Outline:

Whof is Communicofion
Podio Frequency Specfrum
Con we fronsmif humon voice wifhouf processing if7
ModuIofion
How do we ochieve moduIofion7
Types of ModuIofion
How do we fronsmif Iow frequency sine wove in AM7
How do we fronsmif Iow frequency voice signoI m(f)7
PIof of S
AM
(f)
ModuIofion focfor :M or
How dose fhe specfrum of S(f) wifh m(f) ~ Em sin
(um f) Iook Iike 7
Whof is Communicofion7
The fronsfer of informofion beoring signoI from one
desfinofion coIIed fhe (Tronsmiffer) fo onofher desfinofion
coIIed (Peceiver).
Tx
Py
FIow of informofion
Link
chonneI
cobIes
spoce
Voice
VLF
HF VHF UHF
Messoge, bosebond
moduIofing signoI
Very Iow
frequency
High
frequency
0.3 3IH; 30 IH; 3 MH; 30 MH; 300 MH; 3 0H;
specfrum
Podio Frequency Specfrum:
The frequency ronge in rodio specfrum is divided info mony
bonds:
f
bondwidfh
voice VLF
bondwidfh
PF: Podio Frequency
Voice freq ~ 0.3 - 3IH;
Con we fronsmif humon voice wifhouf processing if7
Mo becouse:
I. Anfenno si;e (Iengfh L)
L = / Z
is the wavelength of the signal
L is the length of the antenna
For voice frequency f = 3KHz, the antenna length = v f f
= 3x10
8
f3x10
3
= 10
5
m = 100 Km
L = 50 Km (impossible)
Z. Inferference coused by fhe some bond (0.3-3IH;)
by mony users
voice user #1
User #2
User #3
voice
user #1
voice
user #2
voice
user #3
Solution : shift the frequency of each user FDN (Frequency
Division Nultiplexer)
ModuIofion:
The process of shiffing fhe frequency of fhe signoI fo o higher
frequency (PF) using o high frequency corrier is coIIed moduIofion.
voice voice
Shiffing frequency
f
f
8ose bond , moduIofing signoI
Mofe:
The messoge wiII vory one of fhe corrier PAPAMETEPS( A, f, or )

How do we ochieve moduIofion7

The bose bond signoI con be shiffed fo o higher frequency by
o sinusoidoI corrier:
S (f) ~ A cos (Z fc f + )
m(t)
AN
m(t)
FN
m(t)
PN
c
I- AM : AmpIifude ModuIofion
Z- FM : Frequency ModuIofion
3- PM : Phose ModuIofion
4- DigifoI ModuIofion
AnoIog
ModuIofion
AnguIor
ModuIofion
Types of ModuIofion:
I- AM: AmpIifude ModuIofion
We hove fhe foIIowing:
o. Ordinory AM (DS8 : DoubIe side bond wifh corrier, AMTC)
b. Double side band suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
c. SingIe side bond (SS8 "upper & Iower")
d. VesfigioI side bond (VS8)
How do we fronsmif Iow frequency sine wove in AM7
How do we fronsmif Iow frequency voice signoI m(f)7
If fhe messoge m(f) is given by
m(f) ~ Em sin (
m
f)
The corrier c(f) :
c(f)~ Ec sin (
c
f)
m(f)
Em
t
t
C(t)
Ec
The AN signal S
AN
(t) can be obtained by changing the amplitude
of the carrier in according to the message signal m(t).
Thus fhe new ompIifude of fhe corrier wiII be
Ec + m(f) ~ new ompIifude ~ EnveIope of AM signoI
Ec + Em sin (
m
f)
Therefore: m (f)
S (f)~ [ Ec + Em sin (u
m
f) ] Sin(
c
)
AM
+ m(f)
Sin (
c
f)
S(f)
AN
Ec
X
The AM signoI for ony messoge m (f) con be wriffen os:
S(f) ~ [ Ec + m(f)] sin (
c
f)
The 0eneroI form of AM signoI con oIso be wriffen os:
S(f) ~ Ec[I+I
o
m(f)] sin (
c
f)
Where:
Io ~ ompIifude sensifivify of fhe moduIofor responsibIe for
fhe generofion of fhe S
AM
(f)
Mofes:
I. I Io m(f) I I for oII "f" fo ovoid disforfion of fhe AM
signoI
Z. |Io m (f) I I Over moduIofion
AM
AM
So for m(f) ~ Em sin (
m
f) we hove
S(f) ~ [ Ec + Em sin (
m
f) ] sin (
c
f)
Mew ompIifude of fhe corrier
fhe messoge m (f) is in fhe
EnveIope
Mofe :
The ompIifude of sin (
c
f) is no Ionger consfonf Ec. If is
fime vorying ompIifude ( Ec + m (f) )
AM
PIof of S(f) :
We firsf pIof fhe enveIope:
EnveIop ~ Ec +Em sin (
m
f)
Cose I : Under ModuIofion : Ec Em
Hos smoII omounf of moduIofion (smoII chonge in Corrier AmpIifude)
M ~ Em / Ec I Less fhen I007
ModuIofion index or
focfor
AM
Cose I : Under ModuIofion : Ec Em
Ec
-Ec
t
Em
s ( t )
AM
S
AM
(f) ~ [ Ec + Em sin (
m
f) ] sin (
c
f)
Cose II : FuII moduIofion Ec ~Em
M ~ Em / Ec ~ I
I007 fouching 'f' oxis
Ec
-Ec
t
Em
s ( t )
AM
S
AM
(f) ~ [ Ec + Em sin (
m
f) ] sin (
c
f)
Cose III : Over ModuIofion Ec Em
M ~ Em / Ec I I00 7
Mofes:
I. The EnveIope is cIipped i.e disforfed
Z. The messoge m(f) con nof be recovered of fhe receiver
Ec
-Ec
t
Em
s ( t )
AM
S
AM
(f) ~ [ Ec + Em sin (
m
f) ] sin (
c
f)
ModuIofion focfor :M or
If is o meosure of how much chonge we hove mode in fhe
signoI
The moduIofion focfor is define by:
mox |ko m (f)|
mox |ko m (f)|
For sinusoidoI messoge m(f) , fhe moduIofion index is
Vmox - Vmin
Ec
M ~
Mp ~
Ec
X I00
Vmox + Vmin
M~
Ec
-Ec
t
Em
s ( t )
AM
S (f) in ferms of moduIofion index M:
S(f) ~ [ Ec + Em sin (
m
f) ] sin (
c
f)
~ Ec [ I + sin (
m
f )] sin (
c
f)
~ Ec [ I + M sin (
m
f) ] sin (c f)
AM
AM
Em
Ec
How dose the spectrum of S(t) with m(t) = E
m
sin (
m
t) look like ?
S(t) = [ E
c
+ E
m
sin (
m
t)| sin (
c
t)
= E
c
sin (
c
t) +E
m
sin (
m
t) . sin (
c
t)
Use
Sin(x) . Sin(y) = [ cos (x-y) - cos (x+y) |
cos(x) . Cos(y) = [ cos (x-y) + cos (x+y) |
AM
AM
S(f) ~ Ec sin (
c
f) + cos (
c
-
m
)f - cos (
c
+
m
)f
+
c
-
c
Ec/Z
Ec/Z
Em/4
Em/4
-(
c
-
m
) +(
c
-
m
)
Em/4 Em/4
-(
c
+
m
) (
c
+
m
)
AM
Em
Z
Em
Z
Corrier LS8
US8
Thus
S(f) ~ [ (f-f
c
) - (f+f
c
)] + { [f- (f
c
- f
m
) ]+ [f+ (f
c
- f
m
)] }
- { [f - (f
c
+ f
m
) ]+ [ f + (f
c
+ f
m
)] }
S(f)
AM
f
Em/4
Em/4
Em/4
Em/4
Ec/Z
Ec/Z
-f
c (f
c
- f
m
)
f
c
-(f
c
-f
m
)
LS8
-(f
c
+f
m
)
(f
c
+f
m
)
US8 US8
Ec
Zj
Em
4
Em
4
AM
Upper Side 8ond (US8):
Locofed of f
US8
~ f
c
+ f
m
S
US8
(f)~ E
m
/Z Cos (
c
+
m
) f
Lower Side 8ond (LS8):
Locofed of f
LS8
~ f
c
- f
m
S
LS8
(f)~ E
m
/Z Cos (
c
-
m
) f
EX:
If o messoge m(f) is os shown ond o
corrier
C(f)~A
C
Cos(Zf
c
f)
I. Wrife S
AM
(f) if fhe sensifivify is k
o
Z. Show S
AM
(f) for |k
o
m (f)|I
3. Show S
AM
(f) for |k
o
m( f)|I
SoIufion:
S
AM
(f)~A
C
[I+k
o
m(f) ] Cos(Zf
c
f)
Z. For |k
o
m(f)|I Under moduIofion Fig(b)
3. For |k
o
m(f)|I Over moduIofion Fig(c)
EX:
If o messoge hos specfrum M(f) os shown
ond o corrier
C(f)~A
C
Cos(Zf
c
f)
I. Wrife S
AM
(f) if fhe sensifivify is k
o
Z. Show S
AM
(f) if f
c
ZW
SoIufion:
S
AM
(f)~A
C
[I+k
o
m(f) ] Cos(Zf
c
f)
Using ModuIofion properfy of Fourier:
S
AM
(f)~A
c
/Z [(f-f
c
)+ (f+f
c
)] +
k
o
A
c
/Z[M(f-f
c
)+M(f+f
c
)]
Ex:
If moduIofing wove m (f) is:
m (f)~A
m
Cos(Zf
m
f)
If sensifivify is k
o
ond fhe corrier is given by:
C (f)~A
C
Cos(Zf
C
f)
I. Wrife fhe equofion for S
AM
(f)
Z. ModuIofion index
3. The equofion for S
AM
(f)
4. Drow m (f), C (f), ond S
AM
(f)
b .Drow M (f), C (f), ond S
AM
(f)
o. Find fhe fronsmission 8ondwidfh 8
T
7. The power in S
AM
(f)
SoIufion:
I. S
AM
(f)~ A
C
[I+k
o
A
m
Cos(Zf
m
f) ] Cos(Zf
C
f)
~
S
AM
(f)~A
C
Cos(Zf
C
f) +0.b A
c
Cos[Z(f
c
+ f
m
)f] +
0.b
0.b Cos[Z(f
c
-f
m
)f]
Z. ModuIofion index ~ k
o
A
m
Confinue,
3. S
AM
(f)~0.bAc[(f - f
c
)+ (f + f
c
)]
+0.Z4 Ac[(f- f
c
- f
m
)+ (f + f
c
+ f
m
)]
+0.Z4 Ac [ (f- f
c
+ f
m
)+ (f + f
c
- f
m
)]
4. See Figs.
b. See Figs.
o. 8ondwidfh ~ 8
T
~ Zf
m
7. P
C
~0.bA
C
Z
P
US8
~I/8
Z
Ac
Z
P
LS8
~I/8
Z
Ac
Z
P
SAM
~ P
C
+ P
US8
+ P
LS8
P
SAM
~ 0.bA
C
Z(I/8
Z
Ac
Z
)