SF2A 2003

F. Combes, D. Barret and T. Contini (eds)

FIRST-ORDER RESOLUTION OF A PERTURBATED SCALE FACTOR FOR A DUST UNIVERSE

Trelut, E. 1 and Bois, E.
1

Abstract. Considering the Friedman equations as a dynamical system, we deal with the departure from the standard cosmology in the framework of the perturbation method according to adjusted assumptions. We use a method of resolution elaborated by one of us in Celestial Mechanics (Bois 1994). This method is suitable for various second-order dierential equation systems. The equations are expanded according to the Euler-Poincar e theorem related to series expansions in power of a parameter assumed to be small enough. We present a rst-order solution for a dust universe where is a function of the cosmological constant and the spatial curvature.

Introduction

We propose to solve the Friedman dierential equations by using a method of resolution elaborated by one of us in previous papers (Bois, 1986, 1988 and 1994) and suitable for various second-order dierential equation systems. The equations are expanded according to the Euler-Poincar e theorem related to series expansions in power of a small parameter , characteristic of the order of magnitude of the additive perturbations (curvature k , the cosmological constant , a scalar eld...). The objective of the present step is to set up the method in the framework of dynamical cosmology. In the present paper we also give an application to a dust universe. 2 Method of Resolution

The notion of order, in accordance with the powers of the small parameter , is related within the method to a specic denition of the zero-order, such as we may reach to a literal exact solution at each order of the Poincar e series expansion. Moreover, the principle of the method permits to draw simultaneously all the considered perturbations from the rst-order.
1

Observatoire Aquitain des Sciences de lUnivers, L3AB, email: trelut@obs.u-bordeaux1.fr

Analytical Solution for Perturbated Dust Universe

According to the Euler-Poincar e theorem, the solutions are expanded in powers of the small parameter : x(t, ) = x0 (t) + x1 (t) + 2 x2 (t) + ... (2.1)

We assume = f (A, B ), where A and B are proportional to the cosmological constant and the curvature, and k , respectively. We substitute (2.1) and its derivatives in the Friedman equations with the following constants:
3 A = , B = kc2 , C = 8G0 R0

and we identify terms according to the powers of . 3 First-Order Solution

The rst-order literal solution is nally written as follows (A, B = 0): x = x0 + x1 where x0 represents the solution of the system S0 : [S0 ] 6x2 0 + C = 0 0x C = 0. x2 x 2 0 0 x0 x 0+ / 2 (3.1)

and x1 the solution of the system S1 : 0/ A = 0 x 1 + 2x x0 [S1 ] x 0/ x 2 x 0 2 B 2 = 0. 1 2 0/x0 x 1 + 2x x0 x0 x0 The analytical resolution of [S1 ] gives x1 in a form of series in powers of the time t and, as a consequence, permits to build with x0 in (3.1) a rst-order solution for a dust universe. 4 Conclusion and Perspectives

The method proves to be adequate for analytical cosmology. The rst application of the method gives a rst-order solution for a dust universe with a non-null cosmological constant. A comparison of the analytical solution with respect to a numerical integration of the complete initial dierential system is in progress. In an upcoming work, we will apply the method to a simple scalar eld. References
Bois, E., 1986, Celestial Mechanics, 39, 309-327 Bois, E., 1988, Celestial Mechanics, 42, 141-168 Bois, E., 1994, Celestial Mechanics, 58, 125-138 Bois, E., 1994, HDR, Nice-Sophia Antipolis Eisenstein, D.J., 1997, astro-ph/9709054