[World History] Imperialism and Colonialism: Meaning, Factors responsible

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Prologue What is imperialism? What is colonialism? What is Neocolonialism? What is New Imperialism? Conditions/factors that helped the rise of Imperialism 1. Industrial Revolution and Capitalism 2. Marxists: Capitalism = Imperialism 3. Protectionism 4. Mercantilism 5. Supply of raw material 6. Investment 7. Infrastructure investment 8. Why Political domination necessary? 9. Slave trade 10. Transport and communication 11. Rise of extreme nationalism 12. Mind diversion 13. Fear and security 14. Civilizing mission 15. Christian Missionaries 16. Adventurers and explorers 17. Favorable conditions in Asia and Africa Mock Questions

This is mere base / foundation / starting point to supplement your readings from IGNOU BA, MA etc. These are summaries (and not verbatim paragraphs). Ive taken liberty to include external sources to elaborate the explanations.

What is imperialism?

The term imperialism means the practice of extending the power, control or rule by a country over the political and economic life of the areas outside its own borders. Imperialism refers to the process of capitalist development, which leads the capitalist countries to conquer and dominate pre-capitalist countries of the world. The imperialist country or Metropolis (literal meaning mother country), subordinates another country/ colony for its own economic and political interests. This may be done through military or other means and particularly through colonialism.

What is colonialism?

Imperialism

Colonialism means the practice of acquiring colonies by conquest (or other means) and making them dependent. The country which is subjugated by a metropolitan capitalist country is described as a colony, and what happens in a colony is colonialism. In other words, Colonialism =the total system of imperialist domination of a pre-capitalist country. Occupation / direct rule over a country by another country=not always an essential feature of imperialism The essential feature= exploitation, with or without direct political control. Until recent years, most countries of Asia Africa and other parts of the world, where under the control of one or another imperialist country.

Prologue

New Syllabus: General studies Mains Paper I contains following topics on World History

History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.their forms and effect on the society.
You already have Younger/New NCERTs, if not click on following:

Colonialism Colonialism usually implies formal political control, involving territorial annexation and loss of sovereignty. colonialism is the system prevalent in the colonies. Here we study impact of empire on the colony.

Imperialism refers, more broadly, to control or influence that is exercised either formally or informally, directly or indirectly, politically or economically Imperialism is a specifically European phenomenon

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India and the Contemporary World I (Class 9) India and the Contemporary World II (Class 10) Themes in World History (class 11)

When we study imperialism we examine the impact of empire on the metropolis (home country)

But in terms of depth / coverage /analysis of World History, the older NCERTs were better. Although for someone living in a small town / remote area, its impossible to find them. So, Im uploading the summaries one by one for the benefit of such aspirants.

What is Neocolonialism?

In the present day world, almost all countries are politically independent, however the imperialist control has not come to an end. Neocolonialism is the practice of (mainly economic) exploitation and domination of independent but economically backward countries, by the powerful countries.

We start with Class 10 (Old NCERT), Story of civilization volume II, Chapter 9, Imperialism and Colonialism.

That chapter revolves around subtopics: What is New Imperialism? 1. 2. 3. 4. Meaning of Imperialism Conditions that helped growth of Imperialism Conquest of Asia, Africa, Americas and the Pacific. Effects of Imperialism.

During the initial period of Industrial Revolution, the pursuit of colonies had slowed down. Why?

This first article deals with first two topics (Meaning and conditions). Future articles will cover the rest. Keep in mind,

because Between 1775 and 1875, Europeans lost more territory than they acquired in North America and Latin America, because of successful revolution. Spanish colonial rule from Mexico to Argentina was overturned.

There was a widespread feeling in Europe that colonies were more trouble than they were worth and the sooner or later colonies would revolt and fight for independence. Benjamin Disraeli said These wretched colonies will all be independent in a few years and are millstones around our necks.

Problem with this explanation?

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It fails to explain pre-capitalist imperialism of Greece and Rome. It fails to explain the Communist imperialism of Soviet Union itself!

However, the pursuits and rivalries re-emerged in the last quarter of the 19th century.

Protectionism

This new face of imperialism (1875-1914) is often described as the new imperialism. New imperialism resulted because of the economic system that had developed as a result of Industrial Revolution. During this phase a few industrialized capitalist countries established their Political and economic control and domination over the rest of the world. The form of domination and control included direct colonial rule, sphere of influence and various types of commercial and economic agreements.

As started ^above, the capitalist countries, Western powers had to find new markets for selling their goods. England was the first country where industries developed, therefore she gained almost complete control over the world markets. Even when other European countries began to use machines, they could not compete with Englands low prices. So, they tried to protect and stimulate its domestic industries by imposing heavy tariffs on imported items. Result? = European powers could not sell their products to each other. They had to find totally new markets and customers in Asia, Africa and the two Americas.

Players in New Imperialism:

New imperialist countries emerged viz. Germany, Italy, Belgium, USA and Japan. While, Britain and France continued to be powerful and expand. Power of Spain and Portugal declined.

Mercantilism

It was the economic policy prevailing in Europe during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. This policy assumed following:

ok so far we know the meaning of Imperialism. But why did it happen? What were the

Conditions/factors that helped the rise of Imperialism Industrial Revolution and Capitalism

Volume of world wealth and trade was relatively static, so one countrys gain required another country/colonys loss. Wealth of a nation depended primarily on the possession of gold and silver. A colonial possession should provide wealth to the country that controlled it. Exports to foreign countries is preferable to imports or domestic trade, because exports brought more money into the country.

Industrial Revolution created the capitalist system of production. The capitalist entrepreneurs used two ways to make big profits:

Method to increase profit? => 1. minimum wages to workers

Consequences?

Governmental interference in the national economy is justified if it helps achieving the of above objectives.

low wages = low purchasing power of the majority of the domestic population= low demand of products in home country.

So nations acted accordingly. They setup trading posts which would later become forts, arm twisted local rulers to gain exclusive market for their products and so on. All this was done and justified as the objectives of mercantilism were fulfilled.

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More and more production

the production of goods was far in excess of the demand at home Supply of raw material

As the industries grew in Europe, they needed more and more raw material. For example, Result?=> Because of the underconsumption in domestic market, the capitalist nations had to find new markets and buyers to sell their products.

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Cotton= India and Egypt rubber= Congo and East Indies

Marxists: Capitalism = Imperialism

Lenin argued that Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism, and itd lead to the demise of Capitalism.

Result?=>

They also needed =food grains, tea, coffee, Indigo, tobacco, sugar, coal, iron, tin, gold, copper and later oil.

In Capitalist system, wealth is concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, the possibility for investment at home is exhausted, and capitalists have no choice but to invest abroad, establish colonies, and exploit small, weak nations.

Imperialists forced the colonies to cultivate only one or two crops which were needed as raw material for their own industries (e.g. indigo in India, Sugar in Cuba.) Smuggling: sometimes, goods produced in one country were sold to another country to pay for the goods from that country. e.g. The English promoted cultivation of opium in India, then smuggled into China to pay for the goods they had bought from China.

for the cultivation of sugarcane, cotton and tobacco (to supply as raw material to home industries). These plantations needed lot of laborers. Hence it became necessary to establish trading posts in the coastal areas of Africa to keep steady supply of African slaves. later, Britain and other powers used abolition of slavery as an excuse to wage war against African chiefs and kings, but their hidden aim was to expand territorial possession. (For timber, ivory, minerals and oil).

Investment

Towards the end of 19th century, Western countries began to look upon Asia and Africa is good places to invest their capital. But Why?

Transport and communication

Both Asia and Africa had abundant supply of raw material and cheap labour= good profit. As we saw under Demand topic, low wages + excessive production= underconsumption. Therefore, if capital was invested in Europe, it would only fetch 3 to 4% profit, because of little purchasing power of local people. But if the same amount was invested in Asia or Africa, you could earn as high as 20% profit. Besides, Towards the end of 19th century, financial institutions such as banks expanded their influence and power, thus making FDI(!) easier than earlier.

The Industrial Revolution brought drastic changes in transport and communication. Steamship could carry goods much faster than the old sailing vessels. The imperialist countries built railroads and inland waterways in the conquered areas, with the help of cheap local labor. Thus could get raw material out of the interiors and send their manufactured products, faster than ever before. Thus every area of the world was brought within easy reach of the industrialized countries.

Result?=>The export of capital for investment in other countries began to become more important in the export of goods.

Rise of extreme nationalism

Infrastructure investment

The Western powers invested in their colonies to promote industries that could produce goods for export e.g. mining and plantation. They also invested to strengthen control over colonys economy e.g. Railways, postal network. Result?=> political domination became necessary.

the later part of 19th century was a period of intense nationalism Germany and Italy had just succeeded in becoming unified nations. Nationalism in the late 19th century came to be associated with chauvinism. Nationalist intellectuals in all European powers argued that national greatness meant seizing colonial territory. Once the scramble for colonies began, failure to enter the race was perceived as a sign of weakness, totally unacceptable to an aspiring great power. many nations developed myth of their superiority over other people Each country felt that she too must have colonies to increase her own prestige and power imperialism became the fashion of the age. Writers and speakers in England, France and Germany promoted the idea of imperialism and took great pride in calling their territories as empires Germanys expansion under Hitler was also based on the belief that German national culture was inherently superior than others. by the end of the 19th century colonialism like nationalism developed into a mass cult. Colonies were symbols of national greatness and nationalists of every economic class were proud of them. Soviet unions policy to liberate the peoples of Eastern Europe and the Third World, and USAs protecting Freedom = also examples of imperialism driven by moral and ideological concerns.

Why Political domination necessary?

As the foreign powers invested more and more money in business and infrastructure in Asia, Africa and Americas, their risk increased:

what if the weak local prince, Nawab or tribes chief could not contain an uprising or rebellion? What if there was a change in the government?

Such things could lead to reduction in profit or even loss of whole investment.

For the same reasons, French investors in Morocco (N.Africa), appealed to their home government in France, to annex it. Thus Morocco became French Morocco.

Mind diversion

Slave trade

The Spanish rule in Americas had resulted large-scale extermination of original inhabitants/NativeAmericans. Because

Colonies helped to ensure social peace and prevented socialist revolution at home by taking the minds of the working class off their misery.

He who would avoid civil war must be an imperialist. (Cecil Rhodes).

o o

they were forced to work in gold/silver mines and were massacred, if resisted. Foreigners brought new diseases, and Native Americans had no immunity against them.

Fear and security

Later, the Europeans introduced plantation system in North America, West Indies and Brazil.

Initially, colonies were acquired to get cheap raw material and market to sell finished products. But then Imperialist countries started acquiring places for their military or strategic importance also. For example, England established naval bases and coaling stations at Port Said, Aden, Hong Kong, Singapore and Cyprus not to protect England but to protect its conquered lands and trade routes to India from her rival nations. The rival nations installed similar bases elsewhere to protect their colonies and trade routes from England. Thus, if you acquired one colony, you had to acquire other colonies to protect the first colony => leading to a chain reaction and race for grabbing more and more colonies. (And ultimately first World war).

Biggest factor was lack of industrialization.

Military strength

Asian and African state did not have the economic might of imperialist powers- to fight a long war. They fought with axes, bows and outdated firearms (if any), while Europeans had new rifles and a maxim-gun (a fast firing machine gun) + the naval artillery to pound the coastal cities of their enemies. while Indian and Arab ships didnt have guns. The only exceptions, where Europeans could not succeed in war = Afghanistan and Ethiopia.

Politically, Asian and African states were not united. There were Conflicts between states and within states, the ruler vs. chiefs, warlords, merchants etc. Hence they often sought the support of Europeans against their rivals.

Civilizing mission

Internal rivalries

Many European writers and thinkers used to blatantly support and justify Imperilism and colonization.

Rudyard Kipling

England

Wrote a poem titled White mans burden. It gives a rhetorical command to white men to colonize and rule people of other nations. No Empires

In the ancient and mediaeval times, powerful empires had existed in Asia and Africa. But during 19th century their governments became very weak. They still followed the old ways of governing, even though they had outlived their usefulness. The loyalty of people still rested in local princes or tribal chieftains. They didnt have the strong feelings for nation-state, like the Europeans.

Jules Ferry France Superior races have the duty of civilizing the inferior races.

To many Europeans and Americans, the prospect of saving souls seemed as important as the prospect of expanding prestige and profit. They considered it was their Christian and moral responsibility to educated ignorant peoples into higher culture and convert them to Christianity. Hence for them, imperialism = a noble task, a way of bringing civilization to do backward people of the world. No Machines

The Westerners admired and desired the fine quality goods made by Asian and African craftsmen. But these craftsmen relied entirely on handmade tools= small scale production, could not compete with factory made products.

Christian Missionaries

Mock Questions Usually they went alone into an unknown areas in a spirit of duty and religion. But often they were followed by profiteering traders and soldiers. Then wars took place to protect the missionaries. All these seemed quite natural to most Western people, because they considered it their nations destiny to civilize and Christianize the people of Asia and Africa US President McKinley himself justified the annexation of Philippines in following words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Explain imperialism and new-imperialism. Explain colonialism and neo-colonialism. Explain the role of capitalism and industrial revolution in the emergence of Imperialism. How did nationalism help to make imperialism popular in Europe? The dominant directive motive behind imperialism was the demand for markets and for profitable investment. Comment All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian land and those who fail to participate in this rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come. Comment Write a note on the role of writers, missionaries and explorer in the spread of colonization. 12 marks

We must help our little brown brothers.there was nothing left to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos and uplift and civilise them as our fellow men for whom Christ also died.
Adventurers and explorers

25 marks They had prominent role in Europes taking over of Africa. They first went into unknown or little-known territories and brought back the reports that often indicated opportunities for trade and development. On the basis of such reports, a trading post would be first setup. Gradually, the explorers home government would take over the protection of the entire area around the trading Post. Then this imperial home government would proceed to claim the entire territory as her own colony. 1. 2. 3. Write a note on the economic angle of Imperialism. List the conditions that helped growth of Imperialism and colonialism. Why were Asian and African countries so easily dominated by Western Powers?

[World History] Imperialism & Colonization: China, Japan, Asia, Boxer Rebellion, Open Door policy, Sphere of influence

Favorable conditions in Asia and Africa

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China: Opium Wars, Boxer rebellion, Imperialism 1. The opium Wars

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2. 1st Opium war 3. The Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) 4. 2nd Opium War 5. Treaties of Tianjin 6. 1st Sino Japan War 7. Sphere of Influence 8. United States: Me too Policy 9. Boxer Rebellion Japan: an imperialist Power 1. Meiji Restoration 2. Anglo-Japanese Alliance 3. Russo-Japanese War Asia: South and South East 1. Burma 2. Indochina 3. Indonesia 4. Malaysia and Singapore 5. Sri Lanka 6. Thailand / Siam 7. Philippines Asia: Central and Western 1. Anglo Russian agreement (1907) 2. Afghanistan 3. Tibet 4. Iran/Persia 5. Western Asia Mock Question

So the British had to pay back in gold and silver for importing Chinese tea, silk, jade and porcelain. This Led to trade deficit for Britain (And recall the mercantilism policy- Europeans preferred export over imports. Wealth of a country was measured in gold and silver.) So, British merchant started smuggling opium from India into China on a large scale, to cover up for their cost of importing Chinese goods.

East India Companys role opium trade

In India, the British East India Company had established a monopoly on opium cultivation. But due to Chinese ban on opium, the East India Company did not carry the opium itself. Instead, they used country tradersi.e., private traders licensed by the company to take goods from India to China. The country traders sold the opium to smugglers along the Chinese coast for gold and silver. In China the East India company used the same gold and silver (from illegal opium trade) to purchase Chinese tea, silk and other goods, sold them in England @higher price=truckload of profit.

Thus, the illegal opium trade was profitable to British but it did immense physical and moral damage to the Chinese. 1st Opium war

ok so far, We were looking @Class 10 (Old NCERT), Story of civilization volume II, Chapter 9, Imperialism and Colonialism.That chapter revolves around subtopics:

Finally Chinese government officials seized an opium cargo and destroyed it. Britain declared war (first Opium war) and easily defeated the Chinese. Result?=>

The Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) 1. Meaning of Imperialism Already covered under previous article. click me According to this treaty of Nanjing

2.

Conditions that helped growth of Imperialism

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Conquest of Asia Asia being covered in the present article.

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China was forced to pay fines to British for war damages. Hong Kong was given to Britain China had to open five port cities to the British traders. Chinese government was no longer free to impose tariffs on the foreign goods

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Conquest of Africa, Americas and the Pacific. Extraterritorial rights clause Well see them later in a separate articles. The British subjects in China were answerable only to British law, even in disputes with Chinese! (Recall similar issue in India- the Ilbert Bill.)

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Effects of Imperialism.

China: Opium Wars, Boxer rebellion, Imperialism

MFN (Most Favored nation clause)

Whenever any nation extracted a new privilege from China, that privilege was extended automatically to Britain! Semi-colonization of China 2nd Opium War

The opium Wars

Soon, England and France fought another war with China, on the pretext that a French missionary had been murdered. (2nd Opium war, aka Arrow war). Result?=>

The imperialist domination of China begin with the opium Wars Before these opium Wars, only two Chinese ports were open to foreign traders. China was already a prosperous civilization that had invented paper, printing and gunpowder. There was no demand for British goods in China. Treaties of Tianjin

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Freedom of movement for Christian missionaries.

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residence in Beijing for foreign envoys the opening of several new ports to Western trade and residence right of foreign travel in the interior of China China was defeated again and was forced to grant even more privileges to the winners. By the end of 1860s, China had to open 14 ports to Foreigners.

Chinese people was unhappy because of following:

1st Sino Japan War

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Result?=>

Economic Exploitation by Western powers. The extraterritorial right granted to foreigners Chinas humiliating defeats in Opium wars and against Japan. Corruption, inefficiency of their own royal government. they resented the work of Christian missionaries, blaming them for harming traditional Chinese ceremonies and family relations; + missionaries pressured local officials to side with Christian converts in local lawsuits and property disputes.

For centuries Korea was a tributary state of China. but Japan was trying increase her influence over Korea. Why?

o o

Korea is strategically located opposite the Japanese islands Koreas natural resources of coal and iron

This led to formation of a secret organization known as Yihetuan (Society of Righteousness and Harmony). The foreigners called them Boxers.

This ultimately leads to War between Japan and China. Experts had believed that China would win, given its bigger military. But Japan won thanks to its adopted western military technology.

Boxers blamed foreigners for all the ills in China. They started seizing /destroying properties of foreigners, Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. The movement took form of a violent rebellion.

Although the Boxers were officially denounced, they were secretly supported by many of the royal court.

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China had to recognize Korea as an independent state. China had to give away Formosa, Taiwan and part of Southern Manchuria to Japan. China was forced to pay about $150 million to Japan for war damages.

British, French, Japanese, Russian, German, and Americans sent their troops to curb this rebellion. Ultimately the military might of western powers crushed the Chinese rebellion.

Sphere of Influencel Result?=> Western powers got following:

Now, China had to pay war damages to Japan, but she did not have enough ca$h. So, France, Russia, Britain and Germany agreed to give loans to China. but in return, these Western countries divided China into sphere of influence Sphere of influence = each Western country had certain regions of China reserved exclusively for its purpose only. (Exclusive rights to build railway, mines etc. in that region). for example, Britain had exclusive rights over Yangtze valley, and only Russia had the right to build railoads in Manchuria. This division of China into spheres of influence has been often described as the cutting of the Chinese 1. 2. 3. Fines from China for a period of 40 years More trade concessions Right to station their troops in Beijing.

Epilogue China

India

melon
United States: Me too Policy

After the failure of boxer rebellion, Imperialism continued with the cooperation from Chinese warlords. Foreign powers bought these military commanders by giving loans and in exchange the warlords granted even more privileges to the foreign powers. Thus in a period of few decades, China had been reduced to a status of an international colony Although China was not conquered or occupied by any imperialist country, but the effect of these developments in China were same as any other areas which were formally colonized. although there are some fine differences:

After the economic depression of the 1890s, USA needed foreign trade to boost its economy. In China, the American textile manufacturers had found markets for cheap cotton goods. But United States feared that China would be completely parceled out to France, Russia, Germany and Britain, because of those spheres of influences. Therefore United States suggested the policy known as Open door policy (also known as me too policy.)

China indirect control over the politics,economy and society without taking on the onus for ruling the country= semi-colonization. no single imperial power had a monopoly of control. China was simultaneously exploited by many powers

Colonization was Direct and absolute. Britain gained the monopoly of control over India.

According to this policy, all countries would have equal right to make trade anywhere in China.

Britain supported United States in this policy, thinking that it would discourage the annexation of China by Japan or Russia. Because Japan and Russia could easily send their armies to Chinese mainland.

Japan: an imperialist Power

Boxer Rebellion

In 1850s, United States sent warships under Commodore Perry, and forced the Japanese to open their country for the American shipping and trade. (this is known as Gun-boat diplomacy) later, Japan made similar agreements with Britain, Holland, France and Russia. But Japan itself became an Imperialist country after the Meiji Restoration.

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President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States served as mediator between Russia and Japan and a peace treaty was signed.

Meiji Restoration

Russia handed over Port Arthur and the South Manchurian railroad (which led to Port Arthur) to Japan. Russia gave half of Sakhalin Island to Japan. Russia agreed to evacuate southern Manchuria Russia recognized Japans control of Korea (ultimately in 1910, Korea became a colony of Japan)

It was a political revolution under which the erstwhile Tokugawa shogunate (feudal-military government) was replaced with a new imperial government under the Emperor Meiji.

Japan: Epilogue

Japan adopted the slogan wealthy country and strong arms and sought to create a nation-state capable of standing equal among Western powers.

Japans rise as an imperialist power shows that imperialism was not limited to any one region, religion or people. Imperialism was rather the result of greed for economic and political power which could distort the policy of any country regardless of its race, culture or religion. When first world war started, Japan could look back with some pride that she too had become a great power and could expand further at the cost of China if the Western powers would only allow her.

Following reforms were undertaken by Meiji government:

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Government shifted from Edo to Tokyo A national constitution, bicameral parliament (diet). Dismanted of the old feudal regime and introduced prefecture system of administration. Administration was centralized Modern civil service bureaucracy was setup. Modern banking and fiscal system. Modern industrial enterprises; railroad, telegraphs. Universal primary education Modern army and navy and adopted western military technology.

Now lets briefly look over the colonization of other parts of

Asia: South and South East

Thus, within a few decades, Japan became one of the most industrialized countries in the world.

Burma

But Japan has few raw materials to support her industries. So she also wants new lands for raw material and market for her finished goods. Result?=>

in 1880, the King of Burma gave France the right to build a railway in his territory British government feared French expansion and hence started a war with Burma. Burmese King was captured and sent to India. Thus, Burma was annexed and became a part of British Empire in 1886

Indochina= Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam France used a series of well-planned steps, including threats of war, and became the master of Indochina.

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Japan also started her imperialist expansion. China provided ample opportunities for Japans imperialist designs. We already saw how Japan defeated China in the first Sino-Japanese war.

Indochina

Anglo-Japanese Alliance

Indonesia

under Dutch control

between Britain and Japan to assist one another in safeguarding their respective interests in China and Korea It was a cornerstone of British and Japanese policy in Asia until after World War I. How did Japan benefit from it? Malaysia and Singapore

acquired by British Thus British could control of all the trade from far east and whatever passed through Strait of Malacca

o o
Russo-Japanese War

This alliance recognized Japan as a power of equal standing with great European powers. In the Russo-Japanese War, France (ally of Russia) did not intervene, fearing that Britain would intervene from Japans side. This helped Japan win the war. Sri Lanka

it was occupied by the Portuguese, then by Dutch and finally by British England introduced and rubber plantation in Sri Lanka=they formed 7/8th of Sri Lankan exports

Sandwiched between Indochina (French) and Burma (British). Although it remained independent state, both France and Britain exercised much power and authority over its affairs.

Recall under sphere of influence (in China), Russia was building railroads in Manchuria. But after first Sino-Japan war, China was defeated and it handed over certain parts of Southern Manchuria to Japan. Both Russia and Japan wanted to dominate Korea and Manchuria.=> ultimately, Russo-Japanese war. Russia is defeated. Result?=>

Thailand / Siam

Philippines

There was a revolt by Filipinos and Cubans against the Spanish rule. United States used this opportunity to join the imperialist game, and occupied both

Cuba and Philippines. later the Filipinos also revolted against American occupation, but were suppressed and Philippines became an American possession

Iran/Persia

for both Britain and Russia, independent Iran was a convenient buffer area between the their empires.

Asia: Central and Western

Initially, both Russia and England setup banks in Iran to obtain economic control. 1907: England and Russia reached the Anglo-Russian agreement for controlling Iran via sphere of influence: North Iran= Russia; Southern Iran= Britain; central Iran was neutral and open to both. Thus, a joint Anglo Russian supremacy was established over Iran. 1917: Russian Revolution established a new Soviet government. The new Soviet government denounced the old Anglo Russian agreements and gave up her rights in Iran. After the discovery of oil, the British and American oil interests became more powerful in Iran. While Iran remained nominally independent, but under the domination of foreign oil companies from United States and England.

Both England and Russia wanted to control Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet. 2nd half of 19th Century: Russian annexed almost all of Central Asia.

Anglo Russian agreement (1907)

Part

between Russia and Britain on how to divide control of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tibet between them.

Under Anglo-Russian agreement

Iran

Western Asia

Divided Iran into Sphere of influence (similar to China) North Iran= Russia; Southern Iran= Britain; central Iran was neutral and open to both.

During these years, Germany was extending her influence over Turkey. A German company got concession to build a railway from Constantinople to Baghdad and the Persian Gulf. Through this railway, Germany wanted to promote her economic interests in the region onto Iran and India. France England and Russia opposed this, but an agreement was reached to divide the region among Germany, France and England. But First World War changed the situation. Germany and Turkey were defeated. The winners took away Germanys colonial possessions. thus Germany as an imperialist nation was completely eliminated from race in Asia and other parts of the world.

Russia agreed to recognize Afghanistan is being outside her influence. Britain agreed not to annex Afghanistan as long as Afghani ruler remained loyal to her.

Afghanistan

Tibet

both retain and Russia agreed not to interfere in the affairs of Tibet

lets check individual countries

Afghanistan

The British had a minor economic interest in Afghanistan, they were mainly worried about defending their crown jewel (India) against Russian expansion. Governor General Lord Auckland waged 1st Afghan war, to install a puppet regime in Afghanistan. With three Anglo-afghan wars, British learned that it is easy to overrun Afghanistan but very difficult of hold and occupy it permanently, because of tribal-rebellions. 1893: Durand Line

1. 2. 3. 4.

Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia Arabia

They were under Turkish empire, but England and France took them away after winning first world war.

o o o o o
Tibet

between Afghanistan and British India, marking their respective spheres of influence; in modern times it has marked the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

After discovery of Oil, the main objective of Imperialist countries = obtain oil and concessions to control oil resources in Western Asia. (Main players: America, Britain and France)

1907: Anglo-Russian Agreement Russia agreed to recognize Afghanistan is being outside her influence. Britain agreed not to annex Afghanistan as long as Afghani ruler remained loyal to her.

This concludes the colonial domination of Asia. Click on the following timeline to see how individual pieces fit together.

click to enlarge

1907: both retain and Russia agreed not to interfere in the affairs of Tibet 1911: Chinese monarchy was overthrown and Tibet increasingly passed under British influence.

Mock Question

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Briefly explain the cause and consequences of the following events (5 marks each) I. The Opium wars II. The Treaty of Nanjing III. The First Sino Japan War IV. Boxer Rebellion V. The First Russo-Japanese war Write a note on following (5 marks each) I. Sphere of influence II. Open Door policy III. Gun-boat diplomacy IV. Meiji restoration V. Anglo-Japanese Alliance VI. Anglo-Russian agreement Analyse the factors responsible for the Boxer rebellion. 12m Write a note on the cutting of the Chinese melon by Western powers. Explain how Sino Japanese war helped them? 12m Rise of Japan as an imperialist country. 12m Describe the power-struggle between Russia and British in Iran and Afghanistan. 12m Although China was not conquered or occupied by any imperialist country, but the effect of these developments in China were same as any other areas which were formally colonized. Elaborate. 15m Whereas China with its incomparably greater human and material resources spent itself vainly in trying to expel foreign devils, Japan, by embracing the West, not only retained its independence but became a world power in its own right. Comment 15m Imperialism was the result of greed for economic and political power which could distort the policy of any country regardless of its race, culture or religion. Comment. 15m

Country America

India

Business We want preferential access to Indian market, to improve its own economy.

Ok well work on BIPPA (Bilateral Investment Protection and Promotion agreement). But In return we want you to further relax your visa regime for our skilled manpower.

Iran

Iran is a valuable friend for us. But weve We want you (India) to be on our side in the Iran nuclear reduced our oil imports from Iran. And asked issue. them to abide by the nonproliferation requirements.

Youve nothing to worry about Afghanistan because

1.

Afghan 2.

Prologue This three article series deals with developments in Indo-US relationship during 2012-13, and outcome of 4th Strategic dialogue meeting between Kerry and Salman. (But without going into deep details/analysis of Iran/Afghanistan issue, because theyre too big topics to fit in the compilation.)

If at all, any peace deal is made, itll be between the High Peace Council of Afghanistan and the good-talibans who disassociate themselves from Al Qaeda and from violence, and agreed to respect Afghani constitution, rights of women and the minorities. Even after we leave, well still keep a level of a force on the Afghani soil for antiterrorism and counterterrorism operations.

You (Americans) are planning to withdraw troops from Afghanistan from 2014. Itll create a vacuum and comeback of Talibans. And it seems, youre trying to make peace with Good talibans. Weve already invested two billion dollars in development and projects in Afghanistan. Re-entry of Talibans in Afghani government = not good. It puts our national security at risk, recall Kandahar episode.

Part 1 of 3 Defense, nuclear, business and trade Part 2 of 3 Health, education, science-tech, space collaboration Part 3 of 3 Environment, energy + mock questions UNSC

Be on our side, and well fully support your entry in four multilateral export control regimes (the Nuclear Suppliers Group, Missile Technology Control Regime, Australia Group, and Wassenaar Arrangement). Once you become members of those gangs, youll have more legit claim to be a permanent member of UNSC.

well about time! Besides weve worlds third largest army, fourth largest air force, fifth largest navy and not to mention Nuclear weapons! We deserve a permanent seat in UNSC.

First, the timeline of some landmarks/events in Indo-US relations. Click on following image:

Timeline Indo-US (click to enlarge)

And lets also do some chillar agreements on YES YES YES!! Totally agreed! Nothing in this education, healthcare, sci-tech cooperation, world can match the sadistic pleasure of climate change etc. to harass UPSC aspirants. harassing them.

Why Kerry Visit? Anyways, in June 2013, Kerry came to India for the strategic dialogue. As per the usual diplomatic protocol: item songs, desi-liquor, sustainable livelihood. Here are some of the important developments that took place in 2012-13 + during 4th dialogue.

Recently, US Secretary of State, John Kerry visited India. Why? Because he was in Afghanistan and decided that abhi idhar tak aaya hu toh India bhi ho ke chalu, to enjoy some free food and desi liquor. Nope. He came to India in June 2013, because earlier both countries had agreed to hold Strategic Dialogue meetings every year.

2010 1st strategic dialogue held in US, between Krishna and Clinton 2012 3rd dialogue was held in Washington between Clinton and Krishna. 2013 This was 4th dialogue, held in India, between Kerry and Salman. 2014 5th Dialogue in USA

Hidden Agendas in 4th Dialogue

Later in June 2012, Ex-Secretary of State Hilary Clinton gave 6-months exemption to India. But India had to reduce its oil imports from Iran, subsequently, Iraq became the 2nd largest supplier of oil to India.

Kerry Appreciated the fact that India has reduced its oil imports from Iran. We have a valuable relationship with Iran, but we have not allowed our friendship with Iran to come in the way of our objective commitment to nonproliferation and our commitment to the IAEA provisions because of Salman Iran being a signatory to the NPT.Iran has got a new President now (Hassan Rohani), it remains to be seen what his intentions and inclinations are.

In Africa

Regional forums

Both are working for Open Government Platform (OGPL) in Africa. OGPL aims to make Governments More Transparent and Accessible ongoing trilateral cooperation in establishing Open Government Platforms in Ghana and Rwanda. Eliminating preventable child deaths. strengthening agriculture management and extension services Expand food security among important African partners such as Kenya, Liberia, and Malawi.

India US Both

United States has became a dialogue partner in Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IORARC). We welcome this development. India got Observer status to the Arctic Council. We welcome this.India is a major player in global scientific climate studies and has a research station in the Arctic. Well increase engagement in existing regional dialogue mechanisms e.g. East Asia summit, ASEAN regional forum etc.

shared vision for peace and stability in Asia and in the Indian and Pacific Oceans well intensify India-US engagement in the existing regional dialogue mechanisms viz a. East Asia Summit process, b. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum c. ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting Plus Well consult on issues relating to the region both bilaterally and trilaterally, including in the IndiaUS-Japan and India-US-Afghanistan.

In Afghanistan

In Iran

We both want Stable, democratic, united, sovereign and prosperous Afghanistan. Free, fair, transparent and inclusive Presidential and Provincial Council elections in Afghanistan in 2014. capacity building for Afghan National Security Forces. socio-economic development, women empowerment in Afghanistan. Promote private investment and trade, in Afghanistan. Defense

The defense relationship encompasses military-to-military dialogues, exercises, defense sales, professional military education exchanges, and practical cooperation. President Obama had signed a law, empowering U.S. authorities to impose penalties on foreign banks dealing with the Iran to settle oil import payments. This created problem for India because Iran was 2nd largest supplier of oil after Saudi.

Defense trade

~9 billion U$D.

1. Training exercises

Army = yudh abhyas 2010

Lok Sabha approves civil nuke liability bill. India signs convention on Supplementary compensation for nuke damages (CSC).

2.

Navy=Malabar

Purchase

1. 2.

Navy= P-8I Poseidon Airforce= C-17 Globemaster III

Business

Security

want to transform defense ties beyond buyer-seller relationships want technological cooperation for co-development and co-production of defense equipment. missions to recover the remains of U.S. military personnel from World War II.

Bilateral trade in goods and services: >$100 billion. Total two way FDI: ~$30 billion. We will resume negotiations for Bilateral Investment Treaty/Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement. This will be Facilitating greater two-way trade and investment, including with respect to goods, services, and skilled professionals. We will increase engagement in multilateral fora such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). (Although India and US have sharp differences over the agro-subsidy issue in WTO.)

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

training of law enforcement agencies, megacity policing, global supply chain-transportation security Homeland Security Dialogue combating counterfeit currency and illicit financial flows 26/11 investigation and prosecution. 2012: US put sanction on top leaders of LeT, many of them involved in 26/11. a. b. Jan, 2013: Headley sentenced to 35 years prison. Although India has demanded Hedleys extradition but no favorable response from US. Cyber Security Consultations: between Indias Computers Emergency Response Team (ICERT) and its American counterparts. Issue: hate crimes against Sikhs (Oak Creek Gurudwara shootings). India asked US government to give more security to Indian religious places inside America. Both US and India opposed UN general assembly resolution for abolition of death penalty.

this initiative targets Indias booming urban centersProviding Indian entrepreneurs information American Business about trade and investment opportunities with the United States.To date, the U.S.A has corners opened 12 American Business Corners in India from Chandigarh to Thiruvananthapuram and from Surat to Guwahati. Anti-Trust Aviation To prevent monopolies and cartelism.MoU on Antitrust between Ministry of Corporate Affairs, and Competition Commission of India (CCI)) and their American counterparts.Under the MOU, all agencies will inform each other on their policies and developments in their jurisdictions. India U.S Aviation Cooperation Program (ACP)

BIT

Bilateral investment treaty (BIT) negotiations ongoing since 2008. last round held in June 2012. This treaty would deepen the bilateral economic relationship and support economic growth and job creation in both countries

Scomet

CEOs India has updated it SCOMET list, and USA has welcomed it. SCOMET=Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technology (SCOMET) list. These items are capable of dual use industrial and military. If they fall in the hands of terrorists, non-state actors or irresponsible states (like North Korea), then they could create havoc. Some of the items are prohibited for exports and others are allowed for exports subject to license and supervision. Commercial Dialogue Economic and Financial Partnership (EFP)

India-U.S. CEO Forumenables a forthright conversation about immediate policy issuesalso dwells into infrastructure financing, aviation, clean drinking water, and renewable energy. For Intellectual Property Rights , sustainable manufacturing practices, and support for small and medium enterprises, intelligent transportation systems. Since 2010, to deepen India U.S. engagement in core economic policy areas.

Nuclear

Local engagement US supports Indias full membership in following gangs: 1. Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) 2. Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) 3. Wassenaar Arrangement 4. Australia Group Discussion between NPCIL and American cos. to setup nuke plants in Gujarat and Andhra. Talks between the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Indian Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) on a bilateral information exchange arrangement. Commitment to the full and timely implementation of the India-US civil nuclear cooperation agreement. Patent problems PPP

State-to-State & City Engagement Over the past year, economic ties at the state and city levels have grown. For example, Governors of Maryland and Washington led trade missions to India.

Annual ministerial meetings led by the Indian Minister of Finance and the U.S. Treasury Secretary, They discuss infrastructure finance, anti-money laundering, and combating the financing of terrorism.

Meetings

PPP for technology-based innovation and entrepreneurship Special 301:

2005 India-US signed civilian nuclear agreement. 2006 Hyde Act passed. 2007 India-US signed 123 agreement. It outlined the terms of nuclear trade between two countries. 2008 IAEA and NSG gave permissions.

It is an annual report of US authorities, regarding Intellectual property rights, patent etc.

It criticized Indian SC ruling on Novartis patent.

Science, technology, and innovation = needed for well-being and economic growth of both US and India.

Nexavar controversy:

IT

cloud computing, R&D in ICT, mfg-testing

Trade policy forum

Bayer Pharma has patented the Anti-cancer drug Nexavar But Indian government allowed a Hyderabad based firm to manufacture generic version of this drug and sell it @30 times lower than patented drug. US authorities have called this a violation of WTO norms.

Women

increasing the role of women in science, technology and engineering workshops for mentoring and networking of women science professionals in both countries

initiative by USAID and FICCI to fund grassroot innovations, business incubation via PPP mode. to solve development problems e.g. education, food security, water, sanitation, maternal & child health.

Millennium alliance enables India and the United States to engage on a wide range of policy issues impacting bilateral trade and investment. Physics

Summary

Indias Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and American agencies are collaborating to develop next generation proton accelerators and related physics research.

So, what is the big picture? Where do these individual pieces fit in the Indo-US relationship? click on following chart to find out. Mock questions, @the end of part 3 of 3.

Indo-US relationship 2012-13 (click to enlarge)

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[Diplomacy] India-US 4th Strategic Dialogue (part 2 of 3): Science tech, Space, Health care cooperation Continuing on 2nd part. Here we see recent developments in Indo-US cooperation in sci-tech, space and public health (SSP)

1.

2.

3.

4.

Sci-Tech 1. IT 2. Women 3. Millennium alliance 4. Physics Space 1. Astro 2. GAGAN 3. IndIGO 4. IRNSS 5. Thirty Meter Telescope Public Health 1. AIDS 2. Child deaths 3. Diabetes 4. Disease Detection 5. Drug regulation 6. Research 7. Road injury 8. ROTAVAC 9. Training Summary

Space

ISRO and NASA will do following things

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Cooperation space exploration work, including future missions to the moon and Mars. Sharing and analysis of data from ISROs OCEANSAT-2 satellite. ISRO is planning the launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission during October-November 2013. NASA is providing deep space navigation and tracking support services to ^this Mars mission. the joint development and launch of a radar satellite. will use a dual frequency (L and S band). will help in earth observation studies. Monsoon studies using joint ISRO-French Space Agency Megha-Tropiques satellite and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) constellation of satellites. Exchange program for engineers and scientists working in each organization.

Sci-Tech

Astro

Joint Astronomy to Better Understand Our Solar System

GAGAN

A US firm will help implementing a Global Positioning System Aided Geo Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN) for civil aviation purposes.

IndIGO

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

maternal and child health environmental and occupational health vaccine development infectious diseases diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, eye disease, hearing disorders, mental health Low-cost medical technologies.

Indian Initiative in Gravitational Observations both sides are working to build a world-class gravitational wave detector in India Using this, well study gravitational waves form black holes, neutron stars, and supernovas. This will improve our understanding of the big bang theory. India has proposed realizing this goal in its Twelfth and future Five-year Frameworks. AIIMS, Stanford University and many public and private partners from India and America are collaborating on this. Road injury US, WHO, ICMR and Highway ministry collaborate on this. New rotavirus vaccine. National program on (road) injury control.

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS). Indias own indigenous satellite navigation system, made up of seven-satellite constellation Both side agreed for Compatibility-interoperability between the U.S. Global Positioning System and the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System.(IRNSS)

ROTAVAC

IRNSS

Clinical trials are going on. If successful, this could be recognized as the first entirely new vaccine developed within India in over 100 years. Training Indian scientists from National Centre of Disease Control (NCDC) and the National Institute of Virology, Pune, are being trained in USA.

It is one of the most powerful telescope in the world Being setup in the Hawaii. India is collaborating with US on this project.

[Diplomacy] India-US 4th Strategic Dialogue (part 3 of 3):Education, Environment, Energy cooperation

Thirty Meter Telescope

Third and last part in the series. Indo-US cooperation in Education, Environment and Energy (EEE), with special focus on Kerrys visit (4th strategic dialogue).

1. Public Health

AIDS

Since 2004, USA has gave >250 million dollars to Indias National AIDS Control Organization (NACO).

Child deaths

Earlier, US, India, Ethiopia and UNICEF made a goal to reducing all preventable child deaths by 2035. Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Child, and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Roadmap and a national and state scorecard and dashboard to track progress.

2.

>60 million Indians and >25 million Americans suffer from diabetes. 2012: India-US agreed for conducting cooperative research to developing a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying diabetes this will give us innovative solutions to prevent and treat diabetes in future.

Diabetes

MOU in 2010 for setting up Global Disease Detection-India Centre. The Global Disease Detection-India Centre is now fully operational And working on food borne diseases, emergency operations, zoonotic diseases, acute encephalitis and disease surveillance.

Disease Detection

3. 4.

Education 1. Data-sharing 2. Fulbright-Nehru Program 3. Indias Connect India program 4. In-step initiative 5. Museum 6. Obama-Singh Knowledge Initiative 7. Raman Fellowships 8. UGC 9. USAs Passport to India initiative. Environment related 1. Arsenic 2. Durban platform 3. REDD+ 4. Short lived Climate pollutants 5. Summits 6. Energy 7. IREED 8. PACE 9. Gas hydrates 10. Coal bed Methane 11. Gas market 12. Tech-upgrades 13. New Silk road strategy 14. Solar thermal Summary Mock Questions (General Studies Mains Paper II)

Drug regulation Research

Drug Controller General of India and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have been collaborating in the area of training, clinical research, pharmacovigilance, and e-governance. 1. 2. Human and Avian Influenza and other Emerging Infectious Diseases disease prevention (HIV, TB, malaria, polio)

Education

Museum

Indian culture ministry signed MoU with New Yorks Museum for cultural exchanges, training and visits undertaken by museum professionals. As part of the celebrations of the 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, a Chair was established in the University of Chicago

The United States is the most favored destination for Indian students, with more than 100,000 Indian students pursuing higher studies in the United States. But the flow of American students coming to India=very low. Both sides agreed to increase it.

When Mohan 1st visited USA in 2009 Each side committed $5 million each funds given to selected colleges and universities.

Obama-Singh Knowledge Initiative

Raman Fellowships

for placements of young India faculty and researchers in U.S. universities. (sponsored by UGC)

UGC

University Grants Commission (UGC) of India has finalized guidelines for twinning arrangements between Indian and foreign educational institutions. The guidelines will facilitate greater collaboration between Indian and U.S. universities.

USAs Passport to India initiative.

For American students coming to India for internship.

Tri-valley university visa scam in USA, 2012 ~400 Indian students were duped in this.

TUV scam

Data-sharing

direct India-U.S. advanced science and education network has been setup to supporting enormous data flows between institutions/universities. (terabytes of data in a single download) This is a PPP project involving Tata Communication.

Collaborations in Massive Open Online Courses, technology-enabled learning. Developing Indias vocational training sector through collaboration with U.S. educational institutions. Establish community colleges in India. enhance people-to-people connectivity Higher Education Dialogue. and MoU with AICTE +additional institution-to-institution agreements to be signed on the margins of the Higher Education Dialogue

Environment related for students and scholar exchange. Since 1950, it has benefited thousands of American and Indian students and scholars. Arsenic U.S. companies providing the technology and knowhow for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water in Indian villages.

Fulbright-Nehru Program

Encourages the US students to come to India for a semester of study. Theyll be given exposure to Indian culture and economy, corporate companies and interaction with political representatives, including the totally awesome legends such as A.Raja. was announced during the India-U.S. Higher Education Dialogue held in 2012 REDD+ India-Support for Teacher Education Program (In-STEP) joint project between USAID and Indian HRD ministry. to build the capacity of teacher educators in India. Short lived Climate pollutants Durban platform

In Durban platform under UNFCC, the parties decided work toward a climate change agreement applicable to all countries from 2020, to be adopted by 2015. Both India-US resolved to work on Durban Platform: with a protocol and legally binding treaty on all parties.

Indias Connect India program

Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests and USAID initiated a five-year, contract to take Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) actions in India.

In-step initiative

Short-lived climate pollutants include black carbon, tropospheric ozone, methane, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). They are called Short-lived because these pollutants have atmospheric lifetimes of

only days to a decade and a half (compared to CO2 which can persist in the atmosphere for millenia.)

Gas market

for more on gas hydrates, read article on Economic Survey ch.11, part 1 of 2

India and the U.S. will work together to exchange information on short-lived climate pollutants, including black carbon.

Both sides welcomed the decisions/outcomes of following summits: Coal bed Methane

U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) signed an agreement to help Essar Oil Limited in further assessing its coal bed methane license areas for the presence of commercial grade shale deposits. US established a research house with Coal India on coal mine and coal bed methane. Coal India is using this facility to explore prospects for commercially viable methane capture systems to both reduce emissions and recycle methane as an energy source. This (coal bed methane) will take India to a potential new domestic energy resource offering cleaner alternatives to coal. For more on coal bed methane read article on Economic Survey ch.11, part 1 of 2

Summits

1. 2.

Doha/COP-18 (UNFCC) RIO+20

^click on the names to read full articles on those summits.

Plus, cooperation in

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

monsoon studies Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. climate change adaptation disaster preparedness water resources forest carbon inventory monitoring clean energy strategies to achieve low carbon inclusive growth tropical cyclones, Research on key pelagic fish stocks and harmful algal blooms.

discussed the development of an Asian natural gas market to provide more secure and diversified supplies of natural gas throughout the region.

Techupgrades

directors of Indian PSU refineries to meet with U.S. companies specializing in a range of refinery efficiency up-gradation technologies. USA is also collaborating with Indian oil and gas companies to capture and reuse fugitive methane from gas facilities.

Americas New Silk Road Strategy links the energy rich Central Asian Republics as Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan with Bangladesh and South East Asia. Last year when Hilary visited Mamata, she said Kolkata would become an important hub in this new silk road strategy.

Energy

New Silk road strategy energy =critical for sustaining economic growth and securing prosperity, India-US Energy Dialogue Developing smart grid technologies, energy efficient buildings, Air conditioners, solar power, clean energy. Solar thermal

In Dec 2012, US-India started initiative for concentrated solar power (CSP). It converts solar energy into thermal energy (heat). Then heat is used to run steam turbine= electricity produced. name of project=SERIIUS (Solar energy research initiative of India and US).

IREED

Indian Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy Database (IREEED) Launched by Indias Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and the U.S. Department of Energy This is an online repository of Indias central and state government renewable energy and energy efficiency policies, regulations, and incentive programs. It provides one stop information to benefit of policy makers, project developers, businesses, and consumers. Summary

So, what is the big picture? Where do these individual pieces fit in the Indo-US relationship? click on following chart to find out.

India-US Partnership to Advance Clean Energy (PACE). When Mohan had visited America in 2009. So far, PACE has mobilized ~ $2 billion to India for clean energy projects. PACE initiative has financed nearly 40 percent of Indias first 1,000 MW of installed solar energy capacity, Mock Questions (General Studies Mains Paper II) Indo-US relationship 2012-13 (click to enlarge)

PACE

Write note on following, 2 marks each MOU for Cooperation in Gas To increasing the understanding of the geologic occurrence and the potential of methane production from natural gas hydrates in India and the United States.

Gas hydrates

1. 2. 3. 4.

India-US PACE program Connect India program Obama Singh knowledge initiative SCOMET list

5. 6.

SERIIUS (for GS3) IREED (for GS3)

12 markers (120 words) 4.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Discuss the development of Indo-US defense ties in the recent years. Write a note on Indo-US cooperation in space and science research. Write a note on Indo-US cooperation in health care and medical research. Give an outline of Indo-US cooperation in climate change with respect to UNFCC and Doha platform. Write a note on Indo-US cooperation in Environment protection and Energy security. What are the various consultative mechanisms between India and US to improve and strengthen the trade and investment relationship?

9. Socio-Cultural 10. Monuments 11. Connectivity 5. Delhi Dialogue 6. India ASEAN logo 7. ASEAN-India Eminent Persons Group (AIEPG) Mock Questions

Prologue

You know the rule, whenever someone/somethings birth/death anniversary is in the multiple of 10, 15,25then it becomes important for UPSC. (Whether UPSC will actually ask any question or not, thats a different matter!) Anyways ASEAN topic becomes important because in the end of 2012, two important developments took place 1. 20th Anniversary of India-ASEAN dialogue. 2. India-ASEAN FTA in service & investment was signed.

25 markers (250 words)

1. 2. 3.

Examine the areas of cooperation and irritants in the Indo-American relations in recent years. Write a note on the evolution the strategic partnership between India and US after the collapse of USSR. Former US ambassador Robert Blackwill was once reported to have said: India wants the US to

ASEAN: Origin

invest, India wants the US to keep its markets more open, India wants more Visas for its professional, India wants us to be more helpful on Kashmir and in dealing with Pakistan, India wants US support for membership of the UN Security Council, India wants this and India wants that. Tell me what will India give in return? What will be your reply to ambassador Robert Blackwill?
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. From US point of view, what are the main drivers of the India US relationship? US India Strategic dialogues offer sound bites, not solid actions. Do you agree/disagree? Give reasons in support of your answer. American strategic generosity towards India, remains an investment in its own geopolitical well being. Comment. Write a note on Trilateral relationship among India-US-Japan. Write a note on Trilateral relationship among India-US-Afghanistan.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Recall the Article on Colonization of Asia. We had seen how the British, French and Americans had colonized almost entire South Asia. After Second World War, most of these colonies attained independence. But they also had internal dispute regarding territories and borders. The immediate reason for the formation of ASEAN was the Indonesia-Malaysia conflict over the control of Borneo Island.

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This conflict + the then ongoing Vietnam War raised fears of increased external involvement in the newly independent states. They feared that south east region would become a theatre of western vs. communalism ideologies Hence they decided to form a common platform: a. To resolve bilateral issues among themselves b. Present a collective front to the world. 1967, five countries signed Bangkok declaration to form the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Diplomacy] India ASEAN 20 years of Dialogue Partnership, FTA in Service Investment, Vision 2020

1. 2.

3.

Prologue ASEAN: Origin 1. Musyawarah And Mufakat 2. TAC Treaty 3. ASEAN: Growth 4. ASEAN Community (2015) 5. ASEAN the present scene 1. Good performance 2. Not so Good performance India-ASEAN Relations 1. Why ASEAN important for India? 2. India-ASEAN Trade relations 3. Trade Agreements 1. FTA in Goods 2. FTA in services and Investment 4. ASEAN India Commemorative Summit 2012 1. #1: India-ASEAN car rally 2. #2: Naval Expedition 3. #3: India-ASEAN Vision 2020 document 4. More co-op in regional forums 5. Maritime Cooperation 6. Development front 7. Renewable Energy 8. Funding

Indonesia (ASEAN HQ is here, in Jakarta) Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand

Today ASEAN has ten members

6.

Brunei

7.

Cambodia

8.

Laos

9.

Vietnam

10.

Myanmar 2013

22nd ASEAN summit in Brunei, theme: Our People, Our Future Together.

Musyawarah And Mufakat

2015 ASEAN community will be setup.

As a group, ASEAN follows the principle of ASEAN way. It means following Today ASEAN is a mammoth regional body that covers economic, security, diplomatic, environmental and cultural issues.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Musyawarah And Mufakat [deliberation and consensus] dont use force/confrontation dont interfere in the internal matters of states Informal discussion minimal institutionalization

ASEAN Community (2015)

Similar to European Union. will be setup in 2015 and will have three pillars

To achieve the ASEAN way, Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) was signed.

TAC Treaty

1. 2. 3.

ASEAN Political Security Community ASEAN Economic Community ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community

It provides the guiding principles of ASEAN

ASEAN the present scene

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

theyll not interfere in the internal affairs of one another, theyll not use threat or use of force to settle differences / disputes theyll settle of differences or disputes by peaceful means, Theyll effectively cooperate among themselves. theyll mutually respect each others independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national identity Every State has right lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion,

ASEAN has a mixed record of achievements since its formation.

Good performance

Peace

Successfully maintaining peace in the region. e.g. during Thailand and Cambodia conflict over Preah Vihear temple (2011)

India had signed TAC treaty with ASEAN in 2003.

Has made comprehensive deals like

ASEAN: Growth Economy 1994 ASEAN regional forum (ARF). already discussed in separate article click me ASEAN+3 is formed to increase regional integration. This includes

ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area(ACIA) Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI)

1997

1. 2. 3.

China Japan South Korea

Aims to setup the ASEAN Economic Community 2015, having a single market and production base.

Not so Good performance

2002 Treaty to control haze pollution in South East Asia 2006 ASEAN gets observer status in UNGA (General assembly) 2007 Cebu declaration for energy securities and renewable energy. Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI)

Economy

ASEAN Failed to prevent the 1997 financial crisis.

Human rights

ASEAN has been too soft on the authoritarian regime of Myanmar. Despite call from international community it didnt suspend Myanmar or put economic sanction on it during the military regimes crackdown on peaceful protestors. 2012: ASEAN released declaration on Human rights. But led to lot of protests from civil society and NGOs. They terms it as just another piece of paper.

2010

It is a currency swap agreement among ASEAN +3, It provides emergency liquidity to those economies during crises.

Asean Human Rights Declaration 21st ASEAN Summit in Phnom Penh Combodia with theme:ASEAN: One Community, One Destiny Environment

In 2002, ASEAN came up with Treaty to control haze pollution in South East Asia. still there were outbreaks of Haze in 2005 and 06. ASEAN also has mechanism for wildlife protection. Yet it hasnt drastically reduced the illegal trade in endangered species (especially for medicine) .

2012

Chinese Arm twisting

We have institutionalized annual summits, ministerial consultations; and nearly 25 mechanisms for dialogue and cooperation. India is actively contributing to ASEAN+1, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the East Asia Summit (EAS) and the ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting (ADMM) Plus etc.

Reason?

ASEAN is becoming a victim of Chinese assertiveness/pseudo-bullying. for example in the last meeting of ASEAN (Dec 2012@ Phnom Penh), no joint communique was issued. (for the first time in the 45 years of history of ASEAN Summits)

Combined Population ~1.8 billion = ~1/4th of total world population Combined GDP ~4 trillion USD Two way investment 40+ billion dollars in past decade

Cambodia (host of the summit) is an ally of China China did not want the joint communique text to mention South China Sea as a standing conflict. but other gang members- Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei wanted the text to contain their respective grievances regarding territorial issues with China.

Why ASEAN important for India?

Strategically

In wake of such unprecedented influencing of China into the ASEAN matters, the ASEAN is looking towards India like never before. India is being seen as the counter balance to China at the ASEAN platform.

1. 2. 3. 4.

The Future architecture of Asia Is going to be shaped by the US, China and India. Maritime boundary disputes between China and a number of ASEAN countries; claims over South China sea = Those ASEAN countries look towards India as a counterbalance against China. For India a stronger posturing at ASEAN = its stature as a global power will get a great boost. After all, without being a strong regional player becoming global power = day dream. they situated are at the intersections of major land and sea routes

Now, lets focus on: Energy India-ASEAN Relations 5. ASEAN countries, particularly Myanmar, Vietnam and Malaysia can potentially contribute to Indias energy security.

India ASEAN Timeline (Click to Enlarge)

6.

Oil and natural gas deposits in the South China Sea region.

1990 India starts engaging with ASEAN, part of Look East Policy. 1992 India becomes a sectoral dialogue partner of ASEAN 1996 India becomes full dialogue partner of ASEAN 2002 India starts having annual summits with ASEAN 2003 India accedes to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC)India signs counter-terrorism declaration with ASEAN.

7.

India and several ASEAN countries are net importers of hydrocarbon. They need to develop alternative energy sources. But R&D in renewable =need truckload of ca$H hence regional cooperation essential for financing those projects.

Economy

2009

FTA* in goods. This established Free Trade Area established between India-ASEAN. issue:

8.

In terms of income, India-ASEAN community is roughly the size of the EU

9.

In terms of Trade, India-ASEAN community NAFTA.

20th Anniversary of ASEAN-India Dialogue. ASEAN India Commemorative Summit is held. Now India becomes a strategic partner of ASEAN FTA* in services and investment.

10.

The ASEAN is Indias fourth-largest trading partner after the EU, the US and China.

11.

2012

India ASEAN is slated to grow faster than the rest of the world due to a favorable demographic profile and growing market for goods and services.

12.

Indias trade relations are shifting from West economies towards the East, comprising of Japan, China, Korea and ASEAN.

FTA or CECA?

13.

India-ASEAN linkage provides for large-scale movement of people, capital, ideas and creativity.

*Some websites/news reports call it India-Asian Free Trade Agreement (FTA) instead of CECA. Although both CECA and CEPA are examples of FTAs.

For Indian States

14. anyways moving on in the topic:

The coastal states: West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are looking to rebuild maritime links with ASEAN nations to boost their own trade and economy.

15.

Union government is also building infrastructure while in the Northeastern states so they can engage in commerce with South East Asian nations.

FTA in services and Investment

Diseases

Pandemics and disease are no longer limited to national boundaries and have assumed a trans-national dimension. SARS and H1N1 virus have in recent times afflicted the region. Hence cooperation is essential between India-ASEAN.

Concluded in 2012. In present times, the global trade in merchandise/goods is slowing, hence FTA in services and investment assumes greater significance. It opens ASEAN service market to our Indian professionals: from IT, KPO, BPO, doctors, chartered accountants and lawyers etc. Indias growth story has been led by services sector. Weve competitive advantages against most ASEAN countries in this sector.

16.

now lets take a look @India-ASEAN trade relations

India-ASEAN Trade relations

Services Issue

Year 2012

Trade /expectation (USD) 75 billion

This Trade agreement in services and investment =follows 8+1+1 pattern. Meaning, agreement provides 3 separate arrangements for: 1. for 8 countries 2. for Indonesia 3. For Philippines. Indonesia and Philippines have special terms because services sector is vital for their economies, and theyre worried their local service sector will be hurt while competing with Indias strong services sector. Biggest worry is for Philippines. Because more than 50% of their workforce is engaged in IT/outsourcing sector. recall we are facing similar issue in FTA in Goods, because of cheaper plantation products from ASEAN Although India is not putting all eggs in one FTA basket. Were also doing bilateral trade agreements with individual countries in the region. for example

By 2015 100 billion By 2022 200 billion

India-ASEAN trade has grown over ten times in the ten years. ASEAN investments into India have multiplied ASEAN countries too have emerged as major destinations for Indian companies. From energy resources to farm products, from materials to machinery, and from electronics to information technology, Indian and ASEAN companies are forging new partnerships of trade and investment. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) are important for the region. So well provide for linkages between SMEs in our countries. annual India-ASEAN Business Fair and Conclaves Both parties have agreed to encourage business-to-business relations, establishing a necessary framework to strengthen private sector engagement and public-private partnership (PPP).

FTA already done

1. 2.

Singapore (CECA in 05) Malaysia (CECA in 11)

Trade Agreements

In process

1. 2.

Indonesia Thailand

Signing year India ASEAN trade agreement 2009 2012 In Goods In Services and Investment Investment

FTA in Goods

Indian investors want to invest in ASEAN for ASEAN investors want to invest in India for 1. 2. 3. 4. IT automobiles engineering Pharmaceuticals. 1. 2. 3. 4. construction services Transportation services. engineering services shipping

signed in 2009 Before this agreement, the India-ASEAN annual trade was ~30 billion but after It jumped to ~75 billion$ in 2012. Main products: metal parts and components, electronic components, processed fruits, ceramics, gloves and knittings, fertilizers, chemicals like fatty alcohol, coconut and vegetable oil, refined glycerine. The trade deficit has been increasing hugely in favor of ASEAN mostly because of the heavy import of plantation products. Cheaper palm oil from ASEAN = hurting local producers in Kerala. Our groundnut and pepper farmers also suffering due to cheaper ASEAN imports. similar apprehension about Indian fisheries sector.

ASEAN India Commemorative Summit 2012

Held in Delhi, Dec 2012 (during the same time when Delhi gang-rape protests had erupted). To mark the 20th year anniversary of the ASEAN India dialogue Theme: ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity. This summit led to three outcomes 1. car rally

2. 3.

naval expedition vision document

Meeting Plus.

5.

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

#1: India-ASEAN car rally

It started from Yogyakarta (Indonesia) and ended in New Delhi (India). Its Journey covered 8 out 10 ASEAN nations. (and more than 8000 kms)

by the way, recall that we said the similar things to America, in Kerry visit / 4th Indo-US strategic dialogue article.

Maritime Cooperation But What was the purpose of this car rally? As maritime nations, India and ASEAN nations agreed to do following: 1. 2. To Increase jantaas awareness about India-ASEAN partnership, with respect to, trade-investmenttourism and people to people linkages. To waste petrol and increase air pollution

#2: Naval Expedition

Part of the 20th anniversary celebration, India sent INS Sudarshini on a ship expedition to ASEAN countries. (6 months, 9 countries) To enhance people-to-people and naval links between India and the ASEAN nations.

Security

Anti-piracy relief during natural disasters search and rescue at sea maritime safety: for communication and cargo freedom of navigation fisheries: promotion, protection Peaceful settlement of maritime disputes, as per international law including UNCLOS. cooperate via ASEAN Maritime Forum (AMF)

1. 2. Route 3.

along the route of the monsoon trade winds Retrace the sea routes developed during the 10th to 12th centuries, linking India with South East Asia, It covered most of the modern and ancient ports in ASEAN countries. (This 13 ports were Padang, Bali, Manado, Brunei, Cebu, Manila, Da Nang, Sihanoukville, Bangkok, Singapore, Klang, Phuket and Sittwe.)

defense and counter-terrorism cooperation transnational crimes, India is committed to drug-free ASEAN 2015 ASEAN-India Joint Declaration for Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism.

About the ship

1. 2.

INS Sudarshini is a Sail Training Ship built by the Goa Shipyard Ltd. Sudarshini = Sanskrit word meaning something beautiful or a provider of good omen when visited upon.

Development front

Together face common challenges related to

#3: India-ASEAN Vision 2020 document

It was adopted during the Commemorative Summit held in New Delhi (Dec 2012). This document..

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

energy security Food security, agriculture development. rapid urbanization climate change education and skill development, including English language training drug abuse natural disasters

1. 2. 3. 4.

Declared India and ASEAN as strategic partners. India agreed to support ASEAN community (to be setup in 2015). Work for ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity. political and security, economic, socio-cultural and development cooperation

Renewable Energy

More co-op in regional forums

Funding

India-ASEAN already cooperating here under the CEBU declaration. (CEBU declaration was signed in 2007 for energy security and alternatives to conventional fuels). India accepts 100% FDI from ASEAN investors for renewable power generation projects in India.

in future, well intensify our security consultations in

Regional forums like 1. 2. 3. East Asia Summit, ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) ASEAN Defense Ministers

Sub-regional forums like 4. Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC) ASEANIndia Fund

$50 million For variety of projects in trade, science & technology, human resource development,

health and pharmaceuticals, space sciences, agriculture, new and renewable energy, information and communication technology, telecommunications, transport and infrastructure, and tourism and culture.

Trilateral Highway

This highway is extended to Lao and Cambodia. Lao is a landlocked country, but this highway (+MIEC) will turn it into land-linked country.

ASEANIndia Green Fund

$5 Million for pilot projects in the field of climate change, for adaptation and mitigation

2.

Mekong-India Economic Corridor (MIEC)

This will connect Southeast Asia to South Asia on the eastern part of India

ASEANIndia S&T Fund

India gave $1 million to this. To collaborate in R&D areas of common interest. ^These will help in greater regional economic integration between ASEAN and India.

India gave $1 million to this. for short gestation projects in Cambodia, Lao, Myanmar and Vietnam. under the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation

now lets look at some minor topics:

India-CLMV Fund

Delhi Dialogue

Socio-Cultural

India-ASEAN Delhi Dialogue is an annual international conference of political and economic leaders, officials, academics and opinion-makers of ASEAN countries 5th Dialogue was held in Feb 2013, theme India and ASEAN: Partners for Peace, Progress and Stability.

Monuments

greater interaction between our people: particularly younger generations, students, scientists, academics, intellectuals, diplomats, media, entrepreneurs, agriculturists and artists We will also enhance contacts between parliamentarians, media personnel, academics and Track II institutions such as the network of think tanks.

India ASEAN logo

Monument

Study/research on Indias civilization links with ASEAN countries. Protect/restore following monuments because they show civilizational bonds between ASEAN countries and India

Unveiled in 2012. It is an improvised five-spoked wind turbine, It represents energy, motion, progress, connectivity and dynamism as well as the expanding canvas of ASEAN-India partnership.

ASEAN-India Eminent Persons Group (AIEPG) Country Why important?

Angkor Wat

Cambodia

By King Survyavarman II. Wat is the Khmer name for temple architecture evolved from Indian subcontinent.

Diplomat Security

This group was setup to review the ASEAN-India Dialogue Relations and long-term strategic partnership. Gave report in 2012. Here are the major recommendations:

Borobudur and Prambanan Indonesia dedicated to the Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva temples Wat Phu Bagan Lao Theravada Buddhist monuments. Myanmar Theravada Buddhism. temples, pagodas and monasteries abandoned and partially ruined Hindu temples constructed between the 4th and the 14th century AD

India should install a separate ambassador in Jakarta, solely dedicated to ASEAN-India relations. regular bilateral consultations between ASEAN and India on drug trafficking.

Sukhothai Historical Park Thailand Buddhist architecture My Son Vietnam

ASEAN-India Business Council should be reactivated. Collaborate in promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR)

setup ASEAN-India Business Portal for Connectivity Business

Joint development of infrastructure such as transport networks, ports, shipping and air connectivity

exchanging of economic and trade information easy interface between companies and business persons. ASEAN-India Centre in India to promote trade, investment, tourism, and cultural exchanges.

1.

India-Myanmar-Thailand

will connect North Eastern states with ASEAN countries.


Edu/HRD

Setup ASEAN-India Centre for Skill Development and Vocational Education in IIT Guwahati. ASEAN and India should establish an ASEAN-India broadband high speed optical fibre network to enhance virtual connectivity. This could become an ASEAN-India Broadband Corridor. Revive Nalanda University as an icon of Asian renaissance. Annual ASEAN-India Essay Competition for school/ university students, on the theme of ASEAN-India relations in different fields.

2. 3. 4.

Diaspora Basics Diaspora: Region/country specific Diaspora: Schemes/Yearbook Diaspora bonds Diaspora polity Diaspora: Hot topics 1. Current Affairs: Issues Affecting Diaspora 2. Diaspora Person in New (PIN) Make notes simultaneously Appendix-I: Diaspora Qs in previous mains 0. PBD related 1. Diaspora Polity 2. Diaspora Yearbook related 3. Diaspora Region/Country wise 4. Diaspora Current Affairs related (of that era) 5. Diaspora Static/essay-ish questions 6. Diaspora Economy related Appendix II: Free Studymaterial for Indian Diaspora

o o

MGPSY

5. 6.

ASEAN-India panel of experts to draw up a Food Security Plan for the region. regular exchange of visits by Parliamentary delegations between the Indian Parliament and the ASEAN Inter Parliamentary Assembly.

Governance related

Mock Questions Prologue

5 Markers (50 words)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) Delhi Dialogue India ASEAN logo India-ASEAN car rally Naval Expedition of INS Sudarshini India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway

The International Relations (IR) topics under new UPSC Mains syllabus (GS2), can be broadly classified into following groups

1.

12 marks

2. 3. What are the roadblocks/future impediments according to you in effective implementation of FTA in services and investments between India and ASEAN. Write a note on the ASEAN India Commemorative Summit 2012. Provide an account of Indias increasing involvement in the South East Asian region. Write a note on Indian Diaspora in South East Asia.

Indias Relations/agreements: a. with our neighbors b. with non-neighbors c. with associations/regional/global-groups of countries International institutions, agencies: structure, Mandate Diaspora

1. 2. 3. 4.

This article focuses only on the diaspora. Well look into remaining IR topics in other articles, later.

What was the aukaat of Diaspora topic before 2013?

25 marks

Twenty years of India-ASEAN relations. The ASEAN way of musyawarah and mufakat resonates with Indias foreign policy and world view. Comment India ASEAN vision 2020 Explain the importance of ASEAN for Indias look east policy Enumerate the strategic and economic interests of India in South East Asia. How can ASEAN help achieving them? A healthy relation with ASEAN nations can help transform the Indian economy in general and Northeast India in particular. Explain There is tremendous scope for India to leverage its soft power in South East Asia. Elaborate. Chinese assertiveness in ASEAN is both an opportunity and a challenge for India. Comment. While India had signed a FTA in goods with ASEAN in 2009, the two sides have recently concluded a FTA in services. Examine the impact of 2009 FTA in goods and analyze the future potential of FTA in services and investment.

In the earlier times, at most single big question (10-12 or more marks) and a few PINs (Persons in news for 2 marks). Sometimes you could simply skip the topic (e.g. attempt any 3 out of 4 questions.) In some years, UPSC did not ask anything from diaspora.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

How is Diaspora Syllabus changed in 2013?

As per the syllabus from official notifications of 2012 vs 2013 we can see that

Upto 2012 The Indian Diaspora and its contribution to India and the world.

Mains 2013 Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on Indias interests, Indian diaspora.

So now what to prepare and from where to prepare? [Strategy] Indian Diaspora for General Studies Mains Paper 2 Free Study material, Previous Questions for UPSC Civil Service IAS IPS exam

Diaspora Basics

1.

Prologue

For the basics/overview, do a selective reading of IGNOU MA Sociology Course MSOE-002: Diaspora and Transnational Communities. Entire set download link given @bottom. @Hindi medium aspirant, sorry Egaynkosh hasnt uploaded it Hindi medium, yet.

Lets look at the list of high-priority chapters/topics from this MSOE-002 PDF set.

Chapter in MSOE-002 Unit-5 Indian Emigration During Colonial Rule

Why important? Indirectly important from GS1: World History=> colonialism.

Unit-14 Immigration and Emigration Policies and their Implications

immigration policies (because syllabus itself says): Effect of policies and

politics of developed and developing countries on Indias interests, Indian diaspora.

and keep your self-updated with the new immigration policies, from newspaper/internet. (Particularly for US, UK, EU).

More Focus on

Unit-17 Indian Diaspora-Homeland Linkages

1.

2.

Diaspora finance topic: FDI, remittances, business networks etc. + from newspapers, keep yourself updated regarding QFI, NRI remittance, FCNR etc. things for economy section. political connection (indirectly important for NRI voting rights issue under polity syllabus.)

Unit-19 Films

Its on Bollywood and diaspora. Although usually unimportant but 2013 marks hundred years of Indian Cinema, and you know the rule: whenever someone /somethings birth/death anniversary is in the multiple of 10,15 or 25 then it is important for the exam. And who knows, some essay might come as well!

Official syllabus focuses on effects of policies and politics of foreign countries on Indian diaspora. Besides the way question trend is moving in past few years, the chances of getting direct questions like Write a note Contribution of Indian Diaspora in Fiji= extremely low. Nevertheless, you need to have some idea on distribution of diaspora across various regions and what do they do there, to see a bigger picture of how xyz thing is affecting them. The same MSOE-002 PDF set: chapter 7 to 13, contains info on Indian diaspora in various countries/regions. (Compiled ZIP file in the appendix I of this article). Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, also uploaded PDFs on Indian Diaspora in various countries. (again Compiled ZIP file in the appendix I of this article). But should you prepare all the countries? Of Couse one has to consider the time-energy constrains. The Important ones are:

Now moving to peripheral chapters from that set

Ch. 4: for getting the basic historical overview 6: Post independence migration 15: Nehru and Gandhis legacy and Diaspora 22, 23 and 24: from Essay point of view.

o o o

USA, UK=all season favorite. Middle East: Saudi, UAE, Qatar, Oman etc. mainly due to labor issues remaining = based on your time, energy and mood.

For the MOIA set, dont read those pdfs word by word like it some board exam. Just focus on following areas: It doesnt mean other chapters are not worth reading. They too contain fodder for essay and interview. (+answers for past mains questions) But whether itll be useful for the next exam or not? Well, that depends on your good/badluck with UPSC.

1. 2. 3.

Diaspora: Region/country specific

Some fodder points that can be used in an essay themed around globalization/world is village etc. for example Indian contribution in building Silicon Valley. Problems/concerns/issues faced by our diaspora in that country. Any bilateral agreements/schemes on social security, etc.

Talking about schemes, lets move on to:

Yearbook

from India 2013 (Yearbook) or Bharat 2013 , prepare following topics/schemes.

Ch.No Page No. Topic 18 18 18 18 18 18 21 518 520 512 516 519 512 685 Indian diaspora Pravasi Bharatiya Divas-PBD (The 2013s summit already discussed in earlier article: click me) bilateral Social Security agreements. consulates, passport, visa service overseas citizenship (for polity topic) Know India program. labour: International workers: special provisions in India. (for the IR>>bilateral relation topic)

2000 2006 2007 2010 2011

Fiji Lebanon Malaysia Trinidad and Tobagos Libya

Coup/constitutional crisis. Indian origin PM Mahendra Chaudhry was ousted, Mass emigration of Indian diaspora because of persecutions. Operation Sukoon to rescue Indians during IsraelHezbollah War. Demolition of Hindu temple, Large-scale protest by Indians. Indian origin Kamla Persad-Bissessar became PM. Due to Operation Blossom to rescue Indians. For the ongoing uprisings.

2011middle-east 12

If you have old edition (India 2012), then just dig google (particularly pib.nic.in and MOIA websites), and youll get those topics. But above list is not exhaustive. Because new schemes keep coming up. Recall the interval in my article on [Economic Survey Ch13] Human Development (Part 3 of 4). A new scheme was launched for diaspora:

But (If I recall correctly), none of the above diaspora questions were asked in the Mains papers of the respective years, except the Fiji crisis (2000).

Mahatma Gandhi Pravasi Suraksha Yojana (MGPSY)

A more recent example is SABLA. No matter which coaching material you read, which magazine you picked up, which website you opened (including mine lolz).there was SABLA,SABLA and SABLA, as if there was nothing else to prepare. Still UPSC ignored SABLA in Prelims 2013. But there could be another reason (/conspiracy theory) for that= since government forced UPSC to undo some of the changes in Mains 2013 (regarding medium and Litt.) so, UPSC felt disrespected and wanted to do a tit-for-tat. And what could be a better show of disrespect to UPA Government, than not asking about a scheme named after Rajiv Gandhi!

by Ministry of Overseas Indian for the Overseas Indian workers having Emigration Check Required (ECR) passports. feature is similar to Swavalamban: you subscribe to NPS-lite then Government will make some contribution in your account. Free life insurance as long as you work in ECR country. Implemented via Bank of Baroda and LIC. Current Affairs: Issues Affecting Diaspora Anyway jokes apart, UPSC seems to follow an unwritten rule that if a topic becomes too hot then dont ask anything. Although it doesnt mean we should totally neglect those hot topics because still you might have to face them during the interviews +/- could use it as fodder points in the Essay.

So what could be the hot topics under Diaspora for Mains 2013, GS Paper II?

Another scheme (under consideration) Focus country/region Issue affecting Indian Diaspora:

Diaspora bonds

India is considering introduction of diaspora bonds It provides long-term investment facility to the diaspora. Their money will go in developing infrastructure sector in India.

Malaysia

Bloodmoney.

Ethnic problems/protests, Indians are minorities. Hindraf (Hindu right action force) leader was made Deputy PM in 2013.

Therefore, keep an eye on the pib.nic.in (via feedly) as well as newspapers.

UAE

As per the Sharia law, a family member of the victim can pardon the accused if the latter pays the blood money. Seventeen Indians, who had been on death row in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for the murder of a Pakistani national, have been released after they paid blood money of $1 million. This money was collected via charity, Punjab Congress and Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD).

Diaspora polity

Although there is no such topic called diaspora polity in the official syllabus hahaha but nonetheless following topics should be prepared:

1. 2. 3.

NRI vs PIO difference, given in the given in the Citizenship chapter of Indian Polity by M.Laxmikanth OR Bharat ki Rajyavyavastha by M.Laxmikanth NRI voting rights related issues= pib.nic.in + Hindu/Indianexpress (IE) Bill to protect women deserted by NRI husbands=Hindu/IE (+PRSindia.org if and when bill is uploaded)

Ireland Norway/ Scandinavian countries Saudi USA UK

Pregnant Indian lady dentist died because Irelands law did not permit abortion. Led to a lot of uproar. That child abuse and child custody case, where our MEA/Krishna tried a lot to fix it. Nitaqat law. It is aims to replacing a large section of overseas workers with locals in Saudi Arabia. Overseas workers from Kerala, TN etc. affected. Gurudwara shooting, Tri-Valley university visa scam. Professional Visa, outsourcing related issues. Visa curb on students, doubt taxation avoidance agreement.

Diaspora: Hot topics

These are the topics predicted/ prepared by people based on their past observation/hunch. For example,

Year

Diaspora region why was it a hot topic?

Because 2012 marks the 20th anniversary of India-ASEAN dialogue. FTA in service-investment South East Asia was signed.

in Mauritius In Turkey Syria middle east

Because Pravasi Bharatiya divas 2013s chief guest was Mauritius President Rajkeswur Purryag. (Although this line of thinking/prediction has proved clichd and useless for past 3 years!) Because of ongoing uprisings/protests. (Although this line of thinking/prediction has proved clichd and useless for past 3 years!)

Diaspora Polity

1. 2.

Categorize the People of Indian Origin (PIO). What is the distinction between Non-Resident Resident Indian and People of Indian origin?

Diaspora Yearbook related Above list is not exhaustive. If youve additional topics, please list in the comment below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Write about Pravasi Bhartiya Bima Yojana, 2006. Write about Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. Write about Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas. What was India Millennium Deposit Scheme? Name the nodal agency that deals with issues relating to Indians abroad and explain its main task. What efforts are being made by Indian Government to look after NRIs? Council for promotion of overseas employment Overseas citizenship of India scheme. Know India program.

Anyway, How to prepare the topics listed above?

Dig the websites of Hindu and Indianexpress (in terms of both news report articles as well as columns/editorials). In most of the cases youll have sufficient points/content to detail a 12-15 marks worth question. If not, then dig Google further. But Avoid the temptation to do Ph.D on any diaspora (current affairs) topic. Reasons are following:

When you do Ph.D on one topic, you are left with less time to prepare other topics. When you know 50 points about a topic (because of your Ph.D) but the question usually asks 12-15 marks worth content, then becomes difficult to prioritize which points to write and which points to skip during the exam. In such a situation, often, candidates end up over crossing the word limit to write all the points they know, (hoping that itd fetch more marks), but instead it harms them because theyre left with less time/energy to write the remaining answers.

Diaspora Region/Country wise

Diaspora Person in New (PIN)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Write about Indian Diaspora in Singapore. Indians in the House of Lords, UK Contribution of the NRIs to GCC countries Assess the contributions of Indian diaspora in the Caribbean. Contribution of Indians in Silicon Valley

Diaspora Current Affairs related (of that era) Tulsi Gabbard, Ami Bera, Judge Srinivasan et al. In Mains 2012, UPSC asked PIN for only 1 marks each and that too only for paper I(=not from diaspora) Although it doesnt hurt maintaining a PIN list, while youre reading the newspaper, because diasporarelated PIN still important for RBI, SSC, IBPS, State PSC, etc. exams that you might be preparing simultaneously. + As a fodder point, if diaspora/India and globalization themed essay is asked. Diaspora Static/essay-ish questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Future of Indians in Fiji future of expatriates in the gulf Why is Fiji crisis of May 19, 2000 a specific concern for India? Mention few NRIs who have brought name and fame for India. What does the Global organization of people of Indian origin stand for?

Make notes simultaneously 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Write about Indian Diaspora and Bollywood Why do NRIs retain their emotional attachment to India? What are the problems NRIs have to face if they decide to settle in India? Point out the difference between the Jewish -Diaspora and the Indian Diaspora. In what fields have NRIs excelled in the developed countries? Write a short analytical note on Indian Diaspora. How is the New Diaspora different from the Old Diaspora? In what ways did Idi Amin make life difficult for the people of Indian origin in his country? Exodus of persons of Indian origin from Uganda

when October/November comes, youll have 500 other things to read and revise. Then youll not have sufficient time to go through entire PDFs/newspapers again for second revision. Therefore, whenever you read about diaspora from any PDF/newspaper/book, simultaneously prepare summeries/notes/mindmaps on the very same day. Because No revision=low recalling power in the exam hall=low score=#epicfail.

Appendix-I: Diaspora Qs in previous mains

Following list is not exhaustive because:

Diaspora Economy related

1. 2.

I might have missed some questions. Ive ignored diaspora Person In News (PIN) related Qs

PBD related

1. 2.

What is the significance of the Pravasi Bhartiya Divas in modern India? Why was January 9 chosen to observe the NRI (Pravasi Bharatiya Divas) Day?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Under what conditions are NRIs permitted to remit deposits in India in any currency of their choice? What has been the impact of Gulf remittances on Indias economy? In which specialties Indians are most wanted abroad? What is the contribution of the NRIs to Indias development? How can NRIs be attracted to invest in India? What is Brain drain? What is reverse migration? What are the references made to the NRI in the Union Budget July 2004? What is the impact of economic sanctions against India on NRIs? Examine the role of NRIs in the liberalization process of India.