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The Making of Modern Japan

Buddhist moralisms. By the late seventeenth century, a more practical manual, rai, as they were called, often provided terminology or primer, appeared. O rai appeared to provide competence and know-how for commerce. Similar o in everything from farming to household needs. By the end of the period, about 7,000 books of this sort had appeared. By the late 1600s another cateho ki (accumulated treasures), became common. These contained gory, cho instructions for personal and social skills in many walks of life, for women prepared the reader for life as well as men. Still other collections of Setsuyo in a Japan at peace; there were sample forms for letter writing, lists of famous places, maps of the three major cities, outlines of Japanese history, and calendars of annual events. In short, they were close to the household encyclopedias common in the West.7

3. Osaka and Kyoto

Edo did not become Japans greatest city until the eighteenth century. Until then two cities of the west, Osaka and Kyoto, were far more developed and advanced. Even after Edo caught up the three were usually referred to as santo, the three metropolises or capitals. Kyoto and Osaka were radically different from castle towns, of which Edo was the greatest, in the arrangement and allocation of space. The castle towns were military centers in which over half the space available was reserved for samurai. In Kyoto and Osaka the samurai presence was very slight; aside from a small number stationed there by the bakufu or domains, other groups came rst. Kyoto was the ancient capital, and throughout the Tokugawa period it remained the home of the imperial court and the old aristocracy. The kuge residences clustered around the imperial palace, which looked south down the central north-south avenues that echoed the arrangement of Chinese imperial capitals. The edges of the city were dominated by the grounds of the great gakuin, were located temples. Two imperial gardens, the Katsura and the Shu to the west and the north, but the emperor required bakufu permission for visits even to them. The great Buddhist temples, many of which had suffered partial or total damage in the wars of the sixteenth century, were restored. Craftsmens and traders residences and places of business were to be found in geometrically arranged streets south of the aristocratic quarter. They were often concentrated by craft, in streets that still indicated their original specialty, but more often there was a mix of products and specialties. Long periods of political instability had created a crazy quilt of patronage in which areas were responsible for, and contributed toward, their shrine, temple, and noble protectors. The uniers, especially Hideyoshi, who virtually made Kyoto