Enhanced Characteristics of Multi-Zone Current Differential Protection for Transmission Network

Hao Guo K. Kangvansaichol Peter Crossley

Presentation Outline
Conventional Protection Schemes Basic Functions of Multi-Zone Differential Protection Enhanced Characteristics of Multi-Zone Differential Protection Summary

Distance Protection
Local Voltage and Current Measurement
o no communication needed

Coordination and Setting Issues

o zone-2 and zone-3 mal-operation o cascading outages

Northeast US Blackout, 2003

Aided Communication Systems

o improved sensitivity and selectivity o degrade main advantage

Current Differential Protection

Better Selectivity and Reliability GPS Timing Synchronization

Reliable and Selective Wide Area Protection

Multi-Zone Differential Protection: Basis

Scope: cover more than 1 protection zone

TE CE

Terminal Equipment: data collector, collect analogue data and status information from each CT & CB Central Equipment: centralized substation relay, collect data from each Terminal Equipment

Multi-Zone Differential Protection: Basis

Local Back-up Protection: if conventional protections fail

TE CE

Terminal Equipment: data collector, collect analogue data and status information from each CT & CB Central Equipment: centralized substation relay, collect data from each Terminal Equipment

Multi-Zone Differential Protection: Basis

Breaker Failure Function: clear a fault when a CB fails to open

CB-S4 is excluded and IS4 = 0; current differential protection S3-S5 detects the fault F and opens CB-S3 and CB-S5

CB-R3 and CB-S4 are excluded from the current differential protection R4-R5-R3 and S4-S5-S3, respectively

Multi-Zone Differential Protection: Dealing with Data Loss

Representative Data (RD)
o recover missing data from adjacent terminals according to Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Joint Terminal R5 between 2 Busbar Protection loses data

Joint Terminal R2 between Line Protection & Busbar Protection loses data

Multi-Zone Differential Protection: Dealing with Data Loss

Representative Data (RD)
o extend the protection area when a fault occurs

-- For Line Protection R2-S1, if data is missing from terminal R2 and Representative Data technique is used, it will detect the external fault IF1. -- Similarly, Busbar Protection R1-R2-R5 can detect the external fault IF2 as well.

-- For Busbar Protection R1-R2-R5, if data is missing from terminal R5 and Representative Data technique is used, it will detect the external fault IF3. -- Similarly, Busbar Protection R4-R3-R5 can detect the external fault IF1 as well.

Multi-Zone Differential Protection: Minimizing Outage Area

Tripping Priority Strategy (TPS)
o to minimize the extension of protected area due to Representative Data technique
Principle 1: i) joint terminal between line protection and busbar protection ii) data lost iii) a fault detected using RD technique associated local CB and remote CB trip Principle 2: i) joint terminal between 2 busbar protections ii) data lost iii) a fault detected using RD technique only the corresponding CB trips

Multi-Zone Differential Protection: Clearing Busbar Faults

Terminal Exclusion Function (TEF)
o clear the busbar fault that cannot be handled by Representative Data and Tripping Priority Strategy
Situation 1: i) joint terminal between line protection and busbar protection ii) data lost iii) a fault detected using RD technique and associated local CB and remote CB trip (after TPS) iv) busbar fault still exists exclude the terminal and apply differential algorithm again

Multi-Zone Differential Protection: Clearing Busbar Fault

Terminal Exclusion Function (TEF)
Situation 2: i) joint terminal between 2 busbar protections ii) data lost iii) a fault detected using RD technique and related CB trips iv) busbar fault still exists exclude the terminal and apply differential algorithm again

Summary
Multi-Zone Differential Protection is more attractive than distance protection more reliable and selective protection Multi-Zone Differential Protection can operate in conjunction with conventional current differential protection can cope with data loss rather than block the protection Multi-Zone Differential Protection relies on availability of high accuracy time synchronization and high speed communication need to understand how Multi-Zone Differential Protection will be affected if time accuracy is deteriorated or communication fails.