Compressible Fluid Flow
IndoGermanWinterAcademy2006
PresentedBy:
PuneetKumar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Tutor : Dr. Sanjay Mittal
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Contents
Compressible flow History Basics of Compressible flow Speed of Sound A Brief Review of Thermodynamics Propagation of sound source Shock waves and Normal shock Oblique Shock Summary
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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras
Historical Prospective
Convergent divergent steam nozzles of de-Laval Advent of jet propulsion and high speed flights as Bell XS-1 Dealing with high temperature, chemical reactive gases associated with rocket engines
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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras
Compressible flow
Compressible flow Variable density flow Compressibility of fluid 1 dv 1 d = = v dp dp Gas velocities less than 0.3 of the speed of sound are considered as incompressible flow Compressible flows are high energy flow Shock waves in all disturbed supersonic flows Examples : High speed airplanes and jet engines
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Puneet Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras
Flow Regimes
Subsonic Flow
Flow velocity everywhere less than the speed of sound
Transonic Flow
Flow velocity is close to the speed of sound
Supersonic Flow
Flow velocity is everywhere greater than the speed of sound
Hypersonic Flow
Properties of flow increases explosively across the shock wave
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Basic Conservation Equations
Conservation Equations
Three Fundamental Principles Continuity equation Momentum equation Energy equation
Models of Flow
Some Applications
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Balance Equations
Continuity equation
ur u r V.d S = dV t V
Momentum equation ur ur uu r ur ur u r ( V) dV = pd S + Fvis (V.d S ) V + f dV t S V V S Energy equation ur uu r ur ur q dV (V.d S ) + ( f .V)dV =
V S V
r uur V2 V2 u e+ e + dV + V .dS t 2 2 S
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One Dimensional Flow
One Dimensional Flow
Normal shock waves
Speed of sound
One dimensional flow with heat addition
One dimensional flow with friction
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Wave Propagation
Waves carry information in flow Travel at local speed of sound For incompressible flow speed of sound is infinite Speed of sound is finite for compressible flow
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Speed of Sound
Air molecules in random motion Perfect gas properties are only T dependent Make the sound wave stationary for analysis
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Speed of Sound
By applying Mass and Momentum balance to the CV
Neglect the higher order terms Replacing the term momentum equation in the
which simplifies to
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Speed of Sound
By combining two equations For an isentropic flow we get For a perfect gas
Mach number
v a
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A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
Perfect Gas Intermolecular forces are neglected Valid in the low pressures and high temperatures
PV = M RT P = RT
For a thermally perfect gas all the properties like e, h, cp, cv are functions of Temperature only
Using First and Second Law of thermodynamics
T2 P2 s2 s1 = c p ln R ln T1 P 1
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Isentropic Relations
Relation among density, pressure and temperature in an isentropic flow
All the properties will become a function of and mach number By using basic energy equation for an adiabatic process
= constant
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Isentropic Relations
Differentiate the energy equation For a thermally perfect gas For a calorific perfect gas In stagnant conditions, energy equation becomes which is equal to
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Isentropic Relations
Eliminate T using we get
Now multiply by
and get
By using P,T relations for an isentropic flow
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Propagation of Source of Sound
a. b. c. d. Stationary Source Source moving at Subsonic Speeds Source moving at the Speed of Sound Source moving at Supersonic Speeds
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Propagation of Source of Sound
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Response of Subsonic and Supersonic Flows to an Obstacle
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Shock Waves
Spontaneous change in a flow Shocks that are oriented perpendicular to the flow Normal Shock waves Detached shock wave
Attached shock wave
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Formation of a Shock Wave
Give jerk at t = 0 which emits a weak wave The wave propagates and sets the gas into motion The pressure jump across the stronger wave is not dp1 but is dp1+dp2.
This phenomenon where the waves merge is called Coalescence
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Formation of a Shock Wave
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Normal Shock Wave
Shocks which are stationary and normal to the flow Shock thickness is very small Balance equations across the shock
Substitute for the term in momentum equation and get
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Normal Shock Wave Equations
Total enthalpy is constant across the shock
h01 = h02
which is for a thermally perfect gas
T01 = T 02
By using isentropic relation
By eliminating and u from the continuity equation
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Normal Shock Wave Equations
Substitute for the temperature ratio
Solutions to this equation are
By neglecting the imaginary and trivial solution
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Normal Shock Wave Equations
Using this relation we can relate all the properties across the shock Relations for the total properties are
Entropy change across the shock
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Characteristics of Normal Shock Wave
If M1 > 1 , then M2< 1 If M1 < 1 , then M2> 1
PossibleMathematically
Shocks with M1 < 1 are physically impossible
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Traffic Rules for Compressible Flow
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Applications of 1-D flow
Flow through ducts and nozzles Subsonic flow responds to area changes in the same manner as an incompressible flow Supersonic flow behaves in an opposite manner
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Flow through a Converging Nozzle
Back Pressure, pb is equal to the reservoir pressure,p0 No flow In sonic range flow increases with decreasing pb After reaching sonic conditions nozzle get choked
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Flow through a Converging-Diverging Nozzle
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Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow
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Oblique Shock Wave
Normal Shock a special case of oblique shock Change in flow direction across an oblique shock
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Oblique Shock Wave Formation
For subsonic flow beeper always stays inside the circular sound wave fronts For supersonic flow beeper will move outside the circular wave fronts
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Oblique Shock Relations
Additional tangential velocity component Tangential component remains unchanged across the shock Normal component changes according to the normal shock relations Flow gets deflected towards the shock wave
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Oblique Shock Relations
is shock angle and is deflection angle
Define mach no. for the normal velocity component
For a given Mach Number, M1 , we have a minimum shock angle, and , the maximum inclination is
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Oblique Shock Relations
There exists two solutions for this equation The smaller value gives what is called a Weak Solution. The other solution with a higher value of is called a Strong Solution.
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Oblique Shock Relations
Relationship between and
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Summary
Under subsonic conditions compressible and incompressible flow behaves similarly Speed of sound is infinite for incompressible flow whereas finite for compressible flow Shock forms in supersonic compressible flows Incoming supersonic flow will become subsonic after the shock
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Further Reading
Modern Compressible Flow 3rd edition
John D. Anderson
Compressible Fluid Flow
Patrick H. Oosthuizen, William E. Carscallen
www.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/aero/gasdyn
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