Unit 1-Basic Biology Concepts

Organization within the Body

Chemical level: Atoms combine to form molecules Proteins: structural & enzymes Lipids: cell membrane, chemical messenger, insulator Carb: energy Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA Cellular level Cells are made of molecules euc: nucleus As a group make up tissues Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Layers to form organs Organ level Organs made up of different types of tissues Organ System Level Consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organism is made up of many organs Complexity increases

Cells
The basic unit of all living things There are 2 types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic Animals have eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic Nucleus Ribosome Mitochondria - cellular respiration Cell membrane diffusion & osmosis Form fits Function: shape of the cell helps it do its job Muscle: oblong, allows for contraction i.e. leverage Skin: square, protect and shield Cell processes Cell Replication Mitosis & Meiosis (sex cells i.e. ovum & spermoid) Movement in & out of the cell Osmosis & Diffusion Passive transport no energy used by cell occurs by concentration gradient Active Transport pump Energy used by cell move molecules across membrane For molecules too big, against diffusion Cell States: Isotonic: concentration of salt balanced inside & outside of cell Hypertonic: concentration of salt, greater outside Hypotonic: concentration of salt, greater inside of cell

Cellular Respiration change machine for energy Converts: Glucose to ATP Obtaining Energy Aerobic Respiration Start w/glucose molecule End w/36 ATP molecules 3 parts to aerobic cell respiration 1. Glycolysis In cytoplasm Converts 1 Glucose molecule 6 C through facilitated diffusion into 2 pyruvate molecules 3 C Uses 2 ATP but forms 4 ATP net gain 2 ATP 2. Krebs Cycle In mitochondria Uses 2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis Forms 2 more ATP, CO2 ( breath out, waste product) NADH & FADH2 energy carriers 3. Electron Transport System In mitochondria ETS series of rxns. produces 32 ATP Uses NADH and FADH2 Needs O2 and H2O is produced C6H12O6 + 6O6 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation Mostly used in single-celled organism Advantage: process is quicker Disadvantage: produces less ATP 2 Types of Fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation Used by yeast 1 glucose converted to 2 ATP Waste products: ethanol & CO2 Lactate fermentation Bacteria & Muscle cells 1 glucose converted 2 ATP Waste products Lactate Makes yogurt & cheese in muscles lactate

Tissue
Tissue Types: Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle Epithelial This tissue occurs in sheets, covering the organs and cavities of the body Contains tight cell to cell junctions They obtain nutrients through diffusion, as there is less room for blood vessels Good at: lining, protection against bacteria, barriers Connective

 The main role of connective tissue is to support other tissues Are composed of cells in an extra-cellular matrix cells w/fibers & fluid Usually very good blood supply and can be flexible or rigid Nervous Is used throughout the body to sense and transmit signals Basic unit of nervous system is the neuron Muscle Capable of contracting, really good blood supply They contain proteins actin and myosin that allow them to contract Epithelial Used as a barrier one surface exposed, one attached to basement membrane Basic Jobs: Protection: from puncture, abrasion, bacteria, viruses, and water loss Secrete Used for absorption and excretion Specific Examples: Filtering blood within kidneys Absorbing nutrients and secreting enzymes within small intestine Lubricating and protecting surface by secreting mucus within lungs Surface / Edge Classified by Shape + Layers Squamous scale-like, flat and rectangular Cuboidal cube shaped, dice Columnar elongated cubes, like a brick Simple one layer - or Stratified multiple tiers / layers Connective Cells in MATRIX Matrix varies elastic fibers vs. collagen fibers Cells = fibroblasts produce fibers 3 types of fibers make up connective tissue matrix Collagenous strong and thick threads of collagen Elastic branched threads of elastin Reticular thin, branched threads of collagen Types: Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood Loose C.T. Fibers are thin and branched Tissue has a great blood supply Found surrounding muscles, attaching organs (liver, spleen), and blood vessels Functions: Connects skin to muscle Storage of fat Support for soft organs Dense C.T. Fibers are tightly packed, tend to run parallel to another Make up tendons, ligaments, and also in arteries and bronchial tubes Less blood flow (b.c. of density) = slow healing Function:

Strong & flexible support Cartilage Fibrocartilage shock absorber in joints (knees) Elastic cartilage flexible support (ears) Hylaine Cartilage precursor to bone, ridge support (nose, trachea, growth plate) Bone Most rigid connective tissue Cells called osteocytes are within the lacunae (matrix) Functions: Protection Storage Blood cell production Muscle attachment Blood Composed of red and white blood cells in plasma (matrix) Function: Transport materials within the body Nervous Used throughout the body to sense and transmit signals Base unit a neuron action potential Muscle Muscle cells are capable of contracting They contain proteins actin and myosin that allow them to do this Skeletal Muscle Responsible for voluntary movements of the body Adults have a fixed number of skeletal muscle cells, lifting weights enlarges them Striped cells = Striated Contain multiple nuclei, 100s in one cell Work with neurons Cardiac Muscle Forms the contracting cells of the heart Similar to skeletal expect 3 dif. 1. Their movement is involuntary 2. The cells that make up cardiac muscle are branched 3. The cells are connected by intercalated disks, which send signals to help regulate heart contraction Smooth Muscle Used to help with movement in bodily processes This type of movement is usually involuntary, lack striation It lines many organs such as stomach, bladder, intestine, and arteries Slower contractions, but can remain contracted for longer lengths of time

Terminology and Anatomical References

Anatomical position Body erect

Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body Directional Terms Superior & Inferior toward and away from head respectively Anterior and Posterior toward the front and back of the body Medial, lateral, and intermediate toward the midline, away from the midline and between a more medial and lateral structure Proximal and distal closer to and farther from the origin of the body Superficial and deep toward and away from the body surface Positions & Directions Ventral toward the front or belly Dorsal towards back Body Cavities Nasal nose Orbital eye Synovial joint cavity Movements Flexion Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints Hyperextension Excessive extension of the parts of a joint beyond anatomical position Adduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction Moving a body part away from the midline of the body Pronation Turning the arm or foot downward Palm or sole of the foot down Supination Turning the arm or foot upward Palm or sole of the foot up Rotation Turning on a single axis Circumduction Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Internal rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline Lateral Flexion Side-bending left or right Dorsiflexion Point toes toward the ceiling, planar flexion, pointing toes straight out Inversion Rolling ankle out, soles in Eversion

Rolling ankle in, soles out

Homeostasis
State of equilibrium Usually uses negative feedback ( changes -> react) mechanisms to maintain this balance Examples: Temperature, pH levels, glucose levels, water, mineral/vitamin, BP, oxygen, CO2 Positive feedback Childbirth Lymphatic Removes pathogens (bacteria) and debris from blood, therefore, allows the body to remain in homeostasis, with constant attacks from foreign invaders Cardiovascular System Respiratory: Maintain O2 & CO2 levels through environmental contact Regulates pH of blood Circulatory Transportation system of the body for nutrients, O2, CO2, hormones & electrolytes Urinary Regulates water, electrolytes, pH of the body within its connection to the circulatory system Digestive Regulates nutrient uptake and waste removal, works with the circulatory system to maintain proper nutrient levels throughout Endocrine Secretes hormones that regulate ongoing body processes like metabolism Nervous Communication system between external world and functions of the body Integumentary Skin is used as a protective layer, helps with temperature regulation, prevents loss of other fluids Muscular Allows for movement, but also helps with regulation of body temperature Skeletal Supports and protects the body, but also regulates calcium storage and blood cell production Reproductive Is not required to maintain homeostasis for survival, however hormones within interact with other systems in many ways (endocrine system) Is required to perpetuate the species

Activities / Labs
Parts of a Cell Cell Transport Review Webquest Epithelial Tissues Connective, Muscle, and Neural Tissues Action Potential Synapse Planes of the Body & Directional Terms Directional Terms & Cavities of the Body Anatomical Movements Overview of Organ Systems of the Body Homeostasis Diffusion and Osmosis Inquiry Lab Report Tissues Lab Directional Terminology Anatomical Movement Terminology Lab