CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION A. Historical Background

The term crustaceans means one thing to zoologist and quite another to lovers of seafood, in whom it probably evokes mouth watering visions of gourmet feasts. Most of us at some time or another have had the good fortune to dine on a delicious meal of fried shrimp or delicately flavored lobsters or crabs. If so, we can truthfully say that we have some passing knowledge of this class, for lobsters, crabs, and shrimps are all crustaceans. So are barnacles, those armorclad animals that cling tenaciously to rocks and ships. The tiny Daphnia, a major food of freshwater fishes, is also a crustacean. What do these organisms, which differ so markedly in appearance, have in common? The name crustacean comes from the latin word for shell, crusta. To eat a crustacean we have to extract its flesh, often with difficulty, from the solid shell, or crust, that encloses it as securely as a strongbox. This outer shell is called an exoskeleton, it protects the crustaceans soft body. The crustaceans range in size from tiny forms less than 1/12 inch in length to the giant Japanese crab, which spans 12 feet from tip to tip of its outstretched legs. This huge class of invertebrates includes more than 30.000 species. Its members display an extraordinary variety of for, requirements, and habits. In addition to such well known animals as crabs and shrimps, the Crustacea also include animals that are quite different from the more familiar kinds. In fact, most species are never seen by the non specialist, because they either are too small or live in inaccessible places.

B. The Problem
1. 2. 3. 4. How the history of crustaceans? How the reproduction of crustacean? How the habitat of crustacean? How the evolution of crustacean?

C. The Purpose of the Paper

Purpose of this paper is to provide information on the history, habitat, reproduction, and evolution of crustacean decapoda to a readers to be useful in the future. With this paper the reader is expected to add insights on crustacean.

D. Methods
Method of writing this paper is the author obtained information from a book about the animal kingdom, and from the internet. From the information already obtained by the writer take the title of crustacean Decapoda.

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

Although decapods are a diverse group, they do have a number of characteristics in common, particularly those involving their appendages. There are usually 19 pairs appendages, including 8 pairs of thoracic appendages. Of the thoracic limbs, the first 3 pairs are modified to form maxillipeds, which are used to manipulated food. The remaining 5 pairs are called walking legs. Those nearest the head often have heavy chelae, or pincers, which are used both for offense and defense. The other walking legs may also have pincers, but these are much smaller. In the thoracic limbs of most decapods, there are no exopodites. Another common characteristic of the group is that the head and thorax are fused to form a cephalothorax. The carapace comes down in either side of the animal to form branchial chambers, which usually contain more than one series of gills.

A.

Classification

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Superorder: Eucarida Decapoda Order: Latreille, 1802 The suborder Decapoda is generally subdivided into two large groups. The first is the group of swimming decapods, the Natantia. These are considered the most primitive decapods, and they make use of their highly developed and richly plumed abdominal appendages for swimming. The Natantia include the shrimps of the tribes Penaeiedea and Caridea. The second group is called the Reptantia. It includes the creeping decapods. Members of this group may occasionally swim, using the appendages on their highly flexible abdomen to propel themselves. But they generally move by using their thoracic limbs to walk the

bottom. There are four tribes in the Reptantia Palinura, Astacura, Anomura, and Branchyura. These tribes, which are considered the most highly evolved crustaceans, include the spiny lobsters, lobsters, crayfish, hermit crabs, true crabs, and many others.

B.

Autotomy
If you pick up a decapods by tip of one of its appendages, you may well find yourself

with only the appendage itself between your fingers, almost as if an invisible pair of scissors had cut of the limb at its base. This detaching procedure, called autotomy, is a drastic means employed by decapods and many other groups to escape from the clutches of an aggressor. It is possible because these animals can easily regenerate parts of their bodies that have been hurt or lost. If you repeat this experiment with several individuals of the same species, you will be able to note that this spontaneous detachment always occurs at the same point, almost as if a well defined line of fracture were built into the limb. In fact, studies of this phenomenon, indicate that this is exactly what happens. At the point where the detachment occurs, the integument is less heavily impregnated with calcareous salts, and inside the limb itself there is a kind of double diaphragm that is crossed only by nerves and blood vessels. When we pick up the crustaceans by the end of its appendage, the stimulus causes some bundles of muscular fibers to contract very sharply. This causes a break in the carapace, along the line of reduced calcification. At the moment that the appendage detaches from the body, a certain quantity of blood coagulates, thus blocking the perforations that cross the double diaphragm. The new limb starts to form beneath the tip of the stump and appears at the following molt. Normally, two or three molts are needed for an autotomized limb to regain its normal size and proportion. Autotomy can also be caused by stimulating the extremity of the appendage with heat or with some irritating substance. For example, it is possible to provoke the instantaneous detachment all of body appendages when some types of live crabs are placed in alcohol ao some other liquid fixative. If there is a complete amputation of an appendage, the formation of a new appendage occurs gradually through a series of changes. A rather interesting phenomenon connected with regeneration is heteromorphosis. In this process, the part that grows in is different from the part that was lost. For example, if a decapods loses one of its ocular stalks, an antennules may be formed rather than a new eyestalk. However from observations carried out on crayfishes and lobsters, it seems that an

ocular stalk will be replaced by an antennule only in cases where the optical gangion has been harmed.

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

1.

How the history of crustacean?

Man came late to his discovery of such small crustaceans as the Branchiopoda. But he

has an ancient knowledge of the large crustaceans, including crayfish, lobster, spiny lobster, crabs, and hermit crabs. Aristotle, as early as the 4th century B.C., did not content himself with merely observing the external anatomy of a spiny lobster. By dissecting this crustaceans, he was able to examine its digestive apparatus and thereby discovered the presence of that gastric mill we described earlier in the crayfish. Aristotle also carried out observations on the sexual dimorphism of crabs, the changes occurring in decapod crustaceans, the habits of hermit crabs, and other studies. It was Aristotle who coined the term Malocostraca, one that we still use today to designate a subclass, although he used it to refer to the decapod crustaceans only. Surprisingly, the etymological meaning of the Greek term - malacostracan means softshelled is the direct opposite of crustaceans. Which, as we know, was coined to describe the hard exoskeleton of these animal. There is a simple explanation for this apparently glaring contradiction. In comparing the outer covering of decapod crustaceans with that of molluscs, This led him to use the term Ostracoderma animals with a hard shell for the molluscs, thereby distinguishing them from the Malocostraca, the term he applied to the decapods. Until recent times, knowledge of the Decapoda was limited to the larger forms which were an obvious source of food, and to those species that live in fairly shallow waters and were therefore readily observable. It was only during the latter part of the 18th century, the period that saw the birth of zoology as a science in the modern sense, that several scholars began to dedicate themselves to a methodical search for the Decapoda. This led to the discovery of a very large number of species that had previously been unknown. Among these pioneers was an Italian scientist, Olivi. He prepared a detailed list of all the Decapoda he had found along the coasts of a Adriatic Sea. Another researcher of that period, Forskol, dedicated himself to studying the crustaceans of the Red Sea. The first attempts at ordering and classifying the large number of decapod crustaceans identified by the early naturalists belong to roughly the same historical period.

A few decades later the drag nets of the first oceanographic ships began to bite into the mud of the oceanic abysses, bringing to the surface precious load of organisms no one had ever seen before. During the same years, other zoologists dedicated themselves to the study of the complex biological cycle of these crustaceans. They discovered bizarre larval forms that were completely different from the adults. Thus, the English zoologist Vaughan Thompson was able to demonstrate that what had previously been considered an animal species in its own right, the zoea, was actually the larval form of a decapod. A similar clarification was made by other scientists with respect to another larval stage, the phyllosoma, of the spiny lobsters. The word Decapoda, Greek in origin, means ten-footed. It was first used in 1802 by the Frenchman P.A. Latreille, who took his inspiration from the fact that the crustaceans described by this term all have ten appendages with locomotor functions.

2.

How the reproduction of crustacean?

In the decapods, the sexes are separates that is, there are both males and females.

The number of eggs produced by one individual can be very high, reaching 100.000 in the case of a female spiny lobster and even a million in the females of Callinectes sapidus, the blue crab. When mating has occurred, the fertilized eggs are carried by the female, generally cemented to the abdominal appendages. The sole exception is in the Penaeidea, members of this family let the eggs fall into the water. The development of the egg may last as long as a year, as in some lobsters of the genus Homarus. During this period the females tend to hide in order to keep their future brood out of danger. As a general rule it can be said that the richer the eggs are in nutritional materials, the longer the embryonic period. The larval period will usually be correspondingly briefer because the young hatching from the egg are already similar to the adult. A crustaceans in its larval stages leads an autonomous existence, although there are some species (the crayfish again) where the females take care of the young. Most of the Decapoda arrive at the adult stage through a series of larval stages of decidedly singular appearance. Although we will later describe the type of life cycle peculiar to each tribe, here we will list the larval stage. Most Decapoda hatch at the protozoea or zoea stages only the Penaeidea have a nauplius and metanauplius stage. The nauplius is a larva that we have already described in other crustaceans. The metanauplius is a stage in which segmentation of the body beginsto

become apparent. In the protozoea the body is divided into a cephalothorax, consisting of the head and the first thoracic segment, and a posterior region formed by the rest of the thorax and the abdomen. The antennae are still used a locomotor organs, the telson is biramous, and the compound eyes are situated below the carapace, which has by now come into being. The zoea is distinguished by the development of the pereiopods, the first signs of abdominal segmentation of the thorax, and the presence of eyes on stalks. The segmentation of the abdomen and the development of the pereiopods are completed during the mysis stage. Finally, there is the post larval stage (called the megapola in crabs), a stage that sees a radical reduction of the exopodites of the pereiopods, which now assume the function of locomotor appendages. The larvae generally lead a pelagic existence. This is of considerable importance for benthonic decapods, for it ensures that the species will have an extensive distribution, thus avoiding the risks associated with an excessive concentration in a particular area.

3.

How the habitat of crustacean?

Although they are also found in fresh and brackish waters, on land, and in

underground environments, most decapods live in the sea. Of the 6.000 species of marine Decapoda, most are found a littoral, or coastal, regions. The nature of the coast determines distribution of these crustaceans. Where the coastline is rocky, there is a particular abundance of crabs, because these species are capable of climbing up more or less steep slopes and can also resist prolonged periods of drying. Hermit crabs, spiny lobsters, and lobsters also abound along rocky coasts, but at depths that range from 10 feet to 100 feet or more. Stony bottoms tend to be a habited by porcellanid Anomura, species that love to hide under stones. Along sandy coasts, by contrast, one observe a particular abundance of Penaeidea and Caridea, although there is no lack either of crabs (such as the ones belonging to the genera Ocypode, Callapa, Corystes, and Ranina) or of Anomura (the Hippidea, for instance). Many of the Decapoda we have just named live almost completely buried in the sand with only a small part of their bodies exposed. Moreover, such forms as the thalassinid Anomura will even excavate galleries in the sandy bottom, ensuring a continuous exchange of water by incessant movements of their pleopods. Passing from sandy coasts to muddy ones, we find various species of Penaeidea (Nephrops), Astacura, Anomura, and once again crabs.

Wherever the coast is rich in vegetation, the littoral waters constitute an ideal habitat for dromiacean and oxyrhynchan crabs. These crabs make use of the algae (and also of such other organisms as sponge) to prepare an effective camouflage. The decapods that inhabit coral reefs have particularly bright protective colorations. In such locations we find crabs of genus Trapezia, coral gall crabs, and alpheid Caridea. Of the marine decapods, some live in shallow waters, some at intermediate depths, and others are found in very deep water. Within any genus of Decapoda, species that live in deep waters generally have larger dimensions than those inhabiting coastal waters. For example, in the genus Penaeus, deep water species have lengths of up to 12 inches compared to the approximately 4 inches of the littoral species. Habitat also influences the coloration of Decapoda. Littoral forms usually stand out because of the brightness of their colors (violet, blue, yellow, brown and red). This is especially true of species living in warm waters, many of which can match their backgrounds by changing the dispersal and concentration of pigments in different chromatophores. Many of the colorations found among the littoral Decapoda have a protective function making it difficult to detect the animal in its normal surroundings. Some colorations are exceedingly specialized. For example, the green body of Huenia proteus, a small crab, is a perfect imitation of the green of a calcareous alga of the genus Halimeda, which constitutes the animals normal background. Pelagic species, on the other hand those that live closer to the surface are mostly transparent. As the depth increase, however, the gradually become redder. The dominant color of species living in underground environments is white, although some may have shadings ranging from red to green.

4.

How the evolution of crustacean?

The evolutionary transition among the Decapoda from those considered more

primitive the predominantly swimming type to the more highly developed, essentially ambulatory type has been accompanied by numerous and important anatomical modifications. The carapace, for example has shown a tendency to widen and, at the same time, to become reduced in height. The rostrum, the anterior end the carapace, becomes smaller, and the length of the antennae decreases. The thoracic limbs become more highly specialized, particularly the first pair, which develops into an offensive and defensive weapon.
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Because the abdominal appendages are no longer needed for swimming in the creeping decapods, there is a progressive reduction of the abdomen, which eventually loses its caudal fan and is kept withdrawn into a broadening carapace. This is the situation in the Brachyura, the true crabs the most important group of creeping decapods. This structure was attained only after a series of intermediate evolutionary stages among crustaceans with anatomical characteristic that lie halfway between those of a crayfish and those of a true crab. If we want to form some idea of what these transitional forms must have looked like, we need only examine such crustaceans as the present day Anomura, crablike animals in which the abdomen is folded under the thorax but still preserve its ability to straighten out backward. In some species belonging to the genus Porcellana, one can still observe a small caudal fan. Traces of this structure can also be seen in a group of the Branchyura, the Dormiacea, which are considered the most primitive of the crabs. Among this group can be found the earliest fossil crabs, forms that appeared during the Jurassic period, more than 150 million years ago.

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

The crustaceans usually 19 pairs appendages, including 8 pairs of thoracic appendages. Of the thoracic limbs, the first 3 pairs are modified to form maxillipeds, which are used to manipulated food. The remaining 5 pairs are called walking legs. Those nearest the head often have heavy chelae, or pincers, which are used both for offense and defense. The class can be divided into eight subclasses : The Branchiopoda, which include water fleas, clam shrimps, and fairy shrimps. The Cephalocarida, which include tiny shrimplike animals. The Cepapoda, which are known as copepods and are an important constituent of plankton. The Mystacocarida, which include tiny crustaceans that live on beaches. The Branchiura, which are parasites of both freshwater and marine fish. The Cirripedia, which are the barnacles. The Malacostraca, which are the largest subclass and include shrimps, lobsters, crayfish, crabs, hermit crabs, isopods, etc.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Danbury Press. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Animal Kingdom www.wikipedia.com

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