Recommendation Dadeldhura

Buffalo is the major dairy animal . The main pocket area of buffalo is Ashigram, Bagarkot, Chipur, Sikhar Samaiji, Pokhara of Amargadhi Municapility, Kalipalmandau, low belt of Mastamandu and Jogbudha. People prefer raising buffalo than cattle due to the higher price of the buffalo milk. A number of Milk Producers Cooperative Associations (MPCAs) are already established and united to form District Milk Producers Cooperative Union (DPCU) for the production and marketing of milk. The formal milk marketing sector is represented by a mini dairy plant run by DPCU supplies about 30 percent requirement of the Milk in the district head quarter, which is the major market of milk consumption. Similarly main pocket area of goat are Jogbudha, Alital, Sirsha and Gangkhet. The goats meets the requirement of local market and are also exported to Doti and Achham districts. Few farmers in the district head quater have started keeping commercial poultry to supply meat and eggs in the local market. Still the growth of poultry business is slow because the cost of production of the poultry products is higher in Dadeldhura than in Mahendranagar and Dhangadhi markets which are in the neighboring districts. On the basis of the farmers preference, observations and secondary informations the goat comes as a first priority livestock commodity and buffalo comes in second.priority in the dadeldhura district.

Goat: 1. Control of internal parasit:

Internal parasite is a problem of the goat farmers; therefore periodic drenching program in goat is essential. Since the goats are kept in the same shade together with other livestock, drenching program is advised for all the livestock of the shed so that the chances of recontamination between the species of livestock could be minimized. Drenching program may be conducted in accordance with the faecal examination report.

2. Control of external parasite:

External parasites like lice, mange etc is also a problem of the goat causing a big loss to the farmers. In order to control external parasites, the goat needs to be dipped in a dipping tank filled with water and appropriate concentration of insecticides. Therefore dipping tanks needs to be constructed in the goat pocket areas. It is advisable to construct dipping tank in the partnership with the farmers group so that subsequent maintenance and its sustainability may be enhanced.

3 Construction and demonstration of model goat shed:

The goats are kept in highly unhealthy environment together with all other livestock. Farmers are not aware of the requirement of separate shed for goat. It is therefore better to construct a demonstration shed for certain number of goats. The shed should be economic, and preferably made of locally available materials. After the demonstration, a system of award may be started for those farmers who construct a good goat shed with the effect of demonstration.

4. Construction and demonstration of Tatno:

The farmers at present are not using Tatno for providing fodder and grass. Once the fodder is contaminated with urine or dung in the ground, the goats refuse to eat and cause a loss of big volume of fodder. Therefore, a demonstration for the construction and use of wooden Tatno to the goat farmers is advisable.

5. Establishment of goat collection center:

At present there is no goat marketing center therefore farmers sell their goats to the vendor fixing a price in a lump sum basis. It is therefore necessary to establish a goat collection center for marketing. In addition to the other basic requirements a weighing machine may be provided to the collection center so that farmer can sell his goat in live weight basis. The collection center may run by a farmers group, Village Development Committee or any organizations.

6. Fodder cultivation in the pocket area:

Mostly farmers are dependent on public land or forests for goat grazing. For sustainable goat farming, cultivation of suitable forage in the farmers fields, community forests or in the leased forest area is highly essential. Different species of forage like molases, napair, and stylo in the mid hills and white clover in the upper hills is suitable for cultivation. In doing so, there is less dependency in the forests for fodder and consequently leads to sustainable goat farming and in the same time such initiatives may improves the environment. In this case, a joint program with the District Livestock Development Office (DLSO) is desirable.

7. Access of animal health services:

Farmers are facing a big difficulty in receiving timely veterinary services time to time. Manpower involved in the government veterinary services at district level is not enough to provide services through out the district. In such a situation, timely veterinary services can not be expected. Timely veterinary service at the local level can only be anticipated, if there a trained manpower at the village itself. Therefore selecting a suitable candidate for the training on Village Level Animal Health Worker (VAHW) may fulfill the requirement of a technician for providing primary health services at the local level. Such VAHW can charge a nominal fee for his service. VAHW can also receive loan without interest to a sum of Rs 18000 from the Animal Health Revolving Fund through the DLSO. Such loan money can be utilized to purchase essential drugs and equipments.

8. Establishment of organized meat shops:

At present the meat shops are scattered in the different locations of the market. In order to obtain the clean meat and maintain better environment, it is essential to establish an organized meat shops so that supervision of the meat quality is easier and disposal of the waste matter can be managed. This can be done in the partnership with the municipality and the DLSO.

Buffalo
1. Control of internal parasites: There is a problem of internal in the dairy animals causing deterioration in the health and productivity. Therefore periodic drenching program is essential to improve the health status of the cattle and buffalo. The drenching program may be conducted in accordance with the faecal examination report.

2. Fodder cultivation and fodder tree plantation Mostly farmers use stall feeding system to the buffalo, however they use forest and public land for grazing purpose. For sustainable buffalo farming, cultivation of suitable forage in the farmers fields, community forests or in the leased forest area is highly essential. Different species of forage like molases, napair, stylo in the mid hills and white clover in the upper hills is suitable for cultivation. Similarly suitable fodder trees can be planted in the private land and community land. By doing so, there is less dependency in the forests for fodder and consequently leads to sustainable buffalo farming and in the same time such initiatives may improves the environment. In this case, a joint program with the District Livestock Development Office (DLSO) is desirable. 3. Access of veterinary service Farmers are facing a big difficulty in receiving timely veterinary services time to time. Manpower involved in the government veterinary services at district level is not enough to provide services through out the district. In such a situation, timely veterinary services can not be expected. Timely veterinary service at the local level can only be anticipated, if there a trained manpower at the village itself. Therefore selecting a suitable candidate for the training on Village Level Animal Health Worker (VAHW) may fulfill the requirement of a technician for providing primary health services at the local level. Such VAHW can charge a nominal fee for his service. VAHW can also receive loan without interest to a sum of Rs 18000 from the Animal Health Revolving Fund through the DLSO. Such loan money can be utilized to purchase essential drugs and equipments. 4. Training on improved dairy husbandry practices: Although the farmers are traditionally farming the dairy animals, still it needs to provide them knowledge about the improved dairy husbandry practices. Such improved practices includes shed management, feed management, health care and other sanitary measures. Such training should be of short duration and can be provided in the village itself. 5. Improvement in milk marketing: The major area of milk marketing is the head quarter of the district, where majority of the consumer purchase milk from the informal sector where the quality of milk (especially adulteration with water) has no guarantee. Only a few consumers prefer to purchase milk from the formal sector where the milk quality is assured. It shows that majority of consumers are not much aware of the quality of the milk. Therefore consumer awareness program about the consumption of good quality milk is important. Such program can be lunched through the workshops, interactions, using different publications like booklets, pamphlets, posters etc. In the same time milk producers should be insisted to adopt different measures to produce clean milk. All the personnel involved in the milk marketing system should also be orientated on the proper handling of milk to maintain its quality. 6. Diversification of milk products: To enhance the consumption of the milk, diversification of milk to produce different milk products is preferable. Based on the demand of milk products in the local market

and neighboring marketing city like Dhangadhi and Mahendranagar, various milk products can be produced and marketed. The skills on the production of milk products can be provided thorough the training. 7. Buffalo breed improvement : Buffalo breed can be improved through the use of good quality buffalo bull. A buffalo bull can be provided to the farmers group. The group will identify the person for the care and management of the bull. Initially, a small fund may be created where some contribution of the farmers group is necessary. Such fund may be deposited in the bank and the interest may be used in the maintenance. Such fund can be used for the replacement of another buffalo bull in future. The service charge obtained wills the incentive of the bull caretaker.

Surkhet District
Buffalo is the major dairy animal. The main pocket area of buffalo is Uttarganga, Sahare, Latikoili, Jarbuta, Gadhi, Ramghat and Babiyachaur. Although, few cattle are commercially farmed at Uttarganga area, people prefer raising buffalo than cattle due to the higher price of the buffalo milk. The formal milk marketing sector is represented by a mini dairy plant run by private sector supplies about 40 percent requirement of the Milk in the district head quarter, which is the major market of milk consumption. Other production and marketing of milk is Chhinchu area. Where a chilling center owned by DDC is running. Similarly main pocket area of goat is Ramghat, Satakhani, Tatapani, Babayachaur, Bijaura and Pokharikanda. Chhanchu area is the main outlet for goat. where a collection is already established. There are also some pig production pocket areas that are supplying pigs in the market. Two pig meat shops are running in the Birendranagar market itself. Some farmers in the district head quarter have started keeping commercial poultry to supply meat and eggs in the local market. The growth of poultry business is increasing gradually. On the basis of the farmers' preference, observations and secondary information the buffalo comes as a first priority livestock commodity and goat comes in second priority in the Surkhet district.

Goat: 1.Control of internal parasit:

Internal parasite is a problem of the goat farmers; therefore periodic drenching program in goat is essential. Since the goats are kept in the same shade together with other livestock, drenching program is advised for all the livestock of the shed so that the chances of recontamination between the species of livestock could be minimized. Drenching program may be conducted in accordance with the faecal examination report.

2Control of external parasite:

External parasites like lice, mange etc is also a problem of the goat causing a big loss to the farmers. In order to control external parasites, the goat needs to be dipped in a

dipping tank filled with water and appropriate concentration of insecticides. Therefore dipping tanks needs to be constructed in the goat pocket areas. It is advisable to construct dipping tank in the partnership with the farmers group so that subsequent maintenance and its sustainability may be enhanced.

3.Establishment of goat collection center:

At present there is no goat marketing center in the production area. Therefore farmers sell their goats to the vendor fixing a price in a lump sum basis. The vendor sell the goat to the marketing center on basis live body weight by weighing. It is therefore necessary to establish a goat collection center for marketing in the production areas. In addition to the other basic requirements a weighing machine may be provided to the collection center so that farmer can sell his goat in live weight basis. The collection center may run by a farmers group, Village Development Committee or any organizations.

4.Fodder cultivation in the pocket area:

Mostly farmers are dependent on public land or forests for goat grazing. For sustainable goat farming, cultivation of suitable forage in the farmers fields, community forests or in the leased forest area is highly essential. Different species of forage like molases, napair, and stylo in the mid hills and white clover in the upper hills is suitable for cultivation. In doing so, there is less dependency in the forests for fodder and consequently leads to sustainable goat farming and in the same time such initiatives may improves the environment. In this case, a joint program with the District Livestock Development Office (DLSO) is desirable.

5.Access of animal health services:

Farmers are facing a big difficulty in receiving timely veterinary services time to time. Manpower involved in the government veterinary services at district level is not enough to provide services through out the district. In such a situation, timely veterinary services can not be expected. Timely veterinary service at the local level can only be anticipated, if there a trained manpower at the village itself. Therefore selecting a suitable candidate for the training on Village Level Animal Health Worker (VAHW) may fulfill the requirement of a technician for providing primary health services at the local level. Such VAHW can charge a nominal fee for his service. VAHW can also receive loan without interest to a sum of Rs 18000 from the Animal Health Revolving Fund through the DLSO. Such loan money can be utilized to purchase essential drugs and equipments.

6.Control of enterotoxemia disease in goat

This problem is reported in the Surkhet district. This is a fetal disease of goat causing death of a large number of goat goat in the flock. Vaccination against this disease is desirable to protect the goat against this disease.Vaccination program can be conducted through the joint effort with DLSO.

Buffalo

1Control of internal parasites: There is a problem of internal in the dairy animals causing deterioration in the health and productivity. Therefore periodic drenching program is essential to improve the health status of the cattle and buffalo. The drenching program may be conducted in accordance with the faecal examination report. 2.Fodder cultivation and fodder tree plantation Mostly farmers use stall feeding system to the buffalo, however they use forest and public land for grazing purpose. For sustainable buffalo farming, cultivation of suitable forage in the farmers fields, community forests or in the leased forest area is highly essential. Different species of forage like molases, napair, stylo in the mid hills and white clover in the upper hills is suitable for cultivation. Similarly suitable fodder trees can be planted in the private land and community land. By doing so, there is less dependency in the forests for fodder and consequently leads to sustainable buffalo farming and in the same time such initiatives may improves the environment. In this case, a joint program with the District Livestock Development Office (DLSO) is desirable. 3.Access of veterinary service Farmers are facing a big difficulty in receiving timely veterinary services time to time. Manpower involved in the government veterinary services at district level is not enough to provide services through out the district. In such a situation, timely veterinary services can not be expected. Timely veterinary service at the local level can only be anticipated, if there a trained manpower at the village itself. Therefore selecting a suitable candidate for the training on Village Animal Health Worker (VAHW) may fulfill the requirement of a technician for providing primary health services at the local level. Such VAHW can charge a nominal fee for his service. VAHW can also receive loan without interest to a sum of Rs 18000 from the Animal Health Revolving Fund through the DLSO. Such loan money can be utilized to purchase essential drugs and equipments. 4.Training on improved dairy husbandry practices: Although the farmers are traditionally farming the dairy animals, still it needs to provide them knowledge about the improved dairy husbandry practices. Such improved practices includes shed management, feed management, health care and other sanitary measures. Such training should be of short duration and can be provided in the village itself. 5.Improvement in milk marketing: The major area of milk marketing is the head quarter of the district, where majority of the consumer purchase milk from the informal sector where the quality of milk (especially adulteration with water) has no guarantee. Only a few consumers prefer to purchase milk from the formal sector where the milk quality is assured. It shows that majority of consumers are not much aware of the quality of the milk. Therefore consumer awareness program about the consumption of good quality milk is important. Such program can be lunched through the workshops, interactions, using different publications like booklets, pamphlets, posters etc. In the same time milk producers should be insisted to adopt different measures to produce clean milk. All

the personnel involved in the milk marketing system should also be orientated on the proper handling of milk to maintain its quality. 6.Diversification of milk products: To enhance the consumption of the milk, diversification of milk to produce different milk products is preferable. Based on the demand of milk products in the local market and neighboring marketing city like Nepalgung, various milk products can be produced and marketed. The skills on the production of milk products can be provided thorough the training. Such milk diversification should be initiated in Chhanchu area urgently. In addition, ice cream training and necessary support should be provided to the private dairy situated at Birendranagar. 7.Buffalo breed improvement : Buffalo breed can be improved through the use of good quality buffalo bull and artificial insemination (AI). In the area, where there no access of AI, a buffalo bull can be provided to the farmers group. The group will identify the person for the care and management of the bull. Initially, a small fund may be created where some contribution of the farmers group is necessary. Such fund may be deposited in the bank and the interest may be used in the maintenance. Such fund can be used for the replacement of another buffalo bull in future. The service charge obtained will be the incentive for the bull caretaker.