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PHNG PHP S.O.S CHNG MINH
BT NG THC
Phng Mnh Linh-11 Ton 1

Bt ng thc(BT) lun l mt ni dung kh nhng cng rt p ca ton hc s cp.
V trong cc BT c chng ta nghin cu, c l cc BT 3 bin, m c bit l cc
BT 3 bin ng bc l cc bi ton thu ht s ch ca chng ta nht bi dng pht
biu n gin v nhng kt qu rt p ca chng . Hin nay ta c th c rt nhiu ng
li i ti li gii ca mt BT 3 bin. Ta c th s dng cc phng php c in nh
cc BT: Cauchy, Cauchy Schwart, Chebyshev, Holder . Hay ta cng c th s
dng cc BT cn i: BT hon v, Schur, Fermat V hiu qu hn c l nhng
BT hin i mi c pht minh ra : MV(dn bin) , ABC , GLA( hnh hc ho i s),
DAC (chia tr), S.O.S (phng php phn tch thnh tng cc bnh phng) Trong
, S.O.S cho ta mt ci nhn chnh tc v v cng hiu qu vi cc BT 3 bin, d l
i xng hay hon v. Vi phng php ny, ta c th gii quyt c hu ht nhng
BT 3 bin rt kh v cht. Trong bi vit ny ti s trnh by v ni dung ca phng
php S.O.S, cc nh l, ch v mt s bi ton p dng c th thy c sc mnh
ca phng php ny.
1. nh l S.O.S
Rt nhiu BT hay v p c suy ra t BT c bn :x
2
0 > .
nh l S.O.S cng xut
pht t tng . tng ca S.O.S l phn tch mt biu thc S bt k (hon v hoc
i xng ) vi 3 bin a, b, c v dng chnh tc sau:
S=
a
S
2
) ( c b +
b
S
2
) ( c a +
c
S
2
) ( b a (*)
Theo suy ngh thng thng th ta ch chng minh c S 0 > khi c 3 biu thc
a
S ,
c b
S S , cng khng m. Nhng nh l S.O.S cho php ta c cc tiu chun chng minh
BT trn ngay c khi c mt hoc hai trong 3 s
c b a
S S S , , l m hoc khng th nh
gi c du ca chng. Khi cc biu thc trn ch cn tho mn 1 trong cc tiu cun
sau th BT (*) s c chng minh
a) 0 ; 0 ; 0 > > >
c b a
S S S
b) 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; > + > + > > >
b c b a b
S S S S S c b a
c) 0 2 ; 0 2 ; 0 ; 0 ; > + > + > > > >
b c b a c a
S S S S S S c b a
d) 0 ; 0 ; 0 ;
2 2
> + > > > >
a b c b
S b S a S S c b a
e) 0 S S ; 0
c b
> + + > + +
c b a a c b a
S S S S S S S
* Chng minh nh l S.O.S:
a) Ta thy khi 0 , , >
c b a
S S S th BT (*) l hin nhin
b) Ta c ) )( ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
c b b a c b b a c b b a c a + + = + =
2 2 2
2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( 0 ) )( (
c b S b a S c a S
c b b a c a c b b a c b a
b b b
+ >
+ > > > >

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0 ) )( ( ) )( (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
2 2 2 2
> + + + =
+ + + >
b a S S c b S S
b a S c b S b a S c b S S
b c b a
c b b a

(v 0 ; 0 > + > +
b c b a
S S S S )
c)
+
Nu 0 >
b
S th theo tiu chun (a) ta c (*) ng


+
Nu 0 s
b
S
Ta c 2 ) ( ) (
2 2
s + = c b b a c a
2 2
) ( 2 ) ( c b b a +

0 ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) (
) ( ) ) ( ) (( 2 ) (
)) ) ( ) (( 2 ) ( 0
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
> + + + =
+ + + >
+ > s
b c b a
c b a
b b b
S S c a S S c b
b a S c b b a S c b S S
c b c a S c a S S

(v 0 2 ; 0 2 > + > +
b c b a
S S S S )
d) D thy
0 ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
>
+
> +

= +
>

>
b
S b S a
c b S
c b
c a
S c b c b S c a S
b
a
c b
c a
c b a b c a
a b
a b a b

Mt khc
0
0 ) ( 0
2
>
> >
S
b a S S
c c

e) > + + 0
c b a
S S S trong 3 s
c b c a b a
S S S S S S + + + , , lun tn ti 1 s khng m
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s 0 > +
c b
S S
(*) 0 ) ( ) ( 2 ) S (
2 2 2
c
2
> + + + + +
c b a c b b
S b S c c b S bS cS a S a
Xt
0 ) ( ) ( 4
) ) ( )( ( 4 ) ( 4
2
2 2 2 2
s + + =
+ + + + = A
c b c a b a
c b a c b c b
S S S S S S c b
S b S c c b S S S bS cS

M 0 > +
c b
S S
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc 2 ta c 0 > S
2. Mt s lu khi s dng S.O.S
-Vic u tin cn lm khi s dng phng php S.O.S l phn tch BT cn chng
minh v dng chnh tc ca S.O.S. Vic ny ban u c th khng d dng nhng ch cn
tp phn tch mt s a thc i xng 3 bin quen thuc v dng S.O.S l ta c th thng
tho vic ny. Khi phn tch, bin i cn ch ti cc hng ng thc quen thuc m c
cha cc i lng
2 2 2
) ( , ) ( , ) ( c b c a b a , v d nh:
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2
) ) ( ) ( ) )(( (
3
) ( ) ( ) ( 8 ) )( )( (
2
) ( ) ( ) (
) )( ( ) (
) ( 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 3 3
2 2 2
c a c b b a c b a
abc c b a
b a c c a b c b a abc c b c a b a
c b c a b a
bc ac ab c b a
b a b a b a ab b a
b a ab b a
+ + + +
= + +
+ + = + + +
+ +
= + +
+ = + +
= +

V hon ton c th phn tch mi a thc i xng 3 bin khc v dng chnh tc ca
S.O.S vi cch phn tch tng t nh trn v ch rt ra cc i lng
2 2 2
) ( , ) ( , ) ( c a c b b a mt cch hp l.
-Vi cc a thc m ba bin c b a , , c tnh hon v th vic bin i ca chng ta gp kho
khn hn mt cht v i hi phi linh hot, sng to tu vo tng bi ton. Mt k thut
thng dng phn tch thnh cng cc a thc dng hon v l cng thm vo a
thc cc i lng ) ( ), ( ), ( a c k c b k b a k vi s k c chn mt cch hp l.
-Khi c trong tay biu din chnh tc th phn vic cn li ca chng ta l tm tiu
chun ph hp p dng vo bi ton. Thng th chng ta lun kim tra tiu chun 1
u tin bi v l tiu chun d p dng nht v t nhin nht. Nu tiu chun 1 khng
gip ta gii quyt bi ton th hy xem ti 3 tiu chun 2,3,4, chng c hiu qu v
ph bin ngang nhau.Nu sau khi sp xp th t cho 3 bin c b a , , (trong cc bi ton
hon v th ta phi xt c 2 trng hp c b a > > v c b a s s ), ta so snh c 3 i
lng
c b a
S S S , , th bi ton thng c gii quyt bng tiu chun 2 v khi ta ch
cn chng minh c 0 > +
b a
S S hoc 0 > +
c b
S S . Nu khng so snh c 3 i
lng th c gng ch ra i lng chc chn khng m, t nh hng c ta s
dung tiu chun 3 hay tiu chun 4. Tiu chun 5 thng t c dng ti do tnh cng
knh khi xt cc i lng
c b c a b a c b a
S S S S S S S S S + + + + , .
-D S.O.S l mt phng php rt chnh tc v hiu qu trong chng minh cc BT 3
bin, nhng vic bin i BT cn chng minh v dng chnh tc khng c ngha l bi
ton c gii quyt. Gii c bi ton hay khng cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo s
nhanh nhy ca ngi lm ton trong vic pht hin ra tiu chun p dng, trong cch
kt hp cc tiu chun vi nhau hay thm ch l sng to ra tiu chun mi (mt s tiu
chun mi c th c suy ra t cch chng minh cho tiu chun 4)
3. Cc ng dng ca phng php S.O.S
u tin ta tm hiu sc mnh ca S.O.S trong cc BT i xng 3 bin.
Bi ton 1 Cho . 0 , , > c b a Chng minh rng(CMR) :
) ( ) ( ) ( 3
3 3 3
c b bc c a ac b a ab abc c b a + + + + + > + + + (1)
Gii Ch ti cc ng thc
2 3 3
2 2 2
3 3 3
) )( ( ) (
2
) ) ( ) ( ) )(( (
3
b a b a b a ab b a
c b c a b a c b a
abc c b a
+ = + +
+ + + +
= + +

T ta c
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0
2
) (
0
2
) ( ) ( ) (
0 ) 3 ( )) ( ) ( ) ( 2 2 2 ( ) 1 (
2
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
1
>
+

>
+ +
+
> + + + + + + + =

c b a
b a
c b a
b a b a b a
abc c b a c b bc c a ac b a ab c b a S


Nh vy
2
;
2
;
2
c b a
S
b c a
S
a c b
S
c b a
+
=
+
=
+
=
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s
a b c
S S S c b a > > > >
Mt khc ta c 0 ; 0 0 > + > + > > = +
b a c b b b a
S S S S S c S S
Theo tiu chun 2 ta suy ra 0
1
> S ) 1 ( ng
Bi ton 2 Cho 0 , , > z y x . CMR:
) ( 4
9
) (
1
) (
1
) (
1
2 2 2
xz yz xy z y z x y x + +
>
+
+
+
+
+
(2)

Gii y l BT Iran 1996 rt ni ting bi kh cng nh v p v sc li cun ca
n. Bi ton c tip cn v gii quyt bng nhiu phng php khc nhau, trong
c nhiu phng php mnh nh s dng BT Schur, cc phng php MV,
GLA,DAC Trong , phng php S.O.S c nh gi l p mt nht, sng to nht
v ph hp vi m quan ton hc ca nhiu ngi. Sau y l li gii bi ton trn bng
phng php S.O.S
t
2
;
2
;
2
; ;
a c b
z
c b a
y
b c a
x z x c z y b y x a
+
=
+
=
+
= + = + = + =
9 )
) (
1
)( ( 4 ) 2 (
2 2 2 ) ( 4
2
2 2 2
>
+
+ +
+ + = + +

y x
yz xz xy
c b a bc ac ab yz xz xy

0 ) )(
1 2
(
9 )
1 1 1
)( 2 2 2 (
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
> =
> + + + +

c b
a bc
S
c b a
c b a bc ac ab

Nh vy
2 2 2
1 2
;
1 2
;
1 2
c ab
S
b ac
S
a bc
S
c b a
= = =
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s 0 > > >
a
S c b a
Tng t nh trong chng minh cho tiu chun 4 ta c
c
b
b a
c a
>

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2 2 2
c
b
S S b a a b S c a S
b c c b
+ > +
Mt khc li c 0
) (
2 ) ( 2
3 3
2 2
>
+
>
+
= +
abc
bc a c b
abc
abc c b
c S b S
c b

Vy theo tiu chun 4 ta c ) 2 ( 0
2
> S ng.
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Bi ton 3 Cho 0 , , > c b a . CMR: 5
) (
54
3
3
3 3 3
>
+ +
+
+ +
c b a
abc
abc
c b a
(3)
Gii Ch ti cc hng ng thc sau :

2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
) (
2
7
) (
2
7
) (
2
7
27 ) (
2
) ) ( ) ( ) )(( (
3
c b
b a c
c a
c a b
c b
c b a
abc c b a
c b c a b a c b a
abc c b a

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
= + +
+ + + +
= + +

T ta i n phn tch chnh tc sau:
(3)
0 ) )(
) (
7
2
(
0
) (
) 27 ) (( 2 3
2
3
3
3
3 3 3 3
>
+ +
+ +

+ +
=
>
+ +
+ +

+ +

c b
c b a
c b a
abc
c b a
S
c b a
abc c b a
abc
abc c b a

Nh vy ta c
3
3
3
) (
7
2
) (
7
2
) (
7
2
c b a
b a c
abc
c b a
S
c b a
c a b
abc
c b a
S
c b a
c b a
abc
c b a
S
c
b
a
+ +
+ +

+ +
=
+ +
+ +

+ +
=
+ +
+ +

+ +
=

Mt khc ta thy
0
) 7 ( 2 ) ( 27 ) ( 27 ) (
4 3
>
+ + > + + > + + > + +
a
S
c b a abc c b a abc c b a abc c b a


Tng t ta c 0 ; 0 > >
c b
S S
Theo tiu chun 1 ta c 0
3
> S ) 3 ( ng
Bi ton 4 Cho 0 , , > c b a . CMR :
3
) ( 2 3
2 2 2 4 4 4
c b a
c b a
abc
bc ac ab
c b a + +
>
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
(4)
Gii Ta c
) ) (
2
( ) ( ) )( ( ) ( 3
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
c b
c b a
c b bc ac ab c b a c b a + +
+ +
= + + + + + +

= + + + + abc c b a c b a 9 ) )( (
2 2 2
2
3
) (
2
c b a
c b
+ +

T ta c:
(4 0
) ( 3
9 ) )( (
) ( 3
) )( ( ) ( 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
>
+ +
+ + + +

+ +
+ + + + + +

c b a
abc c b a c b a
bc ac ab
bc ac ab c b a c b a

0 ))
) (
( 2 ( ) (
0 )
3 ) ( 2 ) (
( ) (
2 2 2 2
2
4
2 2 2 2
2
>
+ +

+ +
+
+
+ +
+ +
=
>
+ +
+ +

+ +
+ + + +

c b a
a
bc ac ab
c b
bc ac ab
bc ac ab c b a
c b S
c b a
c b a
bc ac ab
c b c b a
c b

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t 0
2 2 2
>
+ +
+ +
= K
bc ac ab
bc ac ab c b a
K
Nh vy ta c
)
) (
( 2
)
) (
( 2
)
) (
( 2
2
2
2
c b a
c
bc ac ab
b a
K S
c b a
b
bc ac ab
c a
K S
c b a
a
bc ac ab
c b
K S
c
b
a
+ +

+ +
+
+ =
+ +

+ +
+
+ =
+ +

+ +
+
+ =

Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s
c b a
S S S c b a s s > >
Ta chng minh 0 > +
b a
S S
M 0 > K nn ch cn chng minh
c b a
b a
bc ac ab
c a c b
+ +
+
>
+ +
+ + +
2 2
) ( ) (

) )( ( ) )( ) ( ) ((
2 2
bc ac ab b a c b a c b c a + + + > + + + + +

Ta c
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( c b c a b a + + + < +
0
) )( ( ) )( ) ( ) ((
0 ) 2 (
2 ) )( ( ) )( (
2 2
3 3 2 2
> +
+ + + > + + + + +
> + >
+ = + + + + + +
b a
S S
bc ac ab b a c b a c b c a
c b a ab
abc b a bc ac ab b a c b a b a

Theo tiu chun 2 ta c 0
4
> S ) 4 ( ng
Sau y ta s gii mt s bi ton cho thy sc mnh ca S.O.S trong cc bi ton v gi
tr tt nht
Bi ton 5 Tm hng s k ln nht sao cho BT sau ng vi mi 0 , , > c b a

3 8
3
) ( ) )( )( (
2
3 3 3
k
c b a
bc ac ab
k
c b c a b a
c b a
+ >
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
(5)
Gii u tin ta cho 0 , = = c b a , t suy ra
2
15
3 8
3
4
1 s + > + k
k k

Ta s chng minh bi ton ng vi
2
15
= k , tc l chng minh:
8
23
) ( 2
15
) )( )( (
2
3 3 3
>
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
c b a
bc ac ab
c b c a b a
c b a

Tht vy theo nhng bin i tng t nh cc bi ton trn ta c :
0 )
) ( 4
5
) )( )( ( 8
4 4
( ) ( ) 5 (
2
2
>
+ +

+ + +
+ +


c b a c b c a b a
c b a
c b
Nh vy ta c
2
) ( 4
5
) )( )( ( 8
4 4
c b a c b c a b a
c b a
S
a
+ +

+ + +
+ +
=
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2
2
) ( 4
5
) )( )( ( 8
4 4
) ( 4
5
) )( )( ( 8
4 4
c b a c b c a b a
b a c
S
c b a c b c a b a
c a b
S
c
b
+ +

+ + +
+ +
=
+ +

+ + +
+ +
=

Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
c b a
S S S c b a > > s s
Khi ta ch cn chng minh 0 > +
c b
S S
) )( )( ( 20 ) 8 5 5 ( ) (
0
) (
10
) )( )( ( 2
8 5 5
2
2
c b c a b a c b a c b a
c b a c b c a b a
a c b
+ + + > + + +
>
+ +

+ + +
+ +

(5)
Xt
3
) (
) )( )( (
3 3 3 3
c b a c b a
c b c a b a
+ +
= + + +
(5)
3
) (
20 ) 8 5 5 ( ) (
3 3 3 3
2
c b a c b a
c b a c b a
+ +
> + + +
)
3
8 5 5
( ) (
3
20
2
3 3 3
a b c
c b a
c b a + +
+ + >
+ +
(d chng minh)
Theo tiu chun 2 ta c > 0
5
S (5) ng vi
2
15
= k
Vy
2
15
= k l hng s ln nht (5) ng vi mi 0 , , > c b a
Bi ton 6 Tm hng s
+
eR k nh nht bt ng thc sau ng 0 , , > c b a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 4
3
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
k
c b a
c b a
k
c a
ac
c b
bc
b a
ab
+ >
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
( ) 6
Gii: Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
4
4
1
b a
b a
b a
ab
+

=
+


( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
4
4
1
c b
c b
c b
bc
+

=
+


( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
4
4
1
c a
c a
c a
ac
+

=
+

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 c a c b b a c b a c b a + + = + + + +
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )
0
3
.
3 4
1
4
1
4
1
6
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
>
+ +
+ + + +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

c b a
c b a c b a
k
c a
ac
c b
bc
b a
ab

( )
( ) ( )
0
4
1
3
2 2
2
6
>
(

+ +
=

b a c b a
k
b a S
cyc

Cho 0 , = = c b a v th vo ( ) 6
3 4
3
2 4
1
6 > + > + k
k k

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Ta chng minh ( ) 6 ng vi 6 > k . Khi ta c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
4
1 2
4
1 2
4
1 2
b a c b a
S
c a c b a
S
c b c b a
S
c
b
a
+

+ +
=
+

+ +
=
+

+ +
=

Gi s 0 , 0 > > > >
c b
S S c b a
+ Nu c b a + s
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) | |( )( ) | |
( ) ( )
0
4
1 2 2 1 2 2
4
8
2 2 2 2
2 2
>
+ + +
+ + + +
=
+ + +
+ + +
=
c b a c b
a c b a c b
c b a c b
c b a c b
S
a

0
6
> S
+ Nu c b a + >
Xt
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
2
4
2
c b
b
c b a
b
c a
a
c b a
a
S b S a
a b
+

+ +
+
+

+ +
= +

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(

+
+
+

+ +
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
4 4
2
c b
b
c a
a
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Gii:Ta c
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