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The
and the spread
materials available for ^^determination of the age of the dominions of the Guptas seem to arrange
:
themselves in the following order

a. ?u
Inscriptions,
Written History.
Tmdition.
Coins.
c^
>*,
d,
o.
3.
a.
8.
INSCKIPTION.
tlie
Tlie
genealogy of
tlie
Gupta
fanfily lias
boon singularly
extant
in-
limited range of their well-preserved, considering the

scriptions
and
persistent oblivion to which their
successors
would, perhaps designedly, have consigned them,
o.
CO
in point of time, is the Allahabud manifesto of Samudra Gupta, the fourth in succession of an ancestry claiming little pretension to renown, and the second only in the
9.
The
i
earliest of these,
order of kings,
who
attained anything
beyond restricted
celebrity.
The second record of the Gupta heritage, likewise peron stone, is to be seen in tho.Mathura inscription from petuated the Katra mound, wherein Samudra's parentage ijs apparently repeated in accordance with the tenor of tho earlier monument. The genealogy of the family is further extended in the inscription on
10.
the Bhitari l&t or monolith, in the district of Ghassiptir and in its counterpart at Bihar, whidi carries the succession down to Skamila
Gupta and an unnamed heir.
s5b8d^x>
11.
From
these inscriptions the recognised lino of kings may

;
be restored after the following order
"3
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F"3
THE GUPTA KINGS.

1.
2.
3.
Maharaja
Sri Gupta*
Sri Ghatotkacha.
4.
5.
Maharajadhiraja Sri Chandra GuptaSri Samudra GuptaSri

y,
,,
Chundra Gupta
II.
6.
7.
Sri
Kumara Gupta.
Skanda Gupta.
Sri
o.
.
3,
3.
55
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II.
"55.
3-
55
12.
The family
tree originally reconstructed
by Dr.
Mill, is
of importance, in the present inquiry, as
showing the moderately advanced position of the early members of the so-called regal
line
'
1.
Gupta.
2.
Ghatotkacha.
3t
Chundra Gupta-f Kumara Devi, wife

4.
of the king,
Samudra Gupta
I
1
\
)
H
1
(1)
Queien,
name
(Raja and Sovereign}

5. 6.
\ t
unknown,
(2)
Devi,
Chandra Gupta-
Kumara GuptaSkanda Gupta.

?),
7.
8-
A young
prince (Mahendra Gupta
a minor at the date
of this inscription.
CJ
fla
"5
3.
2.
cr.
13.
JVo.
^ Inscription of Chandra Gupta.
The short inscription at Udayagiri contains tlio namo of Chandra Gupta under the title of f Tarama-bhattaraka Maliarajadliiraja," and the date of Samva,t 82 [in figures] llth of the bright half of
Sravana*
9
14.
No, 3 Inscription of Ghundra Gupta. \ The inscription on the eastern gate at Sanchi, near Bhilsa,
')
Commences " To all

ceremonial
who by deep
respected Sramana's, the cKief priests of the amsatha meditation have subdued their passions*
the champions (sword) of the virtuous of thoir tribe* The son of Amuka, the destroyer of his father's cmemies, the punisher of the oppressors of a desolated country, th& winner
"S 5Q%5IV^ 8
)
55
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of the glorious play of the victory in many battles, daily by his good council gaining the esteem of the worthy persons of the court, and
obtaining the gratification of every desire of his life through the favor of the Great Emperor Chundra Gupta ; having made salutation to the eternal gods and godesses, has given a piece of ground purchased at the legal rate ; also five temples, and twenty-five
thousand dinars (half of which has been spent for the said purchase of the said groutfd), as an act of grace and benevolence of
the great emperor Chandra Gupta, generally known among his subjects as Deva Eaja (Indra)- As long as the sun and moon (shall enfices lighted
dure) so long shall these five asectics enjoy the jewel adorned, ediwith many lamps for endless ages after me and my
descendents.
May
and the lamps.

be as great, yea, Brahmin.
Who
the said ascetics enjoy the precious building shall destroy the structive, his Sin shall
as that of the murderer of a
five times as great
"In the Samvat 93 (or year " Bhadrapada the -10th (day).
of his reign |), (in the
month
455).
of)
(Journal of Asiatic Society, Bengal,
Volume VI, Page

3.
cs
<?
~~i$
15.
No.
4,
Kuhaon, in
"
the Gorafchpure Division,
Translation of an Inscription on the Monolith of N. Tf. P., India, ly Sabu
Eajendra Lola.
The year 141 having been over (or the close of the year 141) and the month of Jaishthya having arrived,the empire of the Sktmda Gupta the floor of whose audience chamber had been swept by gusts from the bowing of the heads of kings by hundreds ; spr from the line of the Guptas; of wide extended fame; opulent yond all others comparable with Satra ; lord of hundreds of
5
monarchs."
o
c)
8.
No. 5. Translation of an Inscription of the time of tilcunda Gupta, on a copper-plate grant found at Indore, near Anupshahar on the Ganges.
16.
.
"
praise with the T T tneir minds

J
Amen, may he, whom Brahmans, in obedienco to law, wu harmony of meditation and the entiro devotion W of
*
^""^ ^**^
"
;
\0F m
*4
\tifl-Aaii
-u,.
majesty, tho supreme sovereign of great king8 the auspicious Skanda Gupta for the promotion of prosperity in the possession of tho owner SarAntarvedi (or the Doab of the vanaga " and
,
the year 146, in the month of "Phalguna,'the thriving and invincible kingdom of his most noblo
"In
be your protection
,
_.,
,.
(?)
of tho
Ganges
Yamuna
csfc
(Journal of Asiatic Society, Bengal, Volume 43,
P$e
873*)
No. 6 Inscription of 17of tlie Girnar rock*

(e
Skunda
Gupta, on
tlie
Northern face
To the perfect
3
happiness of Indra,'
one, Vishnu, who snatched from Bali far the &c. "Afterwards he ............... who "by his
own arms obtained
glory (ParaTorama), and
who
is
the most distin3
Skunda Gupta, be glorious ',.. guished of kings," ...... ..."may he, Skunda Gupta^s difficulties to on detail ............... (the text goes and his ultimate choice for Surashtra ruler of a fit in the selections
Parnadatta" ............... (who delegates his authority to his son " Afterwards, when in the course of Chakrapalita," ............ ... nature the rainy season arrived .......... the lake Sudarsana burst When a century of years, plus thirty, passed, its embankments).
of)
"
in the sixth
day
of
Bhadrapada,
at night, counting
from the era of
Gupta" (Guptasya Kala).

i
5T
18.
^.-WRITTEN HISTORY.
collect the passages
'
We have now to
the Guptas
is
are confined to the pseudo-proallusions to imperial changes chance the Puranas, local in the a which find history of the valley of Kashmir, place Albirani which are only raised of and the .critical investigations
available
history in its and the materials
wherein chance mention found in works compiled in India. Written proper sense has rarely been attempted in that land,
to be
now
phecies of the
above tradition by his elaborate exposition of dates and eras, which elucidate the rise and fall of so many dynastic rulers of. Hind.
&cs
i
'"
6
-
19.
The Vislimi Pur ana
In Magadha, a Sovereign named Viswasphatifea will establish he will extirpate the Kshatriya (or martial) race, and elevate fishermen (Kaivarta), barbarians (Yadus and Pulindas), and Brahmans (and other castes) to power." " The nine Nagas will reign in Padmavati, Kantipuri and Mathura and the Guptas
other tribes
:
along the Ganges to Prayaga." The Vaya-Purana has another series analogous to that of the (Vishnu-Purana) text.
of
Magadha
The nine Naka kings will possess the city Chanipavati; and the seven Nagas (?), the pleasant city of Mathura. Princes of the Gupta race will possess all these countries, the banks of the Ganges to Prayaga, and Saketa, and Magadha (The Magadhas)/' Professor Wibon adds, "This account is the most explicit, and probably the most accurate of all. The Nakas were Bajas of Bhagulpur ; the Nagas of Mathura ; and the intermediate countries along the
Ganges were governed by the Guptas
caste).
""
(or Raj.as of the
Vaisya
20. The Raja Tarangini The Eaja Tarangini which has more pretensions
to systematic
history than most works of its class,
a compilation from vario&s authorities, arranged by Kalahana Pandit, in Saka 1070A. D.1148. Though taking an avowedly provincial view r of the annals of/
is
Kashmir^ it contributes incidentally several suggestive combinations with the larger margin of Indian ifnperial politics. It gives us, in the most complete form we are able to cite, a notice of tlxo dominant Scythic brotherhood, which extended its to Mathura
sway
oil tlte
one
side,
and to Bhawalpure on the other, before the Gfupta
0*
FT*
furnishes
rule
regarding which,
if
the chronicle
is
wholly
silent, it
suggestive indications of the extinction of their power^ in the accession of a Toramana* should this joint king of the Kashmir
Chronicle eventually prove to be identical with the the monarch named^ in the inscriptions at Bran and Gwalior given in abstract^
pp. 5-6 ante.
7C"j8
a^tf^-cfc^cxssa.
63& (. &. ootfvT-sS voi! s&otfb
^X
-g^) J5"^^
21.
Albirwii.
A marked
contrast will be detected between the vague utter-
ances and confined purpose of the Hindu Pandit and the critical efforts at precision and comprehensive range of inquiry of the Muslim mathematician, trained in the old nidus of Aryanism, who
in the suite of the great Mahmud of Ghazni not to particiof the to investigate in the but devastating plunder conqueror, pate the a of task for the science and learning which he was land,
came
eminently fitted by his previous studies, and into which he entered with a philosophical earnestness altogether foreign to the rough associations around him. .The result, confessedly imperfect,
has been embodied in his Tarikh-i-Hind, from which the following epitome of the serial dates culminating in the Gupta era has
been extracted.
pi^=cr r^^rr w
>
n>"
r^s&fSo S^-uSo^s
5^\a"^ i?r>7rô?<'t>
eow
ooo
22.
c.
TRADITION.
Vala Eaja, son of Vala Warsingji,
-
The bards
relate
that
Rama roigned in Junagadh and Vanthali Is said in Saurashtrathat, It of the race* was Vala Raja previous to the rise of the kingdom of Junagadh Vanthali,
'
was the
capital of Gujarat.
f
Tho
rise of
Valabhi
is
Valabhinagar thus told by
the bards.
jamuna
to
The Gupta kings reignod between tlio Ganges and One of these kings sent his son Kumar-pal Gupta conquer Saurashtra, and placed his viceroy Chakrapani, son of
river.
Prandat, one of his Amirs, to reign as provincial governor in the city of Wamanasthali (the modern Wanthali). Kumar-pal now returned to his father's kingdom. His father reigned twenty-three)
years after the conquest of Sauarashtra and then died, and Kuinarapala ascended the throne, Kumara-pal Gupta reignod twenty years and then died^ and was succeeded by Skanda Gupta, but ilik ting was of weaic intellect. His senwpati, Bhnttara'ka, who was of
the Gehloti race, taking a strong army, oamo into SaimiHhfcru, and made Ms rule firm there. Two years after this Skamla Gupta
;
The senapati now assumed tlio title of King of Saurcishfcra died. and having placed a governor at Wamanasthali, founded the city of Valabhinagar. At this time the Gupta race were dethroned, by
foreign invaders .
So-tfl g'sS
^-
5 S'4?So 3-^sr>od&3. ^ ^ _D
)
ooo
êJo
23. d.
COINS.
116 gr.
GJiatot KacJia.
No.
after the
Plate
VII
Gold,
weigkt
Very
rare. B.
M.
Obverse.
The King standing to the front,, manner of his Indo-Scythian predecessors.
clothed very much.
The right
hand
casts incense into the conventional diminutive Mithraic altar,
while the left holds the typical standard of the rayed Sun*
Marginal legend imperfect.

C
^F Ka
-s-
Under the arm

Eeverse.
<
(
cha
=cr>
Parvati holding a lotus flower in the right hand., with a cornucopia of western design on the left arm. In the field* the Indo-Scythian monogram. {f The exterminator Leend Sarvarajochchhetta
^tfe^^^N
of
not.
a
^^2^83S&)?6o^6o-)cS5QOO*3pSS
ex?
-g-
Samudra Gupta
24.
No. 2
Gold. B.
;
Obverse.
dhoti tightly
The king arrayed after the Indian fashion with a bound round his lions* elaborate native tead'-djress,
00-3
e#
"3
CLni
i
tx
very large ear-rings, necklace, and armlets of clioson jewels, &c. in the act of shooting a tiger wlio faces him to the full front.
Legend, restored *r*oi^sS-cr^s5;> Vyaghra Parakratu.

tiger hero;s
"The
Gar-uda standard standing upon a Dragon or some oriental type of Marino monster.
Eeverse.
Parvati with lotus flower and
Legend trny^sfcfl&ss Raja Samudra Gup tali.
res'
25.
No,
3.
Gold B. M.
King appareled in close-fitting native costume, with a Indian dhoti, armlets, bangles, &a, reserving unexhausted arrows for a retreating, lion,.
&&Tr>zr>$~v*v $ Maharajathi Eaja Sri, The Goddess Parvati Seated on a lion, with fillet, otus flower, and the usual Scythian monogram. Legend ^SSgâ^sfc Sri Sinha Viferama. Tho Lion-horo.*'
(
Obverse.
Legend
Beverse.
'
3-
a o
TV* 46 jr
c?o
"
Wffi
26>
No.
4.
Gold B. M.
for tho AsvaiaadLa sacrifice,
Obverse.-A horso decked
"3
|P>
-r-
#,>[
{JJ
?fs5
-
>
& &$f$o 3-f>Z5"od&8 J

*
oo3
?J
Legend, (restored) ^BS23^^8rp2r9Tr S^\?l)2?cssbô Navajamadhah Bajadhiraja Pruthivi jiyatya>

s
Below
Eeverse.
tlie
torse
i> se.
A rayed female figure

e>#jj~&>^-cr>5$b8
Yak's
tail,
ordinarily used as a
fly- whisk
(Parvati) holding- a chauri or in the train of royalty.

cf
Legend
of the
Asvarnedha Parakramah.
The hero
Asvam^dha".
-3
Kumara
27.
Gupta.
B. M.
No,
5,
Obverse King standing to the left, the right hand is extended as if casting incense into the small Mithraic altar, of which traces can still be recognised. The king is girt with the Khanda or Indian straight broad-sword. To the right the Garuda standard,
to the left the initial letters of the
name Kumara
SG
Legend
Parvati seated on a raised throne, below which are the leaves of the lotus. In the right hand the Grecian expanded with the fillet, recognized Scythian monogram above the shoulder*
Eeverse.
Legend
(Ios5a-*tf;66
Sri
Kumara Gupta.
CC
"
ô^^^)^
c
rôssw So5re^^-7r
XDJ\^(5B
&36^S"?6S$"e&
X^^^sSooexjo
nob
""'
fjj
Mahendra Gupta.
28.
No. II* Gold, weight 125, 5 grains Marsdou No,
B.
M.
Obverse.
King on horseback,
to the right, with
nimbus, seem-
ingly bare-headed, with long flowing curls.
Legend
Eeverse
peacock,
s$b~^/c$fioj6
Mahendra Gupta.
on
Parvati seated
an Indian Morlia.
3
focdin,^ o
Legend.
^g?$s&"1b^Q(&
" Tho unconqucml king/
29,
No. Ill ^ Gold, weight 119 grains, B. M.

is
(?)
another coin of some interest, which I doubtfully Mahendra bute to Gupta. It may be described as follows
This
attri-
Obverse.
trident,
and small Mithraic
Standing figure with spoar and lluwing pennons, altar. Outside tho spoar the letters
T
'
Ma
on the inside
^3
I*.
f
he
Reverse
Parvati seated, with traces of tho Greek A, P.
3.
1*0,
OOF
I"
f<
'I
30.
Nara Gupta.
PI.
No. IV * Gold, Ariana Antiqua,

Obverse.
2 VIII,
fig'
22.
King standing
to tho front, with
Garuda standard
on the
Device similar to tho deright, and bow in tho left hand. of Sanradra and Chandra Gupta's coins (Ariana Antiqua signs
So-tf g'sS
I
^-
6
o
"3?tfo
3-<s-*od3oSo T
ooX
XVIII
7, 8, 9, 4,
Marsden,
in,
No
arm
ML
<3-
and MLVH.), but materi-
ally deteriorated
the artistic execution,
Legend,, below the left
Na
ra.
i
tf
At the
foot
?
&
Marginal
legend
Reverse.
The usual type
of Parvati seated on lotus leaves to
the front (disclosing greatly debased art).
Legend, restored from other specimens ^r era&o Baladitya.

5
ra
Kumara Gupta. Saurashtran Series.

31.
No-
II, Silver.
Mr. Burgess.
in the
Obverse
die execution.
The standard Sah head, but much corrupted
Reverse. The goddess Parvati, apparently imitated from the Eastern type of that deity found on Kumara/s gold coin, No. 5. Proving, in effect, the purport, hitherto unsuspected, of the original design, which, is so strangely distorted in all other contempo;
rary issues. Cluster of six stars, as in the Sah coins, but in a new position in the lower portion of the field.
located
Legend
no.
32.
late
No.
17, Silver.
.
Royal Asiatic Society [Presented by the

v
Rao
of Kutch]
OOSL
Obverse
The Sah head,
finely
rendered, with an air
and
suggestion of Greek art.
Legend
Reverse
the die
*.
ONO
(NANO).
is
Parvati, scarcely recognizable, though the execution otherwise sharp and unhesitating.
%
3
Legend
in bold, well-cut square characters.
Rarama Bhagavata Kajathira(ja)
Sri
Kuroara Gupta (Mahc)
ndraditya, This piece represents a class of money of which wo liavo absolutely multitudes of 'specimens, it has been entered in the plate, to illustrate a well understood distinction from Nos. 11 16., indi-
cated by the absence or omission of the quasi-superlative fore the " Bajadbiraja"
Maha
be-
The intention of this titular discrimination's I understand it, was to mark the relative grades of Kutnara's dignity; I suppose tho
'Class of coins of
which No- 17
is
the representative to have con-
stituted the currencies of the Prince while acting as Viceroy on the part of his father in the Kingdom of Ghizarat, He was then a "Kin* 3 " Great King over Kings*' as ho became in over Kings' but not a later days on succeeding to his father's imperial throne and -the
po-
sition of
Lord-paramount of India.
00
Sakra Gupia
No
'
XII, Silver.
Mr
Newton.
Obverse
Sah head but

Traces of
slightly varibd,
and
still
rotaining the
.onventional ornamental collar.
Legend
NANO.
008
Eeverse Parvati, not far removed from the type shown in No. 15 of the accompanying Autotype Plate. Cluster of seven stars1
Legend
*jtfs5b,..tr o 2r'-a-2S
oO
Skanda Gupta.
Stirashtran Series.
No. 18 r Silver, Eoyal Asiatic Society. Obverse The typical Sah head, greatly debased, Reverse Parvati reduced to fragmentary lines and dots. s Legend, in full, restored from better specimens
34.
Visible on this coin,
Parama
...
...
..,
Sri
Skanda
Gupta Eramaditya.
?O?^0
'
35.
No.
19,
'Silver
;"
double struck.
Eoyal Asiatic Society.

of
Obverser
The Sah head, obscured by the second impression
the die.
Jjegend Traces of NANCX Eeverse Figure of Siva's Bull, Nandi, recumbent* Legend, restored ^5tfo>^TXs5& (S-jS^^ô^ i^s^n^g. Legible of the first die impression, Bhagavata Sri Gupta Kramaditya.
Traces of the second or superstruck die, .........
Skanda
ya par*
oocr
Wo. XIII, Silver coin Weight, 81 grains. Mr. Freeing. See the above Book. # # * #
Umqw.
*
Kumar a
36.
Gupta,
Peacock Types.
NOB. 22, 23,
Silver.
Obverse
A localized,
*
My
*
Cabinet.
of the of the
Sah head, especially almond eye.

#
Reverse
full
and greatly debased imitation disfigured by the Oriental rendering

-x-
admirably executed figure of a Peacock with front expanse of plumage. To the right, at the foot, a reduced
An
cluster of three stars.
Legend
ec
TSsSoacsad
>2?r3?)tfsSg>*5& SS^b'&sJH*.
His Majesty, Kumara Gupta, who has subdued tho earth,
rules."
Skunda Gupta. Nos. 24 and 25. My CabinetObserve Head as above. Traces of a date in front of tho The figure for 100 is quite plain and distinct on tho oriprofile37-
ginal of No- 24.
Reverse
Peacock as above.
The
stars are omitted.
Legend
CO
Budha Qwpta*
38.
No,
26, Silverprofile, 155,
Obverse Reverse
Head as above. Date in front of tho Peacock as in No- 25.

thsecis&d a^ôSptfsSpsS
Legend
Dev
(o)
jayati vigitaivnis
[^^^Sd^, avanipati (h) Sri Budha Gupta*
OOF"'
39.
Resume.
#
recapitulation of the Gupta and other international dates to the abstract, form embodied in the subjoined table^ which however, effectively combines most of the existing data available for the scrutiny and ultimate adjustment
I
have had to reduce
my
of
independent commentators.
Abstract of the Recorded Gupta Dates.
Bhattaraka,
two years
"before
Sfeanda's
death.
8.
Budha Gupta.
Toramana.
other local unrecordec
155
3?
182
234 244 261
Gupta Kings.
Yallabhis,
319
"3
3
on
tf
8
Vjo
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pellation
as the founder of
the *
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Vaiśyadharmaprakāśa

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"3

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g"'oo& "S&ooSo tftfs&oo "S^oxSb oO

;r*Ootf ASIT^S nS ^oitf5&e;c!Ad&&

-^s Sj-s- {5*55:0

^ s& SD"^ \ J3o

c55r* c3"So "S~? (3S

eoQo ^^o^-r^o&efJ) asSp^^X

and the spread

themselves in the following order

limited range of their well-preserved, considering the

persistent oblivion to which their

would, perhaps designedly, have consigned them,

Gupta and an unnamed heir.

these inscriptions the recognised lino of kings may

be restored after the following order

tfo-tf! ^5$ ^" 2)

THE GUPTA KINGS.

Maharajadhiraja Sri Chandra GuptaSri Samudra GuptaSri

tree originally reconstructed

of importance, in the present inquiry, as

Chundra Gupta-f Kumara Devi, wife

(Raja and Sovereign}

Kumara GuptaSkanda Gupta.

prince (Mahendra Gupta

a minor at the date

^ Inscription of Chandra Gupta.

Commences " To all

and the lamps.

five times as great

of his reign |), (in the

(Journal of Asiatic Society, Bengal,

Volume VI, Page

the Gorafchpure Division,

Translation of an Inscription on the Monolith of N. Tf. P., India, ly Sabu

praise with the T T tneir minds

(Journal of Asiatic Society, Bengal, Volume 43,

No. 6 Inscription of 17of tlie Girnar rock*

own arms obtained

glory (ParaTorama), and

the most distin3

from the era of

Gupta" (Guptasya Kala).

history in its and the materials

The Vislimi Pur ana

(or Raj.as of the

history than most works of its class,

and to Bhawalpure on the other, before the Gfupta

63& (. &. ootfvT-sS voi! s&otfb

contrast will be detected between the vague utter-

Valabhinagar thus told by

The King standing to the front,, manner of his Indo-Scythian predecessors.

clothed very much.

casts incense into the conventional diminutive Mithraic altar,

Marginal legend imperfect.

Under the arm

Legend, restored *r*oi^sS-cr^s5;> Vyaghra Parakratu.

Parvati with lotus flower and

Legend trny^sfcfl&ss Raja Samudra Gup tali.

Obverse.-A horso decked

& &$f$o 3-f>Z5"od&8 J

Legend, (restored) ^BS23^^8rp2r9Tr S^\?l)2?cssb^o Navajamadhah Bajadhiraja Pruthivi jiyatya>

A rayed female figure

(Parvati) holding- a chauri or in the train of royalty.

Legend, restored roi^sS-cr^s5;> Vyaghra Parakratu.