Fungsi lobus frontal 1. presental gyrus merupakan area motor kontralateral dari wajah, lengan, tungkai, batang. 2.

area Brocca's merupakan pusat bicara motorik pada lobus dominan. 3. suplementari motor area untuk gerakan kontralateral kepala dan lirikan mata. 4. area prefrontal merupakan area untuk kepribadian dan inisiatif. 5. lobulus parasental merupakan pusat kontrol inhibisi untuk miksi dan defikasi. Gangguan lobus frontal 1. presentral gyrus: monophlegi atau hemiphlegia 2. area Brocca disfasia 3. suplementari motor area : paralysis kepala dan gerakan bola mata berlawanan arah lesi, sehingga kepala dan mata kearah lesi hemisfer 4. area prefrontal: kerusakan sering bilateral karean gangguan aneurisma a. communican anterior, mengakibatkan gangguan tingkab laku / kehilangan inhibisi. Ada 3 sindroma prefrontal : - Sindroma orbitofrontal : disinhibisi. fungsi menilai jelek, emosi labil. - Sindroma frontal konveksitas : apati. indiferens. pikiran abstrak. - Sindroma frontal medial: akineti, inkontinen, sparse verbal output 5. Lobulus parasentral : inkontinentia urin at alvi.

The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test is a brief 30-point questionnaire test that is used to screen for cognitive impairment. It is commonly used in medicine to screen for dementia. It is also used to estimate the severity of cognitive impairment at a given point in time and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time, thus making it an effective way to document an individual's response to treatment. In the time span of about 10 minutes it samples various functions including arithmetic, memory and orientation. The MMSE test includes simple questions and problems in a number of areas: the time and place of the test, repeating lists of words, arithmetic such as the serial sevens, language use and comprehension, and basic motor skills. For example, one question asks to copy a drawing of two pentagons.

Although consistent application of identical questions increases the reliability of comparisons made using the scale, the test is sometimes customized (for example, for use on patients that are intubated, blind, or partially immobilized. Also, some have questioned the use of the test on the deaf.[3]) However, the number of points assigned per category is usually consistent: Category Possible points Description From broadest to most narrow. Orientation to

Orientation to time 5 time has been correlated with future decline.

Orientation to place 5 From broadest to most narrow. This is sometimes narrowed down to streets, and sometimes to floor. Registration 3 Repeating named prompts

Attention and calculation 5 Serial sevens, or spelling "world" backwards It has been suggested that serial sevens may be more appropriate in a population where English is not the first language. Recall Language Repetition Complex commands 3 2 1 6 Registration recall Name a pencil and a watch Speaking back a phrase Varies. Can involve drawing figure shown.

Interpretation Any score greater than or equal to 25 points (out of 30) is effectively normal (intact). Below this, scores can indicate severe (9 points), moderate (10-20 points) or mild (21-24 points)[9]. The raw score may also need to be corrected for educational attainment and age.[10] Low to very low scores correlate closely with the presence of dementia, although other mental disorders can also lead to abnormal findings on MMSE testing. The presence of purely physical problems can also interfere with interpretation if not properly noted; for example, a patient may be physically unable to hear or read instructions properly, or may have a motor deficit that affects writing and drawing skills.