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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies
HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT
ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
METHODS OF BUSINESS RESEARCH
REPORT ON THE TOPIC OF
SLUMS OF KARACHI
Submitted to: Mr. AKTAR AHSAN
Submitted by: 3) MR. M. Faisal Panawala

(MEN-2200649)
4) MR. Muhammad Ashar Jameel

(MEN-2200344)
Submission Date: 23rd APRIL, 2007
Page - 2 -

ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S/ NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTERNATION SCENARIO HIGHLIGHTS

OF UN REPORT REVISITING KARACHI’S HERITAGE POPULATION GROWTH CHART OF KARACHI
GENERAL PATTERN OF POPULATION MODERN KARACHI SLUMS IN THE WAY OF KARACHI
KARACHI’S PROGRESS ADULT MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF KARACHI DETERMINANTS OF CHILD
MORTALITY IN KARACHI DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO IN SINDH ROLE OF NGO’S IN SOCIAL
SECTOR
04 05 06 07 08 10
12 12 13
08. 09. 10.
14
11.
16
12.
17 18 21
13. 14.
Page - 3 -

ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
23rd April, 2007
Mr. Akhtar Ahsan Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences Hamdard University
City Campus Karachi. Subject: LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Dear Sir, With all due
respect we are thankful to you for giving us a worth-while opportunity to have
the new experience which is not only fruitful in our present but also will help
us in future because of its practical nature and application. Enclosed find
herewith a term report for Business Research Methodology. This report is
prepared on Slums of Karachi. In order to make this report reliable, authentic
and near to the facts, we tried our level best to get as much information from
concerned people as we can. Report is submitted for your kind perusal please.
Page 1
1. Mr. Faisal Panawala 2. Mr. Muhammad Ashar Jameel
____________________ ____________________
Page - 4 -

ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
PREFACE
To fulfill the requirement of our report we four students combined together were
asked to make a group and prepare a research report on slums of Karachi. We
chose the area of Nazimabad, layri, Akhtar Colony, Khoprapar etc to conduct our
research.
During preparation of this report, all the members of the group completely
cooperated with each other. Each of us tried our best to incorporate and
implement all the aspects taught to us in the course.
Now, the decision about the authentication and standard of the report is in the
hands of our respected teacher Mr. Aktar Ahsan and we hope that our report will
receive a favorable consideration at our teacher’s hands.
Page - 5 -

ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of All we are grateful to Almighty Allah, for his blessings that enabled
us to understand and undertake the opportunity for completing this report with
the right approach and sense of direction.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Akhtar Ahsan the respected teacher
for giving us an opportunity to work on a practical approach project and giving
us the guidance to complete the same.
We would also like to thank all the friends, colleagues and concerned persons
who helped us in the preparation of this report.
Special thanks go to all of our team members who contributed in the formation of
this report in order to make it they tried their level best and each member
collected as much information as they can.
Page - 6 -
ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
International Scenario
At least one billion people live in slums, with the highest percentage of them
found in Asia, Africa and Latin America, according to a new report by the United
Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT). The UN report The Challenge of
Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003 was published on World Habitat
Day, 6 October 2003. At a press briefing, Anna K. Tibaijuka, UN-HABITAT
executive director, told City Mayors that at least 40 per cent of settlements in
the world were classified as slums.
The UN General Secretary Kofi Annan said that slums represented the worst of
urban poverty and inequality. Yet the world had the resources, know-how and
power to reach the target established in the Millennium Declaration. He appealed
to the world: “It is my hope that this report, and the best practices it
identifies, will enable all actors involved to overcome the apathy and lack of
political will that have been a barrier to progress, and move ahead with greater
determination and knowledge in our common effort to help the world’s slum
dwellers to attain lives of dignity, prosperity and peace.”
Key findings in the report show that Asia has about 550 million people living in
slums, followed by Africa with 187 million, and Latin America and the Caribbean
Page 2
with 128 million. While slums have largely disappeared in developed countries,
the report still found that there were approximately 54 million urban dwellers
in high-income countries living in slum-like conditions.
The UN findings also revealed that sub-Saharan Africa had the highest rate of
slumdwellers with 72 per cent of the urban population living in slums, followed
by South Central Asia with 59 per cent, east Asia with 36 per cent, western Asia
with 33 per cent, and Latin America and the Caribbean with 32 per cent. Although
the concentration of
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ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
slum dwellers is highest in African cities, in numbers alone, Asia accounts for
some 60 per cent of the world’s urban slum residents. The report stresses the
urgent need to do much more to improve the lives of slum-dwellers.
Some highlights from the UN report

• Some 923,986,000 people, or 31.6 per cent of the world’s total urban
population, live in slums; some 43 per cent of the urban population of all
developing regions combined live in slums; some 78.2 per cent of the urban
population in the least developed countries live in slums; some six per cent of
the urban population in developed regions live in slum-like conditions.
• The total number of slum-dwellers in the world increased by about 36 per cent
during the 1990s and in the next 30 years, the global number of slum-dwellers
will increase to about two billion if no concerted action to address the
challenge of slums is taken.
• More than 41 per cent of Kolkata’s (Calcutta) slum households have lived in
slums for more than 30 years.
• In most African cities between 40 per cent and 70 per cent of the population
lives in slums or squatter settlements. Many African cities will be doubling
their population within two decades. In a city like Nairobi, 60 per cent of the
population lives in slums which occupy about five per cent of the land.
• While most slum-dwellers depend on the informal sector for their livelihoods,
slum populations in many parts of the world (for example in Pune, Pakistan and
Ibadan,
Page - 8 -

ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
Nigeria) quite often include university lecturers, university students,
government civil servants and formal private sector employees. • About one out
of every four countries in the developing world has laws that contain clauses
that impede women owning land and taking mortgages in their own names. • All
slum households in Bangkok have a color television. Among the report's findings:
•
Expectations of better access to education are unmet for most slum-dwellers; a

2003 study found that one in five children in the Nairobi slum of Kibera had no
access to primary schools
•
Poor sanitation, described as a "silent tsunami", means illness and death are
rife; in one part of Harare, 1,300 people share one communal toilet with just
six squatting holes
•
In Cape Town's slums, children under the age of five are five times more likely
to die than those living in the city's high-income districts
Page 3
•
Young adults living in slums are more likely to have a child, be married or head
a household than their counterparts living in non-slum areas
Page - 9 -
ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
REVISITING KARACHI'S HERITAGE
Due to its legacy as an important colonial port city, Karachi is scattered with
innumerable examples of beautiful Victorian and colonial architecture. However,
a lot of it is in a state of disrepair and is threatened with decay and
destruction due to unchecked commercialism and misuse. These pages attempt to
bring the classical heritage of Karachi to light and discuss the threats
presently faced by it.
COLONIAL PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE

THE CHURCHES OF KARACHI
SADDAR AREA HERITAGE

MC LEOD ROAD HERITAGE
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ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
CLIFTON AREA HERITAGE
OTHER MID CITY HERITAGE
BUNDER ROAD HERITAGE

CENTRAL CITY and BURNES ROAD HERITAGE
KEAMARI/PORTSIDE HERITAGE
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ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
KARACHI POPULATION GROWTH CHART

Year
Population
Increase/ Decrease Over Last Census / Survey 135,108 701,780 906,377 1,562,702
1,831,238 4,540,422
No. of Years in Between 10 10 10 11 9 17
Per cent Increase/ Decrease 44.90 161.00 79.70 76.50 50.80 86.29
Average Annual Growth Rate 3.70 11.50 6.05 5.00 4.96 3.52
1941 1951 1961 1972 1981 1998
435,887 1,137,667 2,044,044 3,606,746 5,437,984 9,802,134

Source: Government of Pakistan Census Reports.
GENERAL FEATURES
Page 4
Name Area Population Density Average house hold size Literacy rate Nos of town ;
Nos of diagnostic centre Nos of treatment centers Average public transport fare
Average time travel
Karachi 3527sq.km 2795 per sq km 7 60% 18 55 111 Rs.10 one way 45 minutes one
way by public transport.
Large no of migrants who have flocked to Karachi in search of opportunities
Source: Ismat Ara Khusheed Deputy Director,PTP Sindh
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ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
The 1998 census results have yet to be tabulated and as such an age-sex pyramid
cannot be constructed. However, if one projects the 1981 census results by using
the 1972-81 trends, then one can safely say that about 50 per cent of Karachi’s
population is below 19 years old. What this means in social, economic, cultural
and political terms, has yet to be understood and catered to. It is also
important to note that the census results have not been accepted by the Karachi
political parties which include the MQM, the Sindhi nationalist leaders, the
PPP, the ANP and the religious parties. There is a consensus that Karachi’s
population is over 12 million. The Markazi Jamiat Ulema Pakistan (MJUP) has also
pointed out that there are over 10 million national identity card holders and
their minor dependants in Karachi. The MJUP claim has not been verified or
rejected by the government.
MODERN KARACHI
While the inner and historic core city of Karachi has dilapidated and decayed
beyond recognition, losing its former glory and splendor, Karachi overall as a
port city, has turned out to be a fine city with great economic prospects.
Presently Karachi is a bustling port city of about 14 million people and is the
financial and industrial center of Pakistan's economy. The city has very modern
port facilities that handle the bulk of the trade of Pakistan and the landlocked
Central Asian countries. This city of ample sunshine and cool sea breezes is
also the melting pot of Pakistan where people from all provinces come to make a
living. There was a brief period where violence dominated the life of Karachi,
but like any other great city, this transition period has taken a back seat to
opening new horizons and new prospects for this everexpanding, ever-evolving
city.
Page - 13 -
ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
SLUMS IN THE WAY OF KARACHI PROGRESS
Karachi is Pakistan's biggest city and greatest hope, with aspirations of
becoming the next Shanghai. But in the way of its rapid progress stands Asia's
largest slum. Slums sits in the heart of the financial capital, but plans to
transform it are being met with fierce opposition. Every inch of the slum is
occupied. Rows of corrugated iron shacks are packed with the belongings of the
hundreds of families who live here. Young children play with stray dogs among
the filth and rubbish. There is little sign of clean drinking water and the
sanitation facilities are appalling - up to 80 people are forced to share one
toilet. Slums of Karachi like Layri, Akhter Colony, Korangi & others bears all
the hallmarks of Pakistan's most crippling problems. Sixty-year-old Razman has
been living in the slum for 10 years. He invites our group members into his tiny
home. There is a small stove in one corner and a tired old fan, if we stretch
our arms out we could touch both walls of the room that is home to the five
members of his family, including two small children. "We want change and for
conditions to improve for the people who live here. There is nowhere for my
grandchildren to play but I cannot afford to move from here," he says.
"My vision would be that it would be transformed into one of the better suburbs
of Karachi - it will be forgotten as any kind of slum - there will be state of
Page 5
the art modern amenities and a lot of happy people living”, Karachi Government
But many of the residents have other ideas. They refuse to be transformed by
international companies who have little or no idea of their community and what
it needs.
Page - 14 -
ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
Their neighborhood may be plagued by a crippling infrastructure but at the heart
of Karachi is a bustling business district that generates up to $39m a year. The
tiny alleys that lead through the maze that is Asia's biggest slum are packed
with small workshops. Here tanners thrash the hide of freshly cut leather and
paint the square strips to be sewn into handbags. It's the kind of business that
keeps half of the residents like Aslam Khan in employment. "I would not be able
to afford the cost of hiring a room outside Layri. If the plans of demolishing
Layri of Expressway project goes ahead, we will lose so much business," he says.
Many are suspicious that the motivation to demolish Layri is purely about money.
The slum is a prime location for the financial capital, which makes the land its
worth to be weighted in gold. Syed Ali grew up in Karachi's slums and now
represents the slum dwellers in their fight against the government's plans.
"Selling this land to the global market and giving it over for commercial use -
how will that improve our lives? Ninety per cent of the people here want a stake
in their future and a say in how it is transformed. It has to work from the
bottom up - not top down. They have tried to tackle Layri before and never been
successful," he says.
Visitors to the slum are struck by the uniqueness of Layri - most describe it as
being like a city in itself, with a community of people living and working
together which many wish to preserve. In return for building tenement houses to
shelter the former residents, the chosen developer will win the right to build
on the rest of the land. The plans could be used as a blueprint to tackle
poverty in the rest of Pakistan's slums. But the planners and the government
face a fierce battle. Close to where the slum sits is the main railway track
Page - 15 -

ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
bringing trains from across Pakistan to its wealthiest city - and the slum
dwellers threaten to bring it to a grinding halt Syed Ali says if the plans are
given the go-ahead "all we have to do is simply step out of our homes". He
explains: "We will completely block the railways. A hundred thousand of us will
squat there and bring the whole city and the whole of Pakistan to a stop."
ADULT MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF KARACHI
OBJECTIVE: Cause-specific death rates are rarely available to guide health
interventions for adults in South Asia. We report mortality patterns among
Karachi's urban poor. METHODS: We conducted verbal autopsies for adult deaths
under active surveillance
during 1990-1993 in five urban slums of Karachi. Two physicians (Dr. M. Amin
Panawala & Dr. Irshad Ali) assigned underlying cause of death by consensus.
Analysis included cause- and category-specific rates, 45Q15s and comparison with
1991 Japanese national statistics. RESULTS: • • • • • • All 345 adult deaths
(15-59 years) in the 5 slums (total population 415,389) were included. Male
mortality exceeded female (4.4 vs 3.3/1000, p = .02). Noncommunicable diseases
claimed 59% of deaths, communicable and reproductive 27% and injuries, 15%. The
leading identified death rates (/100,000) among women were: circulatory
disorders (66), maternal causes (33), tuberculosis (30), and burns (23). Among
men they were: circulatory disorders (124) tuberculosis (30) and road traffic
accidents (30). Overall Karachi adult mortality was 3.7 times Japanese rate.
Compared to Japan, adults in Karachi had one to two orders of magnitude excess
mortality due to maternal causes, tuberculosis and burns.
Page 6
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ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
•
Circulatory disorders and tuberculosis accounted for 47% of excess male
mortality; these plus maternal causes and burns accounted for 55% of excess
female mortality.
CONCLUSION: These mortality levels and patterns compel interventions and
research for poor urban adults beyond maternal health. Women's health would
equally benefit from tuberculosis control or burn prevention. Men need safer
travel. Both need improved cardiovascular health.
DETERMINANTS OF CHILD MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF KARACHI

Pakistan has an infant mortality rate (IMR) of 90.5/1000 live births, and the
country's child mortality level of 117.5 is worse than in other South Asian
countries. Rapid population growth combined with rural-to-urban migration has
led to the creation of urban slums in which morbidity levels are usually higher
than in rural populations. A study was conducted in January 1993 in 6 slums of
Karachi where the Aga Khan University has operated primary health care programs
since 1985. Researchers recorded the deaths of 347 children under age 5 years
old due to diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI) during 1989-93. 235
mothers of these children were interviewed. The following are discussed as risk
factors for under-5 child mortality: • • • • • • the use of traditional healers
poor nutritional status incomplete or no immunization the quick change of
healers inappropriate child care arrangements, and mother’s literacy short birth
interval, bottle feeding, and nuclear family structure
Maternal autonomy, appropriate health-seeking behavior, and child-rearing

processes identified in the study point to the need for intervention strategies
which go beyond the usual primary health care initiatives and involve
communities in developing social support systems for mothers. Page - 17 -

ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
The role of family health-seeking behavior in under-five-year child mortality

was explored through the combined approach of examining health-seeking behavior
regarding treatment generally, and in specific in relation to illness before
death. A population-based case control study was carried out during the period
1993–1994 using 222 deaths from diarrhea and acute respiratory illness (ARI) in
children under five years of age in six slums of Karachi as cases, and 419
controls matched on age, disease (diarrhea and ARI) and slum. Factors
significantly associated (p<0·05) with child mortality in the multivariate
analysis were: mothers changing healers quickly, using a traditional healer or
an unqualified doctor and mothers to whom doctors did not explain the treatment,
even when maternal education was controlled for. Seeking effective medical
services is highly influential on whether the child survives or succumbs to ARI
or diarrhea. As mothers are the first providers of care, an attempt should be
made to try and improve their skills through health education so that they can
use simple and effective treatments for minor illnesses. They should also be
taught to recognize potentially life-threatening conditions, to seek care early
and to persist with treatment.
DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO IN SINDH
A recently released report of the World Bank “Securing Sindh’s Future: The
Prospects and Challenges Ahead” has revealed startling facts about state of the
governance and socio-economic wellbeing of Sindh, particularly in rural areas.
The whole document is littered with hard evidences of depressing facts of
development in the province, which has been an all time major contributor of the
national economy. Both at provincial and federal level overall governance of
Sindh seems to be the single largest factor of socioeconomic degradation of
Sindh. This is tragic that a province which has been contributing enormously in
the economic health of country is suffering from negative growth in almost every
development indicator, even worst than that at the time of independence.
Page 7
Sindh had 40% higher per capita income than Punjab and nearly 55% higher than
the rest of country. It gradually started declining in early 70s and touched to
only 36% higher in1991-92 and further fell to barely 16% by 2004-05. This
downslide of incomes has
Page - 18 -
ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
resulted in growth of poverty. During the last decade per capita income rise in
Punjab and NWFP was recorded as 1.6 and 2.3 percent, whereas Sindh registered
only 0.9 percent increase. It is worth mentioning here that a sizable number of
people from these two provinces are settled in Sindh. This impact has also been
experienced at household level. According to the World Bank estimates 81% of
households in Sindh did not experience any improvement in their economic
situation as compared to the previous year, as against 72% in the rest of
country. While discussing the socio-economic indictors of Sindh a major factor
of Karachi always jacks up the figures. For example poverty in Sindh goes
underestimated due to indicators of Karachi where a sizable number of people
from other provinces reside and are much well of than the local population. For
example Household Income and Expenditure Survey-2001 (HIES) shows 36.7% poverty
in Sindh. If figures of Karachi are excluded the number touches to an alarming
height of 48.4%. Likewise urban centers of Sindh other than Karachi have similar
poor indicators as the rest of rural Sindh. Hence socioeconomic indicators are
much better in Karachi if compared with the rest of Sindh. This shows skewed
development in favor of urban base. In the long run this disparity will bring
negative implications for Karachi itself since this development gape will
invariably push people to migrate from rural areas to Karachi only to aggravate
its nearly crippled infrastructure and services. Urban slums haphazard growth is
already at its worst. Though all this should not lessen the concern for urban
poverty yet it indicates towards the vivid rural urban gape in the economy. The
World Bank report also recognizes the fact that both gender and geographical
based disparities are a major area of concern. Considering the both dimensions,
the following facts are quite reflective. • • •
For every 100 boys being immunized in urban Sindh, only 70 girls get immunized
in rural Sindh 87% of babies are full immunized in urban Sindh as against only
62% in rural Sindh For every 100 boys enrolled in primary schools of urban
Sindh, only 43 girls are enrolled in rural areas of Sindh.
Page - 19 -

ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
In 2001-02 for the first time in history, the percentage of households below
poverty line in Sindh surpassed the rest of country. This has a direct bearing
on other social indicators. Taking literacy for example, during ten years from
1995-96 to 2004-5 literacy rate increased by 61% in NWFP and 35% in Punjab,
whereas the increase in literacy rate of Sindh was only 24% i.e. 57% and 11%
less than the two provinces. During the same period the net enrollment in
primary level increased by 34% in NWFP and 29% in Punjab, whereas Sindh
registered dismally low only 6% increase in the net primary enrollment. This
unfortunate situation is a result of bad policies and bad management of
resources. Public fund utilization in Sindh remained very low. According to the
data of the Finance department of Sindh, during last seven years nine out of 10
sectors underutilized their allocated funds
ROLE OF NGO’S IN SOCIAL SECTOR
The NGOs can be involved at planning and implementation levels, which is still
lacking for which, the governments in the region carries greater responsibility.
However, it seems, the issue of donor dependence has been exaggerated in media
as the research on indigenous philanthropy conducted by the Pakistan Centre of
Philanthropy (PCP) in 1998 did not verify the impression of donor dependence for
the sector. The research revealed that in Pakistan individuals gave estimated
Rs70 billion in cash and goods while, foreign aid for 1997-98 made up for Rs6
billion in grants. Comparing indigenous grants to foreign grants, Pakistanis
gave 30 billion in money alone, more than 5 times of foreign aid. Although the
Page 8
figures for indigenous philanthropy in other countries of South Asia is not
available but the magnitude of this will not be much different in the other
countries of the region because of the faith-based social structure across the
region.
The road map for working of the two sectors together can be touching the
following factors: 1. Choosing right projects: There is no shortage of potential
projects for working together. The key is to choose the right project; one that
meets the criteria set out earlier, and has real commitment from the two sectors
to make it a success.
2. Committing the best: Ideally in fact, every project needs commitments from
the
Page - 20 -

ON SLUMS OF KARACHI
sectors involved. High-level local political commitment is particularly

important. For example, the progress achieved by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh
owes much to the fact that it had a high-profile commitment shown by the Grameen
Trust. 3. Identifying local support: This is extremely important to the success
of a project. The local NGOs have great potentials in leading on the ground by
advising on local priorities, contributing contacts, and offering a link to
government and the local NGOs. The collaboration with the NGOs have proved
particularly fruitful for the people of rural Malir, Karachi, Pakistan when
Darsano Channo Union Council, Malir, and HANDS; an intermediary NGO, built
partnership to run the Jamkando Hospital.
4. Small packages: Small or medium-sized projects need to be packaged to attract

investor interest. Larger projects have their own dynamism. Smaller ones have
disproportionately higher transaction costs and political risks.
5. A balance between process and result: There are no short cuts to a

government-NGO partnership project. The public sector administration culture,
being procedure/process driven and the NGOs' voluntary culture, being missionary
zeal driven, are fundamentally different. Therefore, the culture and working
style of the two sectors should be reconciled in the greater benefits of masses.
6. Mutual trust: The government and NGOs have little experience of working
together except they have the reference of regulators and regulated. Partnership
having the basis of shared ownership, as well as responsibility makes a project
successful.
Page - 21 -
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Submitted by: 3) MR. M. Faisal Panawala

4) MR. Muhammad Ashar Jameel

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTERNATION SCENARIO HIGHLIGHTS

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

Some highlights from the UN report

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

Expectations of better access to education are unmet for most slum-dwellers; a

COLONIAL PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE

SADDAR AREA HERITAGE

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

CLIFTON AREA HERITAGE

OTHER MID CITY HERITAGE

BUNDER ROAD HERITAGE

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

KARACHI POPULATION GROWTH CHART

435,887 1,137,667 2,044,044 3,606,746 5,437,984 9,802,134

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

DETERMINANTS OF CHILD MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF KARACHI

Maternal autonomy, appropriate health-seeking behavior, and child-rearing

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

The role of family health-seeking behavior in under-five-year child mortality

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT

sectors involved. High-level local political commitment is particularly

4. Small packages: Small or medium-sized projects need to be packaged to attract

5. A balance between process and result: There are no short cuts to a

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