May 8

The Theta Correspondence and Periods of Automorphic Forms
by
Patrick Walls
A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Graduate Department of Mathematics
University of Toronto
c _ Copyright 2013 by Patrick Walls
Abstract
The Theta Correspondence and Periods of Automorphic Forms
Patrick Walls
Doctor of Philosophy
Graduate Department of Mathematics
University of Toronto
2013
The study of periods of automorphic forms using the theta correspondence and the Weil representation
was initiated by Waldspurger and his work relating Fourier coecients of modular forms of half-integral
weight, periods over tori of modular forms of integral weight and special values of L-functions attached
to these modular forms. In this thesis, we show that there are general relations among periods of auto-
morphic forms on groups related by the theta correspondence. For example, if G is a symplectic group
and H is an orthogonal group over a number eld k, these relations are identities equating Fourier
coecients of cuspidal automorphic forms on G (relative to the Siegel parabolic subgroup) and periods
of cuspidal automorphic forms on H over orthogonal subgroups. These identities are quite formal and
follow from the basic properties of theta functions and the Weil representation; further study is required
to show how they compare to the results of Waldspurger. The second part of this thesis shows that,
under some restrictions, the identities alluded to above are the result of a comparison of nonstandard
relative traces formulas. In this comparison, the relative trace formula for H is standard however the
relative trace formula for G is novel in that it involves the trace of an operator built from theta functions.
The nal part of this thesis explores some preliminary results on local height pairings of special cycles
on the p-adic upper half plane following the work of Kudla and Rapoport. These calculations should
appear as the local factors of arithmetic orbital integrals in an arithmetic relative trace formula built
from arithmetic theta functions as in the work of Kudla, Rapoport and Yang. Further study is required
to use this approach to relate Fourier coecients of modular forms of half-integral weight and arithmetic
degrees of cycles on Shimura curves (which are the analogues in the arithmetic situation of the periods
of automorphic forms over orthogonal subgroups).
ii
Contents
0 Introduction 1
0.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 The Theta Correspondence 8
1.1 The Weil Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.1 The Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.2 Translation and Dual Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.3 The Heisenberg Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.1.4 Intertwining Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1.5 The Metaplectic Group and the Weil Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2 Dual Reductive Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.1 Symplectic-Orthogonal Dual Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.2 Metaplectic-Orthogonal Dual Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.3 Unitary-Unitary Dual Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3 The Theta Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 Duality Among Periods 28
2.1 Fourier Coecients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Orthogonal Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 Matching Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 Example: Matching Functions for PGL
2
(Q
p
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5 Duality Among Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.6 The Main Theorem: Spectral Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.7 Further Directions: Special Values of L-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
iii
3 A Comparison of Relative Trace Formulas 48
3.1 Relative Trace of the Kernel for G(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Relative Trace of the Kernel for H(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3 Matching Geometric Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4 Spectral Decompositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5 Spectral Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4 Height Pairings of Special Cycles 61
4.1 Special Cycles on the p-adic Upper Half Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2 Height Pairings of Special Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3 The Unramied/Unramied Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4 The Unramied/Split Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.5 The Split/Unramied Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.6 The Ramied/Ramied Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Bibliography 78
iv
Chapter 0
Introduction
The study of periods of automorphic forms using the theta correspondence and the Weil representation
was initiated by Waldspurger and his work (see [19], [20], [21] and [22]) relating Fourier coecients of
modular forms of half-integral weight, periods over tori of modular forms of integral weight and special
values of L-functions attached to these modular forms. In this thesis, we show that there are general
relations among periods of automorphic forms on groups related by the theta correspondence.
This thesis comprises of three separate (but related) results which form Chapter 2, Chapter 3 and
Chapter 4 respectively. The main result is the collection of spectral identities in Theorem 2.6.1, for a
given dual pair (G, H), equating Fourier coecients of cuspidal automorphic forms on G and periods
of cuspidal automorphic forms on H over orthogonal subgroups. In Theorem 3.5.1, we show, in some
very special cases, that these spectral identities are the result of a comparision of nonstandard relative
trace formulas. Finally, Chapter 4 explores some preliminary results on local height pairings of special
cycles on the p-adic upper half plane. Inspired by the work of the preceding two chapters, these height
pairings should appear as the local factors of arithmetic orbital integrals in a comparison of arithmetic
relative trace formulas. In this introductory section, we give a summary of these results.
0.1 Overview
Let k be a global eld, let A be its ring of adeles, let : A/k C
be a unitary character and let

(G, H) be a dual reductive pair (in the sense of Howe [6]) dened over k. For example, let G = Sp
n
be the symplectic group of rank n (consisting of symplectic matrices of size 2n) and let H = O
V
be
the orthogonal group attached to a space V over k of even dimension m equipped with a nondegenerate
symmetric bilinear form ( , ) and corresponding quadratic form Q(v) =
1
2
(v, v). The results described
1
Chapter 0. Introduction 2
below apply to symplectic-orthogonal, metaplectic-orthogonal and unitary-unitary dual reductive pairs
as described in Section 1.2, however, for simplicity, we will restrict ourselves in this introduction to the
symplectic-orthogonal dual pair (Sp
n
, O
V
). The group G contains a Siegel parabolic subgroup P with
unipotent radical N P
N =
_
_
n(b) =
_
_
_
1 b
0 1
_
_
_ : b Sym
n
_
_
where Sym
n
denotes symmetric matrices of size n. For a cuspidal automorphic form f
G
on G(A) and
symmetric matrix t Sym
n
(k), the
t
-Fourier coecient of f
G
is
W
t
(f
G
) =
_
N(k)\N(A)
f
G
(n)
t
(n) dn
where
t
(n) = (tr tb) for n = n(b).
Let j = (j
1
, . . . , j
n
) V
n
be an n-tuple of vectors in V and let T be the stabilizer of j where H acts
componentwise on V
n
. The group T is an orthogonal subgroup of H and for a cuspidal automorphic
form f
H
on H(A), the T-period of f
H
is
P
T
(f
H
) =
_
T(k)\T(A)
f
H
() d .
The groups form a dual pair (G, H) for the Weil representation =
(relative to ) acting on the

Schwartz space S(V
n
A
) (where V
A
= V
k
A). The elements S(V
n
A
) dene theta functions
(g, h) =
vV
n
(g)(h
1
v)
and the theta correspondence is built by integrating cuspidal automorphic forms on G(A) against theta
functions to produce automorphic forms on H(A) and vice versa. In particular, if is a cuspidal
automorphic representation of G acting on a subspace V
L
2
(G(k)G(A)), the theta lift of f
G
V
is
f
G
(h) =
_
G(k)\G(A)
(g, h) f
G
(g) dg
and the theta lift of is the space of theta lifts
f
G
as and f
G
vary and is denoted
(). Analo-
gously, if is a cuspidal automorphic representation of H acting on a subspace V
L
2
(H(k)H(A)),
the theta lift of f
H
V
is
f
H
(g) =
_
H(k)\H(A)
(g, h) f
H
(h) dh
and the theta lift of is the space of theta lifts
f
H
as and f
H
vary and is denoted
(). It is very
important to note that theta lifts are not always cuspidal. In the main theorem, we assume that and
are cuspidal representations of G and H respectively such that
() = (equivalently,
() = ).
To state the main result, we need some extra notation: given a Schwartz function on H(A), R
is the
Hecke operator
R
f
H
(h) =
_
H(A)
(x)f
H
(hx) dx
and, for v V
n
, Q[v] =
1
2
((v
i
, v
j
)) is the symmetric matrix of inner products of the components of v.
The following is a statement of Theorem 2.6.1.
Theorem. Let j
1
, j
2
V
n
with Q[j
1
] = t
1
and Q[j
2
] = t
2
such that det t
1
,= 0 and det t
2
,= 0, and
let T
1
and T
2
be the stabilizers in H of j
1
and j
2
respectively. Let
1
,
2
S(V
n
A
) and let
1
and
2
be
smooth functions on H(A) such that
1
matches
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matches
2
relative to j
2
as
in Proposition 2.3.1. Given cuspidal automorphic representations and of G and H respectively such
that
() = (equivalently
() = ), we have
F
G
B()
W
t1
(
1
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) (1)
F
G
B()
P
T1
(
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) (2)
F
G
B()
P
T1
(
1
F
G
) P
T2
(
2
F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(
1

2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) (3)
where B() and B() are orthonormal bases of V
and V
respectively.
This result has some special features. First, the relation between the various , , t and T is explicit
and, in low rank cases, computable. Second, it is well-known that the Fourier coecient W
t
(
f
H
) of a
theta lift of f
H
is expressible in terms of an orthogonal period P
T
(f
H
) however Equation 1 allows one,
in principle, to choose the data
1
and
2
to select the Fourier coecients of any f
G
in and express
them in terms of a chosen orthogonal basis of , say, involving Hecke eigenforms. Third, the result of
Waldspurger [20] (later generalized by Baruch-Mao [1]) is an equality between twisted central values of
L-functions attached to modular forms of integral weight and squares of Fourier coecients of modular
forms of half-integral weight; the spectral identity Equation 1 introduces a formula for a pair of distinct
Fourier coecients. Finally, by the Siegel-Weil formula, a special value of an L-function is encoded in
the inner product of theta functions
1
2
.
Next, we describe the second result of this thesis. When V is anisotropic and n = 1, Equation 1
can be interpreted as a spectral identity as a result of a comparison of relative trace formulas. First,
let us introduce the kernel for G(A). Given Schwartz functions
1
,
2
S(V
A
), the map which takes a
cusp form f
G
on G(A) to its theta lift
2
f
G
on H(A) and then to the lift
1
2
f
G
on G(A) again is
an operator on the space of cusp forms. In fact, switching the order of integration shows that it is an
integral operator with kernel function
K
1
2
(g
1
, g
2
) =
_
H(k)\H(A)
1
(g
1
, h)
2
(g
2
, h) dh.
Since we have assumed that V is anisotropic, the quotient H(k)H(A) is compact and this integral
is absolutely convergent. Dene the trace of the kernel K
1
2
relative the subgroup N N and the
characters
t1
and
t2
by
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
_
[NN]
K
1
2
(n
1
, n
2
)
t1
(n
1
)
t2
(n
2
) dn
1
dn
2
where [N N] = (N N)(k)(N N)(A).
The right regular representation of H(A) on L
2
(H(k)H(A)) denes an action of the Schwartz space
S(H(A)) by
R
f
H
(x) =
_
H(A)
(y) f
H
(xy) dy
which we unwind to nd that it is an integral operator with kernel function
K
(x, y) =
H(k)
(x
1
y) .
Let j
1
, j
2
V and let T
1
and T
2
1
and j
2
respectively. For each S(H(A)),
dene the trace of the kernel K
relative to the subgroup T

1
T
2
by
J
H
( ; T
1
, T
2
) =
_
[T1T2]
K
(
1
,
2
) d
1
d
2
where [T
1
T
2
] = (T
1
T
2
)(k)(T
1
T
2
)(A).
Both traces J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) and J
H
( ; T
1
, T
2
) have simple geometric expansions whose terms are
sums over the double coset T
1
H/T
2
and we prove in Proposition 3.3.2, stated below, that they are equal
by establishing identities term by term.
Proposition. Let j
1
, j
2
V be nonzero with Q(j
1
) = t
1
and Q(j
2
) = t
2
, and let T
1
and T
2
be the
stabilizers in H of j
1
and j
2
respectively. Let
1
,
2
S(V
A
) and let
1
and
2
be smooth functions on
H(A) such that
1
matches
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matches
2
relative to j
2
as in Proposition 2.3.1.
Then
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) = J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
)
where
1

2
(h) =
_
H(A)
1
(x)
2
(x
1
h) dx is the convolution of
1
and
2
for
2
(x) =
2
(x
1
).
Having established that the traces of the kernels for G and H are equal when the input data is
matching, we express each trace spectrally and proceed to produce equalities of traces at the level of
representations. The rst step is Corollary 3.4.1, stated below, where we show that the noncuspidal
components of J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) and J
H
( ; T
1
, T
2
) are equal and conclude that the cuspidal parts are
equal.
Proposition. Let j
1
, j
2
1
) = t
1
and Q(j
2
) = t
2
, and let T
1
and T
2
be the
1
and j
2
respectively. For all
1
,
2
S(V
A
) and
1
matching
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matching
2
relative to j
2
as in Proposition 2.3.1, we have
A
G
0
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
A
H
0
J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) (4)
where A
G
0
and A
H
0
are the sets of cuspidal automorphic representations of G and H respectively, the
trace along A
G
0
is
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
F
G
B()
W
t1
(
1
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
)
and the trace along A
H
0
is
J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) .
The nal step in the comparison of trace formulas is to use a linear independence argument to produce
equalities of traces at the level of representations which correspond by the theta correspondence. The
following is a statement of Theorem 3.5.1.
Theorem. Let j
1
, j
2
1
) = t
1
and Q(j
2
) = t
2
, and let T
1
and T
2
be the stabilizers
in H of j
1
and j
2
respectively. Let
1
,
2
S(V
A
) and let
1
and
2
be smooth functions on H(A) such
that
1
matches
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matches
2
relative to j
2
as in Proposition 2.3.1. Given
cuspidal automorphic representations and of G and H respectively such that
() = (equivalently
() = ), we have
F
G
B()
W
t1
(
1
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) (5)
and V
respectively.
It should be noted that the method of proving Theorem 2.6.1 was discovered only when the nal steps
in the proof of Theorem 3.5.1 were completed. However we have presented the method of Chapter 2
rst as the main result since it is more general and to the point.
The nal chapter in this thesis explores some preliminary results on height pairings of special cycles
on the p-adic upper half plane following the work of Kudla-Rapoport [11]. Let k = F
p
, let W = W(k)
be the Witt ring of k and let B be the quaternion division algebra over Q
p
with ring of integers O
B
.
The p-adic upper half plane

W
is a formal scheme over Spf W and is the moduli space of special formal
O
B
-modules as in the work of Drinfeld [3] (see also [2]). Fix a special formal O
B
-module X over k. The
ring of endomorphisms End
O
B
(X) Q is naturally identied with the algebra M
2
(Q
p
) of 2 by 2 matrices
over Q
p
and we denote by V the subspace of traceless endomorphisms equipped with the quadratic
form q(j) = det(j). For any j V , there is a special cycle Z(j) which lives on

W
(see Chapter 4
for denitions) and the main result of Kudla-Rapoport [11] is a formula for the local height pairings
(Z(j
1
), Z(j
2
)) for j
1
, j
2
V .
Since V can be identied with the space of traceless 2 by 2 matrices over Q
p
, there is a natural action
of PGL
2
(Q
p
) on V by conjugation. The results of Chapter 4 are formulas for the local height pairings
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) for xed j
1
, j
2
V as a function of PGL
2
(Q
p
) where

j = j
1
. The motivation
for studying such height pairings is that they should be the arithmetic analogues of the local integrals
_
PGL2(Qp)
1
(h
1
j
1
)
2
(h
1
j
2
) dh
appearing in the geometric expansion of J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) as in Proposition 3.1.1. See the introduction
to Chapter 4 for further discussion.
The formula for the pairing (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) depends on the arithmetic of the values q(j
1
) and q(j
2
).
In Chapter 4, we consider four of the nine possible cases and we outline one such formula as an example
below. In the statement of Proposition 4.4.1 below, is the quadratic residue character, B
j
is the set
of points on the Bruhat-Tits tree of PGL
2
(Q
p
) xed under multiplication by j and d(B
j1
, B
j2
) is the
distance from B
j1
to B
j2
. Finally, as expected, these formulas are a synthesis of the formulas given in
Theorem 6.1 in [11]
Proposition. Let j
1
, j
2
V with q(j
1
) = p
1
and q(j
2
) = p
2
such that 0 , and are
even, (
1
) = 1 and (
2
) = 1. Let GL
2
(Q
p
) and let d = d(B
j1
, B
j2
). Then (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 0
if d > /2 +/2, (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 1 if d = /2 +/2, and if d < /2 +/2 then (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) =
+ + 1 2d
_
_
2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is odd and

2
>

2
d,
p
(/2+/2d)/2
+ 2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is even and

2
>

2
d,
p
/2
+ 2
p
/2
1
p 1
if

2

2
d.
Chapter 1
The Theta Correspondence
The global theta correspondence is a correspondence between automorphic representations of groups
forming a dual reductive pair in the sense of Howe [6], and the main tool in the construction is the
Weil representation [23]. In Section 1.1, we introduce the Heisenberg group, the Weil representation and
the metaplectic group by focusing on the Fourier transform. There are many introductions to the Weil
representation (for example [9], [15], [18] and the original paper by Weil [23]) therefore our discussion
is informal as we merely outline in Summary 1.1.1 and Summary 1.1.2 the elementary properties of
the Heisenberg group, the Weil representation and the metaplectic group. In Section 1.2, we introduce
the dual pairs and the explicit formulas for the Weil representation used in subsequent chapters in this
thesis. In Section 1.3, we introduce the theta functions and the theta correspondence for these dual
pairs. The results in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 concern cuspidal automorphic representations which
correspond under the theta correspondence and we conclude with a discussion of the results of Moeglin
[14] and Jiang-Soudry [8] on the irreducibility of cuspidal theta lifts. In general, the theta lift of a
cuspidal representation to another randomly chosen group is almost never cuspidal and so it is worth
noting that the situation where cuspidal representations correspond is quite special. For example, the
results of Rallis [16] show that given a cuspidal representation of an orthogonal group O
V
(A) (for a
rational space V of even dimension), there is an integer n such that the theta lift of to Sp
n
(A) is
cuspidal and the theta lift to Sp
r
(A) is zero for all r < n. Furthermore, the results of Moeglin [14] show
that the theta lift of to Sp
r
(A) is not cuspidal for r > n.
8
Chapter 1. The Theta Correspondence 9
1.1 The Weil Representation
Metaplectic groups and the Weil representation form the basis of the theta correspondence and are
dened by twisting the representations of the Heisenberg groups. There are several introductions to the
Weil representation (see [9], [15], [18] and [23] for example) and so our goal in this section is to introduce
these objects in an informal way while referring to the literature when necessary. Our perspective is
elementary and we take the familiar Fourier transform as our starting point. The abstract Fourier
transform for self-dual locally compact abelian groups and its interaction with translation leads to the
Heisenberg group and we enumerate its properties in Summary 1.1.1. Twisting the natural representation
(
, S) of the Heisenberg group by symplectic automorphisms produces the unitary operators that dene
the Weil representation and we describe them in Summary 1.1.2.
1.1.1 The Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform of an integrable function f L
1
(R) is the continuous function dened by the
integral
f(y) =
_
R
f(x) e
2ixy
dx .
The restriction of the Fourier transform to the Schwartz space S(R) of innitely dierentiable, rapidly
decreasing functions denes an automorphism
F : S(R) S(R) : f

f
such that

f (x) = f(x).
The denition of the Fourier transform can be exteneded to any locally compact abelian group. In
particular, let G be a locally compact abelian group, let G
= Hom
cont
(G, R/Z) be the (continuous)
Pontryagin dual of G and denote the natural pairing between G and G
by x, x
) for x G and x
.
Since G is locally compact, there is a Haar measure dx on G unique up to scalars. In particular, dx
is a Borel measure invariant by translation. The abstract Fourier tranform of an integrable function
f L
1
(G) is the continuous function on G
given by the integral
f(x
) =
_
G
f(x) e
2ix,x
dx .
Just as in the case of the classical Fourier transform, there are Schwartz spaces S(G) L
1
(G) and
S(G
) L
1
(G
) such that the Fourier transform

F : S(G) S(G
) : f

f
is an isomorphism. The explicit denition of S(G) depends on G however its most important property
is the isomorphism dened by the Fourier transform. Furthermore, there are unique measures on G and
G
such that the Fourier inversion formula

f (x) = f(x) holds.

The case G = R is special since R is self-dual in the sense that we have the isomorphism
R

R
= Hom
cont
(R, R/Z) : y (x xy)
in contrast to the case G = R/Z where (R/Z)
= Z. Therefore the Fourier transform is an automorphism

of S(R) depending on the identication of R with its dual. There are many other examples of self-dual
groups such as nite-dimensional vector spaces over nite elds or locals elds and the adelic points of
a nite-dimensional vector space over a global eld. We make the following denition so that we may
introduce the Heisenberg group and the Weil representation for each of these cases simultaneously.
Denition 1.1.1. Let F and V be one of the following pairs:
1. F is a nite eld and V is a nite dimensional F-vector space
2. F is a local eld and V is a nite dimensional F-vector space
3. F is the adele ring A
k
of a global eld k and V is a free F-module of nite rank obtained by
extending scalars to F from a nite dimensional k-vector space
Let ( , ) : V V F be a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form on V which we write as a dot product
(v, w) = v w, and choose a nonzero unitary additive character
: F C
.
The Fourier transform of a Schwartz function S(V ) is
(w) =
_
V
(v) (v w) dv
and the map denes an automorphism (depending on the choice ) of the Schwartz space S(V ).
The Haar measure dv is chosen to be self-dual relative to so that

(v) = (v).
We give some examples of the spaces dened above. In each case, we dene a homomorphism from
F to R/Z which we exponentiate to produce a unitary character .
If V is a nite dimensional vector space over a nite eld F of characteristic p, then S(V ) is the
space of all complex-valued functions on V and we have the map
F
tr
F
p
R/Z : x
tr x
p
where tr is the trace map from F to F
p
and the tilde indicates any lift a Z of a F
p
(ie. a a mod p).
If V is a nite dimensional vector space over F = R, then S(V ) is the space of innitely dierentiable,
rapidly decreasing functions on V and we have the quotient map R R/Z. And if F = C, we have
the map C R/Z : z 2 Re z given by the trace from C to R.
If V is a nite dimensional vector space over a p-adic eld F (necessarily of nite degree over Q
p
), then
S(V ) is the space of locally constant, compactly supported functions on V and we have the compositions
of natural maps
F
tr
Q
p
Q
p
/Z
p
Q/Z R/Z
where tr is the trace map from F to Q
p
.
If V is a free module of nite rank over the adele ring F = A
k
of a number eld k, then V

=
v
V
v
is isomorphic to a restricted tensor product of nite dimensional vector spaces V
v
over the local elds
k
v
for all the places v of k. The Schwartz space S(V ) is the span of the space of factorizable functions
v
where each
v
is a Schwartz function on S(V
v
) (and, for almost all v,
v
is the characteristic
function of a xed distinguished lattice L
v
) and we have the map given by the product of local maps
k
v
R/Z :
v

v
for all places v
A
k
R/Z : (
v
)
v|
v nite
v
.
The choice to take the dierence between the innite places and the nite places ensures that the
resulting map on A
k
is trivial on k.
1.1.2 Translation and Dual Translation
Let (V, F, ( , ), , dv) be as in Denition 1.1.1. The space V acts on itself by translation therefore it acts
on functions
v
(x) = (x +v) .
Translation interacts with the Fourier transform by the formula

v
(y) =
_
V
(x +v) (x y) dx
=
_
V
(x) ((x v) y) dx
= (v y)
_
V
(x) (x y) dx
= (v y) (y)
therefore we dene the dual translation
v
by v V on functions by
v
(x) = (x v) (x) .
By construction, the Fourier transform intertwines the actions
v
and
v
of V
F
v
=
v
F .
Translation and dual translation do not commute as we compute
w
(x) = ((x +v) w) (x +v) = (v w) (x w) (x +v)
and
v
(x) = (x w) (x +v)
and arrive at the fundamental commutation relation
w
= (v w)
v
.
Let W = V V and for each element of W dene an operator (v, w) =
v
on S(V ). This is not
a representation of W as we compute using the relation
v
w
= (v w)
v
(v
1
, w
1
)(v
2
, w
2
) =
w1
v1
w2
v2
= (v
1
w
2
)
w1
w2
v1
v2
= (v
1
w
2
) (v
1
+v
2
, w
1
+w
2
) .
This relation suggests that the natural actions of translation and dual translation are a representation
of a central extension of W.
1.1.3 The Heisenberg Group
Dene the bilinear map on W = V V
c
: W W F : (v
1
, w
1
; v
2
, w
2
) v
1
w
2
.
Bilinearity implies that c
is a 2-cocycle on W and therefore denes a central extension

0 F H
(W) W 0 .
Dene
(v, w, t) = (t)
v
and compute using the relation
v
w
= (v w)
(v
1
, w
1
, t
1
)
(v
2
, w
2
, t
2
) = (t
1
+t
2
)
w1
v1
w2
v2
= (t
1
+t
2
+v
1
w
2
)
w1+w2
v1+v2
=
(w
1
+w
2
, v
1
+v
2
, t
1
+t
2
+v
1
w
2
) .
Therefore
is a representation of H
(W) acting on S(V ).

However, our ultimate goal is to have certain automorphisms of W acting on H
(W). The automor-

phisms of W which preserve the cocycle dene automorphisms of H
(W). Therefore, we will adjust the

cocycle by a coboundary so that it is recognizable as a symplectic form on W allowing the symplectic
automorphisms of W to act on this extension.
We must now make the further assumption that the characteristic of F is not 2. Write the bilinear
form c
as a sum of a symmetric form and a symplectic form

c
(v
1
, w
1
; v
2
, w
2
) =
1
2
(v
1
w
2
+v
2
w
1
) +
1
2
(v
1
w
2
v
2
w
1
) .
Dene Q(v, w) =
1
2
v w and compute the coboundary map
dQ(v
1
, w
1
; v
2
, w
2
) = Q(v
1
+v
2
, w
1
+w
2
) Q(v
1
, w
1
) Q(v
2
, w
2
)
=
1
2
(v
1
w
2
+v
2
w
1
) .
Therefore
c
= dQ+c
where we have dened the symplectic form on W
c(v
1
, w
1
; v
2
, w
2
) =
1
2
(v
1
w
2
v
2
w
1
) .
The cocycle c denes a central extension H(W) called the Heisenberg group
0 F H(W) W 0 .
This extension is isomorphic to the original extension H
(W) since the two cocycles are cohomologous

however now the symplectic automorphisms
Sp(W) = A GL
F
(W) : c(A(v
1
, w
1
); A(v
2
, w
2
)) = c(v
1
, w
1
; v
2
, w
2
)
dene automorphisms of H(W) by the formula A(v, w, t) = (A(v, w), t).
Summary 1.1.1. Let (V, F, ( , ), , dv) be as in Denition 1.1.1 and assume 2 ,= 0 in F.
1. The Heisenberg group H(W) attached to V is the central extension of W = V V dened by the
symplectic form
c(v
1
, w
1
; v
2
, w
2
) =
1
2
(v
1
w
2
v
2
w
1
) .
In particular, H(W) = V V F with the group operation
(v
1
, w
1
, t
1
)(v
2
, w
2
, t
2
) = (v
1
+v
2
, w
1
+w
2
, t
1
+t
2
+
1
2
(v
1
w
2
v
2
w
1
)) .
2. The symplectic automorphisms of W
Sp(W) = A GL
F
(W) : c(A(v
1
, w
1
); A(v
2
, w
2
)) = c(v
1
, w
1
; v
2
, w
2
)
dene automorphisms of H(W) by the formula A(v, w, t) = (A(v, w), t).
3. The Heisenberg group is equipped with the representation
: H(W) U(S) : (v, w, t)

_
t +
v w
2
_
v
into the group U(S) of unitary automorphisms of the Schwartz space S(V ) arising from the inter-
action of the Fourier transform with translation.
1.1.4 Intertwining Operators
The symplectic automorphisms Sp(W) of W act on the Heisenberg group H(W) and therefore on the
functions on H(W). To obtain a left action on functions, we view the symplectic automorphisms of W
as matrices acting on W by right multiplication
(v, w)
_
_
_
a b
c d
_
_
_ = (va +wc, vb +wd)
where a, b, c, d End
F
(V ).
Each g Sp(W) denes a new representation (
g
, S) where
g
(v, w, t) = ((v, w)g, t) (and we write
=
since the character is xed). Since the central character of the representation (
g
, S) is , the
Stone-Von-Neumann Theorem implies that (
g
, S)
= (, S) and so, for all g Sp(W), there is a unitary

operator r(g) : S(V ) S(V ) such that the following diagram commutes
S(V )
r(g)
g
(v,w,t)
//
S(V )
r(g)
S(V )
(v,w,t)
//
S(V )
for all (v, w, t) H(W). The operators r(g) are best described via an intermediate space of functions
on the Heisenberg group.
Let X = V 0 W and Y = 0 V W so that W = X + Y is a complete polarization of W.
Let Ind
H(W)
H(Y )
denote the space of functions on the Heisenberg group obtained as the image of the map
(v, w, t)(0) = (t +
1
2
v w)(v) on Schwartz functions S(V ). In other words,
Ind
H(W)
H(Y )
=
_
(v, w, t) =
_
t +
v w
2
_
(v) : S(V )
_
.
Then, by design, (, S) is isomorphic to the right regular representation of H(W) acting on Ind
H(W)
H(Y )

and the inverse map is given by restriction to V 0 0 H(W), (v, w, t)[
V 00
= (v). The
notation indicates that Ind
H(W)
H(Y )
is the (smooth) induction of the character of the abelian subgroup
H(Y ) = (0, w, t) : w V, t F H(W) where (0, w, t) = (t). The essential property of these
functions is the left invariance by Y
((0, w
, 0)(v, w, t)) =
_
v, w +w
, t
v w
2
_
=
_
t
v w
2
+
v (w +w
)
2
_
(v)
=
_
t +
v w
2
_
(v)
= (v, w, t) .
For g Sp(W), we also have the map from the representation (
g
, S) to the right regular representation
of H(W)

g
(v, w, t) =
g
(v, w, t)(0)
but now these functions are left invariant by Y g
1
. As above, we denote by Ind
H(W)
H(Y g
1
)
the space of
functions
g
(v, w, t) =
g
(v, w, t)(0). We integrate to get invariance by Y
g
(v, w, t) =
_
(Y g
1
Y )\Y
g
((0, w
, 0)(v, w, t)) dw
where dw
is some measure on the quotient (Y g

1
Y )Y . Finally, restricting to V 0 0 H(W)
maps the function

g
to S(V ). Since each step was H(W)-equivariant, the result is a H(W)-intertwining
map r(g) from (
g
, S) to (, S)
(
g
, S)
r(g)
//
(, S)

g
[
V 00
g
y >>
Ind
H(W)
H(Y g
1
)
//
Ind
H(W)
H(Y )

OO
g
Q
VV
Furthermore, it can be shown (see [18] and [23]) that the measure on (Y g
1
Y )Y can be chosen so
that the operator r(g) is unitary. Finally, we can explicitly write the operator r(g) for g =
_
_
_
a b
c d
_
_
_
r(g)(v) =

g
(v, 0, 0)
=
_
(Y g
1
Y )\Y
g
((0, w, 0)(v, 0, 0)) dw
=
_
ker(c)\Y
((wc, wd, 0)(va, vb, 0)) dw
=
_
ker(c)\Y
(va +wc, vb +wd,
1
2
(wc vb va wd)) dw
=
_
ker(c)\Y
(
1
2
(wc vb va wd) +
1
2
(va +wc) (vb +wd)) (va +wc) dw
=
_
ker(c)\Y
_
wc vb +
va vb
2
+
wc wd
2
_
(va +wc) dw
where in the third line we use that fact that since (0, w, 0) g = (wc, wd, 0) then Y Y g = ker(c) g so
Y g
1
Y = ker(c). In particular, we have the familiar formulas
r
_
_
_
1 b
0 1
_
_
_(v) =
_
v vb
2
_
(v) (1.1)
r
_
_
_
a 0
0
t
a
1
_
_
_(v) = [det(a)[
1/2
F
(va) (1.2)
r
_
_
_
0 1
1 0
_
_
_(v) =
_
V
(w) (v w) dw (1.3)
where [ [
F
is the modulus character of F and dw is the measure on V that is self-dual relative to .
1.1.5 The Metaplectic Group and the Weil Representation
In the previous section, we found a map from the symplectic group to the group of unitary automorphisms
of S(V )
r : Sp(W) U(S) : g r(g)
however this is not a representation of Sp(W). The cohomology class [C
] H
2
(Sp(W), C
1
) (where
C
1
is the group of complex numbers of norm 1) dened by the 2-cocyle
r(g
1
)r(g
2
) = C
(g
1
, g
2
)r(g
1
g
2
)
denes a central extension
1 C
1
Mp(W) Sp(W) 1
called the metaplectic group Mp(W) attached to Sp(W). The end result is a representation of the
metaplectic group
: Mp(W) U(S) : (g, z) z r(g)

called the Weil representation.
Summary 1.1.2. Let (V, F, ( , ), , dv) be as in Denition 1.1.1 (assume 2 ,= 0 in F), let H(W) be the
Heisenberg group attached to V and let (
, S) be the representation of H(W) dened in Summary 1.1.1.

1. The action of the symplectic automorphisms Sp(W) on H(W) denes representations (
g
, S) of
H(W) where
(v, w, t) =
((v, w)g, t) .
2. Each representation (
g
, S) is isomorphic to (
, S) and the intertwining operator

r(g) : (
g
, S) (
, S)
is given by the unitary operator
r(g)(v) =
_
ker(c)\Y
_
wc vb +
va vb
2
+
wc wd
2
_
(va +wc) d
c
w
where g =
_
_
_
a b
c d
_
_
_ and d
c
w is the unique Haar measure on ker(c)Y such that r(g) is unitary.
3. The operators r(g) dene the 2-cocyle C
on Sp(W) with values in C
1
= z C : [z[ = 1 by
r(g
1
)r(g
2
) = C
(g
1
, g
2
)r(g
1
g
2
)
and gives the central extension
1 C
1
Mp(W) Sp(W) 1
where Mp(W) is the metaplectic group. In particular, Mp(W) = Sp(W) C
1
with the operation
(g
1
, z
1
)(g
2
, z
2
) = (g
1
g
2
, z
1
z
2
C
(g
1
, g
2
)) and is equipped with the representation
: Mp(W) U(S) : (g, z) z r(g)

called the Weil representation.
The explicit form of the metaplectic group depends on the choice of the 2-cocycle representing the
cohomology class in H
2
(Sp(W), C
1
) corresponding to the extension Mp(W) of Sp(W). In particular,
the cocycle C
can be altered by a coboundary to produce an equivalent form of the metaplectic group.

In the next section, we introduce the dual pairs and the explicit formulas for the Weil representation
(based on the cocycle introduced by Rao [18] which is not the cocycle in Summary 1.1.2) used in the
remainder of this thesis.
1.2 Dual Reductive Pairs
Throughout this section, let k be a global eld with A = A
k
its ring of adeles and x once and for all an
additive unitary class character : A
k
/k C
. We will introduce the dual pairs and explicit formulas

for the Weil representation (based on the cocycle introduced by Rao [18] which is not the cocycle in
Summary 1.1.2) used in the remainder of this thesis.
1.2.1 Symplectic-Orthogonal Dual Pairs
Let V be a k-vector space of even dimension m equipped with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form
( , ). Let Q(v) =
1
2
(v, v) be the corresponding quadratic form and let O
V
be the k-algebraic group of
automorphisms of V that preserve the symmetric form
O
V
= h GL(V ) : (hv, hw) = (v, w) for all v, w V .
Let W be the standard k-vector space of dimension 2n equipped with the nondegenerate skew-
symmetric bilinear form , ) dened by the matrix
J =
_
_
_
0 1
n
1
n
0
_
_
_
where 1
n
is the identity matrix of size n. Let Sp
n
= Sp(W) be the k-algebraic group of automorphisms
of W that preserve the symplectic form. In particular, we view W as the space of row vectors of size 2n
and the automorphisms of W as matrices acting by right multiplication therefore
Sp
n
=
_
g GL
2n
: g J
t
g = J
_
.
The Siegel parabolic subgroup P of Sp
n
has a decomposition P = MN where the Levi component M is
M =
_
_
m(a) =
_
_
_
a 0
0
t
a
1
_
_
_ : a GL
n
_
_
and the unipotent radical N is
N =
_
_
n(b) =
_
_
_
1
n
b
0 1
n
_
_
_ : b Sym
n
_
_
where Sym
n
denotes symmetric matrices of size n.
Let W= V
k
W and let , )) be the symplectic form on W dened by
v
1
w
1
, v
2
w
2
)) =
1
2
(v
1
, v
2
)w
1
, w
2
) .
Let Sp(W) be the k-algebraic group of automorphisms of W that preserve the symplectic form. Dene
right actions of h O
V
and g Sp
n
on W by
(v w) h = h
1
v w and (v w) g = v wg .
It is clear that the algebraic groups O
V
and Sp
n
are subgroups of Sp(W) such that each is the others
centralizer. The standard polarization W = k
n
k
n
denes a polarization W= V
n
V
n
where
V
n
= v = (v
1
, . . . , v
n
) : v
1
, . . . , v
n
V
and so v h = h
1
v where
h
1
v = (h
1
v
1
, . . . , h
1
v
n
) .
By construction, the symplectic form is
v
1
+ w
1
, v
2
+ w
2
)) =
1
2
(v
1
, w
2
) (v
2
, w
1
)
where v
1
+ w
1
, v
2
+ w
2
V
n
V
n
. Extending scalars to A, we have the self-dual group V
n
A
equipped
with the nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form (v, w) =

i
(v
i
, w
i
) therefore we proceed as in the
previous section to dene the Heisenberg group H(W
A
), the metaplectic group Mp(W
A
) and the Weil
representation.
We will take the form of metaplectic group described by the cocyle dened by Rao [18]. In particular,
the metaplectic group Mp(W
A
) is a central extension of the group of adelic points Sp(W
A
) of the
symplectic group Sp(W) and ts into the exact sequence
1 C
1
Mp(W
A
) Sp(W
A
) 1
dened by the cocycle described in [18]. The assumption that m is even implies that the cocycle
is cohomologically trivial when restricted to Sp
n
(A) therefore the extension splits over Sp
n
(A). The
extension is also split over O
V
(A) therefore there is an injective homomorphism
Sp
n
(A) O
V
(A) Mp(W
A
)
(normalized to produced the formulas below) and so we view Sp
n
(A) and O
V
(A) as commuting subgroups
of Mp(W
A
) and we call (Sp
n
(A), O
V
(A)) a symplectic-orthogonal dual pair.
Let =
be the Weil representation of Mp(W

A
) (relative to ) acting on the space S(V
n
A
) of
Schwartz functions on V
n
A
. Restricted to the symplectic-orthogonal dual pair by the chosen embedding
above, the Weil representation satises
(h)(v) = (h
1
v) h O
V
(A)
(m(a))(v) =
V
(det a) [det a[
m
2
A
(va) m(a) M(A)
(n(b))(v) = (tr bQ[v]) (v) n(b) N(A)
(1.4)
where
V
(x) =
_
x, (1)
m(m1)
2
det V
_
A
is the character of the quadratic space (V, Q) and
Q[v] =
1
2
((v
i
, v
j
))
where ((v
i
, v
j
)) is the symmetric matrix of inner products of the components of v = (v
1
, . . . , v
n
).
1.2.2 Metaplectic-Orthogonal Dual Pairs
Let V be a k-vector space of odd dimension m equipped with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form
( , ). Let Q(v) =
1
2
(v, v) be the corresponding quadratic form and let O
V
automorphisms of V that preserve the symmetric form.
Let W be the standard symplectic space over k of dimension 2n and let W= V
k
W be the symplectic
space over k dened analogous to the construction in the previous section. Note again that in this case
O
V
and Sp
n
are subgroups of Sp(W) such that each is the others centralizer. The metaplectic group
Mp(W
A
) is a central extension
1 C
1
Mp(W
A
) Sp(W
A
) 1
dened by the cocycle described in [18] however the assumption that m is odd implies that the cocycle
is not cohomologically trivial when restricted to Sp
n
(A) and it denes the central extension Mp
n
(A) of
Sp
n
(A)
1 C
1
Mp
n
(A) Sp
n
(A) 1 .
This extension splits over the Siegel parabolic subgroup P(A) as well as the group of rational points
Sp
n
(k) and we view each as a subgroup of Mp
n
(A) by xed embeddings.
The extension Mp(W
A
) of Sp(W
A
) is still split over O
V
(A) therefore there is an injective homomor-
phism
Mp
n
(A) O
V
(A) Mp(W
A
)
(normalized to produced the formulas below) and so we view Mp
n
(A) and O
V
(A) as commuting sub-
groups of Mp(W
A
) and we call (Mp
n
(A), O
V
(A)) a metaplectic-orthogonal dual pair.
Let =

A
) (relative to ) acting on the space S(V
n
A
) of
Schwartz functions on V
n
A
. Restricted to the metaplectic-orthogonal dual pair by the chosen embedding
above, the Weil representation satises
(h)(v) = (h
1
v) h O
V
(A)
(m(a))(v) =
V
(det a) [det a[
m
2
A
(va) m(a) M(A)
(n(b))(v) = (tr bQ[v]) (v) n(b) N(A)
(z)(v) = z (v) z C
1
Mp
n
(A)
(1.5)
where
V
(x) =
V
(x) (x, )
1
such that (x, ) = (x)/() is the Weil index (see [23] or [9]).
1.2.3 Unitary-Unitary Dual Pairs
Let K be a quadratic extension of k, let A
K
be the ring of adeles of K and continue to let A denote
the ring of adeles of k. Let V be a K-vector space of dimension m equipped with a nondegenerate
hermitian form ( , ). In particular, we have (v, w) = (w, u)
and (u, v) =
(u, v) for , K
and the nontrivial element Gal(K/k). Let Q(v) =
1
2
(v, v) and let U
V
K-linear automorphisms of V that preserve the hermitian form
U
V
= h GL
K
(V ) : (hv, hw) = (v, w) for all v, w V .
Let W be the standard K-vector space of dimension 2n equipped with the nondegenerate skew-
hermitian form , ) dened by the matrix
J =
_
_
_
0 1
n
1
n
0
_
_
_
where 1
n
is the identity matrix of size n. Let U
n
be the k-algebraic group of K-linear automorphisms
of W that preserve the skew-hermitian form. In particular, we view W as the space of row vectors of
size 2n and the automorphisms of W as matrices acting by right multiplication therefore
U
n
=
_
g GL
2n/K
: g J
t
g
= J
_
.
The Siegel parabolic subgroup P of U
n
has a decomposition P = MN where the Levi component M is
M =
_
_
m(a) =
_
_
_
a 0
0 (
t
a
1
)
_
_
_ : a GL
n/K
_
_
and the unipotent radical N is
N =
_
_
n(b) =
_
_
_
1
n
b
0 1
n
_
_
_ : b Herm
n
_
_
where Herm
n
denotes hermitian matrices of size n.
Dene W= V
K
W as a k-vector space and let , )) be the symplectic k-bilinear form on Wdened
by
v
1
w
1
, v
2
w
2
)) =
1
2
tr
K/k
(v
1
, v
2
) w
1
, w
2
)
.
Let Sp(W) be the k-algebraic group of k-linear automorphisms of W that preserve the symplectic form.
Dene right actions of h U
V
and g U
n
on W by
(v w) h = h
1
v w and (v w) g = v wg .
It is clear that the algebraic groups U
V
and U
n
are subgroups of Sp(W) such that each is the others
centralizer. The standard polarization W = K
n
K
n
denes a polarization W= V
n
V
n
where
V
n
= v = (v
1
, . . . , v
n
) : v
1
, . . . , v
n
V
and so v h = h
1
v where
h
1
v = (h
1
v
1
, . . . , h
1
v
n
) .
The metaplectic group Mp(W
A
) is a central extension of the group of adelic points Sp(W
A
) of the
symplectic group Sp(W) and ts into the exact sequence
1 C
1
Mp(W
A
) Sp(W
A
) 1
dened by the cocycle described in [18]. Let : A
K
/K
be a character such that [

A
=
m
K/k
where
K/k
is the character attached to the extension K/k by class eld theory. Then denes a
splitting of the metaplectic extension over U
n
(A) U
V
(A) (see [4] for the local construction) therefore
there is an injective homomorphism
U
n
(A) U
V
(A) Mp(W
A
)
(depending on ) and so we view U
n
(A) and U
V
(A) as commuting subgroups of Mp(W
A
) and we call
(U
n
(A), U
V
(A)) a unitary-unitary dual pair.
Let =
,
A
) (relative to and , see [4]) acting on the space
S(V
n
A
) of Schwartz functions
1
on V
n
A
. Restricted to the unitary-unitary dual pair, the Weil representation
satises
(h)(v) = (h
1
v) h U
V
(A)
(m(a))(v) = (det a) [det a[
m
2
A
K
(va) m(a) M(A)
(n(b))(v) = (tr bQ[v]) (v) n(b) N(A)
(1.6)
and recall the groups U
n
and U
V
are dened over k by restriction of scalars and so m(a) M(A) is
given by a GL
n
(A
K
) and n(b) N(A) is given by b Herm
n
(A
K
).
1
Note that V is dened over K and V
A
= V
k
A
= (V
K
K)
k
A
= V
K
A
K
= V
A
K
.
1.3 The Theta Correspondence
Let (G(A), H(A)) be a dual reductive pair as in the previous section with the Weil representation
acting on S(V
n
A
). In particular, we have
(G(A), H(A)) =
_
_
(Sp
n
(A), O
V
(A)) symplectic-orthogonal
(Mp
n
(A), O
V
(A)) metaplectic-orthogonal
(U
n
(A), U
V
(A)) unitary-unitary
and we adopt the convention that G(k) = Sp
n
(k) in the metaplectic case G(A) = Mp
n
(A). Each
Schwartz function S(V
n
A
) denes a theta function
(g, h) =
vV
n
(g)(h
1
v) (1.7)
which is an automorphic form on G(A) H(A). In particular, it is left-invariant by G(k) H(k) and is
of moderate growth. The map
A(GH) :
is a G(A) H(A)-equivariant map from the Weil representation to the space of automorphic forms on
G(A) H(A). The theta functions act as kernel functions which provide a method for transferring
automorphic forms on one group to forms on the other.
Let be an irreducible cuspidal automorphic representation of G(A) acting on a subspace V
of
L
2
(G(k)G(A)). The theta lift of f
G
V
is the function
f
G
(h) =
_
G(k)\G(A)
(g, h) f
G
(g) dg (1.8)
and the space of functions obtained as and f
G
vary is the theta lift of
() =
f
G
: S(V
n
A
) and f
G
. (1.9)
The measure dg is chosen to be the Tamagawa measure of G(A) when G is either symplectic or unitary
and, in the metaplectic case, dg is the product of the unit measure on C
1
and Tamagawa measure on
Sp
n
(A). The cuspidality of ensures the absolute convergence of the integrals. Furthermore, the map
() :
f
G
f
G
is a G(A) H(A)-equivariant map where the action of G(A) on
is diagonal and the action of

G(A) on
() is trivial.
Let be an irreducible cuspidal automorphic representation of H(A) acting on a subspace V
of
L
2
(H(k)H(A)). The theta lift of f
H
V
is the function
f
H
(g) =
_
H(k)\H(A)
(g, h) f
H
(h) dh (1.10)
and the space of functions obtained as and f
H
vary is the theta lift of
() =
f
H
: S(V
n
A
) and f
H
. (1.11)
The measure dh is chosen to be the Tamagawa measure of H(A). Again, the map

() : f
H
f
H
is a G(A) H(A)-equivariant map where the action of H(A) on is diagonal and the action of H(A)
on
() is trivial.
Basic questions concerning theta lifts are as follows:
1. When is a theta lift nonzero?
2. When is a theta lift cuspidal?
These questions are quite deep. Solutions to the rst question in some cases involve the nonvanishing of
special values of L-functions as in the work of Waldspurger [19] and the Rallis inner product formula as
in the work of Rallis [17]. The answer to the second question appears in the work of Moeglin [14] and
Jiang-Soudry [8] and relies heavily on the regularized Siegel-Weil formula as proved by Rallis-Kudla [10]
and Ichino [7]. We summarize the results on irreduciblity in the symplectic-orthogonal and metaplectic-
orthogonal cases.
Theorem 1.3.1 (Moeglin [14]). Let (Sp
n
(A), O
V
(A)) be a symplectic-orthogonal dual pair.
1. Let be an irreducible cuspidal automorphic representation of Sp
n
(A) and suppose
() con-
tains cuspidal automorphic forms of O
V
(A). Then
() is an irreducible cuspidal automorphic

representation of O
V
(A) and
()) = .
2. Let be an irreducible cuspidal automorphic representation of O
V
(A) and suppose
() con-
tains cuspidal automorphic forms of Sp
n
(A). Then

representation of Sp
n
(A) and
()) = .
Theorem 1.3.2 (Jiang-Soudry [8]). Let (Mp
n
(A), O
V
(A)) be a metaplectic-orthogonal dual pair.
1. Let be an irreducible genuine cuspidal automorphic representation of Mp
n
(A) and suppose
()
contains cuspidal automorphic forms of O
V
(A). Then

representation of O
V
(A) and
()) = .
2. Let be an irreducible cuspidal automorphic representation of O
V
(A) and suppose
() contains
cuspidal automorphic forms of Mp
n
(A). Then
() is an irreducible genuine cuspidal automorphic

representation of Sp
n
(A) and
()) = .
Chapter 2
Duality Among Periods
The main result of this thesis is the collection of spectral identities in Theorem 2.6.1 relating Fourier
coecients and orthogonal periods of cuspidal automorphic forms for a given dual pair (G, H). The
essential calculation is contained in the main duality Proposition 2.5.1 where we show that the Fourier
coecient of a theta lift W
t
(
f
H
) is equal to the period of a Hecke translate P
T
(R
f
H
) when the
functions and are matching as in Proposition 2.3.1. This calculation is inspired by the work of Wald-
spurger [19] for the dual pair (
SL
2
(A), PGL
2
(A)). Regarding both operations W
t
(
f
H
) and P
T
(R
f
H
)
as linear functionals on a given cuspidal automorphic representation of H(A), we show in Proposi-
tion 2.1.1 and Proposition 2.2.1 that these functionals are given by integrating against certain elements
of . The equality of these functions yield the spectral identities in Theorem 2.6.1 by computing their
various periods.
The method for proving Theorem 2.6.1 contained in this chapter was discovered while attempting the
comparison of relative trace formulas appearing in Chapter 3. In fact, it was only when the comparison
was complete that the more direct (and more general) argument below was formulated. The comparison
of relative trace formulas is included in the next chapter because it is an interesting calculation that
further illuminates the resulting spectral identities.
The spectral identities Theorem 2.6.1 are quite formal and follow from the simplest properties of the
Weil representation and the theta correspondence. The real potential of these identities lies in applying
them in conjunction with the Siegel-Weil formula to produce formulas equating Fourier coecients,
orthogonal periods and special values of L-functions. In Proposition 2.4.2, we take the rst steps in this
direction for PGL
2
(Q
p
) (which is the local special orthogonal group, for almost every prime p, when the
rational quadratic space V has dimension 3) by explicitly computing the local functions
p
matching
28
Chapter 2. Duality Among Periods 29
the characteristic function of the standard lattice
Lp
relative to various j. In Section 2.7, we roughly
sketch a method for producing formulas for special values of L-functions in terms of orthogonal periods
using the Siegel-Weil formula following a result of Waldspurger appearing in [19] and [22].
Let k be a global eld and let A be the ring of adeles of k. Let (G(A), H(A)) be a dual pair of the
type described in Section 1.2. In particular, we have
(G(A), H(A)) =
_
_
(Sp
n
(A), O
V
(A)) symplectic-orthogonal
(Mp
n
(A), O
V
(A)) metaplectic-orthogonal
(U
n
(A), U
V
(A)) unitary-unitary
and we adopt the convention that G(k) = Sp
n
(k) in the metaplectic case G(A) = Mp
n
(A). In each case
there is the Siegel parabolic subgroup P(A) = M(A)N(A) G(A). In our attempt to treat each case
simultaneously, we let
Sym
n
=
_
_
Sym
n
symplectic-orthogonal
Sym
n
metaplectic-orthogonal
Herm
n
unitary-unitary
and in each case we have Sym
= N via b n(b).
In the orthogonal case, the quadratic space V dening O
V
is dened over k and we have the space
of Schwartz functions S(V
n
A
). In the unitary case, the hermitian space V dening U
V
is dened over
a quadratic extension K over k. Since V
K
A
K

= V
k
A
k
, we again write the space of Schwartz
functions as S(V
n
A
) where as always A is the adele ring of k.
The set of irreducible cuspidal automorphic representations of G(A) (resp. H(A)) is denoted A
G
0
(resp. A
H
0
). Given A
G
0
(resp. A
H
0
), let V
(resp. V
) denote the subspace of L

2
(G(k)G(A))
(resp. L
2
(H(k)H(A))) on which the representation acts. The inner product of square-integrable func-
tions on G(k)G(A) (resp. H(k)H(A)) is denoted by f
G
1
, f
G
2
)
G
(resp. f
H
1
, f
H
2
)
H
).
2.1 Fourier Coecients
For t Sym
n
(k), the
t
-Fourier coecient of an automorphic form f
G
on G(A) is
W
t
(f
G
) =
_
N(k)\N(A)
f
G
(n)
t
(n) dn (2.1)
where
t
(n) = (tr tb) for n = n(b). The goal of this chapter is to relate the Fourier coecients of theta
lifts to orthogonal periods as in Proposition 2.5.1. Our rst step is to compute the spectral expansion
of the operation f
H
W
t
(
f
H
).
Proposition 2.1.1. Let and be cuspidal automorphic representations of G and H respectively such
that
() = (equivalently
() = ). For all t Sym
n
(k) and S(V
n
A
), the linear functional on
V
L
2
(H(k)H(A)) dened by f
H
W
t
(
f
H
) is given by the inner product with the function
,,t
(h) =
F
G
B()
F
G
(h) W
t
(F
G
) (2.2)
where B() is an orthonormal basis of V
.
Proof. Using the basis B() we write
f
H
(g) =
F
G
B()
f
H
, F
G
_
G
F
G
(g) .
We nd the adjoint property

f
H
, F
G
_
G
=
f
H
,
F
G
_
H
by computing
f
H
, F
G
_
G
=
_
G(k)\G(A)
_
_
H(k)\H(A)
(g, h) f
H
(h) dh
_
F
G
(g) dg
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
f
H
(h)
_
_
G(k)\G(A)
(g, h) F
G
(g) dg
_
dh.
Therefore, we compute the
t
-Fourier coecient
W
t
(
f
H
) =
F
G
B()
f
H
, F
G
_
G
W
t
(F
G
)
=
F
G
B()
f
H
,
F
G
_
H
W
t
(F
G
)
=
_
f
H
,
F
G
B()
F
G
W
t
(F
G
)
_
H
.
2.2 Orthogonal Periods
Let j V
n
and let T be the stabilizer of j in H where H acts componentwise on V
n
. The period over
T of a cuspidal automorphic form f
H
on H(A) is
P
T
(f
H
) =
_
T(k)\T(A)
f
H
() d . (2.3)
We call these integrals orthogonal periods because the subgroup T is the orthogonal/unitary group
attached to the subspace v V : v j
i
for i = 1, . . . , n V which is orthogonal to each of the
components of j = (j
1
, . . . , j
n
).
Given a Schwartz function S(H(A)), the Hecke operator R
is the convolution operator

R
f
H
(h) =
_
H(A)
(x) f
H
(hx) dx.
Looking ahead to Proposition 2.5.1, the orthogonal periods P
T
(R
f
H
) appear when the integrals dening
W
t
(
f
H
) are unfolded.
Proposition 2.2.1. Let A
H
0
. For all S(H(A)), the linear functional on V
L
2
(H(k)H(A))
dened by f
H
P
T
(R
f
H
) is given by the inner product with the function
R
,,T
(h) =
F
H
B()
R
F
H
(h) P
T
(F
H
) (2.4)
where B() is an orthonormal basis of V
and
(h) = (h
1
).
Proof. Using the basis B() we write
R
f
H
(h) =
F
H
B()
f
H
, F
H
_
H
F
H
(h) .
We nd the adjoint property

R
f
H
, F
H
_
H
=
f
H
, R
F
H
_
H
by computing
f
H
, F
H
_
H
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
_
_
H(A)
(x) f
H
(hx) dx
_
F
H
(h) dh
=
_
H(A)
(x)
_
_
H(k)\H(A)
f
H
(hx) F
H
(h) dh
_
dx
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
f
H
(h)
_
_
H(A)
(x
1
) F
H
(hx) dx
_
dh.
Therefore, we compute the period over T
P
T
(R
f
H
) =
F
H
B()
f
H
, F
H
_
H
P
T
(F
H
)
=
F
H
B()
f
H
, R
F
H
_
H
P
T
(F
H
)
=
_
f
H
,
F
H
B()
R
F
H
P
T
(F
H
)
_
H
.
2.3 Matching Functions
The next proposition introduces a notion of matching between the Schwartz functions S(V
n
A
) dening
the theta functions
and the Schwartz functions S(H(A)) dening the Hecke operators R
. This
is the main input into Proposition 2.5.1 which shows that W
t
(
f
H
) and P
T
(R
f
H
) are equal exactly
when the functions and are matching.
Proposition 2.3.1. Let j V
n
with Q[j] = t such that det t ,= 0, and let T be the stabilizer of j in H.
For all S(V
n
A
) there is a smooth function on H(A) such that
(h
1
j) =
_
T(A)
(h) d (2.5)
and
v
= [
H(kv)
is compactly supported for all nite places v and rapidly decreasing for all innite places
v. In this case, we say matches relative to j.
Proof. We may assume that =
v

v
is factorizable therefore we will prove the analogous equality for
each place v. The group H(A) can be written as the restricted product

v
H(k
v
) with respect to the
compact open subgroups K
o
v
= Aut(L
v
) where L
v
= L
O
O
v
for a xed global O-lattice L V . Here
O is the ring of integers of k and O
v
is the ring of integers of the competion k
v
. We will show that
v
is
the characteristic function of K
o
v
for almost every place v.
Suppose v is a nite place. If V
v
is anisotropic, the group H(k
v
) is compact and so
v
(h) =
1
vol T(k
v
)

v
(h
1
j)
is a smooth function of compact support which matches
v
relative to j.
Suppose V
v
is isotropic. Let
v
be a locally constant compactly supported function and let K
v
be
a compact open subgroup of H(k
v
) such that
v
(kv) =
v
(v) for all k K
v
and v V
n
v
. Use the
notation C
S
to denote the characteristic function of a set S and write
v
(h
1
j) =
H(kv)/Kv
1
j supp v
v
(
1
j) C
Kv
(h)
=
T(kv)\H(kv)/Kv
1
j supp v
v
(
1
j)
(T(kv)Kv
1
)\T(kv)
C
Kv
(h) .
We claim that the outer sum is nite. Since det t ,= 0, the group H(k
v
) acts transitively on the set
t
= v V
n
v
: Q[v] = t and therefore the map
1
j is a homeomorphism between T(k
v
)H(k
v
)
and
t
. Since
v
has compact support, its restriction to the closed subset
t
has compact support and
therefore the support of
v
(h
1
j) in T(k
v
)H(k
v
) is also compact. Finally, since T(k
v
)H(k
v
)/K
v
is
discrete, the set T(k
v
)H(k
v
)/K
v
:
1
j supp
v
is nite.
We make the observation
_
T(kv)
C
Kv
(h) d = vol(T(k
v
) K
v
1
)
(T(kv)Kv
1
)\T(kv)
C
Kv
(h)
for all , h H(k
v
). Therefore
v
(h) =
T(kv)\H(kv)/Kv
1
j supp v
v
(
1
j)
vol(T(k
v
) K
v
1
)
C
Kv
(h)
is a locally constant compactly supported function which matches
v
relative to j.
We claim that, for almost all v, the sum above has a single term and
v
(h) = C
K
0
v
(h). For almost
all v, we are in the following situation:
1.
v
=
Lv

Lv
is n copies of the characteristic function
Lv
of the lattice L
v
= L
O
O
v
2. j
1
, . . . , j
n
L
v
3. det Q[j] O
v
4. Q is O
v
-valued on L
v
The symmetric matrix Q[j] represents the quadratic form Q restricted to
j
= span
Ov
j
1
, . . . , j
n
relative to the basis j

1
, . . . , j
n
. Since det Q[j] O
v
, the lattice
j
is regular therefore L
v
=
j

is
an orthogonal direct sum of O
v
-lattices where
= v L
v
: (v, w) = 0 for all w
j
.
Suppose H(k
v
) such that j
i
L
v
for each i = 1, . . . , n. Then
j
is a regular subspace of L
v
therefore we have the orthogonal direct sum L
v
=
j

of O
v
-lattices where
= v L
v
: (v, w) = 0 for all w
j
.
Since
j

and
j

are isometric, we must have that
and
are isometric by the Witt

cancellation property for local rings. In other words, there is some T(k
v
) (note that T(k
v
) is the
orthogonal group of span
kv
j
1
, . . . , j
n
) such that
. Finally, L
v
= L
v
and so K
o
v
.
Therefore, in this most unramied case, the sum above has a single term and
v
(h) = C
K
o
v
(h) is the
characteristic function of K
o
v
. Here we have used the fact that vol(T(k
v
) K
o
v
) = 1 for almost all v.
Suppose v is an innite place. If V
v
is anisotropic, the group H(k
v
) is compact and so
v
(h) =
1
vol T(k
v
)

v
(h
1
j)
is a smooth compactly supported function which matches
v
relative to j.
Suppose V
v
is isotropic. We follow the construction in [5, Lemma 1.10, p.92]. Let us simplify the
notation and let H = H(k
v
) which we view as a real Lie group and let T = T(k
v
) which we view a Lie
subgroup of H. Dene a map f f on the space C
c
(H) of continuous compactly supported functions
by
f(h) =
_
T
f(h) d .
We will proceed as in [5] to show that the map f f is a linear map of C
c
(H) onto C
c
(TH).
The map h h
1
j denes a dieomorphism from TH to
t
= v V
n
v
: Q[v] = t. First suppose
that =
v
is a smooth function of compact support on V
n
v
which we view by restriction as a smooth
function of compact support on TH with support in a compact set C TH. Let C
be a compact
subset of H such that (C
) = C for the projection map : H TH. Let C

T
be a compact subset of
T of positive measure and put

C = C
T
C
. Then (C
) = C. Select f C
c
(G) such that f 0 on G
and f > 0 on C
. Then f > 0 on C and the function

(h) =
_
_
f(h)
(h
1
j)
f(h)
if (h) C
0 if (h) , C
has compact support and = .
If S(V
n
v
) then let
i
be a sequence of smooth compactly supported functions such that
i

uniformly. Then we can choose a sequence f
i
of smooth compactly supported functions and dene the
sequence of functions
i
as in the construction above so that
i
=
i
. There is much exibility in the
choice of the functions f
i
and so we can choose them such that the sequence
i
converges uniformly
to a smooth, rapidly decreasing function on H which matches relative to j.
2.4 Example: Matching Functions for PGL
2
(Q
p
)
One direction of future work would be to use the spectral identities in Theorem 2.6.1 to compute, in
special cases, formulas relating Fourier coecients and orthogonal periods. Such work would depend, in
part, on explicitly calculating matching functions therefore, in this section, we compute local matching
functions when dimV = 3.
Let V
p
be the space of traceless 2 by 2 matrices over Q
p
equipped with the quadratic form Q(x) =
det(x). In this case, we have O(V
p
) = SO(V
p
) 1) and SO(V
p
) = PGL
2
(Q
p
) acting on V
p
by conju-
gation. Let L
p
be the lattice of integral matrices and let K
p
SO(V
p
) denote the proper automorphisms
of L
p
. Let j V
p
and let Q(j) = p
with Z and Z
p
. There are three possibilities for j:
(unramied) if is even and is a nonsquare, then there is some h O(V
p
) such that
h(j) = p
/2
_
_
_
0
1 0
_
_
_
(ramied) if is odd, then there is some h O(V
p
) such that
h(j) = p
(1)/2
_
_
_
0 p
1 0
_
_
_
(split) if is even and is a square, then there is some h O(V
p
) such that
h(j) = p
/2
_
_
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
_
To compute matching functions we need to have representatives for the double coset space T
p
SO(V
p
)/K
p
where T
p
is the stabilizer of j.
p
and let T
p
be the stabilizer of j in SO(V
p
).
(i) A set of coset representatives of SO(V
p
)/K
p
is given by
_
_
_
_
_
p
d
u
0 1
_
_
_ : d 0 and 0 u < p
d
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
u p
d
_
_
_ : d > 0, 0 u < p
d
and p [ u
_
_
.
(ii) If j =
_
_
_
0
1 0
_
_
_ where Z
p
is a nonsquare, then T
p
SO(V
p
)/K
p
=
_
d0
T
p
_
_
_
p
d
0
0 1
_
_
_K
p
.
(iii) If j =
_
_
_
0 p
1 0
_
_
_ where Z
p
, then T
p
SO(V
p
)/K
p
=
_
d1
T
p
_
_
_
p
d
0
0 1
_
_
_K
p
.
(iv) If j =
_
_
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
_, then T
p
SO(V
p
)/K
p
=
_
d0
T
p
_
_
_
p
d
1
0 1
_
_
_K
p
.
Proof. The Iwasawa decomposition states that SO(V
p
) = BK
p
where B are the upper triangular matrices
and so we need only consider elements of B. Let g B and choose a matrix representative that has
integral entries with at least one entry a unit. There are three possibilities:
Case 1: Write g =
_
_
_
p
d
1
b
0
2
_
_
_ for some d 0,
1
,
2
Z
p
and b Z
p
. There is a unique u Z
and x Z
p
such that 0 u < p
d
and b
1
2
= u +p
d
x. Modify the element g by multiplying on the right
by elements of K
p
_
_
_
p
d
1
b
0
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
0
0
1
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 x
0 1
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
p
d
b
1
2
0 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 x
0 1
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
p
d
u
0 1
_
_
_ .
Case 2: Write g =
_
_
_
1
b
0 p
d
2
_
_
_ for some d 0,
1
,
2
Z
p
and b Z
p
. Modify the element g by
multiplying on the right by elements of K
p
_
_
_
1
b
0 p
d
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
0
0
1
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 b
1
2
0 1
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
1 b
1
2
0 p
d
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 b
1
2
0 1
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
1 0
0 p
d
_
_
_ .
Case 3: Write g =
_
_
_
p
1
u
0 p
2
_
_
_ for some , 0 and
1
,
2
, u Z
p
. There is a unique u Z and
x Z
p
such that 0 u < p
+
and p
u
1
2
= u +p
+
x. Modify the element g by multiplying on the
right by elements of K
p
_
_
_
p
1
u
0 p
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
0
0
1
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
p
u
1
2
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 u
1
2
u
1
2
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
x 1
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
p
u
1
2
0 p
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
p
u
1
2
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 u
1
2
u
1
2
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
x 1
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
0 u
1
2
p
+
u
1
2
p
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 u
1
2
u
1
2
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
x 1
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
1 0
p
u
1
2
p
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
x 1
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
1 0
u p
+
_
_
_ .
If p u then u Z
p
and
_
_
_
p
+
u
1
u 0
_
_
_ K
p
. There is a unique u
Z and x Z
p
such that
0 u
< p
+
and u
1
= u
+p
+
x. Compute
_
_
_
1 0
u p
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
p
+
u
1
u 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 x
0 1
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
p
+
u
1
0 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 x
0 1
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
p
+
u
0 1
_
_
_ .
Therefore, we have the coset representatives in (i).
Given the element j in (ii), we have
T
p
=
_
_
_
_
_
a b
b a
_
_
_ SO(V
p
)
_
_
.
Modify the coset representatives obtained above by multiplying on the left by an element of T
p
and on
the right by an element of K
p
_
_
_
1 u
u
1
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
p
d
u
0 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
p
d
u
1
(1 u
2
1
)
1
(1 u
2
1
)
1
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
p
d
0
p
d
u
1
1 u
2
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
p
d
u
1
(1 u
2
1
)
1
(1 u
2
1
)
1
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
p
d
0
0 1
_
_
_
We also compute
_
_
_
0
1 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0
u p
d
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 1
1
0
_
_
_ =
_
_
_
p
d
u
0 1
_
_
_
which can be modied further as above to produce
_
_
_
p
d
0
0 1
_
_
_. Therefore we obtain the representatives
in (ii). The other two statements are proved analogously.
Proposition 2.4.2. Let
p
be the characteristic function of L
p
, let j V
p
, let T
p
be the stabilizer of j
in SO(V
p
) and let Q(j) = p
with Z and Z
p
. We write C
S
for the characteristic function of a
set S.
(i) If < 0, then
p
(h
1
j) = 0 for all h SO(V
p
).
(ii) If j = p
/2
_
_
_
0
1 0
_
_
_ with 0 even and Z
p
a nonsquare, then
p
(h) =
1
vol T
p
_
_
C
Kp
(h) +
/2
d=1
(p
d
+p
d1
) C
[p
d
]Kp
(h)
_
_
, [p
d
] =
_
_
_
p
d
0
0 1
_
_
_ , (2.6)
matches
p
relative to j.
(iii) If j = p
(1)/2
_
_
_
0 p
1 0
_
_
_ with > 0 odd, then
p
(h) =
1
vol T
p
(+1)/2
d=1
2p
d1
C
[p
d
]Kp
(h) , [p
d
] =
_
_
_
p
d
0
0 1
_
_
_ , (2.7)
matches
p
relative to j.
(iv) If j = p
/2
_
_
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
_ with 0 even and Z
p
a square, then
p
(h) =
1
vol(T
p
K
p
)
_
_
C
Kp
(h) +
/2
d=1
C
[p
d
,1]Kp
(h)
_
_
, [p
d
, 1] =
_
_
_
p
d
1
0 1
_
_
_ , (2.8)
matches
p
relative to j.
Proof. We have ord
p
Q(v) 0 for all v L
p
and Q(h
1
j) = Q(j) for all h SO(V
p
) therefore if
ord
p
Q(j) < 0 then h
1
j , L
p
for all h SO(V
p
) and so
p
(h
1
j) = 0.
In the proof of Proposition 2.3.1, we saw that the function
p
(h) =
Tp\SO(Vp)/Kp
1
j Lp
1
vol(T
p
K
p
1
)
C
Kp
(h) (2.9)
is a smooth function of compact support that matches
p
relative to j.
In the rst case, if j = p
/2
_
_
_
0
1 0
_
_
_ then:
T
p
=
_
_
_
_
_
a b
b a
_
_
_ PGL
2
(Q
p
)
_
_
and T
p
SO(V
p
)/K
p
=
_
d0
T
p
[p
d
]K
p
where [p
d
] =
_
_
_
p
d
0
0 1
_
_
_
For d > 0,
1
vol(T
p
[p
d
]K
p
[p
d
])
=
_
T
p
: T
p
[p
d
]K
p
[p
d
]
vol T
p
=
p
d
+p
d1
vol T
p
[p
d
] j = p
/2d
_
_
_
0
p
2d
0
_
_
_, therefore [p
d
] j L
p
if d /2
To prove the second point, note that T
p
K
p
xes the base point K
p
SO(V
p
)/K
p
in the Bruhat-Tits
tree of PGL
2
(Q
p
) and acts transitively on the p
d
+p
d1
points at a distance d from the base point while
the subgroup T
p
[p
d
]K
p
[p
d
] is the stabilizer in T
p
of a point at a distance d from the base point.
Therefore
p
(h) =
1
vol T
p
_
_
C
Kp
(h) +
/2
d=1
(p
d
+p
d1
) C
[p
d
]Kp
(h)
_
_
.
If j = p
(1)/2
_
_
_
0 p
1 0
_
_
_, then
T
p
=
_
_
_
_
_
a bp
b a
_
_
_ PGL
2
(Q
p
)
_
_
and T
p
SO(V
p
)/K
p
=
_
d1
T
p
[p
d
]K
p
where [p
d
] =
_
_
_
p
d
0
0 1
_
_
_
For d > 0,
1
vol(T
p
[p
d
]K
p
[p
d
])
=
_
T
p
: T
p
[p
d
]K
p
[p
d
]
vol T
p
=
2p
d1
vol T
p
[p
d
] j = p
(+1)/2d
_
_
_
0
p
2d1
0
_
_
_, therefore [p
d
] j L
p
if d ( + 1)/2
p
xes the midpoint between K
p
and [p]K
p
in the tree SO(V
p
)/K
p
and acts transitively on the 2p
d1
points at a distance d 1/2 from that midpoint while the subgroup
T
p
[p
d
]K
p
[p
d
] is the stabilizer in T
p
of the point [p
d
]K
p
which is at a distance d1/2 from the midpoint
between K
p
and [p]K
p
. Therefore
p
(h) =
1
vol T
p
(+1)/2
d=1
2p
d1
C
[p
d
]Kp
(h) .
Finally, if j = p
/2
_
_
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
_, then
T
p
=
_
_
_
_
_
a 0
0 b
_
_
_ PGL
2
(Q
p
)
_
_
and T
p
SO(V
p
)/K
p
=
d0
T
p
[p
d
, 1]K
p
where [p
d
, 1] =
_
_
_
p
d
1
0 1
_
_
_.
For d 0,
1
vol(T
p
[p
d
, 1]K
p
[p
d
, 1]
1
)
=
1
vol(T
p
K
p
)
[p
d
, 1]
1
j = p
/2d
_
_
_
p
d
2
0 p
d
_
_
_ therefore [p
d
, 1]
1
j L
p
if d /2
p
acts on the set of vertices [p
d
]K
p
: d Z in the tree SO(V
p
)/K
p
and [p
d
, 1]K
p
[p
d
, 1]
1
is the stabilizer in SO(V
p
) of the point [p
d
, 1]K
p
. Therefore, if T
p
stabilizes
[p
d
, 1]K
p
it must x K
p
also therefore T
p
[p
d
, 1]K
p
[p
d
, 1]
1
= T
p
K
p
. Therefore
p
(h) =
1
vol(T
p
K
p
)
_
_
C
Kp
(h) +
/2
d=1
C
[p
d
,1]Kp
(h)
_
_
, [p
d
, 1] =
_
_
_
p
d
1
0 1
_
_
_ .
Notice that when d = 0, we have
_
_
_
1 1
0 1
_
_
_K
p
= K
p
.
2.5 Duality Among Periods
The next proposition
1
gives the main duality between Fourier coecients and orthogonal periods. It
is a simple calculation using the notion of matching described in Proposition 2.3.1. An immediate
consequence, stated in the following corollary, is that the functions
,,t
(h) and R
,,T
(h) found in
Proposition 2.1.1 and Proposition 2.2.1 respectively are equal when the functions and are matching
relative to j. Looking ahead, it is the equality of these functions which yield the spectral identities in
Theorem 2.6.1 in the next section.
n
with Q[j] = t such that det t ,= 0, and let T be the stabilizer of j
in H. Let S(V
n
A
) and let be a smooth function on H(A) which matches relative to j as in
Proposition 2.3.1. Then, for all f
H
L
2
(H(k)H(A)),
W
t
(
f
H
) = P
T
(R
f
H
) . (2.10)
Proof. We simply compute the left hand side by changing the order of integration
W
t
(
f
H
) =
_
N(k)\N(A)
_
H(k)\H(A)
vV
n
(n(b))(h
1
v) f
H
(h)
t
(b) db
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
_
N(k)\N(A)
_

vV
n
(h
1
v) (b(Q[v] t)) db
_
f
H
(h) dh
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
v V
n
Q[v] = t
(h
1
v) f
H
(h) dh.
1
During the preparation of this thesis, we found a version of this proposition for the dual pair (
f
SL
2
, PB
) (where
f
SL
2
is the metaplectic cover of SL
2
and B is a quaternion algebra over k) appearing in a paper by Mao [13].
Since det t ,= 0, the sum is a single H(k)-orbit therefore we continue
W
t
(
f
H
) =
_
H(k)\H(A)
T(k)\H(k)
(h
1
1
j) f
H
(h) dh
=
_
T(k)\H(A)
(h
1
j) f
H
(h) dh
=
_
T(A)\H(A)
(h
1
j)
_
T(k)\T(A)
f
H
(h) d dh.
The function matches relative to j as in Proposition 2.3.1 therefore
W
t
(
f
H
) =
_
T(A)\H(A)
_
_
T(A)
(
h) d
_
_
T(k)\T(A)
f
H
(h) d dh
=
_
H(A)
_
T(k)\T(A)
(h)f
H
(h) d dh
=
_
T(k)\T(A)
_
H(A)
(h)f
H
(h) dhd
and we conclude W
t
(
f
H
) = P
T
(R
f
H
).
Corollary 2.5.1. Let j V
n
with Q[j] = t such that det t ,= 0, and let T be the stabilizer of j
in H. Let S(V
n
A
) and let be a smooth function on H(A) which matches relative to j as in
Proposition 2.3.1. Given cuspidal automorphic representations and of G and H respectively such
that
() = (equivalently
() = ), we have
F
G
B()
F
G
(h) W
t
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
R
F
H
(h) P
T
(F
H
) (2.11)
and V
respectively.
Proof. Proposition 2.5.1 says that the linear functionals f
H
W
t
(
f
H
) and f
H
P
T
(R
f
H
) are
equal therefore the functions in Proposition 2.1.1 and Proposition 2.2.1 (which are clearly elements of
V
) are equal.
2.6 The Main Theorem: Spectral Identities
Equipped with Corollary 2.5.1, we are now prepared to prove our main result: a collection of spectral
identites relating Fourier coecients and orthogonal periods of cuspidal automorphic forms for a given
dual pair (G, H). As the analysis in the previous sections show, these period relations are manifestations
of the main duality W
t
(
f
H
) = P
T
(R
f
H
) in Proposition 2.5.1. These identities are quite formal and, in
the next section, we explore the possibility of proving formulas involving Fourier coecients, orthogonal
periods and, via the Siegel-Weil formula, special values of L-functions.
Theorem 2.6.1. Let j
1
, j
2
V
n
with Q[j
1
] = t
1
and Q[j
2
] = t
2
such that det t
1
,= 0 and det t
2
,= 0,
and let T
1
and T
2
1
and j
2
respectively. Let
1
,
2
S(V
n
A
) and let
1
and
2
be smooth functions on H(A) such that
1
matches
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matches
2
relative to j
2
as in Proposition 2.3.1. Given cuspidal automorphic representations of G and H respectively such that
() = (equivalently
() = ), we have
F
G
B()
W
t1
(
1
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) (2.12)
F
G
B()
P
T1
(
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) (2.13)
F
G
B()
P
T1
(
1
F
G
) P
T2
(
2
F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(
1

2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) (2.14)
and V
respectively.
Proof. Write Equation 2.11 with the data j
2
, t
2
, T
2
,
2
and
2
F
G
B()
2
F
G
(h) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
R
2
F
H
(h) P
T2
(F
H
)
and then apply the linear functional f
H
W
t1
(
1
f
H
) to each side
F
G
B()
W
t1
(
1
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
W
t1
(
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) .
Using the equality W
t1
(
1
R
2
F
H
) = P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) as in Proposition 2.5.1, we arrive at Equation 2.12
F
G
B()
W
t1
(
1
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) .
For the second equation, write Equation 2.11 with the data j
2
, t
2
, T
2
,
2
and
2
and then apply the
linear functional f
H
P
T1
(f
H
) to each side to obtain Equation 2.13
F
G
B()
P
T1
(
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) .
For the third equation, write f V
in terms of the basis B()

f(g) =
F
G
B()
f, F
G
)
G
F
G
(g)
therefore
P
T2
(
2
f) =
_
f,
F
G
B()
P
T2
(
2
F
G
) F
G
_
G
.
Alternatively, write
2
f in terms of the basis B()
2
f(h) =
F
H
B()
2
f, F
H
)
H
F
H
(h)
and compute P
T2
(
2
f)
P
T2
(
2
f) =
F
H
B()
2
f, F
H
_
H
P
T2
(F
H
) =
_
f,
F
H
B()
P
T2
(F
H
)
2
F
H
_
H
therefore
F
G
B()
P
T2
(
2
F
G
) F
G
(g) =
F
H
B()
P
T2
(F
H
)
2
F
H
(g) .
Apply the linear functional f
G
P
T1
(
1
f
G
) and we arrive at Equation 2.14
F
G
B()
P
T1
(
1
F
G
) P
T2
(
2
F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(
1

2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) .
2.7 Further Directions: Special Values of L-Functions
We conclude this chapter by roughly sketching a method for producing formulas for special values of
L-functions in terms of orthogonal periods using the Siegel-Weil formula. Consider the second spectral
identity in Theorem 2.6.1
F
G
B()
P
T1
(
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
)
applied to the dual pair (
SL
2
(A), O
V
(A)). Here

SL
2
(A) is the metaplectic cover of SL
2
(A) and O
V
is the orthogonal group of the vector space V of traceless elements of a quaternion division algebra
B over k equipped with the norm form. During the course of Waldspurgers deep study of the theta
correspondence for such dual pairs in [19], [20], [21] and [22], Waldspurger proves the following theorem
which links the orthogonal periods of theta lifts to the special values of L-functions.
Theorem 2.7.1. (Waldspurger, [22, Lemma 45 p.293]) Let be a cuspidal automorphic representation
of

SL
2
(A) and let be an automorphic representation of O
V
(A) such that
() = (equivalently
() = ). Let Wald
() be the Jacquet-Langlands transfer of to PGL

2
(A). Let j V be nonzero
with Nm(j) = t, let T be the stabilizer of j in O
V
, let S(V
A
) and let f V
. There is a nite set S

of places v such that
P
T
(
f) =
L
S
(Wald
(), 1/2)
L
S
(
t
, 1)
vS
Z
v
(f, , j, 1/2)
where
t
is the quadratic character attached to the extension k(
t),
Z
v
(f, , j, s) =
_
N(kv)\SL2(kv)
W
f
v
(g) (g)
v
(j)[a(g)[
s1/2
v
dg
are local zeta functions and
_
[N]
f(ng)
t
(n) dn =
v
W
f
v
(g)
is the decomposition of the
t
-Whittaker function of f into local
t,v
-Whittaker functions.
Proof. Consider the orthogonal decomposition V = V
where V
= spanj and V
= (spanj)
.
Note that O(V
) = T. Suppose (aj +w) =
(aj)
(w) for all aj +w V
with
S(V
(A))
and
S(V
(A)). Now we compute

P
T
(
f) =
_
[T]
_
[SL2]
vV
(g)(
1
v) f(g) dg d
=
_
[SL2]
ajV
(g)
(aj)
_
[T]
wV
(g)
(
1
w) d f(g) dg
=
_
[SL2]
ajV
(g)
(aj) E(g, 1/2,
) f(g) dg .
The last line uses the Siegel-Weil formula for the dual reductive pair (SL
2
(A), T(A)) where the Eisenstein
series is given by the analytic continuation of
E(g, s,
) =
P(k)\SL2(k)
(g)
(0) [a(g)[
s1/2
, Re s 0 .
To unfold this integral further, introduce the integral for s C with Re s 0
P
T
(
f; s) =
_
[SL2]
ajV
(g)
(aj) E(g, s,
) f(g) dg
=
_
[SL2]
ajV
(g)
(aj)
P(k)\SL2(k)
(g)
(0) [a(g)[
s1/2
f(g) dg
=
_
P(k)\SL2(A)
ajV
(g)
(aj) (g)
(0) [a(g)[
s1/2
f(g) dg
=
_
P(k)\SL2(A)
ajV
(g)(aj) [a(g)[
s1/2
f(g) dg .
Since (g)(aj) = (m(a)g)(j) for all a k, we continue
P
T
(
f; s) =
_
P(k)\SL2(A)
m(a)M(k)
(m(a)g)(j) [a(g)[
s1/2
f(g) dg
+
_
P(k)\SL2(A)
(g)(0) [a(g)[
s1/2
f(g) dg
where the second term vanishes since f is cuspidal. Finally,
P
T
(
f; s) =
_
P(k)\SL2(A)
m(a)M(k)
(m(a)g)(j) [a(g)[
s1/2
f(g) dg
=
_
N(k)\SL2(A)
(g)(j) [a(g)[
s1/2
f(g) dg
=
_
N(A)\SL2(A)
(g)(j) [a(g)[
s1/2
_
[N]
f(ng)
t
(n) dndg .
The
t
-Whittaker function of f can written as a product of local Whittaker functions
_
[N]
f(ng)
t
(n) dn =
v
W
f
v
(g)
therefore the value P
T
(
f) is the value at = 1/2 of the analytic continuation of

P
T
(
f; s) =
v
_
N(kv)\SL2(kv)
W
f
v
(g) (g)(j) [a(g)[
s1/2
dg .
The set S is given by the set of places v such that for all v , S the functions
v
and W
f
v
are unramied
and t is an integral unit. Finally, Waldspurger does the calculation for v , S
_
N(kv)\SL2(kv)
W
f
v
(g) (g)(j) [a(g)[
s1/2
dg =
L
v
(Wald
(), 1/2)
L
v
(
t
, 1)
.
Equipped with this result of Waldspurger, we would like to make the following conjecture.
Conjecture 2.7.1. Let and be cuspidal automorphic representations of

SL
2
(A) and O
V
(A) respec-
tively such that
() = (equivalently
() = ). There exist automorphic forms f

G
V
and
f
H
V
and data j, t, T, , such that Equation 2.13 reduces to

L(Wald
(), 1/2)
L(
t
, 1)
W
t
(f
G
)
f
G
, f
G
)
G
?
=
1
P
T
(f
H
)
2
f
H
, f
H
)
H
. (2.15)
The factor 1/
t appearing on the right is due to the operator R
acting on f
H
based on the
calculations in Proposition 2.4.2.
Chapter 3
A Comparison of Relative Trace
Formulas
The goal of this chapter is to show, in some very special cases, that the spectral identity Equation 2.12
appearing in Theorem 2.6.1 is the result of a comparison of nonstandard relative trace formulas. One
trace formula is standard and given by the trace of the operator R
1
R
2
for H relative to T
1
T
2
. The
other trace formula is novel and is given by the trace of the operator
1
2
for G relative to N N
and the characters
t1
and
t2
(see Theorem 2.6.1 for notation). The comparison requires the following
strong assumptions:
n = 1, therefore G(A) is either Sp
1
(A) = SL
2
(A), its metaplectic cover Mp
1
(A) or U
1
(A).
V is anisotropic.
The rst assumption implies that the Siegel parabolic subgroup is the only proper parabolic subgroup
of G(A) and this is essential in the computation of the noncuspidal part of
1
2
in Proposition 3.4.1.
It is likely that the techniques in the work of Rallis [16] can be used to compute the noncuspidal part of
2
in the general situation by calculating the constant terms along all parabolic subgroups.
In general, given a dual reductive pair (G(A), H(A)), the theta lift of a cuspidal automorphic form on
G(A) is not always (in fact, almost never) a cuspidal automorphic form on H(A) as shown in the results
of Rallis [16], Moeglin [14] and Jiang-Soudry [8]. The second assumption ensures that the theta lift of a
cuspidal representation of G(A) is a cuspidal representation of H(A) therefore the operator
1
2
on
cusp forms is well-dened.
48
Chapter 3. A Comparison of Relative Trace Formulas 49
The second assumption also impies that G(k)G(A) is compact therefore the inner product of theta
functions
1
2
is absolutely convergent and denes an integral operator with kernel K
(where =
2
) on the space of cusp forms L
2
cusp
(G(k)G(A)). The action of Hecke operators R
1
R
2
unfolds
in the standard way to show that it is an integral operator with kernel K
(where =
1

2
). The
comparison then follows the standard procedure:
1. Compute the geometric expansions of the traces of K
and K
(Proposition 3.1.1 and Proposi-

tion 3.2.1).
2. Find a natural bijection between the terms, the orbital integrals, appearing in the geometric
expansions.
3. Find a relation between the data
1
,
2
and
1
,
2
such that the orbital integrals matching by the
bijection above are equal and conclude that the traces are equal when the input data is matching
(Proposition 3.3.1 and Proposition 3.3.2).
4. Compute the spectral expansions of the traces and show that the noncuspidal parts of each are
equal (Proposition 3.4.1).
5. Use a linear independence argument to conclude that the trace of K
along a cuspidal repre-

sentation is equal to the trace of K
along =
() to obtain the desired spectral identity

(Theorem 3.5.1).
We retain the notation from the previous section for the dual pair (G(A), H(A)). In particular, there
is the Siegel parabolic subgroup P(A) = M(A)N(A) G(A) and, in the special case n = 1, we have
k = N via b n(b). Finally, for any algebraic group G dened over k, we commonly denote the adelic
quotient G(k)G(A) as [G].
3.1 Relative Trace of the Kernel for G(A)
Given
1
,
2
S(V
A
), the map which takes a cusp form f
G
on G(A) to its theta lift
2
f
G
on H(A) and
then to the lift
1
2
f
G
on G(A) again is an operator on the space of cusp forms. In fact, switching
the order of integration shows that it is an integral operator
_
H(k)\H(A)
1
(g
1
, h)
_
_
G(k)\G(A)
2
(g
2
, h) f
G
(g
2
) dg
2
_
dh
=
_
G(k)\G(A)
_
_
H(k)\H(A)
1
(g
1
, h)
2
(g
2
, h) dh
_
f
G
(g
2
) dg
2
and we let K
1
2
denote the kernel function
K
1
2
(g
1
, g
2
) =
_
H(k)\H(A)
1
(g
1
, h)
2
(g
2
, h) dh. (3.1)
For each pair
1
,
2
S(V
A
), dene the trace of the kernel K
1
2
relative the subgroup N N and
the characters
t1
and
t2
by
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
_
[NN]
K
1
2
(n
1
, n
2
)
t1
(n
1
)
t2
(n
2
) dn
1
dn
2
. (3.2)
Proposition 3.1.1. Let j
1
, j
2
1
) = t
1
and Q(j
2
) = t
2
, and let T
1
and T
2
be the
1
and j
2
respectively. Then
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
T1(k)\H(k)/T2(k)
vol
_
H
(j1,j2)
_
H
(j
1
,j
2
)
(A)\H(A)
1
(h
1
j
1
)
2
(h
1
j
2
) dh (3.3)
where H
(j1,j2)
= T
1
T
2
1
is the stabilizer in H of the pair (j
1
, j
2
).
Proof. Interchanging the order of integration, we compute the integral Equation 3.2
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
)
=
_
[NN]
_
_
_
H(k)\H(A)
(v1,v2)V
2
(n
1
)
1
(h
1
v
1
) (n
2
)
2
(h
1
v
2
) dh
_
_
t1
(n
1
)
t2
(n
2
) dn
1
dn
2
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
(v1,v2)V
2
_
_
[NN]
(n
1
(Q(v
1
) t
1
) +n
2
(t
2
Q(v
2
))) dn
1
dn
2
_
1
(h
1
v
1
)
2
(h
1
v
2
) dh
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
(v1, v2) V
2
Q(v1) = t1
Q(v2) = t2
1
(h
1
v
1
)
2
(h
1
v
2
) dh.
The group H(k) acts transitively on the sets v V : Q(v) = t
1
and v V : Q(v) = t
2
therefore
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
_
H(k)\H(A)
T1(k)\H(k)/T2(k)
gH
(j
1
,j
2
)
(k)\H(k)
1
((gh)
1
j
1
)
2
((gh)
1
j
2
) dh.
Therefore we obtain Equation 3.3
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
T1(k)\H(k)/T2(k)
vol
_
H
(j1,j2)
_
H
(j
1
,j
2
)
(A)\H(A)
1
(h
1
j
1
)
2
(h
1
j
2
) dh.
3.2 Relative Trace of the Kernel for H(A)
The right regular representation of H(A) on L
2
(H(k)H(A)) denes an action of the space S(H(A)) of
smooth, rapidly decreasing functions on H(A) by
R
f
H
(x) =
_
H(A)
(y) f
H
(xy) dy (3.4)
which we unwind to nd that it is an integral operator
R
f
H
(x) =
_
H(A)
(y) f
H
(xy) dy
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
_
_

H(k)
(x
1
y)
_
_
f
H
(y) dy
with kernel function
K
(x, y) =
H(k)
(x
1
y) . (3.5)
Let j
1
, j
2
V and let T
1
and T
2
1
and j
2
respectively. For each S(H(A)),
dene the trace of the kernel K
relative to the subgroup T

1
T
2
by
J
H
( ; T
1
, T
2
) =
_
[T1T2]
K
(
1
,
2
) d
1
d
2
. (3.6)
1
, j
2
1
) = t
1
and Q(j
2
) = t
2
, and let T
1
and T
2
be the
1
and j
2
respectively. Then
J
H
( ; T
1
, T
2
) =
T1(k)\H(k)/T2(k)
vol [(T
1
T
2
)
]
_
(T1T2)(A)\(T1T2)(A)
(
1
1

2
) d
1
d
2
(3.7)
where (T
1
T
2
)
= (
1
,
2
) T
1
T
2
:
1
1
2
= .
Proof. We unfold the integral Equation 3.6 in the usual manner
J
H
( ; T
1
, T
2
) =
_
[T1T2]
K
(
1
,
2
) d
1
d
2
=
_
[T1T2]
T1(k)\H(k)/T2(k)
(s1,s2)(T1T2)(k)\(T1T2)(k)
(
1
1
s
1
1
s
2
2
) d
1
d
2
.
Therefore we obtain Equation 3.7
J
H
( ; T
1
, T
2
) =
T1(k)\H(k)/T2(k)
vol [(T
1
T
2
)
]
_
(T1T2)(A)\(T1T2)(A)
(
1
1

2
) d
1
d
2
.
3.3 Matching Geometric Expansions
The geometric expansions Equation 3.3 and Equation 3.7 are both sums over the double coset space
T
1
(k)H(k)/T
2
(k) therefore there is a clear bijection between the terms. The following proposition
shows that the corresponding orbital integrals are equal when the functions
1
,
2
match
1
,
2
as in
Proposition 2.3.1. As a consequence, which we state in a subsequent proposition, the relative traces
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) and J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) are equal when all the data is matching.
1
, j
2
1
) = t
1
and Q(j
2
) = t
2
, and let T
1
and T
2
be the
1
and j
2
respectively. Let
1
,
2
S(V
A
) and let
1
and
2
H(A) such that
1
matches
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matches
2
relative to j
2
Then
1

2
is a smooth function on H(A), compactly supported at nite places and rapidly decreasing
at innite places, such that
_
H
(j
1
,j
2
)
(A)\H(A)
1
(h
1
j
1
)
2
(h
1
j
2
) dh =
_
(T1T2)(A)\(T1T2)(A)
2
(
1
1

2
) d
1
d
2
(3.8)
for all T
1
(k)H(k)/T
2
(k).
Proof. We know that
1
and
2
are smooth functions on H(A), compactly supported at nite places and
rapidly decreasing at innite places, such that
1
(h
1
j
1
) =
_
T1(A)
1
(
1
h) d
1
and
2
(h
1
j
2
) =
_
T2(A)
2
(
2
h) d
2
and we have
(
1

2
)(x) =
_
H(A)
1
(h)
2
(h
1
x) dh =
_
H(A)
1
(h)
2
(x
1
h) dh.
Note that
1

2
is a smooth function on H(A), compactly supported at nite places and rapidly
decreasing at innite places, since it is a convolution of such functions. We compute
_
(T1T2)(A)\(T1T2)(A)
2
(
1
1

2
) d
1
d
2
=
_
(T1T2)(A)\(T1T2)(A)
_
H(A)
1
(h)
2
(
1
2

1
1
h) dhd
1
d
2
=
_
(T1T2)(A)\(T1T2)(A)
_
H(A)
1
(
1
1
h)
2
(
1
2

1
h) dhd
1
d
2
=
_
(T1T2)(A)\(T1T2)(A)
_
H
(j
1
,j
2
)
(A)\H(A)
_
H
(j
1
,j
2
)
(A)
1
(
1
1

0
h)
2
(
1
2

1
0
h) d
0
dhd
1
d
2
.
Note that for all T
1
(k)H(k)/T
2
(k) there is the isomorphism
H
(j1,j2)
(T
1
T
2
)
:
0
(
0
,
1
0
) .
We continue
_
(T1T2)(A)\(T1T2)(A)
2
(
1
1

2
) d
1
d
2
=
_
(T1T2)(A)\(T1T2)(A)
_
H
(j
1
,j
2
)
(A)\H(A)
_
(T1T2)(A)
1
((
1
0

1
)
1
h)
2
((
1
1
0

2
)
1
1
h) d
0
dhd
1
d
2
.
=
_
(T1T2)(A)
_
H
(j
1
,j
2
)
(A)\H(A)
1
(h)
2
(
1
2

1
1
h) dhd
1
d
2
=
_
H
(j
1
,j
2
)
(A)\H(A)
_
T1(A)
1
(
1
1
h) d
1
_
T2(A)
2
(
1
2

1
h) d
2
dh
=
_
H
(j
1
,j
2
)
(A)\H(A)
1
(h
1
j
1
)
2
(h
1
j
2
) dh.
1
, j
2
1
) = t
1
and Q(j
2
) = t
2
, and let T
1
and T
2
be the
1
and j
2
respectively. Let
1
,
2
S(V
A
) and let
1
and
2
H(A) such that
1
matches
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matches
2
relative to j
2
Then
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) = J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) . (3.9)
Proof. For all T
1
(k)H(k)/T
2
(k) we have (T
1
T
2
)

= H
(j1,j2)
therefore vol [(T
1
T
2
)
] =
vol
_
H
(j1,j2)
. Comparing Proposition 3.1.1 and Proposition 3.2.1, we see that both J

G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
)
and J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) can be written as sums over the set T
1
(k)H(k)/T
2
(k). The terms in each sum
are exactly the terms on each side of the equation Equation 3.8.
3.4 Spectral Decompositions
The kernel function K
1
2
is an integral operator on the space of cuspidal automorphic forms on
G(A) however it is not an operator on the entire space of square-integrable automorphic functions
L
2
(G(k)G(A)). Nevertheless, we may consider its cuspidal part
K
cusp
1
2
(g
1
, g
2
) =
A
G
0
F
G
B()
2
F
G
(g
1
) F
G
(g
2
) (3.10)
where A
G
0
is the set of irreducible cuspidal automorphic representations of G(A) and B() is an or-
thonormal basis of the space V
on which acts. The orthogonal complement of the space of cusps

forms is called the Eisenstein spectrum and we dene
K
eis
1
2
(g
1
, g
2
) = K
1
2
(g
1
, g
2
) K
cusp
1
2
(g
1
, g
2
) (3.11)
therefore the relative trace of K
1
2
is the corresponding sum of integrals
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) = J
G
cusp
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) +J
G
eis
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) . (3.12)
In particular, the cuspidal part of the spectral expansion of the relative trace of K
1
2
is
J
G
cusp
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
A
G
0
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) (3.13)
where the spectral expansion along is
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
F
G
B()
W
t1
(
1
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) . (3.14)
Similarly, we may write the kernel function K
1
2
as
K
1
2
(h
1
, h
2
) =
A
H
0
F
H
B()
R
1
2
F
H
(h
1
) F
H
(h
2
) +
_
H(A)
2
(x) dx (3.15)
where A
H
0
is the set of nontrivial irreducible automorphic representations of H(A), B() is an or-
thonormal basis of V
and the integral is the action of R

1
2
on the trivial representation. The relative
trace of K
1
2
is the sum
J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) =
A
H
0
J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) +J
H
triv
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) (3.16)
where
J
H
triv
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) = vol [T
1
T
2
]
_
H(A)
2
(x) dx (3.17)
is the relative trace of K
1
2
along the trivial representation and
J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) . (3.18)
Proposition 3.4.1. For any
1
,
2
S(V
A
) we have
K
eis
1
2
(g
1
, g
2
) =
_
H(k)\H(A)
v1V
(g
1
)
1
(h
1
1
v
1
) dh
1
_
H(k)\H(A)
v2V
(g
2
)
2
(h
1
2
v
2
) dh
2
and for
1
matching
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matching
2
relative to j
2
as in Proposition 2.3.1 we have
_
H(A)
2
(x) dx =
_
T1(A)\H(A)
1
(h
1
1
j
1
) dh
1

_
T2(A)\H(A)
2
(h
1
2
j
2
) dh
2
.
In particular, J
G
eis
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) = J
H
triv
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
).
Proof. The Eisenstein spectrum of G(A) has a dense subspace consisting of Poincare series
F(g) =
P(k)\G(k)
F(g)
where F C
c
(P(k)N(A)G(A)). Indeed, for f L
2
(G(k)G(A)) we compute
_
G(k)\G(A)
f(g)
P(k)\G(k)
F(g) dg =
_
P(k)\G(A)
f(g) F(g) dg
=
_
P(k)N(A)\G(A)
_
_
N(k)\N(A)
f(ng)
_
F(g) dg
therefore f is cuspidal if and only if f is orthogonal to all Poincare series. We compute for any Poincare
series F
(
1
2
F)(g
1
)
=
_
G(k)\G(A)
_
H(k)\H(A)
(v1,v2)V
2
(g
1
)
1
(h
1
v
1
)(g
2
)
2
(h
1
v
2
) dhF(g
2
) dg
2
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
v1V
(g
1
)
1
(h
1
v
1
)
_
G(k)\G(A)
v2V
(g
2
)
2
(h
1
v
2
)
P(k)\G(k)
F(g
2
) dg
2
dh
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
v1V
(g
1
)
1
(h
1
v
1
)
_
P(k)N(A)\G(A)
_
[N]
v2V
(ng
2
)
2
(h
1
v
2
) dnF(g
2
) dg
2
dh
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
v1V
(g
1
)
1
(h
1
v
1
) dh
_
P(k)N(A)\G(A)
(g
2
)
2
(0) F(g
2
) dg
2
.
Here we have used the fact that V is anisotropic therefore if Q(v) = 0 then v = 0. We also compute
_
G(k)\G(A)
_
H(k)\H(A)
vV
(g
2
)
2
(h
1
v) dhF(g
2
) dg
2
=
_
G(k)\G(A)
_
H(k)\H(A)
vV
(g
2
)
2
(h
1
v) dh
P(k)\G(k)
F(g
2
) dg
2
=
_
P(k)N(A)\G(A)
_
H(k)\H(A)
_
[N]
vV
(ng
2
)
2
(h
1
v) dndhF(g
2
) dg
2
=
_
P(k)N(A)\G(A)
(g
2
)
2
(0) F(g
2
) dg
2
.
We conclude that there is an equality of kernel functions on the Eisenstein spectrum of G(A)
K
eis
1
2
(g
1
, g
2
) =
_
H(k)\H(A)
v1V
(g
1
)
1
(h
1
1
v
1
) dh
1
_
H(k)\H(A)
v2V
(g
2
)
2
(h
1
2
v
2
) dh
2
and therefore
J
eis
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
_
H(k)\H(A)
_
[N]
v1V
(n
1
)
1
(h
1
1
v
1
)
t1
(n
1
) dn
1
dh
1
_
H(k)\H(A)
_
[N]
v2V
(n
2
)
2
(h
1
2
v
2
)
t2
(n
2
) dn
2
dh
2
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
v1 V
Q(v1) = t1
1
(h
1
1
v
1
) dh
1

_
H(k)\H(A)
v2 V
Q(v2) = t2
2
(h
1
2
v
2
) dh
2
= vol [T
1
]
_
T1(A)\H(A)
1
(h
1
1
j
1
) dh
1
vol [T
2
]
_
T2(A)\H(A)
2
(h
1
2
j
2
) dh
2
.
Now we compute J
H
triv
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
)
J
H
triv
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) = vol [T
1
] vol [T
2
]
_
H(A)
2
(h) dh
= vol [T
1
] vol [T
2
]
_
H(A)
1
(x) dx
_
H(A)
2
(h) dh
= vol [T
1
]
_
T1(A)\H(A)
1
(x
1
j
1
) dx vol [T
2
]
_
T2(A)\H(A)
2
(h
1
j
2
) dh
and we conclude J
eis
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) = J
H
triv
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
).
Corollary 3.4.1. Let j
1
, j
2
1
) = t
1
and Q(j
2
) = t
2
, and let T
1
and T
2
be the
1
and j
2
respectively. For all
1
,
2
S(V
A
) and
1
matching
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matching
2
relative to j
2
as in Proposition 2.3.1, we have
A
G
0
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
A
H
0
J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) . (3.19)
Proof. The equality Equation 3.19 follows from Proposition 3.3.2, Equation 3.12, Equation 3.13, Equa-
tion 3.16 and Proposition 3.4.1.
3.5 Spectral Identities
The last step in the comparison of trace formulas is to obtain an equality on the level of representations
from Equation 3.19. For representations and corresponding by the theta correspondence, the key is
to write both J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) and J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) as linear functionals in the variable
1
S(V
A
)
and see that each is dened by an element in the representation . Then Equation 3.19 is an equality of
orthogonal sums from which we deduce the spectral identity Equation 2.12 (and the stronger statement
of Corollary 2.5.1).
Theorem 3.5.1. Let j
1
, j
2
1
) = t
1
and Q(j
2
) = t
2
, and let T
1
and T
2
be the
1
and j
2
respectively. Let
1
,
2
S(V
A
) and let
1
and
2
H(A) such that
1
matches
1
relative to j
1
and
2
matches
2
relative to j
2
Given cuspidal automorphic representations and of G and H respectively such that
() =
(equivalently
() = ), we have
F
G
B()
W
t1
(
1
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
) (3.20)
and V
respectively.
Proof. First, note that
W
t
(
f
H
) =
_
N(k)\N(A)
_
_
H(k)\H(A)
vV
(n)(h
1
v) f
H
(h) dh
_
t
(n) dn
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
vV
_
_
N(k)\N(A)
(n(Q(v) t)) dn
_
(h
1
v) f
H
(h) dh
=
_
H(k)\H(A)
v V
Q(v) = t
(h
1
v) f
H
(h) dh
=
_

v V
Q(v) = t
(h
1
v) , f
H
(h)
_
and so we compute
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
F
G
B()
W
t1
(
1
2
F
G
) W
t2
(F
G
)
=
F
G
B()
_

v V
Q(v) = t1
1
(h
1
v) ,
2
F
G
(h)
_
W
t2
(F
G
)
=
_

v V
Q(v) = t1
1
(h
1
v) ,
F
G
B()
2
F
G
(h) W
t2
(F
G
)
_
.
Therefore, with all other data xed, the map
1
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) is a linear functional given by
sending
1
to the subspace
0
t1
=
_
v V
Q(v) = t1
(h
1
v) : S(V
A
)
_
_
L
2
(H(k)H(A))
and then taking the inner product with the function
F
G
B()
2
F
G
(h) W
t2
(F
G
) . (3.21)
Recall Proposition 2.5.1 which states
P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) = W
t1
(
1
R
2
F
H
)
when
1
matches
1
relative to j
1
therefore we compute
J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) =
F
H
B()
P
T1
(R
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
)
=
F
H
B()
W
t1
(
1
R
2
F
H
) P
T2
(F
H
)
=
F
H
B()
_

v V
Q(v) = t1
1
(h
1
v) , R
2
F
H
(h)
_
P
T2
(F
H
)
=
_

v V
Q(v) = t1
1
(h
1
v) ,
F
H
B()
R
2
F
H
(h) P
T2
(F
H
)
_
.
Therefore, with all other data xed, the map
1
J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
) is a linear functional given by
sending
1
to the subspace
0
t1
and then taking the inner product with the function
F
H
B()
R
2
F
H
(h) P
T2
(F
H
) . (3.22)
The closure
t1
of the subspace
0
t1
is a H(A)-invariant subspace of L
2
(H(k)H(A)) and by the calcula-
tions above we see that it contains all the representations such that
() is nonzero and has nonzero
t1
-Fourier coecients. We write Equation 3.19 as
A
G
0
0 =
()
t
1
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) =
A
H
0

t
1
J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
)
where we view each side as an orthogonal sum of elements in the dual
t1
of
t1
dened by the functions
in Equation 3.21 and Equation 3.22. Therefore
J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) = J
H
(
1

2
; T
1
, T
2
)
for all and corresponding by the theta correspondence.
In fact, we have proved the stronger statement of Corollary 2.5.1: Let j V be nonzero with Q(j) = t
and let T be the stabilizer of j in H. Let S(V
A
) and let be a smooth function on H(A) which
matches relative to j as in Proposition 2.3.1. Given cuspidal automorphic representations and of
G and H respectively such that
() = (equivalently
() = ), we have
F
G
B()
F
G
(h) W
t
(F
G
) =
F
H
B()
R
F
H
(h) P
T
(F
H
) .
Chapter 4
Height Pairings of Special Cycles
The goal of this chapter is to explicitly calculate height pairings of special cycles on the p-adic upper
half plane using the results of Kudla and Rapoport [11]. These local height pairings are the arithmetic
analogues of the local orbital integrals appearing in Proposition 3.1.1. In particular, in most cases the
group H
(j1,j2)
is equal to 1) (see Proposition 3.1.1 for notation) and the integrals in the geometric
expansion of J
G
(
1

2
; t
1
, t
2
) are determined by the local integrals
_
H(Qp)
1,p
(h
1
j
1
)
2,p
(h
1
j
2
) dh .
In the arithmetic setting, there is a quadratic space V over Q
p
of special endomorphisms of a xed
p-divisible group X over Spec F
p
and, given j
1
, j
2
V , there are special cycles Z(j
1
) and Z(j
2
) which
are formal schemes over Spf W and live on the p-adic upper plane

W
over Spf W (where W is the Witt
ring of F
p
). The results of Kudla and Rapoport [11, Theorem 6.1, p.198] compute explicit formulas
for the local height pairing (Z(j
1
), Z(j
2
)). The space V can be identied with the space of traceless 2
by 2 matrices over Q
p
and therefore possesses an action of PGL
2
(Q
p
). The results below compute the
local height pairing (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)), the arithmetic local orbital integrals, as a function of PGL
2
(Q
p
)
where

j
2
= j
2
1
.
These calculations are the rst steps towards a comparison of arithmetic relative trace formulas
analogous to the comparison in Chapter 3. In that comparison there was the operator on cusp forms
given by the inner product of theta functions
1
2
(see Equation 3.1). In the arithmetic setting we
can consider the global height pairing
_
1
(),
1
(
)
_
(which is a function on two copies of the complex
upper half plane) of the arithmetic theta functions

1
() dened by Kudla, Rapoport and Yang [12, p.8].
These are generating series with coecients in the rst arithmetic Chow group

CH
1
(/) attached to an
61
Chapter 4. Height Pairings of Special Cycles 62
integral model / of a Shimura curve. In the setting of an arithmetic relative trace formula, we would
like to consider the global height pairing
_
1
(),
1
(
)
_
as a kernel function on a certain space of cusp
forms of half-integral weight and compute its trace relative to the standard unipotent subgroup N N
with characters
t1
and
t2
. This amounts to computing the t
1
, t
2
-Fourier coecient of
_
1
(),
1
(
)
_
which can be written as a sum involving local height pairings in the bers of / over Spec Z [12, p.206-
212] and, in the bers of bad reduction, the local height pairings involve the sum of pairings of special
cycles (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) where j
1
and j
2
are xed and have length t
1
and t
2
respectively and varies in
PGL
2
(Q
p
). It is with this application in mind that we proceed to calculate the pairings (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
))
in various cases.
There are two methods for calculating the height pairing (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)). The rst method is alge-
braic: Kudla and Rapoport show [11, Theorem 5.1, p.188] that the pairing (Z(j
1
), Z(j
2
)) depends only
on the Z
p
-span of the pair j
1
, j
2
in V . Therefore, given j
1
,
j
2
and assuming that j
1
, j
2
are orthogonal
in V , one could nd a new basis, consisting of orthogonal vectors, for the Z
p
-span of the pair j
1
,
j
2
and then use the formulas in [11, Theorem 6.1, p.198]. Finding an orthogonal basis of the Z
p
-span of
the pair j
1
,
j
2
is equivalent to diagonalizing the matrix of inner products of j
1
,
j
2
therefore this for-
mulation would compute the local height pairing (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) as a function of the value of the inner
product (j
1
,
j
2
) (where the inner product on V is dened by the quadratic form q = det). The second
method is geometric: one could use the explicit description of the (divisors attached to the) cycles Z(j
1
)
and Z(
j
2
) and use the combinatorial method in the proof of [11, Theorem 6.1, p.198] to compute the
height pairing in terms of the position of Z(j
1
) relative to Z(
j
2
) in

W
. We have chosen the geometric
approach.
Finally, there are three kinds of special cycles Z(j) depending on the arithmetic of q(j) = p
where
0 and Z
p
:
(i) if is even and is a nonsquare, then Z(j) is called unramied,
(ii) if is even and is a square, then Z(j) is called split,
(iii) if is odd, then Z(j) is called ramied.
In the rst section, we recall the description of (the divisors Z(j)
pure
attached to) the special cycles Z(j)
in terms of the Bruhat-Tits tree of PGL
2
(Q
p
). We also recall the preliminary results of [11, Section
6, p.198] which reduce the height pairing computations to combinatorial arguments on the tree. Since
there are 3 possibilities for both Z(j
1
) and Z(j
2
), there are 9 cases to consider. In the remaining sec-
tions, we nd explicit formulas for the height pairings (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) in 4 cases: unramied/unramied,
unramied/split, split/unramied and ramied/ramied. The remaining cases can be found by a similar
analysis.
4.1 Special Cycles on the p-adic Upper Half Plane
The p-adic upper half plane

p
is a formal scheme over Spf Z
p
[2, 3] and the irreducible components of
its special ber

Spf Zp
Spec F
p
are projective lines P
[]
over Spec F
p
indexed by the vertices [] on
the Bruhat-Tits tree B of PGL
2
(Q
p
). Here [] is a homothety class of lattices in the standard vector
space over Q
p
of dimension 2. Vertices [] and [
] are connected by an edge in the tree if there are

representatives and
for the classes such that p
. Therefore each vertex [] is connected

to p + 1 other vertices and each irreducible component P
[]
meets p + 1 other irreducible components
transversely at the F
p
-rational points of P
[]
.
Let W = W(k) be the Witt ring of k = F
p
, let B be the quaternion division algebra over Q
p
and let O
B
denote its maximal order of integral elements. It is a theorem of Drinfeld that the base
change

W
=

Spf Zp
Spf W to the Witt ring W is the moduli space of special formal O
B
-modules
[2, 3]. Recall, a special formal O
B
-module X over a W-scheme S is a p-divisible formal group over S
of dimension 2 and height 4 with an action : O
B
End
S
(X) satisfying the special condition [2, 3].
Fix a special formal O
B
-module X over Spec k and let (Nilp) be the category of schemes over Spec W
on which p is locally nilpotent. Let M be the functor which attaches to a scheme S in (Nilp) the set of
isomorphism classes of pairs (X, ) where X is a special formal O
B
-module over S and
: X
Spec k
S X
S
S
is a quasi-isogeny of height 0. Here, we write S = S
Spec W
Spec k. Drinfelds theorem states that there
is an isomorphism

W

= M of functors on (Nilp). In other words, the formal scheme

W
is a p-adic
uniformization of M.
The moduli problem M is studied via the theory of Dieudonne modules therefore, as an exercise, let
us construct the Dieudonne module of a special formal O
B
-module over Spec k. The main theorem of
Dieudonne theory states that the category of p-divisible groups over Spec k is equivalent to the category
of triples (M, F, V ) where M is a free W-module of nite rank, F : M M is a -linear map and
V : M M is a
1
-linear map such that FV = V F = p (where is the Frobenius automorphism
of W). We can identify O
B
with the noncommutative ring Z
p
2[] where Z
p
2 is the ring of integers
of the unramied quadratic extension of Q
p
and satises the relations
2
= p and a = (a) for
all a Z
p
2. Therefore we let M = W
4
and we can dene maps F : M M, V : M M and
: O
B
End(M, F, V ) by choosing the data
F =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 0 p 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 p 0 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
V =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 0 p 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 p 0 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

1
() =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 0 p 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 p 0 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(a) =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a 0 0 0
0 a 0 0
0 0 (a) 0
0 0 0 (a)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
for all a Z
p
2.
Then (M, F, V ) together with is the Dieudonne module of a special formal O
B
-module over Spec k
and it is easy to see that its O
B
-linear isogenies are
End
O
B
(M, F, V )
Zp
Q
p
= M
2
(Q
p
)
where j M
2
(Q
p
) denes
_
_
_
j 0
0 j
_
_
_ End
O
B
(M, F, V )
Zp
Q
p
, where j
=
_
_
_
p 0
0 1
_
_
_
1
j
_
_
_
p 0
0 1
_
_
_ .
Returning to the p-adic upper half plane, we can choose X to be the special formal O
B
-module over
Spec k whose Dieudonne module is the tuple (M, F, V , ) dened above. We dene the space of special
endomorphisms of X as the quadratic space
V = j End
O
B
(X)
Zp
Q
p
: tr j = 0 (4.1)
where, as above, we have identied End
O
B
(X)
Zp
Q
p
with the space of 2 by 2 matrices over Q
p
and
we equip V with the quadratic form q(j) = det(j). Finally, the main objects of this chapter are the
special cycles attached to special endomorphisms and we recall the denition.
Denition 4.1.1. ([11, p.167]) Let j V be a special endomorphism with q(j) ,= 0. The special cycle
Z(j) associated to j is the closed formal subscheme of M consisting of all points (X, ) such that the
quasi-isogeny j
1
of X
S
S lifts to an endomorphism of X.
4.2 Height Pairings of Special Cycles
The main result of [11] is the following theorem which computes explicit formulas for the height pairings
of special cycles.
Theorem 4.2.1. (Kudla-Rapoport, [11, Theorem 6.1, p.198]) Let j and j
be special endomorphisms
such that their Z
p
-span j = Z
p
j +Z
p
j
is of rank 2 and nondegenerate for the quadratic form. Let

T =
_
_
_
q(j)
1
2
(j, j
)
1
2
(j
, j) q(j
)
_
_
_ ,
and suppose that T is GL
2
(Z
p
)-equivalent to diag(p
1
, p
2
), where 0 . Then
(Z(j), Z(j
)) = + + 1
_
_
p
/2
+ 2
p
/2
1
p 1
if is even and (
1
) = 1
( + 1)p
/2
+ 2
p
/2
1
p 1
if is even and (
1
) = 1
2
p
(+1)/2
1
p 1
if is odd
where is the quadratic residue character of Z
p
.
The goal of this chapter is calculate the pairings (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) in various cases as functions of
PGL
2
(Q
p
). Obviously, the formulas we obtain are variants of the ones above. To compute these
pairings, we recall the following results.
Proposition 4.2.1. ([11, Lemma 4.2 p.184 and Lemma 4.3 p.185]) Let Z(j
1
) and Z(j
2
) be special
cycles on

W
. There are closed formal subschemes Z(j
1
)
pure
Z(j
1
) and Z(j
2
)
pure
Z(j
2
) such that
Z(j
1
)
pure
and Z(j
2
)
pure
are divisors on

W
and
(Z(j
1
), Z(j
2
)) = (Z(j
1
)
pure
, Z(j
2
)
pure
) .
This result reduces the computation of the height pairing (Z(j
1
), Z(j
2
)) to the computation of
the pairing (Z(j
1
)
pure
, Z(j
2
)
pure
) and the following result gives a complete description of the divisors
Z(j)
pure
.
Proposition 4.2.2. ([11, Proposition 4.5 p.186]) Let q(j) = p
such that 0 and Z
p
and, for
a vertex [] in the Bruhat-Tits tree B of PGL
2
(Q
p
), dene
mult
[]
(j) = max
_
/2 d([], B
j
), 0
_
where B
j
is the set of xed points on B by the action of j and d([], B
j
) denotes the distance between
[] and B
j
. The set of xed points B
j
is:
(i) if is even and () = 1, then there is a unique vertex [] such that B
j
= [],
(ii) if is even and () = 1, then B
j
= [
i
] : i Z is an innite line of adjacent vertices,
(iii) if is odd, then there is a unique edge such that B
j
= midpoint of ,
and we have the equality of divisors of

W
Z(j)
pure
= Z(j)
h
+Z(j)
v
where the vertical part of Z(j) is
Z(j)
v
=
[]
mult
[]
(j) P
[]
and the horizontal part of Z(j) is:
(i) if is even and () = 1, then Z(j)
h
is the disjoint sum of two divisors each projecting isomor-
phically to Spf W and meeting the special bre in an ordinary special point of P
[]
where [] is the
unique vertex xed by j.
(ii) if is even and () = 1, then Z(j)
h
= 0,
(iii) if is odd, then Z(j)
h
is the formal spectrum of the ring of integers in a ramied quadratic
extension of W
Q
which meets the special bre in pt
, where is the edge containing the unique

xed point of j.
We now have a complete description of the divisors Z(j)
pure
as sums of irreducible components with
multiplicities. The next result gives us all the tools we need to compute the pairings (Z(j
1
)
pure
, Z(
j
2
)
pure
)
as varies in PGL
2
(Q
p
).
Proposition 4.2.3. ([11, Lemma 4.9 p.187 and Lemma 6.2 p.199]) Let j V with q(j) = p
, let
[] B and let r = d([], B
j
). Then
(P
[]
, Z(j)
h
) =
_
_
2 if is even, () = 1 and r = 0
1 if is odd and r = 1/2
0 otherwise
(P
[]
, Z(j)
v
) =
_
_
1 p if 1 r /2 1
() p if r = 0 and is even
p if r = 1/2 and is odd
1 if r = /2
0 otherwise
4.3 The Unramied/Unramied Case
The rst case we consider is when both cycles are unramied. This result is slightly incomplete since it is
possible for the horizontal components Z(j
1
)
h
and Z(
j
2
)
h
to meet nontrivially and we do not compute
the contribution of (Z(j
1
)
h
, Z(
j
2
)
h
) in this case. However, when the distance between B
j1
and B
j2
is
positive, these horizontal components do not meet.
1
, j
2
V with q(j
1
) = p
1
and q(j
2
) = p
2
such that 0 , and
are even and (
1
) = (
2
) = 1. Let GL
2
(Q
p
) and let d = d(B
j1
, B
j2
). Then (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 0
if d > /2 +/2, (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
1
), Z(
j
2
)) =
+ + 1 2d
_
_
2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is odd and

2
>

2
d,
p
(/2+/2d)/2
+ 2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is even and

2
>

2
d,
p
/2
+ 2
p
/2
1
p 1
+ (Z(j
1
)
h
, Z(
j
2
)
h
) if

2

2
d.
Proof. The set of xed points B
j1
is a single vertex and the vertical component of the cycle Z(j
1
) is the
sum
Z(j
1
)
v
=
[]
d([], B
j
1
) < /2
_
/2 d([], B
j1
)
_
P
[]
which is the ball of radius /2 centered at B
j1
and similarly
Z(
j
2
)
v
=
[]
d([], B
j
2
) < /2
_
/2 d([], B
j2
)
_
P
[]
.
Our proof will calculate the intersection pairing beginning with the case where the distance d between
B
j1
and B
j2
is so large that the cycles Z(j
1
) and Z(
j
2
) do not meet and then we proceed as d goes to
zero.
First of all, the extreme case in which the cycles meet only at a superspecial point in a boundary
component corresponds to d = /2 +/2 1 and so (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 0 if d /2 +/2.
Consider the case in which Z(
j
2
) does not contain the component P
[]
at B
j1
, that is, /2+/2d >
0 and /2 1 < d. Let [
1
], [
2
], . . . , [
] denote the = /2 + /2 d vertices on the geodesic from

B
j1
to B
j2
such that each component P
[i]
for i = 1, . . . , 1 is contained in Z(j
1
) and [
] is on the
boundary of Z(
j
2
). The indices indicate that [
i
] is at a distance d([
i
], B
j1
) = /2 i from B
j1
. The
multiplicity of the component P
[
]
of Z(j
1
) is mult
[
]
(j
1
) = /2 + /2 d and (P
[
]
, Z(
j
2
)
v
) = 1
according to Proposition 4.2.3 therefore its contribution is
(mult
[
]
(j
1
) P
[
]
, Z(
j
2
)
v
) = /2 +/2 d . (4.2)
Proposition 4.2.3 implies that (P
[i]
, Z(
j
2
)
v
) = 1p for i = 1, . . . , 1 and the sum of their contributions
is
1
i=1
mult
[i]
(j
1
) (P
[i]
, Z(
j
2
)
v
) = (1 p)
1
i=1
i = (1 p)
( 1)
2
. (4.3)
We will sum the contribution of all the other components of Z(j
1
)
v
according to their distance r
from the geodesic connecting B
j1
and B
j2
. For a xed distance r, there are (p 1)p
r1
components
of Z(j
1
)
v
with multiplicity 1 at a distance r from the geodesic. They are connected to the geodesic
via [
r+1
]. There are (p 1)p
r1
components of Z(j
1
)
v
at a distance r from the geodesic and on the
boundary of Z(
j
2
) (and therefore at a distance /2 from B
j2
) and they have multiplicity 2r. They
are connected to the geodesic via [
r
]. Therefore, analogous to the computation above, starting with
those components with multiplicity m = 1 and summing up to those on the boundary of Z(
j
2
) with
multiplicity m = 2r, we nd the total contribution of the components at a distance r from the
geodesic
p
r1
(p 1)( 2r) +p
r1
(p 1)
2r1
m=1
m(1 p) =
_
2r + (1 p)
( 2r)( 2r 1)
2
_
(p 1)p
r1
.
(4.4)
The maximum distance from the geodesic of a component of Z(j
1
) contributing to the height pairing
is /2 1 if is even (corresponding to r 1 = r + 1) and ( 1)/2 if is odd (corresponding to
r = r +1). Therefore, if = /2 +/2 d is even, the contribution of the components of Z(j
1
)
v
at
a distance r from the geodesic is
/21
r=1
_
2r + (1 p)
( 2r)( 2r 1)
2
_
(p 1)p
r1
(4.5)
and then summing Equation 4.2, Equation 4.3 and Equation 4.5 we arrive at
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d p
(/2+/2d)/2
2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
. (4.6)
If = /2 + /2 d is odd, the contribution of the components of Z(j
1
)
v
at a distance r from the
geodesic is
(1)/2
r=1
_
+ 1 2r + (1 p)
( 2r)( 2r 1)
2
_
(p 1)p
r1
(4.7)
and then summing Equation 4.2, Equation 4.3 and Equation 4.7 we arrive at
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d 2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
. (4.8)
j
2
) contains the component P
[]
at B
j1
but Z(j
1
) does not contain
the component at B
j2
, that is, /2 1 < d /2 1. Furthermore, the distance from B
j1
to the
boundary of Z(
j
2
) in the direction away from B
j2
is /2 d and we consider the case where Z(j
1
)
contains that part of the boundary, that is, /2 > /2d. The contribution of the components of Z(j
1
)
along the p branches emanating from B
j1
away from the geodesic connecting B
j1
and B
j2
is given by
(1 p)/2 + (1 p)
/2d1
r=1
(/2 r)p
r
+ (/2 /2 +d)p
/2d
(4.9)
where the rst term is the contribution of the component P
[]
at B
j1
, the second term is the contribution
of the components of Z(j
1
)
v
contained in Z(
j
2
) and the last term is the contribution of the components
on the boundary of Z(
j
2
). There are /2 1 components of Z(j
1
) along the geodesic connecting B
j1
and B
j2
and their contribution is
/21
i=1
(1 p)(/2 i) . (4.10)
Label the vertices along the geodesic connecting B
j1
and B
j2
which are contained in Z(j
1
) by [
1
], [
2
], . . . , [
/21
].
The indices indicate that [
i
] is at a distance d([
i
], B
j1
) = /2i from B
j1
. The distance from [
i
] to
the boundary of Z(
j
2
) in the direction away from the geodesic is /2 +/2 d i. The distance from
[
i
] to the furthest component of Z(j
1
) (where its multiplicity is 1 and the distance to B
j1
is /2 1)
is i 1. Therefore, if i 1 < i (where = /2 +/2 d) then the contribution of the components
of Z(j
1
)
v
on the p 1 branches emanating from [
i
] is
i1
r=1
(1 p)(p 1)p
r1
(i r) , i < ( + 1)/2. (4.11)
If i 1 i then the contribution of the components of Z(j
1
)
v
on the p 1 branches emanating from
[
i
] is
i1
r=1
(1 p)(p 1)p
r1
(i r) + (p 1)p
i1
(2i ) , i ( + 1)/2. (4.12)
Summing (Z(j
1
)
h
, Z(
j
2
)) = 2(/2 d) with Equation 4.9, Equation 4.10, Equation 4.11 and Equa-
tion 4.12 when is odd
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 2d + (1 p)/2 + (1 p)
/2d1
r=1
(/2 r)p
r
+ (/2 /2 +d)p
/2d
+
/21
i=1
(1 p)(/2 i)
+
(1)/2
i=1
i1
r=1
(1 p)(p 1)p
r1
(i r)
+
/21
i=(+1)/2
_
i1
r=1
(1 p)(p 1)p
r1
(i r) + (p 1)p
i1
(2i )
_
= + + 1 2d 2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
.
Summing (Z(j
1
)
h
, Z(
j
2
)) = 2(/2 d) with Equation 4.9, Equation 4.10, Equation 4.11 and Equa-
tion 4.12 when is even
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 2d + (1 p)/2 + (1 p)
/2d1
r=1
(/2 r)p
r
+ (/2 /2 +d)p
/2d
+
/21
i=1
(1 p)(/2 i)
+
/2
i=1
i1
r=1
(1 p)(p 1)p
r1
(i r)
+
/21
i=/2+1
_
i1
r=1
(1 p)(p 1)p
r1
(i r) + (p 1)p
i1
(2i )
_
= + + 1 2d p
(/2+/2d)/2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
.
j
2
) contains the component P
[]
at B
j1
but Z(j
1
) does not contain
the component at B
j2
, that is, /2 1 < d /2 1. However, now consider the case where Z(j
1
)
does not contain the boundary of Z(
j
2
), that is, /2 /2 d. Then Z(j
1
) is completely contained in
Z(
j
2
) therefore
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) =2(/2 d) + (1 p)/2 + (p + 1)(1 p)
/21
r=1
(/2 r)p
r1
= + + 1 2d p
/2
2
p
/2
1
p 1
.
The only cases left to consider are those in which Z(j
1
) contains the component at B
j2
. The only
dierences are the contribution of the component of Z(j
1
) at B
j2
is (1 + p)(/2 d) according to
Proposition 4.2.3 instead of (1 p)(/2 d) and there is a contribution of 2(/2 d) from Z(j
1
) with
the horizontal part Z(
j
2
)
h
according to Proposition 4.2.3. The changes cancel each other and we are
nished.
4.4 The Unramied/Split Case
1
, j
2
V with q(j
1
) = p
1
and q(j
2
) = p
2
even, (
1
) = 1 and (
2
) = 1. Let GL
2
(Q
p
) and let d = d(B
j1
, B
j2
). Then (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 0
if d > /2 +/2, (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
1
), Z(
j
2
)) =
+ + 1 2d
_
_
2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is odd and

2
>

2
d,
p
(/2+/2d)/2
+ 2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is even and

2
>

2
d,
p
/2
+ 2
p
/2
1
p 1
if

2

2
d.
Proof. The proof is identical to the unramied/unramied situtation in Proposition 4.3.1 except at the
nal step when we consider the cases when Z(j
1
) meets B
j2
. However, in this case, Z(
j
2
)
h
= 0
according to Proposition 4.2.2 and the value of the pairing of the components of Z(j
1
) at the vertices
along B
j2
remains 1 p according to Proposition 4.2.3.
4.5 The Split/Unramied Case
1
, j
2
V with q(j
1
) = p
1
and q(j
2
) = p
2
even, (
1
) = 1 and (
2
) = 1. Let GL
2
(Q
p
) and let d = d(B
j1
, B
j2
). Then (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 0
if d > /2 +/2, (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
1
), Z(
j
2
)) =
+ + 1 2d
_
_
2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is odd and

2
>

2
d,
p
(/2+/2d)/2
+ 2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is even and

2
>

2
d,
( + 1 2d)p
/2
+ 2
p
/2
1
p 1
if

2

2
d.
Proof. Our rst calculations are identical to the unramied/unramied case. The case in which the
cycles meet only at a superspecial point in a boundary component corresponds to d = /2 + /2 1
and so (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 0 if /2 +/2 d.
The case in which Z(
j
2
) does not meet the centre of Z(j
1
), that is, /2+/2d > 0 and /21 < d,
proceeds by the same calculations as in Proposition 4.3.1. If = /2 +/2 d is even, then
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d p
(/2+/2d)/2
2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
and, if is odd, then
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d 2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
.
j
2
) meets B
j1
but Z(j
1
) does not meet B
j2
, that is, /2 1 < d
/21. Furthermore, we restrict to the case where /2 > /2d. Again, the calculations are the same
as in Proposition 4.3.1. If = /2 +/2 d is odd, then
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d 2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
(4.13)
and, if is even, then
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d p
(/2+/2d)/2
2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
. (4.14)
Continue with the case /2 1 < d /2 1 but now with /2 /2 d. Let [] be the vertex
on B
j1
nearest to B
j2
. The components of Z(j
1
) along the branches emanating from [] in the p 1
directions away from the xed apartment B
j1
are all contained in Z(
j
2
). Their contribution, including
the component P
[]
, is
(1 p)/2 + (p 1)(1 p)
/21
r=1
(/2 r)p
r1
(4.15)
The contribution of the components in Z(j
1
) along the 2 branches emanating from [] along the xed
apartment B
j1
is
(1 p)(/2 d 1) + + 2(1 p)(p 1)
/2d/2
s=1
/21
r=1
(/2 r)p
r1
+ 2
/2d1
s=/2d/2+1
_
_
_
(1 p)(p 1)
/2ds1
r=1
(/2 r)p
r1
+ (/2 /2 +d +s)(p 1)p
/2ds1
_
_
_
.
(4.16)
The rst term is the contribution of the components of Z(j
1
) on B
j1
(that is, those with multiplicity
/2), the second term is the contribution of the branches emanating from a vertex on B
j1
and which
are completely contained in Z(
j
2
) and the last term is the contribution of the branches emanating
from a vertex on B
j1
but which are only partially contained in Z(
j
2
) (hence the truncated sums up to
/2 d s 1 as opposed to /2 1). Finally, summing Equation 4.15 and Equation 4.16, we arrive at
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d ( + 1 2d)p
/2
2
p
/2
1
p 1
. (4.17)
1
) meets B
j2
. The only dierences are the
contribution of the component of Z(j
1
) at B
j2
is (1+p)(/2d) according to Proposition 4.2.3 instead
of (1 p)(/2 d) and there is a contribution of 2(/2 d) from Z(j
1
) with the horizontal component
Z(
j
2
)
h
according to Proposition 4.2.3. The changes cancel each other and we are nished.
4.6 The Ramied/Ramied Case
1
, j
2
V with q(j
1
) = p
1
and q(j
2
) = p
2
such that 0 and and
are odd. Let GL
2
(Q
p
) and let d = d(B
j1
, B
j2
). Then (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 0 if d > /2 + /2,
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
1
), Z(
j
2
)) =
+ + 1 2d
_
_
2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is odd and

2
>

2
d,
p
(/2+/2d)/2
+ 2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
if

2
+

2
d is even and

2
>

2
d,
2
p
(+1)/2
1
p 1
if

2

2
d.
Proof. The calculations for this case closely resemble those of the unramied/unramied case. The
extreme case in which the cycles meet only at a superspecial point in a boundary component corresponds
to d = /2 +/2 1 and so (Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = 0 if /2 +/2 d.
j
2
) does not meet Z(j
1
)
h
, that is, /2+/2d > 0 and (1)/2 < d.
The calculation here is the same as in Proposition 4.3.1 where = /2 + /2 d is multiplicity of the
component of Z(j
1
) which is at the boundary of Z(
j
2
) and on the geodesic connecting B
j1
and B
j2
.
If is even we have
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d p
(/2+/2d)/2
2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
.
If is odd we have
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d 2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
.
If d = (1)/2, then the component of Z(j
1
) on the geodesic from B
j1
to B
j2
at a distance of /2 from
B
j2
contributes = (1)/2 as opposed to +1. However, there is a contribution (Z(j
1
)
h
, Z(
j
2
)) = 1
and so the result is unchanged.
j
2
) meets Z(j
1
)
h
but Z(j
1
) does not reach Z(
j
2
)
h
, that is, (1)/2 <
d < ( 1)/2. The dierence of the multiplicities of the components of each cycle at a distance of 1/2
from B
j1
and d 1/2 from B
j2
is = ( 1)/2 (( 1)/2 d + 1), that is, = /2 /2 +d 1.
The horizontal divisors yields
(Z(j
1
)
h
, Z(
j
2
)) = ( 1)/2 d + ( 1)/2 d + 1 = 2d .
If is odd and ( 1)/2 d < ( 1)/2 we have (Z(j
1
)
v
, Z(
j
2
)) =
(1 p)
( 1)
2
+p(1 p)
(1)/2d1
r=1
(( 1)/2 r)p
r1
+ (( 1)/2 ( 1)/2 +d)p
(1)/2d
+
(+1)/2
s=1
_
_
_
(1 p)(( 1)/2 + 1 s) + (1 p)(p 1)
(1)/2d+s1
r=1
(( 1)/2 + 1 s r)p
r1
+(( 1)/2 + 1 s (( 1)/2 d +s))(p 1)p
(1)/2d+s1
_
+
(1)/2
s=(+1)/2+1
_
_
_
(1 p)(( 1)/2 + 1 s) + (1 p)(p 1)
(1)/2s
r=1
(( 1)/2 + 1 s r)p
r1
_
_
_
= + 1 2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
.
The rst line is the contribution of the components of Z(j
1
) along the branches emanating from B
j1
in
the direction away from B
j2
and the second line is the contribution of the components of Z(j
1
) along
the branches emanating from B
j1
in the direction towards B
j2
. Combining with the contribution from
the horizontal divisor we have
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d 2
p
(/2+/2d+1)/2
1
p 1
.
If is even and ( 1)/2 d < ( 1)/2 we have
(1 p)
( 1)
2
+p(1 p)
(1)/2d1
r=1
(( 1)/2 r)p
r1
+ (( 1)/2 ( 1)/2 +d)p
(1)/2d
+
/2
s=1
_
_
_
(1 p)(( 1)/2 + 1 s) + (1 p)(p 1)
(1)/2d+s1
r=1
(( 1)/2 + 1 s r)p
r1
+(( 1)/2 + 1 s (( 1)/2 d +s))(p 1)p
(1)/2d+s1
_
+
(1)/2
s=/2+1
_
_
_
(1 p)(( 1)/2 + 1 s) + (1 p)(p 1)
(1)/2s
r=1
(( 1)/2 + 1 s r)p
r1
_
_
_
= + 1 p
(/2+/2d)/2
2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
.
Combining with the contribution from the horizontal divisor we have
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) = + + 1 2d p
(/2+/2d)/2
2
p
(/2+/2d)/2
1
p 1
.
Consider the case ( 1)/2 ( 1)/2 d. Then
(Z(j
1
), Z(
j
2
)) =( 1)/2 d + ( 1)/2 d + 1 + 2(1 p)( 1)/2 + 2(1 p)
(1)/2
r=1
(( 1)/2 r)p
r
= + + 1 2d 2
p
(+1)/2
1
p 1
.
1
) meets Z(
j
2
)
h
. The only dierences are the
contribution of the components of Z(j
1
) at a distance of 1/2 from B
j2
are p(( 1)/2 d + 1) and
p(( 1)/2 d) instead of (1 p)(( 1)/2 d +1) and (1 p)(( 1)/2 d) respectively however
there are contributions of ( 1)/2 d + 1 and ( 1)/2 d from Z(j
1
) with Z(
j
2
)
h
. The changes
cancel each other and we are nished.
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pages 45158, 1991.
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The Theta Correspondence and Periods of Automorphic Forms

be a unitary character and let

(relative to ) acting on the

relative to the subgroup T

given by the integral

) such that the Fourier transform

such that the Fourier inversion formula

f (x) = f(x) holds.

= Z. Therefore the Fourier transform is an automorphism

is a 2-cocycle on W and therefore denes a central extension

(W) acting on S(V ).

(W). The automor-

(W). Therefore, we will adjust the

as a sum of a symmetric form and a symplectic form

(W) since the two cocycles are cohomologous

: H(W) U(S) : (v, w, t)

= (, S) and so, for all g Sp(W), there is a unitary

is some measure on the quotient (Y g

: Mp(W) U(S) : (g, z) z r(g)

, S) be the representation of H(W) dened in Summary 1.1.1.

, S) and the intertwining operator

on Sp(W) with values in C

: Mp(W) U(S) : (g, z) z r(g)

can be altered by a coboundary to produce an equivalent form of the metaplectic group.

. We will introduce the dual pairs and explicit formulas

be the Weil representation of Mp(W

be the Weil representation of Mp(W

be a character such that [

is diagonal and the action of

() is an irreducible cuspidal automorphic

() is an irreducible cuspidal automorphic

() is an irreducible cuspidal automorphic

() is an irreducible genuine cuspidal automorphic

) denote the subspace of L

() = ). For all t Sym

is the convolution operator

and the Schwartz functions S(H(A)) dening the Hecke operators R

relative to the basis j

are isometric, we must have that

are isometric by the Witt

) = C for the projection map : H TH. Let C

. Then f > 0 on C and the function

in terms of the basis B()

() be the Jacquet-Langlands transfer of to PGL

. There is a nite set S

) = T. Suppose (aj +w) =

(w) for all aj +w V

(A)). Now we compute

(aj) E(g, 1/2,

f) is the value at = 1/2 of the analytic continuation of

() = ). There exist automorphic forms f

and data j, t, T, , such that Equation 2.13 reduces to

t appearing on the right is due to the operator R

(Proposition 3.1.1 and Proposi-

along a cuspidal repre-

() to obtain the desired spectral identity

relative to the subgroup T

. Comparing Proposition 3.1.1 and Proposition 3.2.1, we see that both J

on which acts. The orthogonal complement of the space of cusps

and the integral is the action of R

() is nonzero and has nonzero

] are connected by an edge in the tree if there are