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Acknowledgement
I am glad that I have come up with this report of research and to come up with this success there is profound role of some of the good soul to whom I want to acknowledge. First of all my sincere thanks belongs to my research guide Mr I would like to thanks to Principal of Nava Vidya Mandir School of Lalitpur for providing allowed and support to collect data. I would also like to give thanks to all teachers of Nava Vidya Mandir School of Lalitpur for valuable support. I would especially like to thanks the students (respondents) of mine study for giving me data for mine study. I would also like to take this chance to express my sincere thanks to my colleagues for their support throughout the study periods. I am especially thankful to the library staffs of college and Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) for their internet services and providing valuable information throughout the study. I tried my best to put all the names that helped me throughout the study even if I had missed I would like to thank all of them who helped me directly and indirectly throughout this study.
LIST OF ABBREVATION
1. FDI = Federation Dentaire Internationale 2. DMFT = Decayed / missing / filled teeth 3. SPSS = Statistical package for social science 4. CPI = Community Periodontal Index
Executive Summary
The study showed majorities (63%) of respondents were 9-11 years and only 4% were 12-14 years age group. But male (53%) and female (47%) were not significantly different in number. Among the respondents minimum (15%) were of class 1 and maximum (25%). Out of all respondents majority (69%) were Hindu and only 1% were Muslim. And Buddhist and Christian were 23% and 7% respectively. Most of the respondents parents were Teacher (25%) and only 9% were Health personnel. Most of the respondents (80%) had family members no. within 3-6 and only 2% had within 11-14. This showed that majorities of respondent engage in nuclear family. It was found that 100% of respondents had regular tooth brushing practice, which said that a good health behavior. Same as it was also found that 100% respondents used brush and tooth paste for cleaning their teeth. Out of all respondents 51% were brush teeth twice a day, 40% were once a day and only 3% were sometimes brush teeth. Most of the respondents (65%) were brush teeth immediately after waking up and only 2% were brush teeth after lunch.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF COMNTENT TIST OF TABLE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 5 RESULT CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION REFERENCE ANNEX
PAGR NUMBER
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Distribution of the Respondents by Demographic Characteristics Table 2: Distribution of the Respondents by Social Characteristics Table 3: Distribution of the Respondents by Accident Cases. Table4: Distribution of the respondent according to types if vehicle involved in the accident. Table 5: Distribution of the respondents by causes of an accident Table6: Distribution of the Respondents by the perception on the Causes of Accident. Table 7: Distribution of the Respondents According to their Behavior Table 8: Distribution of the Respondents According to the Physical Condition of the Road Table 9: Distribution of the Respondents According to the Preventive Measures of an Accident Table 10: Distribution of the Victims Accident cases by Months Table 11: Distribution of the Victims by the time of an accident Table12: Distribution of the Victims by the Severity of Accident Table 13: Distribution of the Victims by Age Table 14: Distribution of the Victims Vehicle involved in Accident Table15: Distribution of the Victims by Causes of an Accident
In some school setting, there is periodic examination of dental hygiene. But it is not sufficient to all school's children. This examination is doing in only some private schools. Community or government schools are not following that examination. Therefore, it is imperative to have good dental health (especially for children and adolescents) which is possible by maintaining dental hygiene. Dental hygiene is maintained only when children have good knowledge, positive attitude and proper practice of dental hygiene and this study has also focused on knowledge and practice about dental hygiene.
of frequent consumption of sweets and dental caries risk was low for participants with use of fluoridated toothpaste.[6] Similarly, a study was conducted in the North Jordan about the oral health. In this study, the subjects completed a questionnaire that aimed to evaluate young school children's behavior, knowledge and perception of their oral health and dental treatment. The participants' oral hygiene habits (such as tooth brushing) were found to be irregular, and parents' role in the oral hygiene habits of their children was limited. The study population showed higher awareness of caries than periodontal conditions. Irregular visits to the dentist were found to be common, and toothache was the major driving factor for dental visits. Children had positive attitudes toward their dentists; nevertheless, they indicated that they feared dental treatment. The children in this study also recognized the importance of oral health to the well-being of the rest of the body. Parents were not proactive in making sure that their children received regular dental care. Parents' knowledge and attitudes about the importance of oral health care and their fears about dental treatment influenced their children's dental care. The results of this study indicate that children's and parents' attitudes toward oral health and dental care need to be improved. [6] Nepal National Oral Health 'Pathfinder' survey shows that Nepalese's oral health status lies far behind compared to industrialized and developed countries and needs to be improved. Dental caries prevalence was 57.5%, 25.6%, 57.5% and 69.6% for 5-6 years, 12-13 years, 15-16 years, 35-49 years and 50+ years respectively. The goals recommended by WHO and FDI world dental federation is followed by all age group except 5-6 years. There is the trend of increasing caries in female age cohort. Nepalese of all age groups in the Western Development Region have the highest prevalence of decay while residents of Terrain have the lowest prevalence. Compared to SEARO countries the dentition states of Nepalese is good. [5] Periodontal status of Nepalese decreases with age but is not the main reason of tooth loss. According to CPI (Community Periodontal Index) score of 2 (gingivitis and calculus) is dominant in young children and adolescents: 5-6 years olds (58.2%) 12-13 years old
(62.8%) and 15-16 years old (61%). 43.8% of 35-49 years old adults and 34.5% of 50+ adults have the highest CPI score of 4-5mm pocket.[5] The report of pain and discomfort due to toothache ranges from 18% in 5-6 years to 64% in 50+ years adult. Amongst the adolescents school children the most frequently reported impact of pain and discomfort is inability to eat followed by inability to speak, laugh and sleep. With decrease in the dental caries amongst the adolescents, impacts due to pain and discomfort has decreased in the last 5 years 55% of 50+ year adults reported having trouble eating hard foods. [5] More than 99% of the adolescents and 90% of 35-49 years adults use their own brush for oral hygiene, while a toothbrush is used by a lesser proportion of 50+ years adults approximately 75% of 12-13 years old and 80% of 15-16 years old use a fluoride toothpaste while the use of fluoride toothpaste is considerably lower in younger adults and older adults. The consumption of fluoride toothpaste is significantly higher in urban subjects and lower in the Terrain compared to others physiographic divisions and higher in school children attending private schools then government schools. [5] Tea with sugar is the most common sugar containing food consumed. Subjects surveyed in the western developmental region consumed more sugar tea daily other regions. Daily sugar consumption is also the highest in the western developmental region which may be reason for higher carries in this region. Daily sugar consumption pattern is similar in rural and urban adolescents (urban 12-13 years old and 15-16 years old). [5] Knowledge concerning the prevention on oral health problem is high amongst the subjects surveyed. A high proportion of adolescents (94%-97%), 35-49 years old adult (83%-86%) and 50+ years old adults (71%-74%) believe or know that brushing is healthy habit and eating sweet and consuming tobacco is unhealthy. However knowledge concerning the fluoride is very low with 72%-87% of adolescents and 88%-87% of adult ignored the protective effect of fluoride. In 12-13 years old, knowledge concerning tobacco, water fluoride and sweets is associated with parents' level of education and location type in favor of higher education and urban location. [5]
63.5% and 19.3% of the 35-49 years old and 50+ years adults reported that they did not visit a dentist in the last 2 years because they did not have a need or did not have any serious dental problem. Of the 35-49 years old adults who reported visiting a dentist, 89.6% went because they had a problem. A very small percentage stated cost or distance to the clinic as barriers to accessing care. Oral examination, dental extraction and cleaning scaling were the major services provided during dental visits for both adult age groups. [5] An experimental study which was conducting throughout development region of Nepal in 1999-2004. That study had shown that dental caries was decrease by 26.6% and DMFT was decreased by 38% who had used flourished toothpaste. That study was conducting in 12-13 years old children. [7] The caries prevalence and mean DMFT score of 5-6 years old was 67% and 3.3. The caries prevalence and mean DMFT score of 12-13 years old was 41% and 1%. [7] The recorded prevalence of untreated dental caries in school children requires an appropriate oral health response based primarily on prevention and health promotion. [7]
CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVES
3.1 General Objectives
To find out knowledge and practice on dental hygiene among students of Lalitpur district.
All students of class 5,4,3,2 presented in data collection day and rests from class 1 to meet 100 respondents were visited and data was collected.
b) Exclusion criteria:
Students absent at the day of data collection. Uninterested students.
To protect the right of the subject, consent was taken from respondents without forcing. Privacy and confidentiality was maintained.
4.15 Limitation:
Resource like budget was limited. The study was limited only Nava Vidya Mandir School of Lalitpur so it cant generalize.
consistency. After checking the correctness, completeness of data, it was analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). This included the statistical presentation, interpretation, and results of collected data.
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS
The main objective of the research was to find out the knowledge and practice on dental hygiene in students of Lalitpur. All of the hundred respondents were participating among which fifty three were male and forty-seven were female. The questions were asked with students of Nava Vidya Mandir School, Lalitpur. Both open and close ended questions were asked. After completion of the research information was grouped according demographic, social and other characteristics. The information related to knowledge, practice.
33 63 4
33 63 4
The study showed majorities (63%) of respondents were 9-11 years and only 4% were 12-14 years age group. Table 2: Sex wise distribution of respondents Frequency (n=100) Sex 53 Male 53 Percentage (%)
47 Female
47
Boys (53%) and girls (47%) were not significantly different in number. Among the respondents minimum (15%) were of class 1 and maximum (25%) were of class 2. Table 3: Distribution of respondents by social characteristics Religion Frequency(n=100)
Percentage (%)
69 23 7 1
69 23 7 1
Sculpture Manson Teacher Health personnel Shopkeeper Driver No. of family members
10 16 25 9 21 19
10 16 25 9 21 19
80 18 2
80 18 2
Out of all respondents majority (69%) were Hindu and only 1% were Muslim. And Buddhist and Christian were 23% and 7% respectively. Most of the respondents parents were Teacher (25%) and only 9% were Health personnel. Most of the respondents (80%) had family members no. within 3-6 and only 2% had within 11-14. This showed that majorities of respondent engage in nuclear family.[Table 3]
*Frequency may exceed due to multiple response. Showed that 53% of respondents were gaining knowledge about dental hygiene from TV and only 3% were from poster\ pamphlets. 22% were from parents, 20% were from teachers, 41% were from books and 28% were from radio gaining knowledge about dental hygiene.
Reason of tooth brushing For healthy teeth To make strong teeth For shining teeth
Frequency(n=100)
Percentage (%)
47 41
47.0 41.0
12
12.0
When it was tried to understand about knowledge on reason of tooth brushing then 47% were said that for healthy teeth, 41% were said that to make strong and 12% were said that for shining teeth. Table 6: Distribution of respondents by knowledge on causes of dental problems:
Causes of dental problem More use of sticky food Irregular brushing of teeth Lack of nutrition Chewing of hard foods Dont know
Frequency(n=119) 18 16 8 13 64
*Frequency may be exceeding due multiple choice question Majorities (64%) of respondents have not knowledge about causes of dental problem and only 8% said that lack of nutrition is causes of dental problem.
Table 7: Distribution of respondents by knowledge about healthy teeth: Meaning of healthy teeth White and shiny teeth Strong and caries free teeth Free from any pain I dont know Total Frequency(n=115) 23 45 30 17 115* Percentage (%) 20.0 39.1 26.0 14.9 100
* Frequency may be exceeding due to multiple choice question. When it was tried to understand about knowledge on meaning of healthy teeth then 39.1% said that strong and caries free teeth, 26% said that free from any pain, 20% said that white and shiny teeth and 14.9% said that dont know. Table 8: Distribution of respondents by knowledge about dental hygiene: Meaning of dental hygiene Frequency(n=113) Percentage (%)
Cleaning of teeth Shining of teeth Regular check up with dentist Eating nutritious food Free from dental pain Total
53 16 8 10 26 113*
Result showed that 47% said that cleaning of teeth whereas 7.8% said that regular checkup with dentist as meaning of healthy teeth. Table 9: Distribution of respondents by knowledge on prevention of dental problems:
Methods of prevention of dental problems Wash teeth after eating food Eat nutritious food Regular check up with dentist Regular brushing Total
Frequency(n=100)
Percentage (%)
26 13 21
56 116*
48.3 `100
Table 10: Distribution of respondents according to tooth brushing practice Tooth brushing frequency Frequency(n=100) Percentage (%)
Once a day Twice a day Once in two day Sometimes Total Tooth brushing time
40 51 6 3 100
40 51 6 3 100
Immediately after waking up Before going to bed After break fast After lunch Total
65
65
26 7 2 100
26 7 2 100
Out of all respondents 51% were brush teeth twice a day, 40% were once a day and only 3% were sometimes brush teeth. Most of the respondents (65%) were brush teeth immediately after waking up and only 2% were brush teeth after lunch.
Table 11: Distribution of respondents by health seeking behavior on dental problem: Health seeking behavior on dental problem Wash teeth with salty hot water Visit to nearest clinic Visit to dentist Total 20 57 100 20.0 57.0 100 23 23.0 Frequency(n=100) Percentage (%)
Majorities of respondents (57%) were visit to dentist when they had dental problem. And rests were visit to nearest clinic (20%) and wash teeth with salty hot water (23%). [Table 11] Table 12: Distribution of respondents by absent days in class due to dental problem: Absent days Frequency(n=100) Percentage (%)
No any day One day Two days Three days More than three days
70 12 10 5 3
Total
100
100
Among 100 respondents 70% were not absent in class due to dental problem in last year or now. But 12% were one days, 10% were two days, 5% were three days and 3% were more than three days absent due to any dental problem. [Table 12] Table13: Distribution of respondents by parents occupation vs. dentist visiting time:
Dentist visiting time Every 6 months Parents occupation Sculpture Mason Teacher Health personnel Shopkeeper Driver Total 2 2 3 12 4 11 9 44 2 8 6 35 1 0 1 9 9 21 19 100 0 0 5 5 7 8 3 8 8 2 1 4 10 16 25 Never visit occasionally Every 12 months Total
It was determined that 56% of respondents were visit to dentist and 44% were never visit to dentist. Among them 35% were occasionally, 12% were half yearly and 9% were yearly visitor of dentist.
When categorized all respondents according to parents occupation then it was found that majorities (11%) of never visitor were shop keeper families and minorities (5%) of never visitor were sculpture families. Dentist visitor were higher (17%) in teacher families lower (5%) in sculpture families. [Table 13]
Frequency(n=100)
Percentage (%)
25 75
25.0 75.0
Majorities (75%) respondents were not attendance any dental hygiene program which was followed by 25% were attendance on dental hygiene program. All dental hygiene program attendants by respondents were organized by their local clubs. [Table 14] Table 15: Distribution of respondents by dental problem cases from last year to now: Appearances of dental problem Yes No Total Cases of dental problem Pain of teeth Gum bleeding 24 12 46.1 23.1 52 48 100 Frequency(n=52) 52.0 48.0 100 Percentage (%) Frequency(n=100) Percentage (%)
8 8
15.4 15.4
52
100
Study showed that 52% respondents had suffered from dental problems and 48% had not suffered from any dental problem from last year to now. Among the respondents who had suffered from dental problems, 46.1% had pain of teeth, 23.1% had gum bleeding and 15.4% had dental decay and breaking down of teeth.
Table 16: Distribution of respondents by age vs. occurrence of dental problems: Occurrence of dental problem Yes Age 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total 2 7 5 11 13 12 2 52 No 4 10 5 9 12 6 2 48 6 17 10 20 25 18 4 100 Total
When it was tried to understand about age wise occurrence of dental problem among the respondents who had suffered from dental problem then it was found that 25% were of 10 years age, 21.1% were of 11 years age and only 3.8% were of 6 & 12 years age.
Table 17: Distribution of respondents by sex vs. occurrence of dental problems: Sex Yes Male 27 Female Total 25 52 Occurrence of dental No problem 26 22 48 Total 53 47 100
Among the respondents who had suffered from dental problems 51.9% were male and 48.1% were female. Table 18: Distribution of respondents by sex vs. type of dental problem Dental problem Pain of teeth Gum bleeding Breaking down Dental of tooth Sex Male Female
Total
decay
8 16
24
11 2
13
5 2
7
3 5
8
Among boys who had suffered from dental problem 40.7% had gum bleeding and 11.11% had dental decay. Like as among the girls who had suffered from dental
problems 64% had pain of teeth and only 8% had gum bleeding.
CHAPTER 6
DISCUSSION
The study is one snap shot type that is cross-sectional type. At the mean time it is support to be descriptive type of study. The basic objectives of the studies were to find out knowledge and practice on dental hygiene in school children and effects of IEC materials in their dental health. This study was conducted in Nava Vidya Mandir School, Lalitpur. Socio-demographic findings of this study give us the basic information about the social, cultural and other demographic result about the respondents. Studies shows more than 60% of respondents were 9-11 yrs age group, 33% were 6-8 yrs and only 4% were 12-14 yrs age group. 53% were male and 47% were female respondents of this study. Maximum 25% respondents were class 2 and minimum 15% respondents were of class 1. Majorities (69%) respondents were Hindu and only 1% was Muslims. Among all respondents maximum 25% were from teacher family and only 9% were from health personnel family. About 80% of respondents have family members 3-6 and only 2% have 11-14 family members. According to WHO, dental caries affects about 60-90% of school children. It is the most prevalent in Asian and Latin American country where people have low socio-economic condition. [4] This study also showed that 52% school children had different dental problems and among them 15.4% had dental caries. 100% of respondents have regular tooth brushing and they all were used to brush and toothpaste for cleaning their teeth. Majorities (51%) of respondents were brushing their teeth twice a day and only 3% were brushing sometimes. Majorities (65%) of respondents were brushing immediately after waking up and only 2% were after lunch. From above explanation it can be say that respondent practices were considerably good. 57% of respondents were visit to dentist when they suffer from any dental problems. And 20% were visit nearest clinic for treatment.
Kadir R.A in Oral Health Burden of Illness indicates the poor dental health which is the consequences of poor or improper dental hygiene habits due to lack of knowledge or ignorance. [3].This study also showed that in average respondents had good knowledge about dental hygiene but ignorance was prone. So, that half of the respondents were suffering from different dental problems. The significant role of socio-behavioral and environmental factors in dental disease and health was demonstrated in large number of epidemiological survey [4]. This study also found relation of socio-behavioral factors in dental disease and health; it was found that among sculpture families respondents 50% were never visit to dentist and among mason families respondents 40% were never visit to dentist. Majorities (51%) of respondents were brushed twice a day but only 30% used to fluoridated toothpaste. A study was conducted in China on the oral health which also showed that 44.4% of respondents brushed their teeth at least twice a day but only 17% used fluoridated tooth paste. Significant variation in oral health practices were found according to province and regular dental care habits were more frequent in urban than rural areas [6], which was also found that practice and knowledge on dental hygiene comparatively better than rural areas. Mahmoud Al Omiri et al (2005) showed that parents role in oral hygiene habits of their children was limited. [6].This study also showed that only 16% of respondents were gain knowledge and practice about dental hygiene from parents. Irregular visit to the dentist were found to be common and toothache was the major driving factors for dental visit [6], which was exactly similar that only 21% were regular visit the dentist and pain of teeth (46.1%) was major cause of dental visit. The results of a study entitled, Oral Health Attitudes, Knowledge and Behavioral Among School Children in North Jordan; 2005 indicates that childrens and parents attitude towards oral health and dental care need to be improved.[6]. Like that current study also indicates improvement of childrens and parents knowledge and practice regarding dental hygiene because only 52% had good knowledge about dental hygiene.
National Oral Health Pathfinder Survey 2004 showed there is the trend of increasing caries in female age cohort. [5]. This study also showed that caries for female was 62.5% and for male was 37.5%. More than 99% of adolescents used their own brush for oral hygiene. [5], which gave similarity to current study that 100% of respondents used their own brush. This study showed 56% respondents had knowledge that regular brushing is prevents dental problems. National Oral Health Pathfinder Survey 2004 also indicates that 71-74% old adults beliefs or know that brushing is health habit. [5]. The recorded prevalent of untreated dental caries in school children requires an appropriate oral health response based primarily on prevention and health promotion. [7]This study also recommended that organization of dental hygiene camp is very necessary. The findings in this study might not be similar to studies in other places because of the variation in the socio-demographic characteristics and economic status of the people. More researches need to be done in this regards in order to explore in depth the knowledge and practice on dental hygiene.
It was found that occurrence of dental problems was same in both sexes. Number of class absent respondents due to dental problems was highest in class 2. Occurrence of dental problems in female was pain of teeth and in male was gum bleeding.
7.2 RECOMMENDATION
Dental health is one of the mostly ignored and least addressed issue, hence people should be made aware to addressed dental health issues.
Most of the respondents were suffering from dental problems. So dental camp should be organized for entire age group by concerned authorities. Study showed that school authority wasnt that concerned to the students dental hygiene. So, school authority should organize different dental hygiene programs. For most respondents TV was best media for dental education. So broad casting of dental program focusing this age group should be necessary. Parents and teacher role was showed very low so that it should be increased. There should be organizing campaigns regarding food consumptions habit and their association with dental problems.
REFERENCES
1. Mifflin H. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language 4th edition. Houghton Mifflin company, 2000. 2. Harper C. Collins English Dictionary 2003
3. Kadir R.A; Oral Health Burden of Illness: Global perspective; 100 year celebration health convention, Ministry of Health; University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Available at www.moh.gov.bn 4. Peterson P.E; The world oral health report 2003: continuous improvement of Oral Health in 21st century- the approach WHO Global Oral Health Programme; Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology; 2003; 31; 5-8. Available at www.blackwell_synergy.com
5. Yee R, Mishra R; Nepal National Oral Health 'Pathfinder' Survey 2004. Kathmandu, Nepal; Oral Health Focal point; Ministry of Health; HMG Nepal, 2004; final report III IV, VIII X
6. Mahmoud A.O et.al; Oral Health attitudes knowledge and behaviour among school children in North Jordan; 2005. Available at
www.jdentaled.org
Available at
ANNEX
Annex I
Work Plan
Activities
1m Planning Phase
Review of the Literature Consultation with Expert Exploration of the study site Develop instrument for the data collection Data collection Data analysis Report writing Preparation for draft Report Submission Preparation for final report Time Frame
2m 3m 4m 5m 6m
Annexes III
Q.N. Questions
Answers Group A
Go to
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Name Age Sex Address Class Religion Parents occupation No. of family members
Group B
9 Do you clean your teeth? a) Yes b) No If no, go to Q.N.1 5 10 What do you use for cleaning your teeth? a) Brush + toothpaste b) Mouthwash c) Finger d) Charcoal e) Tooth picks f) Salt g) Dental floss h) Others (specify) ..
11
a) Once a day b) Twice a day c) once in two day d) Sometimes e) never brush f) Others (specify)
12
a) before going to bed b) After lunch c) Morning (after breakfast) d) Morning (immediately after waking up) e) Others (specify)
13
a) Less than one minute b) 1 minute c) 2 minute d) 3 minute e) 4 minutes f) Others (specify)...
14
a) For shining teeth a) to make strong teeth b) For healthy teeth c) To follow order of
parents d) to taste sweetness of toothpaste e) Others (specify) 15 Did you suffer from any dental problem in last year or now? a) Yes b) No If no go to Q.N.1 7 16 What is that dental problem? a) Pain of teeth b) Gum bleeding c) Formation of dental plaque d) breaking down of tooth e) dental decay f) Others (specify) 17 What are the causes of dental problems? (Multiple choice question) a) More use of sticky food b) Irregular brushing of teeth c) Lack of nutrition d) chewing of hard foods e) I dont know f) Others (specify) 18 If you are suffering from dental problems, what do you at that time? a) visit to Dhami, Jhakri b) Wash teeth with
salty hot water c) Visit to nearest clinic d) Visit to dentist e) Others (specify) . 19 How many day you absent in class due to dental problems within last year? a) 1 day b) 2 day c) 3 day d) more than 3 day e) No any day f) Others (specify)
20
a) Inflamed gum b) Healthy gum c) Ruptured gum d) Unhealthy gum e) I dont know f) Others (specify)..
question)
21
a) Using toothbrush, paste and dental floss b) Using salt food c) Using salt food d) Using vitamin C e) Using medicine f) Others (specify)
22
a) Staining of the teeth b) Hard debris on the teeth c) Soft debris on the teeth d) I do not know e) Others (specify) ...
23
a) Inflammation of the gum b) Staining of teeth c) Dental carries d) I do not know e) Others (specify)..
24
a) White and shiny teeth b) Strong and carries free teeth c) Free from any pain d) I dont know e) Others (specify) .
25
26
a) Cleaning of teeth b) Shining of teeth c) regular check up with dentist d) eating of nutritious food e) free from dental pain f) Others (specify)..
27
a) wash teeth after eating food b) Eat nutritious food c) Regular check up to dentist d) Regular brushing e) Others (specify)..
28
a) to prevent dental disease b) To make easy to eat c) To avoid mouths bad smell d) For beauties
e) Others (specify) ..
29
Brushing
teeth
prevents
dental decay?
30
31
Group C
32 By which media you gain knowledge about dental a) Radio b) TV c) Newspaper d) Books e) Poster / pamphlet f) by parents g) by teachers h) Others (specify) 33 From which media you gain knowledge about dental hygiene more properly? a) Radio b) TV c) Newspaper d) Books e) Poster / pamphlet
34
a) no b) Yes
If no , go to Q.N.3 6
35
Who program?
organized
that
Group D
36 Did your school organize any dental hygiene a) no b) Yes If no , go to Q.N.3 8 37 What was that program? a) Dental hygiene awareness program b) Distribution of brush, toothpaste, etc c) Dental checkup program d) Others (specify).
program?
38
In
your
school,
regular
a) no
b) Yes
39