Initiatives to improve the performance of the European economy The three most cited initiatives (mentioned by more than a third of respondents) are as follows11: Improving education and professional training is seen as the initiative that would most effectively improve the performance of the European economy (46%, -2 percentage points since spring 2011). Recording one of the sharpest rises between the two surveys, reducing public deficits and debt (38%, +4) is mentioned in second position. And 35% of respondents (+1) think that making it easier to set up a business would improve the European economy.
Respondents in the EU15 countries are more likely to support improving education and professional training (48%, vs. 40% in the NMS12) and reducing public deficits and debt (40%, vs. 32%) in order to improve the performance of the European economy. Improving education and professional training is mentioned in particular in Luxembourg and Germany (both 58%), Romania (56%), Estonia and Cyprus (both 54%), and Sweden and Denmark (both 53%). This item has lost ground in 18 Member States, with the greatest decline in Italy (30%, -10).
11 QC5 Which three initiatives could most improve the performance of the European economy? (MAX. 3 ANSWERS): Increase the number of working hours; Improve education and professional training; Invest in research and innovation; Make it easier for companies to access credit; Make it easier to set up a business; Use energy more efficiently; Invest in transport (motorways, railways, etc.); Invest in environmentally friendly products and services; Increase the retirement age; Reduce public deficits and debt; Strengthen regulation of financial markets.
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The second initiative, reducing public deficits and debt, is preferred in Hungary (52%), Cyprus (51%), France (48%) and the Czech Republic (47%). It has gained ground in 19 Member States, in particular in Austria (42%, +14 percentage points) and France (48%, +10). Encouraging business creation is mentioned most often in Lithuania (58%), Spain (52%) and Bulgaria (48%). This initiative is now cited more often in 19 Member States, with the greatest rise in Luxembourg (33%, +7). Croatia stands out among the candidate countries, with 57% of its citizens opting to make it easier to set up a business. In Iceland, 50% of respondents choose reducing public deficits and debt, while in Turkey, only 9% do so.
23
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2. The The most effective measures for tackling the crisis results the regarding crisis measures for
tackling
have
remained
virtually unchanged since autumn 2011. More than seven in ten respondents (76%, +1 percentage point) consider that stronger coordination would provide of a economic policy among all the EU Member States means of combating the current economic and financial crisis.12 Almost as many (75%, unchanged) believe that there should be stronger coordination financial of economic among and the policies
countries of the Euro Zone. Finally, 71% (unchanged) of respondents would support a more important role for the EU in regulating financial services. Respondents within the Euro Zone are more convinced of the effectiveness of all three of these suggested measures. For example, 79% of respondents in the Euro Zone (compared with 69% outside) believe that stronger coordination of economic policy among all the EU Member States would be effective. They are also more likely to support stronger coordination of economic and financial policies among the countries of the euro area (78%, vs. 67%), and a more important role for the EU in regulating financial services (74%, vs. 64%). The Member States in which respondents are most likely to say that stronger coordination of economic policy among all the EU Member States would be effective are Cyprus (90%) and Belgium (87%). This view has gained ground in 15 countries since autumn 2011, has declined in nine (including Hungary, 57%, -10 percentage points) and is unchanged in three. Stronger coordination of economic and financial policies among the countries of the Euro Zone receives most support in Cyprus (91%) and Slovakia (87%). This opinion has made advances in 13 countries (most strikingly in France, 82%, +7), lost ground in 13 others and is stable in Belgium (85%).
QC6 A range of measures to tackle the current financial and economic crisis is being discussed in the European institutions. For each, could you tell me whether you think it would be effective or not? A more important role for the EU in regulating financial services; A stronger coordination of economic policy among all the EU Member States; A stronger coordination of economic and financial policies among the countries of the euro area.
12
25
The third measure, a more important role for the EU in regulating financial services, receives most support in Belgium (82%), Cyprus and Slovakia (both 81%), and Spain (80%). Positive evolutions have occurred in 11 countries and negative evolutions in 13 others, the largest fall being recorded in Hungary (57%, -10 percentage points). Finally, results are unchanged in three countries: Belgium (82%), Slovakia (81%) and Finland (66%).
26
Respondents who see globalisation as an opportunity are more likely to think that supporting stronger coordination of economic policy among all the EU Member States would be effective (85%, compared with 70% of those who do not regard globalisation in this light). This is also the view of 85% of the people who believe that the impact of the crisis on jobs has reached its peak (compared with 72% of those who say the worst is still to come). Similarly, it is the opinion of 78% of people who say that their country needs reforms to face the future (compared with 61% who do not agree).
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V.
A REFORM OF THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM?
1. Necessary reforms to tackle the crisis and reduce public debt Working together A very large majority of respondents (89%, unchanged since the autumn 2011 Eurobarometer) would support greater cooperation between the 27 Member States in tackling the crisis.13 The need for greater cooperation is primarily expressed in Cyprus and Slovenia (both 97%) and in Luxembourg (96%). The greatest evolutions were seen in Austria (82%, +6 percentage points) and Italy (82%, -6). Reform to face the future Nearly nine in ten respondents (89%, +1 percentage point) also agree that their country needs reforms to face the future. This is particularly true in Greece and Cyprus (both 96%) and Lithuania (95%). However, it is in a candidate country, Iceland (99%), that respondents feel most strongly on this matter. The most striking evolutions were recorded in the Netherlands (89%, +8), France (92%, +5 points), Slovakia (85%, +5) and Luxembourg (74%, +5); the sharpest decline was recorded in Spain (92%, -5). Public deficits and debt To measure attitudes to public deficits and debt, the sample was divided into two groups, each of which was asked a differently worded question: One positive (SPLIT A Measures to reduce the public deficit and debt in (OUR COUNTRY) cannot be delayed). The other negative (SPLIT B Measures to reduce the public deficit and debt in (OUR COUNTRY) are not a priority for now).
We found that 82% of respondents agree that these measures cannot be delayed in their country. This represents a fall of two percentage points since the last Eurobarometer in autumn 2011. Just over one person in ten (11%, +2) disagrees. Euro Zone respondents are more emphatic on this point (85%, compared with 78% outside the Euro Zone), as are respondents in the EU15 countries (84%, compared with 75% in the NMS12). This view is most strongly held in Belgium and Malta (both 92%), Slovenia (91%) and Germany (90%), compared with 62% in Romania. The greatest evolutions are seen in Greece, where there has been a sharp decline (70%, -9 percentage points), and in France (89%, +6), Luxembourg (82%, +6), and one of the candidate countries, Turkey (71%, +10), which have all seen an upward trend.
13 QC4a.1-7 For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree: (OUR COUNTRY) needs reforms to face the future; EU Member States should work together more in tackling the financial and economic crisis; (ONLY TO SPLIT A) Measures to reduce the public deficit and debt in (OUR COUNTRY) cannot be delayed; (ONLY TO SPLIT B) Measures to reduce the public deficit and debt in (OUR COUNTRY) are not a priority for now; It is possible to reduce public deficit and debt while at the same time stimulating economic growth; The countries of the EU need a more solid industrial base; The countries of the EU need to develop further the services sector in their economies.
28
When the wording is reversed (Measures to reduce the public deficit and debt in (OUR COUNTRY) are not a priority for now), 40% of respondents (unchanged) agree, while 53% take the opposite view. Respondents in Lithuania (65%) and Estonia (62%) are most likely to support this statement. The greatest evolutions have taken place in Portugal (54%, +14 percentage points), the Czech Republic (46%, +12), Slovenia (48%, -15) and Spain (37%, -14); a steep fall was also recorded in one candidate country, Montenegro (28%, -17). Nevertheless, an absolute majority of Europeans disagree with this statement (53%, +2). Respondents are most likely to believe that these measures are a priority in the EU15 countries (57%, compared with 38% in the NMS12) and in the Euro Zone (57%, compared with 45% outside it). This to some extent confirms the results of the previous question (SPLIT A), although the strength of opinion varies with the wording. A more solid industrial base In this context, the consolidation of the industrial base in EU Member States is a priority for 82% of Europeans, led by 96% of respondents in Cyprus, 93% in Latvia and 91% in Slovakia. Developing the services sector The services sector should be further developed in all Member States, say 78% of Europeans, including 83% of respondents in the NMS12 countries (vs. 77% in the EU15). This result is particularly striking in Slovakia (96%) and Cyprus (93%). Stimulating economic growth A majority of Europeans (68%) believe that it is possible to reduce public deficits and debt while stimulating economic growth. This view is particularly widespread in Slovenia (78%) and Sweden, Belgium and Slovakia (all 77%).
29
QC4 For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree.
EU Member States (SPLIT A) Measures to (OUR COUNTRY) should work together reduce the public needs reforms to face more in tackling the deficit and debt in (OUR COUNTRY) the future financial and economic crisis cannot be delayed
The countries of the EU need a more solid industrial base
It is possible to (SPLIT B) Measures to The countries of reduce public reduce the public the EU need to deficit and debt deficit and debt in develop further the while at the same (OUR COUNTRY) are services sector in time stimulating not a priority for now their economies economic growth
Total 'Agree'
Diff. Sp.2012Aut.2011
Total 'Agree'
Total 'Agree'
Total 'Agree'
Total 'Agree'
Total 'Agree'
Total 'Agree'
EU27 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK CY (tcc) HR TR MK IS ME RS
89% 90% 93% 78% 66% 88% 85% 90% 96% 92% 92% 87% 96% 82% 95% 74% 84% 92% 89% 77% 90% 88% 87% 93% 85% 92% 92% 88% 90% 92% 78% 86% 99% 91% 87%
+1 -3 = +2 -4 +1 -1 = +1 -5 +5 -2 = -4 +3 +5 +1 +3 +8 -2 -3 +2 +2 +1 +5 -2 +2 +1 +7 -3 +7 +2 = = NA
89% 93% 94% 89% 89% 93% 93% 88% 91% 94% 94% 82% 97% 91% 94% 96% 89% 94% 90% 82% 89% 87% 85% 97% 95% 89% 91% 87% NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
= -2 +1 = +1 -1 -2 +1 +1 +1 +4 -6 -1 +1 +2 = -1 +2 = +6 -2 +5 -1 +3 +1 -1 -2 +5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
82% 92% 69% 81% 82% 90% 71% 86% 70% 77% 89% 83% 83% 83% 80% 82% 84% 92% 79% 76% 75% 78% 62% 91% 90% 84% 83% 82% 84% 87% 71% 70% 82% 79% 81%
-2 -1 -2 = +5 -2 -2 +4 -9 -6 +6 -2 -7 +3 -3 +6 +3 +5 +2 -8 -7 +1 -3 -2 +2 -4 -2 -2 +4 -2 +10 +4 +2 +3 NA
82% 84% 81% 83% 74% 77% 86% 79% 89% 88% 86% 80% 96% 93% 87% 87% 88% 81% 69% 80% 81% 84% 81% 90% 91% 78% 73% 82% NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
78% 87% 82% 88% 73% 75% 79% 80% 85% 81% 76% 80% 93% 73% 86% 77% 87% 83% 76% 78% 83% 83% 77% 87% 96% 83% 77% 69% NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
68% 77% 59% 64% 69% 68% 67% 59% 62% 60% 73% 70% 71% 68% 73% 70% 74% 62% 67% 69% 66% 73% 66% 78% 77% 65% 77% 65% 58% 88% 69% 62% 83% 64% 63%
40% 34% 39% 46% 41% 37% 62% 33% 44% 37% 27% 41% 13% 44% 65% 37% 57% 38% 27% 40% 49% 54% 52% 48% 47% 58% 55% 36% 31% 41% 58% 54% 40% 28% 30%
= -3 -3 +12 -3 = +3 -2 +8 -14 +3 -3 -8 -7 +5 -1 -6 +10 -4 = -4 +14 +1 -15 +1 -6 +4 +4 -3 = +8 +8 +4 -17 NA
30
Respondents in more advantaged social categories and those who have spent longest in education are generally more likely to support each of these measures. For example, 86% of managers agree that measures to reduce the public deficit and debt cannot be delayed, compared with 75% of the unemployed. There are two exceptions to this general rule: the most advantaged respondents are not the likeliest to believe that the services sector should be developed (78% of managers vs. 82% of white-collar workers); and they are just as likely as respondents in other occupational categories to agree that the Member States need a more solid industrial base (83% of managers, white-collar workers, manual workers and the unemployed).
31
QC4 For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree.
(SPLIT A) Measures to EU Member States The countries of the EU reduce the public The countries of the EU (OUR COUNTRY) needs should work together need to develop further deficit and debt in need a more solid reforms to face the more in tackling the the services sector in (OUR COUNTRY) industrial base future financial and economic their economies cannot be delayed crisis
It is possible to reduce (SPLIT B) Measures to reduce the public public deficit and debt deficit and debt in while at the same time (OUR COUNTRY) are stimulating economic not a priority for now growth
Total 'Agree' EU27 Education (End of) 1516-19 20+ Still studying Occupation scale Self-employed Managers Other white collars Manual workers House persons Unemployed Retired Students Self-positioning on the social staircase Low (1-4) Medium (5-6) High (7-10) The impact of the crisis on jobs Has reached its peak The worst is still to come 91% 88% 87% 88% 90% 90% 91% 89% 88% 88% 90% 87% 88% 85% 88% 91% 88% 89%
Total 'Disagree' 8%
Total 'Agree' 89%
Total 'Disagree' 8%
Total 'Agree' 82%
Total 'Disagree' 11%
Total 'Agree' 82%
Total 'Agree' 78%
Total 'Agree' 68%
Total 'Agree' 40%
10% 9% 7% 8%
85% 90% 93% 92%
9% 7% 5% 6%
78% 83% 85% 80%
11% 11% 11% 13%
80% 84% 83% 76%
8% 8% 11% 14%
75% 79% 80% 76%
11% 11% 13% 14%
61% 68% 75% 65%
19% 20% 18% 22%
39% 41% 39% 39%
49% 52% 57% 52%
9% 7% 8% 9% 8% 7% 9% 8%
91% 92% 91% 90% 87% 89% 88% 92%
7% 7% 7% 8% 7% 8% 7% 6%
84% 86% 83% 84% 75% 75% 83% 80%
11% 12% 13% 11% 12% 15% 8% 13%
82% 83% 83% 83% 80% 83% 81% 76%
12% 12% 10% 11% 9% 9% 8% 14%
80% 78% 82% 80% 76% 79% 76% 76%
12% 15% 10% 12% 11% 11% 11% 14%
72% 76% 72% 67% 59% 68% 64% 65%
19% 18% 19% 21% 18% 19% 19% 22%
40% 42% 41% 40% 37% 41% 39% 39%
55% 55% 53% 54% 51% 51% 52% 52%
9% 9% 8%
87% 90% 91%
8% 7% 7%
77% 83% 85%
12% 11% 11%
81% 83% 82%
9% 10% 12%
75% 79% 79%
12% 12% 13%
64% 68% 72%
18% 20% 21%
42% 39% 40%
47% 54% 56%
7% 9%
95% 89%
4% 8%
87% 82%
9% 12%
85% 82%
9% 11%
84% 77%
10% 13%
76% 66%
16% 22%
42% 39%
53% 54%
32
2. Reforming the economic and financial system Respondents were invited to give their views on five measures that the European Union could take to reform the global financial markets14. As we saw in the Eurobarometer 76 survey of autumn 2011, the majority of respondents say they would support the five measures tested. Nevertheless, Euro Zone respondents are more likely than those living outside the Euro Zone to approve four of these proposals. There is a gap of 21 percentage points (70% vs. 49%) between Euro Zone and non-Euro Zone respondents in respect of the introduction of a tax on financial transactions. However, the introduction of Eurobonds receives the same score in the Euro Zone and outside it (41%).
The measure which receives most approval, tougher rules on tax avoidance and tax havens (88% in EU27, unchanged since autumn 2011), is massively supported in Greece, Cyprus and Slovakia (all 97%). Support for this view has gained most ground in Austria (95%, +5 percentage points) and Malta (81%, +5) and has declined most in Poland (75%, -6) and Lithuania (76%, -5). The introduction of a tax on profits made by banks (81% in EU27) is mentioned most often in Greece (97%), and has gained most ground in Malta (51%, +9 percentage points). Respondents in Austria (88%) are most in favour of tighter rules for credit rating agencies (76% in EU27). This is also the country where approval for this proposal has grown most (+7 percentage points).
14 QC7 Thinking about reform global financial markets, please tell me whether you are in favour or opposed to the following measures to be taken by the EU: Tougher rules on tax avoidance and tax havens; The introduction of a tax on profits made by banks; The introduction of a tax on financial transactions; The introduction of Eurobonds (European bonds); Tighter rules for credit rating agencies
33
The introduction of a tax on financial transactions (63% in EU27) receives most support among respondents in Germany and Austria (both 80%). Support for this measure has risen most in Cyprus (61%, +11) but has declined most sharply in Hungary (33%, -32). Respondents in Belgium (64%) are most in favour of the introduction of Eurobonds (41% in EU27). The greatest evolutions are recorded in Cyprus (36%, -13), Lithuania (33%, -11), Hungary (44%, -11) and Luxembourg (47%, -10).
34
The socio-demographic analysis gives results which have changed little since the last survey in autumn 2011. However, men seem more in favour than women of the introduction of Eurobonds (46% vs. 38%), the introduction of a financial transaction tax (65% vs. 60%) and tighter rules for credit rating agencies (78% vs. 73%). These gender differences are essentially due to higher non-response rates among women. The more advantaged categories also seem more in favour of these measures, especially longereducated respondents. People who ended their education after the age of 20 are more in favour of tougher rules on tax avoidance and tax havens (92%, vs. 86% of people who left school before the age of 16); the introduction of a tax on profits made by banks (84% vs. 79%); the introduction of a tax on financial transactions (66% vs. 61%); tighter rules for credit rating agencies (81% vs. 68%), and, most strikingly, the introduction of Eurobonds (49% vs. 32%).
35
VI.
THE IMPACT OF THE CRISIS ON THE EU AND ON EUROPEANS
More than three and a half years after the start of the financial and economic crisis which has hit the European Union, respondents to the present questionnaire were asked to answer three new questions on the consequences of this crisis for the EU15. A very large majority of
respondents (84%) believe that, as a result of the crisis, EU countries will have to work more closely together. This opinion is most widespread in the EU15 countries (84%, compared with 81% in NMS12), in and is especially emphatic Cyprus
(97%), Luxembourg (93%) and Germany (91%). A majority of Europeans (53%) also believe that the European Union will be stronger in the long run. Respondents are more likely to agree with this in the EU15 countries (53%, compared with 51% in NMS12). This view is most widespread in Estonia (66%), Denmark (62%) and Belgium and Finland (both 61%). Nonetheless, in the Czech Republic (49%) and Austria and Greece (both 46%) a relative majority believe that the crisis will weaken the European Union. Finally, more than half the respondents (51%) say that they feel no closer to citizens in other European countries. This opinion is most widespread outside the Euro Zone (55%, compared with 48% within the Euro Zone), and most strikingly in Denmark (70%), Hungary (68%), Latvia (67%) and the Czech Republic (66%).
15
QC4. 9, 10, 11 For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree: As a consequence of the crisis, you think the EU will be stronger in the long run; As a consequence of the crisis, you feel closer to the citizens in other European countries; As a consequence of the crisis, EU countries will have to work more closely together
36
37
The
differences
between
socio-demographic
categories
for
these
three
statements are fairly small. However, respondents who see globalisation as an opportunity are most likely to think that EU Member States will have to work more closely together (92%, compared with 78% of those who do not see globalisation in this light). They are also more likely to believe that the EU will be stronger in the long run (64%, vs. 43%) and to feel closer to citizens in other EU countries (49%, vs. 38%). Likewise, 90% of the people who consider that the European Union can defend its economic interests (compared with 77% of those who disagree) say that EU countries will have to work more closely together. They are also more likely to believe that the EU will be stronger in the long run (67%, vs. 30%) and to feel closer to citizens in other EU countries (51%, vs. 30%).
38
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Between the 12th and the 27th of May 2012, TNS Opinion & Social, a consortium created between TNS plc and TNS opinion, carried out the wave 77.3 of the EUROBAROMETER, on request of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate-General for Communication, Research and Speechwriting. This wave is the STANDARD EUROBAROMETER 77 and covers the population of the respective nationalities of the European Union Member States, resident in each of the Member States and aged 15 years and over. The STANDARD EUROBAROMETER 77 has also been conducted in the six candidate countries (Croatia, Turkey, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Serbia) and in the Turkish Cypriot Community. In these countries, the survey covers the national population of citizens and the population of citizens of all the European Union Member States that are residents in these countries and have a sufficient command of the national languages to answer the questionnaire. The basic sample design applied in all states is a multi-stage, random (probability) one. In each country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for a total coverage of the country) and to population density. In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative regional units", after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according to the distribution of the resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, urban and rural areas. In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further addresses (every Nth address) were selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial address. In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random (following the "closest birthday rule"). All interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes and in the appropriate national language. As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) was used in those countries where this technique was available. For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe description was derived from Eurostat population data or from national statistics offices. For all countries surveyed, a national weighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was carried out based on this Universe description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of locality were introduced in the iteration procedure. For international weighting (i.e. EU averages), TNS Opinion & Social applies the official population figures as provided by EUROSTAT or national statistic offices. The total population figures for input in this post-weighting procedure are listed above.
TS1
Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being equal, rests upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 interviews, the real percentages vary within the following confidence limits:
Statistical Margins due to the sampling process (at the 95% level of confidence)
various sample sizes are in rows
various observed results are in columns
5% 95% N=50 N=500 N=1000 N=1500 N=2000 N=3000 N=4000 N=5000 N=6000 N=7000 N=7500 N=8000 N=9000 N=10000 N=11000 N=12000 N=13000 N=14000 N=15000 6,0 1,9 1,4 1,1 1,0 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,3 5% 95%
10% 90% 8,3 2,6 1,9 1,5 1,3 1,1 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 10% 90%
15% 85% 9,9 3,1 2,2 1,8 1,6 1,3 1,1 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 15% 85%
20% 80% 11,1 3,5 2,5 2,0 1,8 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6 20% 80%
25% 75% 12,0 3,8 2,7 2,2 1,9 1,5 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 25% 75%
30% 70% 12,7 4,0 2,8 2,3 2,0 1,6 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7 30% 70%
35% 65% 13,2 4,2 3,0 2,4 2,1 1,7 1,5 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,8 35% 65%
40% 60% 13,6 4,3 3,0 2,5 2,1 1,8 1,5 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,8 40% 60%
45% 55% 13,8 4,4 3,1 2,5 2,2 1,8 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 45% 55%
50% 50% 13,9 4,4 3,1 2,5 2,2 1,8 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 50% 50% N=50 N=500 N=1000 N=1500 N=2000 N=3000 N=4000 N=5000 N=6000 N=7000 N=7500 N=8000 N=9000 N=10000 N=11000 N=12000 N=13000 N=14000 N=15000
TS2
ABBR. BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK TOTAL EU27 CY(tcc) HR TR MK IS ME RS TOTAL
COUNTRIES Belgium Bulgaria Czech Rep. Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Rep. of Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Turkish Cypriot Community Croatia Turkey Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia Iceland Montenegro Serbia
INSTITUTES TNS Dimarso TNS BBSS TNS Aisa TNS Gallup DK TNS Infratest Emor Ipsos MRBI TNS ICAP TNS Demoscopia TNS Sofres TNS Infratest Synovate TNS Latvia TNS LT TNS ILReS TNS Hoffmann Kft MISCO TNS NIPO sterreichisches Gallup-Institut TNS OBOP TNS EUROTESTE TNS CSOP RM PLUS TNS Slovakia TNS Gallup Oy TNS GALLUP TNS UK
N INTERVIEWS 1.076 1.016 1.002 1.007 1.502 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.006 1.007 1.036 505 1.007 1.019 507 1.010 500 1.012 993 1.000 1.010 1.073 1.023 1.000 1.001 1.019 1.305 26.637
FIELDWORK DATES 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 14/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 14/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 12/05/2012 25/05/2012 21/05/2012 24/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 25/05/2012 25/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 24/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 26/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 22/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 25/05/2012 27/05/2012 27/05/2012 18/05/2012 21/05/2012 17/05/2012 27/05/2012
POPULATION 15+ 8.866.411 6.584.957 8.987.535 4.533.420 64.545.601 916.000 3.375.399 8.693.566 39.035.867 47.620.942 51.252.247 651.400 1.448.719 2.849.359 404.907 8.320.614 335.476 13.288.200 6.973.277 32.306.436 8.080.915 18.246.731 1.748.308 4.549.954 4.412.321 7.723.931 51.081.866 406.834.359 143.226 3.749.400 52.728.513 1.678.404 252.277 492.265 6.409.693 472.288.137
Kadem Puls TNS PIAR TNS Brima Capacent TNS Medium Gallup TNS Medium Gallup
500 1.000 1.000 1.056 500 1.015 1.020 32.728
TS3

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Standard Eurobarometer 77 Spring 2012

Fieldwork: May 2012

Standard Eurobarometer 77 / Spring 2012 TNS Opinion & Social

Standard Eurobarometer 77 Spring 2012

Europeans, the European Union and the Crisis

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

ANNEXES Technical specifications

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

HAS THE CRISIS REACHED ITS PEAK?

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

35% 33% 30% 27%

24% 30% 35% 37%

32% 34% 33% 31% 29% 26% 26% 37%

8% 8% 8% 8% 12% 8% 12% 12%

26% 34% 44%

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

THE IMPACT OF THE CRISIS ON THE HOUSEHOLD SITUATION

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

26% 31% 33% 39%

23% 27% 39% 30%

32% 33% 38% 34% 27% 18% 30% 39%

33% 50% 30% 27% 26% 10% 29% 30%

15% 33% 35%

32% 34% 33% 24% 26%

33% 30% 25% 25% 21%

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

THE MOST EFFECTIVE ACTORS IN DEALING WITH THE CRISIS

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

MEASURES TO BE TAKEN BY THE EUROPEAN UNION

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

A REFORM OF THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM?

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

The countries of the EU need a more solid industrial base

= -3 -3 +12 -3 = +3 -2 +8 -14 +3 -3 -8 -7 +5 -1 -6 +10 -4 = -4 +14 +1 -15 +1 -6 +4 +4 -3 = +8 +8 +4 -17 NA

EUROPEANS, THE EU AND THE CRISIS SPRING 2012

Total 'Agree' 89%

Total 'Agree' 82%

Total 'Disagree' 11%

Total 'Agree' 82%

Total 'Disagree' 10%

Total 'Agree' 78%

Total 'Disagree' 12%

Total 'Agree' 68%

Total 'Disagree' 19%

Total 'Agree' 40%

Total 'Disagree' 53%