IV:

.
:
. .

2011

,
.

.

, .

, 15 2011


(),
,
,
.

,
(, , , , , )
RDF.
,
, ,
.

SRF
.

.
()
,
.

,
.

.

, ,
, .
.

ABSTRACT
Methods of Mechanical and Biological Treatment (MBT) play a leading role in rational
management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and they are in accordance with the trends
dictated by the European Community Directives
Mechanical Treatment technologies are designed to separate the organic fraction from
mixed waste by mechanical means, for the recovery of recyclable materials (plastic, paper,
iron, tinplate, aluminum, glass) or the production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF).
Through the process of Composting, under aerobic conditions, and of Anaerobic Digestion,
under anaerobic conditions, segregated organic fraction of MSW is degradated and
converted to compost, a marketable end product.
Biodrying is a variation of aerobic decomposition, used within MBT plants to dry and
partially stabilise residual municipal waste and to produce a high quality solid recovered
fuel (SRF), high in biomass content.
These processes take place through various technological systems. Choosing the right
system for the construction of a MBT plant is highly dependent on a number of factors such
as the degree of source-sorting of household solid waste, the location or the capacity of the
plant.
This thesis reviews the current state of Municipal Solid Waste disposal in Europe and
Greece, the degree of implementation of MBT technologies and the variety of processing
systems available. A comprehensive analysis has been carried out on the technical
characteristics of each technology by the description of prevalent systems.
Finally, a comparative evaluation of the major MBT systems has been carried out, using a
wide range of criteria covering efficiency, cost and effectiveness in recycling raw materials
and energy, and environmental impact. The study provides information on the relative
advantages and disadvantages of each method.


...
.
.. IV
...V
1.
1.1.1
1.2 .....3
1.2.1 ()
1.2.2 ..5
1.2.3 .....7
1.3 - ..8
1.4 - ..........12
1.5 ..9
1.5.1 ....9
1.5.2 ...10
1.6 .........11
1.6.1 .....11
...13
2.
.....14
3. .16
3.1 .17
3.2 ......18
3.3 - .19
3.4 23
3.5 ...27
3.5.1 .....28
3.5.1.1 29
3.5.1.2 30
3.5.2 32
3.5.2.1 ...32
3.5.2.2 ..35
3.6 .40
3.6.1 ..41
3.6.2 .....42
3.7 ..........43
(. 2,3)...45
4. .47
4.1 .47
4.2 ..48
4.3 ...50
4.4 ..........53
4.4.1 ..54
4.4.2 ..54
4.4.3 ..56

4.4.4 57
4.5 ....59
4.5.1 59
4.5.2 ..59
Dranko.....66
Valorga.61
Kompogas.63
Waasa...63
4.6 .64
4.7 .....66
4.7.1 ..66
4.7.2 ............67
4.8 E 68
4.9 ...70
4.10 ......70
.....71
5. .....74
5.1 ..74
5.2 .........75
5.3 ........76
5.3.1 .76
5.3.2 .78
5.3.2.1 ......79
5.3.2.2 .....81
5.3.2.3 ....82
5.3.2.4 - ......83
5.3.2.5
....84
.....86
6. & ()
6.1 ....87
6.2 .......87
6.3 ().88
6.3.1
..90
6.3.2 RDF.97
6.3.2.1 RDF..98
6.3.2.2 ( CLO).107
6.3.3 .110
6.3.4 - ..110
6.4 ..114
6.4.1 ......114
6.4.2 - .115
6.5 116
.118
7. ...119
7.1 ........119
7.2 .......120
7.3 .122
7.4 ...125

II

.126
8. ..127
8.1 .127
8.2 127
8.3 .137
8.4 ..142
8.5 ..144
.145
9. .....147

1.1: , 1995-2008

1.2: , ,
2007 - ...

11

3.1: .

27

3.2: ..

28

3.3: (
) (.. 4 )
3.4: ., ...

41
42

4.1:
.
4.2:
................................................................................................
4.3: ,
. ..
4.4:
.
5.1: - ..

66
77

5.2:

78

6.1: RDF & .

100

6.1: RDF/SRF..

106

6.2: CLO

108

8.1 : 20000 /

128

8.2: .

129

8.3:

131

8.4: .

134

8.5:

135

8.6: ..

137

8.7: ..

139

8.8:

140

8.9:

141

8.10: ..

142

III

52
53
56

1.1: ()
(MA) 1991-2001. ................................................

1.2: ....

2
4

3.1: C/N
.
6.1: .

25
89

6.2: RDF .....

90

6.3:

90

6.1: .

111

6.2: .

116

7.1: ...............

119

7.2 : ....

120

7.3:

125

IV

1.1: ...

1.2: .

12

3.1:

16

3.2: .

20

3.3 : ................
3.4: ..

27
31

3.5:

31

3.6: .

32

3.7: .. .

33

3.8:

34

3.9: ( a & c
, b & d )
4.1: ..

39

4.2:

49

48

..
4.3: ..

50

4.4: . (: DEFRA,
2005a)....................................................................................................................
4.5:

53

4.6 : ..

58

4.7: .

58

4.8: Dranco, Valorga Kompogas.

60

4.9: Dranco .

61

4.10: Valorga .

62

4.11: Waasa

64

5.1:

80

5.2:

82

6.4: RDF .

98

6.5:

114

7.1:

123

55


1.1
&

. .

:

1.1:

. .
92% .
2008/98
1999/31 ,
. ,

, , ,
.
,

.



.

45% 2027 ,
,
.

8000

(kg//)

(kt)

2.00
1.80

7000

1.60
6000
1.40
5000

1.20

4000

1.00
0.80

3000

0.60
2000
0.40
1000

0.20

0
2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

0.00

1.1: ()
(MA) 1991-2001. (: .. 50910/2727/2003,
2003 2020.)

1.2
:
. ().
. :
1. .
2. .
3. .

1.2.1 ( .) -
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.

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):

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(.. PVC, PE, PP, PS, PET, ABS, ..).
---:

().
:
(.. , , ..).
:
.[2]

1.2: - :..( 2009)

20 [4, 5] :
20 01
20 01 01
20 01 02
20 01 08
20 01 10
20 01 11
20 01 17*
20 01 19*
20 01 21
20 01 22
20 01 23
20 01 31*
20 01 32

( 15 01)

20 01 31
16 06 01,
20 01 33* 16 06 02 16 06 03

20 01
20 01 34
33


20 01 35* 20 01 21 20 01 23


20 01 36
20 01 21, 20 01 23 20 01 35
20 01 37*
20 01 38 20 01 37
20 01 39
20 01 40
20 01 41
20 01 99

20 02
)
20 02 01
20 02 02
20 02 03
20 03

20 03 01
20 03 02
20 03 03
20 03 04
20 03 06
20 03 07
20 03 99
:
20 01, 20 01 01, 20 01 08, 20 01 25, 20 01 38, 20 02, 20 02 01, 20 03, 20 03 01, 20
03 02, 20 03 04

1.2.2


, ,
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[3]:
.
(, )
. [4]

.. [3]:

1) :
.
,
.

.

EWC
( ) [3].
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(. , , ..)
(). .. (1999/31)
....
.

(. 2939/2001)
.
(, ),
[2].
3) :

(), .., ..,

.. N.2939/01 .. 109/04

. ,


.
.... ,

ECOELASTICA [2].

4) (....):
[3]

,
[2].
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...., , , ,
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, , ,
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, .
50910/2727/2003.[3]
,
, , .....,
, [6]
2939/2001 ( 179//6.8.2001),
.

1.3 -
(),
(....) [7]
(). ,

.
,
.

:

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()
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. [4]
1.4 -
2005,

1.125 .
99 .

, , 2011.

, . ,
, , 195,84

21,42
.

1.5
1.5.1
(2003),
4,6 .
39% ,
(16%) .
5,8
. (2008) [7] ,

: 302 1995 423 2002 453
2008.
1.1: , 1995-2008 [11]

1.5.2 :
15 ,
564

, 369
. 522 27
,
.

2008 [11]

700

EU15+EFTA

600
EU12
500
EU27

400
300

Total EU-27 + EFTA + Turkey +

West Balkan countries (no data
for all years)

200

Turkey
100
West Balkan countries

19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08

1.3: /,
27, 15 , ,
. [11]

27

, ,

( ). 27
2007, 42%
,

20%

22%

17%

. [12]
,
:

10

 1.2: , ,
2007 - . [12]

kg /
EU27

%
42

%
20

%
22

%
17

34

39

23

522
492

468

100

294

84

13

801

53

24

17

564

35

46

18

536

64

34

786

64

34

448

84

14

588

60

10

13

17

541

34

36

16

14

550

46

11

11

33

754

87

13

377

86

13

400

96

694

25

47

28

456

77

13

652

93

630

38

32

28

597

13

28

21

38

322

90

472

63

19

10

379

99

441

66

34*

309

82

11

507

53

12

26

10

518

47

37

12

572

57

22

12

1.6
1.6.1
2005,
.

,
.

11


6
(2002-2012)

,


:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.2:

,
.
.

12

1. ,
, http://www.eedsa.gr/Contents.aspx?CatId=6
2. E... ( 2010),
-

3. Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Notes in

course Solid Waste Management- 1st Chapter, Energy Section of the
Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristotle University Thessaloniki,
Greece
4. EWC: European Waste Catalogue
5. Working Document(Brussels,2001), Biological Treatment of Biowaste, 2nd
Draft, European Commission, Dictorate- General Environment
6. http://www.minenv.gr/anakyklosi/system/system.html
7. ..,
http://www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=438
8. -
.. ( 2009), -
,
- ....
9. , :

http://www.ecorec.gr/econew/index.php?option=com_content&view=arti
cle&id=246%3A2010-10-29-11-49-25&catid=121%3A2010-10-27-12-1520&Itemid=131&lang=el
10.
( 2010), -

11. European Environment Agency (Nov. 2010), Municipal Solid Generation ,
Indicator
code:
CSI
016,
http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-andmaps/indicators/municipal-waste-generation/municipal-wastegeneration-assessment-published-3
12. Eurostat (2009), Municipal waste Half a ton of municipal waste
generated per person in the EU27 in 2007 Almost 40% of this waste was
recycled or composted, Europa.eu
13. Eunomia-Research and Consulting (without year), Economic Analysis of
Options for Managing Biodegradable Municipal Waste- Final Report to
European Commission

13



. ,

. [1]
[1]: :

[

(sewage sludge), ].

[ ,
(animal by-products)].

, ..).

).

( ,
).

, ( ,
- , , ).

(99/31/) ,
/ 2010 2020. -
, [2]
. .
. : (,
, , , , , ,
, ) (,
)

, , ,
,
.[2]

14


:[2]
, ,
, .
,
.
(95% ).
,
, ( ).
( - 50 75% - )
. [2]
,
.

.

.
(bio-boxes)

. ,
,
. [3]
,
,

,
.

,
. ,

. [2]

15


,

, ,
. [4] ,

.
,


. ,
,
.

CO2

H2O

3.1:

16

3.1

,
- .


. ,
.
,
, ,
..
.

, ,
(
).
,
. ,

( ). [6]
, ,
(),
,

.
. [5], [6]

(.. ),

[5]

17

3.2
, ,
, ,
, composts.

,
.

/ .[7]

, 8090%
.
.

. [7]

. [8]
8,5 * 108 6 *
109 / g (..). 6
1,8* 107 / g .. 9
. 12 .

2 * 108 / g ..
30C 40C.

. ,
,
, ,
. [8]

( )
, , ,

18

. ,

( ),
.

().

,
, .
.
,
. [8]
(fungi):
, , .

. pH.
pH 5,6.
,
4 20 m.

3.3

,
.
. ,
, ,
.[11]

() (3-4 %), (2-4%), (8-10%),
(44-50 %) (12-15 %). [8], [9]
,
: [9]

: , , ,

19

: ,

: ,

, : [10]
o

,
-

o , , ,
, .
.

3.2: [11]

,
[12]:

20

 .
,
[13].
( ).
,

. 45-50C,
, .

(,

). 25
[9]
.
,
. [13]
, ,

,

(=
)
55-65C .[12]
65C .
[13]

. [10] ,

.
. [14]
: ,
,

.
. , ,

21

,
,
.. .
.

.
.

. [10]
: .

, (, ,
)

.
( ..)
.
.
.
[10],[15]

,3

4+

.
,
,
.

. [15]
,
-
- 2-8
1-6 . [10], [16]

22

3.4

- (C: N), , , pH . [17]
:
:

32-60 C. 32 C
, .
60C ( 70C)
.
55C

.
,
(..
)
.

. [10]
:
I.

II.

. [10],[17]
C/N:
.
, .
.
,

C/N
. ,

23

 . , ,
,

. [17]
. C/N 20:1 50:1 (
.. C,
). [10]
C/N 25:1 40:1 . [10],[17]
,
,
.
C/N ,
C/N
C/N 10, C/N
C, , .
() C/N 30:1

,

,
- .
,
,

..). [10], [17]

24

 3.1: C/N
[14]

:
,
.


.
,
.

. [17]
, ,
.
40 50 %.
40 %
,

.
, 70%. [10]
pH:

.
7. pH

25

 (.. )
. ,
,
,
( p 8). p
(7,5 8,5)
p 5,5 8,0.[10] [17]
p
.
6 7,5 5,5 8. p
6, .
8
. ,
. [18]
:
,
( ),

. [13]
- :
.
,
,
.

, CO2
2. [13], [17] -

. ,
.

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[17] ,
.

26

 2
45 55 C .
:
,

(.. 5550 C).

.

3.3 : [19]

,
.
:
3.1: [11]

40-60

C/N

20-30

pH

6-8

10-15

32-60

3.5

. [10],[20]
.

27

,
,
,
.

. [10]

3.2:

( )

()

(windrows)
(aerated static piles
ASP)

( )

3.5.1

.
. ,
. [9]
,
: [8]
1. (windrows)
2. (aerated static pile ASP)

28

3.5.1.1 (windrows)
.
1,5 3,0 m,
,
.
( 3-6 m,
),

- 100 . [10]

3.1: [13]

,
(1-2
)

.

. [2]

.
( ) .[9]

29

 3.2:

50-60 . ,
. , 65C,
. 50C
,
.
,
. [10]

3.3: [17]

3.5.1.2 (aerated static pile ASP)

, .
.

30

 3.4:

,
.. ,
.
(
) . . ,
,
,

.[9]

3.5: [17]

31

3.6:

.
. [9]
.
3.5.2 ( in vessel composting)

. ,
,
,
,
.

.[8]
3.5.2.1
( 4 )
.

, . [17]

32


.

,
.

.[21]

3.7:

:
( )
PFR ,
( 9 m).
.
,
.

.
. [22]

33

 3.8:

,
.



. [21]
( )
, 3 m,
.
.
(.. ),

.

(,

, , ...) . [10], [20]

34

 3.3 :
( Juniper Ltd., CIVIC)

3.5.2.2

.
, . [17]
15 - 30 ,
4-12
(

).

[10],[20]

,
.
:

( biocells),

(tunnel composting),

(box composting),

(bay composting),

(extended beds)

(rotary drums).

, ,
,

35

, .

,
.
, ,
,
. ,

,
.
,
,
. ,
(100 1000 m3) (20
40 m3),
, ( 30005000 ).

,
. [10]

3.4

3.5

36

 3.6:

. ,
,
.
,
,
[20]

3.7:
Horstmann GmbH Mnster

(composting bays
and extended beds) ,
-

.

,

37

 , .
,
2 4 .

, 10 40 . [20]

.
,

.
, (..
,
). [10]

( )
(
). ,
,
.
,
( ).
,
. [20]

3.8: Bedminster (
3-5 )

( )
: 45 m 2-4 m .

38

 0,2 2 rpm.
.
2/3 .
1 .

. [9]

3.9:
Bedminster ( 3 )

3.9:
( a & c , b & d ) [10]

39

3.6
,
.

,
,
,

[5]

, ,
, , .

, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, .[24]
,
, ,
,
( , PCBs, PAHs, .) .
,
. [5]


. .

.

40

 3.3:
( ) (.. 4 )[6]
)
(mg/kg)

(mg/kg)()
Pb

420

83

Cu

222

41

Zn

919

224

Cr

107

61

Ni

84

26

Cd

2,8

0,4

Hg

1,9

<0,2

3.6.1


.
,

,

.[24]
, 114218/97
.


:
,
. .. ..

, . [5]

-,

,
,
().

41

, , .

(PCBs, PAHs, NPE, phthalates ..)

[17] .
,
.
, ,
..
(.. , ),
,
(.. ).

3.4: ., ..[23]

.. ()
mg/kg

..( )
mg/kg

07-10

39

70-200

1200

70-600

1500

0,7-10

17

20-200

420

70-1000

300

210-4000

2800

.
(, , , , ..)
,
,
,
RAL [24].

42

3.6.2
,
,
. , .
,
,
,
.
. [23]
,

[25]

3.7


,
, .
-,
, . [10]
- ,
-,

, .
-

. [10]

,
,
. [19]
,
(
).

43

,
, , ,
(..
). , ,
,
,
,
. [10]

,
.

. ,

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.

) ,
, (
).
,

). [10], [26]

.
- , ,

,
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.

[26]

44

 .


[7]

. 90 dB,
,

.

,
. [26]

1. Working Document(Brussels,12-02-2001), Biological Treatment of

Biowaste, 2nd Draft, European Commission, Dictorate- General Environment
2. Commission of the European Communities(Brussels, 3-12-2008), Green
Paper- On the management of biowaste in the European Union,
{SEC(2008) 2936}
3. Katia Lasaridi(2005),Quality assessment of composts in the Greek market:
The need for standards and quality assurance Journal of Environmental
Management 80: 5865 11
4. (2007)
.
5. Katia Lasaridi(2005),Quality assessment of composts in the Greek market:
The need for standards and quality assurance Journal of Environmental
Management 80: 5865 11
6. Brinton W.F. (2000) Compost Quality Standards and Guidelines, Final
report to New York State Association of Recyclers (NYSAR), ( Woods End
Research
Laboratory,
USA).
(http://www.cfe.cornell.edu/wmi/compost/Brinton.pdf
7. Epstein, E. (1997), The science of composting. Technomic Publishing
Co.,Inc.,U.S.A.
8. Abdennaceur Hassen (2001), Microbial characterization during
composting of municipal solid waste, Bioresource Technology 80: 217 225
9. E... ( 2010),
-

10. (2007)
.
11. ., ., (2004),
, ,

45

 , ,

12. Tsopanoglous, Theissen, Vigil (1993), Integrated Solid Waste
Management, MacGraw Hill International
13. . (1993), , -
14. (2008),
(

15. M. Farrell, D.L. Jones(2009), Critical evaluation of municipal solid waste

composting and potential compost market, Bioresource Technology 100 :
43014310
16. (2006):
/
17. Tom L. Richard(1991), Municipal Solid Waste Composting: Physical and
Biological Processing, Biomass and Bioenergy 3: 163-180
18. (2007),
-
() , ( -
)
19. . ( 2007),
/
, ,
20. Council of Canada ,Technologies of Composting,
21. Chiumenti A., Chiumenti R., Diaz L., Savane G., Eggeth L., Goldstein N.
(2005), Modern Composting Technologies, The JG Press, USA
22. Commission of the European Communities(Brussels, 3-12-2008), Green
Paper- On the management of biowaste in the European Union,
{SEC(2008) 2936}
23. Favoino E. (2001), Survey of compost standards, (commissioned by the
UK Government)
24. . , ., . , . , .
(2007), -
, o , ,
ADVENSOL, ENVIROPLAN.
25. 114218, 1016//17-11-97

26. . ( 2008),
,
27. . ., ., ( 2002),
: ,
,

46


4.1
()

( ) ( CH4
CO2
) (digestate =
).
:

( ,

(
,
) [1]

(biogasification).
(),
.
(waste to energy). H
,
, , , .... ,
,

(.. , ).
( ).
,
,
[2]
,

, ,

70C [3]

47

CO2

CH4

H2O

4.1:

()
,
.,
, .
[4]

.

.


. ,
,
.
. [4]

4.2

: [2],[3],[5]

48

1.

(,

(, , ).
2. ,
,
, , , .
3. , ,

.
.
4. ,
.[6].

: [6]
a. : 4 CH3COOH 4 CO2 + 4 CH4
b. : CO2 + 4 H2 CH4 + 2 H2O
c. : 4 CH3OH + 6 H2 3 CH4 + 2 H2O

4.2:
.

, .
,
, . [2], [3]

49


,
. ,
,


. ,

.[6]

4.3:

4.3

: [7]
-:
,
:
- ( 35 C) 30 C 40 C,

50

- ( 55 C) 50 C 55 C
,

, . , ,
,
,

( / ).
- :
.
(.. )
. ,
(.. ),
pH
.
- C/N: (..
, ),
25 30 (.. ),
40,
.
C/N
,
. C/N
,
,
.
- pH: pH 5 ,
5,3 5,7. pH 5,8-7,2
, pH < 5.
5,5 -8,0

:

. (
, ...). (..
Cu Zn)

51

4.1:
.[5]

Mg/l

1500-1300 mg/l

pH> 7,4

300 mg/l

50-100

<10

Na

3500

100-200 Mg/l

2500

200-400 Mg/l

,
(.)
1980. ,

() ..

().

,
25% ( 40%),
5-10%,
(slurry).
.

52

 4.4: . (: DEFRA, 2005a)

4.4

, :

1.

2.

3.

4.

/ .

,
[8]
4.2:

(~ 35C)

(<10% .)

(~55C)

( 10-

25% .)

(>25%

.)

53

4.4.1
, ,
35-37C , 55C.

, ,
/

.

, ,

. ,

( ,
, ,
).[10]

, 5% (<10%
TS), .
.
,
:

.
.

40-50%. ,

54

 ,
30-35% (.. DRANCO).

.

.

:

(wet digestion, <10%TS),
(CSTR)
5-8 [9]

(dry digestion, 25-40%TS),
(PFR).
Batch
. [8] 8- 12
. [9]

4.5:
[10]

55

.
, .
:
,
. ,
,
. ,


.

.
,
.
4.3:
, . [11]

56


,
, ,


.[12]


. ,
, .
, ,
/

. ,

.
.
,

, .
,
[13]:

. ,
, ,
.

. ,

, .
[13]

57

 7:

.
.
( )
. ,
2, .
( )
pH . ,

,
. [13]

4.7:

58

1: , 2: / ( 70 C - ), 3:
, 4: , 5: ,
6: , 7: , 8:

4.1:

4.5

4.5.1

,

. 10% (8 )
[14]

Pacques, Biopercolat.
, Batch, Biocel.

4.5.2

Wassa BTA.

Dranco, Valorga Kompogas,
.

59

 9: Dranco, Valorga
Kompogas[15]

Dranco
Dranco 1980.
,
[15]

,
( ).
,
.
.
,
,
, . [16].
Dranco (. 2)
0,103 - 0,147 m3/kg [17]
Dranco
.
0.15 0.32 MWh/ton

60

 4.2: Dranco

4.9: Dranco

Valorga
Valorga 1981

.

61

 25-30 % .


.[18]
. Valorga
(PFR).

PFR

, Valorga
. .

.

4.3: Valorga ( , )[18]

Valorga 0,22
0,27 m3/kg VS ( ) . 1823 ,

[18]. Valorga
, , , [19]

4.10: Valorga

62

Kompogas

, Kompogas

,
[18],[20].
: 16.500 27.600 .

72-77%,

/
. [20]

4.11: Kompogas[2]

Waasa
2000 3
Waasa, .
3.000-85.000 ,
126 . Waasa
,

63

 10 20
. 4.12

4.11: Waasa

4.6
:

, ,
,

[5]
:
-
, ,
, ,
- .

,
.
.

64

 3:

-
( ).
.
,
,
.

,
() .
-

.
:

()

. [5] (.. )
(.. C/N)
,

.
, ,

65

 .
15-20 .[5]

4.7
.
:

4.7.1

(CH4) (CO2),
(H2S) (NH3). (H2),
(N2), (CO),
(2) (
). ,
[21]
,
/.

. 36,14 MJ/m3

21,48

MJ/m3

.
4.4:
[21]

(CH4)

% ..

45-58

91

55-70

(C2H6)

% ..

5.1

(C3H8)

% ..

1.8

(C4H10)

% ..

0.9

% ..

0.3

CO2

% ..

30-45

0.61

32-45

66

 (N2)

% ..

0-2

0.32

0-3

% ..

0.25-0.50

% ..

(VOC)
(H2)

1%)
(H2S)

ppm

~500

~1

10-200

(NH3)

ppm

~100

ppm

(CO)

-

. [22]

.[23]
,
.

4.7.2 ( digestate)

,
, .

,
.


,
(COD 2.000-12.000mg/l, COD/BOD = 4 -11,
1.200mg/l [12], [25] .

[25].

67


2-3 .

, ,
/.

.
.
:
[25]
,
, (, ,
) ( , , )
[25].

(0-3 /).
(20-40 /),
[26]

,
.

, .
,
, .
Mg Fe (
). [23], [27]

. (Unisyn Biowaste
Technology) -
-
[23],[28]

4.8

68




, .

.
.


.
,

.

.

,
.


. ,
,
.[29]

,
.
,
.
100 300 m3 .

,

. [29]

69



,
.
. [29]


.
, ,
.
,
,
.
4.9 (percolation)

. , , ,
2-7 , ~37C.

. , ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,

.
4.10 ( dry fermenttion)
,
, .

70

 .
container .
,
.
. ,

(, )
.
34-37 C
. [30]

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,
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5. (2007)

.
6. A. Nopharatana ( Nov. 1997),Evaluation of methanogenic avtivities
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Resources Engineering. Advisor: Prof. N. J. Themelis. Columbia University.

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, ,

10. A. Hilkiah Igoni, M.J. Ayotamuno, C.L. Eze, S.O.T. Ogaji,*, S.D. Probert
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:
,
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th

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26. EEA, (2002), Biodegradable municipal waste management in Europe

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Copenhagen,
Denmark.
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27. AT information: Biogas http://res2.agr.ca /initiatives/ manurenet/
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28. Unisyn
biowaste
technology
http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/riggle/paper.htm
29. - ( 2008),
,

30.
, 7:

\

73

5.1

,

(, ..)
(RDF-refused derived fuel) (SRF-solid recovered fuel).
,
, [1] :



,


, (
),
, ( ..), .
[1]:
( ,
, ..)



:[1]

74

 .

[1] :
5.2

, .
(
), (
),

.
(bunkers),
. ,
,

.

, .
,

.

, .

,
.
/ ,
, , , ...,
.
(.. container)
. ,
(, )

75


, control rooms,
.
,
,
[1]
5.3

: , - .
,
[2]
5.3.1

.
.
,
,
,
,
. ()
(0,1-2%)
,
(wo)
( wh).
= (Wo/ Wz) * 110% [2]
H
:
a) ( ,
, )
b) (.. , ..)
c) ( .. , RDF,
..)

[2]:

76

1.
2. ,
.

.

.
( )
(, ) 0-20 ,
(, )
20- 200 mm.
3.
4.
5. .
5.1: - [3]

(Hammer mill)

<

(shredder)

77

 - .

, ,

. .
(Rotating

Drum)

(, )
,
,
.

(Ball mill)

/ .

(Wet rotating drums .

with knives)

(Bag splitter)

,
),

5.3.2 -


( ),

.
( ),
,

78

. [1]
,
5.2: [3]

(Trommels

and screens)

(fines)

()

:,

: ,

: ,

5.3.2.1

.
.

79

 .
,
. [2]
, .
:


. ().
. ,
.
.
. [4]
.
().
, , ,
. , ,
,
, " "
.

5.1: [5]

Mogensen , ( ),
.

80

 .
[2]:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. a

6.
7.

5.1:

5.3.2.2

.
,
. [2]

81

 5.2: [3]

. ,
.

kg/m3

[2]

- ,
, , [6], [7]
,
().

.
,

. "-"
,

.

. [7]
5.3.2.3

: , .
,

82

 .
, , ..
, , , ,
[2]
, ,
.

. [8] ,

, 82%.[8]

5.3.2.4

, .
,
, .


, , , ..
,
( ).
80- 90%.
:

( )


.
.
.
, ,
.

83


.
. .
.
..
. ,
.
,
.
50%.
. [2]
5.3.2.
[2]
1.,, , .
2.
3. : (Kg), (m) (, , )
. . .
4. - .
.
5. - .
6. .
7. ( ..)
8. () .
9. .
10. (.. ..).
11.: - t/h
12. Kwh/t.
13. mm.
14. % t/h.
15. m3/t.
16. 10m dB (A).
17. h.
18.:
(KW).
[2]
1. (kg), ( , ) m, (m).
2. - (m).

84

3. () (m).
( ) (m).
4. (m).
5. .
6. ( ).
7. .
8. .
9. () .
10. .
11. .
12. (.. ..).
13.: - (kg/h)
14. : - E (mm)
15. (m3/h)
16. (m/s)
17. (m).
18. (Kwh/t).
19. 5-1 (UPM ).
20. % t/h.
21. m3/t.
22. 10m dB (A).
23. (h).
24. , .
25. .
) (KW).
) (KW).
26. , , (m3/h).
27. .
28. (h/).
.
.
29. ().
30. .
)
)

85

1. E... ( 2010),

2. , , , 1990

3. Defra (2007), Mechanical Biological Treatment of Municipal Solid

Waste,
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/residual/newtech/documents/mbt.
pdf

4. M.R. Smith, L. Collins, AGGREGATES-Sand,gravel and crush rock

aggregates for construction purposes, Published by the Geological
Society

5. Tom L. Richard(1991), Municipal Solid Waste Composting: Physical and

Biological Processing, Biomass and Bioenergy 3: 163-180

6. Janyce D. Bartlett, P. A. Vesilind,(1983) The effect of moisture on air

classification of municipal solid waste, Waste Management & Research,
Vol. 1: 347-357

7. Je Jess W. Everett and J. Jeffrey Peircess W. Everett (1990), The

development of pulsed flow air classification theory and design for
municipal

solid

waste

processing

Resources,

Conservation

and

Recycling 4 185-202

8. B.Bilitewski, G, Hardtle, K.Marek (1994) Waste management, Springer,

pp. 353-354

86

 (MBE)
6.1

99/31/

.
, ,

, , ,
,
. [1]
- () ()
.

/
.


/
(- ). [1]
6.2
()


.
, ,
, ,
. [2]
,
.

.

,
.

87

 / (RDFrefuse derived fuel SRF- solid refuse fuel) ,

),

( )
/ .
: ()
. :
( , , ,
, ..)
( ,
..)
( , ,
)

,


[2]
6.3 -

.. ,
.

(, )

RDF
. [3]

,
RDF
RDF.
, RDF
.
,
(, )

88

 .
(, .).

6.1:
[3]

RDF
.,
. RDF ( ,
) cRDF (coarse RDF)
, dRDF
(dry RDF), ,
.[3]

89

 6.2:
RDF [3]

6.3.1

.

(Fe, Al)

()

compost

compost

Compost

6.3:
[3]

90

 :
,
. ,

.
,

,

.
,

,

(1,5 - 2 cm), (, ,
, , )
,
,
,
.

. [4]

,
, ,
.

.[4]
, ,

.

91

 -, ,


, ..

6.3.1.1

. ( ).

, ,
, , .

. .
, ,
.

.

-
, - illustration, - ,
- - . [5]

().
,

:
(.. Film

()

.
(.. ),
,
(, .)

92


, - .
,
.

, (, ,
, , , ) .
,
. 35 170 / .

( ),
(tin cans)
.
, ,
, ,
. [5]

, :

(.. , , , ).

,
scrap .
120 - 130 /
,
scrap.

.
, , ,

93

 .
.
scrap,
.
, .
:
95%
.
900.000.000

90.000 .
.[5]

, :

(.. , , ,
).
,
,
. ,
().

.
scrap 1.000 /
,
.

, ,
.
,
.
, , , ,
. ,

94

 .

, , fiberglass,
.

, . ,


. [3]
:

135

20% (
)
50% [5]
20%
scrap ,
.
:

, , ,
, , , , , .

(
).

(
, ).

30 - 50 /
, ,

8 - 10%.
,
.

95

 ( 30%),

. [6]
,

.

(),

(),

(VC),

(PS),

(),

(C),

(HDPE),

(LDPE)].

:

,
,
. [2] ,
,

.[6]

.
, .
HDPE
.

(
, ,
, , , , , ).
,
.
,
:

96

, .

,
, .

80 - 350 /
, ,
.
6.3.2 RDF

RDF , 1200 tn/day.

97

 6.4: RDF [7]

6.3.2.1 RDF

RDF ( Refuse Derived Fuel)

. , RDF
[8]

98

 RDF
,
.
( ),
(RDF)
, , ,
, cRDF (coarse RDF)


dRDF (dry RDF)
. [3], [8]

RDF

(60-70%), (20-30%)
(5-10%) . [9]
RDF .
, .
, 23-50% ..
..
RDF
RDF ,

RDF, :

RDF.

( )

(,
, ,
.)

RDF ,
.

99

 , , .
RDF
.
6.1: RDF & [7]

C
%

Cl

CV
MJ/Kg

60-80

3-5

1-2

1-5

0.01-0.1

26

40-50

0.2

0.1

0.01

19

.25

0.5

0.2

0.5

10

RDF

45

0.5

0.2

0.5

15

RDF

(3000-5000 kJ/kg

, [10]
. ,
2007 ,
46% 55%,
32%, 48%, 42%, 45% 30% [11]
,
,
N. [9]

RDF

(-1500 0C)
(4-5 sec),

.[10]
RDF

RDF

,
RDF,
.

100

 RDF
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, ..
,
. - ,
,

[12] [13].
, ,

,
[12], [13]
,

,
[11], [14].
(PCDD/Fs) 210
, (75 )
-- (dibenzo-p-dioxin) (135 )
(dibenzofuran). ,
17 (7 10 ),
2, 3, 7 8,
Seveso (2, 3, 7, 8
---) [14].

(International Toxicity Equivalent, -TEQ),
.

,
( Seveso) [12], [14].
RDF
,
,
(.. ) 450 C - 200 C.

101



,
.

.
,
(),

RDF.

200
C (450
C 200 C).
.
, ,
450 C 200 C
( 5 sec)
,

.

,


RDF.

RDF

,
:
, RDF

, RDF

102

 RDF

. ,
, RDF,

.

RDF/SRF
.
, ,
.
, ,

.
RDF ,
.

RDF .

103

 6.3:

RDF

RDF

RDF

RDF

RDF

RDF

RDF

. ,


. ,
:
-

RDF

RDF

RDF

RDF

104

 , ,
, . ,
,
.
, .
,
RDF,

.
. ,
. ,
,

.
,
.
,
.


. , ,
,
.

RDF,
..

105

 6.4:
RDF/SRF

1.

1.

2.

RDF/SRF .

2.

3.
SRF/RDF

.
4.

.
5.

(,
.)

99/31.

.
3.

.
4.

.
5.

106

1.

1.

.
2.

2.

RDF/SRF.

3.
3.
4.

.
5.

.
6.

.
4.

RDF/SRF.
5.

RDF/SRF

.
7.

(,
.)
8.

6.
.
7.
RDF/SRF
,
.

..

6.3.2.2 compost-CLO (Compost like Output)

,
, .

.
CLO
..

107

 6.5: CLO

(
, )

()

....

.....
,
...., 1999/31/,

108

 ....
, .
CLO
,
, .
compost
:
(.. )


.




( )
,
- -
,
. ,
, compost
compost
..
compost
. CLO
.
..... , CLO
compost
:

109


,

. CLO .../.
.

6.3.3


.
, ,
.
.
,

,

.
6.3.4

,

110

( )

( )

6.1:

111



.
.

,
. .

.

.

.

:
1. (..
)
2.

3.

4. .
, ,
.

.
,
,
50-80 mm.
98%
.
,

.

112

.
.

.
.


. 5 10
40 C
.

40 C. ,

.
30C.
.
( )

, , .
.
10 - 25 mm.
-


.
, .

.

113


. .

6.4

,
.
6.4.1
,
(,
),
.

6.5:

RDF.
/
..
,

.

114

 ,
, cRDF dRDF 25,0
kWh 21,5 kWh 55,5 KWh . .
50 54
kWh .
55% 60% ' , 37,75
MJ/Nm3.

,
.
(
35%) kWh
.. 54 kWh .
65
kWh ..

(, , , , ),
RDF,
.
( )
.
6.4.2

115

100%
5%

95%

10%

85%
20%

20%

15%

55%

45%

5%

, ,

35%

6.2:

6.5
3 :
1.

2.

3.

:
:
.

116

 90 tn/day 5 .
.

.
. [15]
: .
1.200 tn/day, 300 tn/day 130
tn/day RDF, ,
. 260.000 tn/year.
.
5
, 100 . ,
RDF, ,
.
, . ,

,
RDF .
,
400.000 tn/year
. [15]
:
. 150.000

160 tn/day.

. 2005, 2010
30.000
,
35.000 ,
. ,


. [15]

117


1. J. de Araujo Morais, G. Ducom *, F. Achour, M. Rouez, R. Bayard ( October
2008), Mass balance to assess the efficiency of a mechanicalbiological
treatment, Waste Management 28 : 17911800
2. (2007) :
.
3. . ( 2007),
/
, ,
4. K. Munnich , C.F. Mahler , K. Fricke (2005), Pilot project of mechanicalbiological treatment of waste in Brazil, Waste Management 26 (2006) 150
157
5. MIO- ECSDE, ,
,
2003
6. -. ,
, . - , 2007
7. E... ( 2010),
-

8. European Commision- Directorate General Environment (July 2003), Refuse
Derived Fuel, Current Practice and Perspectives, Final Report- WRc Ref:
CO5087-4
9. EXERGIA S.A. (2008), THE ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN
GREEK CEMENT INDUSTRY, , , 13.12.2007
10. G. Genon , E. Brizio (January 2008), Perspectives and limits for cement kilns
as a destination for RDF, Waste Management 28 (2008) 23752385
11. Gordon McKay (2002), Dioxin characterization, formation and minimization
during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration: review, Chemical
Engineering Journal 86 : 343-368.
12. World Business Council for Sustainable Development-Cement Sustainability
Initiative (2006), Formation and release of POPs in the Cement Industry,
Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), 2nd Edition. European
13. Commission IPPC (2010), Reference Document on the Best Available
Techniques for Cement and Lime Manufacturing Industries.
14. B.R. Stanmore (2004), The formation of dioxins in combustion systems
Combustion and Flame 136: 398-427.
15. , :

http://www.ecorec.gr/econew/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i
d=246%3A2010-10-29-11-49-25&catid=121%3A2010-10-27-12-1520&Itemid=131&lang=el

118



.
,
SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel). [1]
.,

.
7.1
[2]:
. ( 12 - 15% ),

SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel), ,
15 MJ/kg

.

.
,
.

7.1: [3]

119

 7.2 [3] :

,
:

..

- ,
,

,
, ,

.
SRF

7.2

. ,

( ) ( ) [1]

120


.
,
,
.
,
. ,
.

SRF, .[4], [5], [6]

,
.

.
,
, .

45C,
60C. [7]

. [8]

.
35-55% 10-20% .
(0,5- 0,6 g /g ).

.[1]

121

7.3

. .
7.3.1
,
.
/ , , -,
SRF .
,
, .
.
20

14 ,

24 . [2]

7.1: , [2]

.....

SRF, -.

122

7.3.2

.
...
. ,
,
, .

.
:
(in floor pipes)
(n floor pipes).
,
,
SRF .
, ,
. ,
(.. ). [2]

7.1: [2]

7.3.3 ,
(boxes)
()

123

 , ,
.

.
.
5 10 .

7.2: Herhof [9]

7.3: Nehlsen (:
: [9]

,

..... , SRF
,
.

:

124

 7.3: [9]

.
(eddy current separator)
.

,
. SRF.

(eddy current separator) .
.[2]
7.4
:
( Fe- Al)

SRF
SRF
RDF.

125


1. C.A. Velis, P.J. Longhurst, G.H. Drew, R. Smith, S.J.T. Pollard, (2009) Biodrying
for mechanicalbiological treatment of wastes: A review
of process science and engineering, Bioresource Technology 100:
27472761
2. E... ( 2010),
-

3. . ( 2007),
/
, ,
4. Epstein, E.(1997) The Science of Composting CRC Press, Technomic
Publishing, Lancaster, PA, USA.
5. Rada, E.C., Franzinelli, A., Taiss, M., Ragazzi, M., Panaitescu, V., Apostol, T.
(2007). Lower heating value dynamics during municipal solid waste
biodrying Environ. Technol. 28: 463469.
6. Themelis, N.J. (2005), Control of heat generation during composting.
Biocycle 46: 28- 30.
7. Skourides, I., Theophilou, C., Loizides, M., Hood, P., Smith, S.R. (2006),
Optimisation of advanced technology for production of consistent auxiliary
fuels from biodegradable municipal waste for industrial purposes In: Waste
2006 Sustainable Waste and Resource Management. Stratford-upon-Avon, UK,
1921 September 2006, Paper 2B-14.40.
8. Adani, F., Baido, D., Calcaterra, E., Genevini, P. (2002), The influence of
biomass temperature on biostabilizationbiodrying of municipal solid waste,
Bioresource Technology 83, 173179.
9. Juniper (2005), MechanicalBiological Treatment: A Guide for Decision
Makers, Processes, Policies and Markets. Juniper Consultancy Services, UK.

126


8.1

.
:

( ).

( , , ,
),

( ),

( , )

, ,

.
,
,
.

,

,
, (.
).
.

8.2
:

, .

(- )

127

.
( )

,

CLO

(, )

[1],[2],[4]

.

(configuration) . [5]

20.000 /, .

:
8.1 : 20000
/

()

()

(/)

(/)

500.000

20

47.196

595.000

20

56.163

5.950

532.500

20

55.971

5.925

117.600

28.681

2.352

30.000

10

4.271

600

90.000

10

12.813

1.800

300.000

10

42.713

15.000

247.808

31.627

128

150.000

27.832

7.500

100.000

18.555

5.000

250.000

46.388

12.500

250.000

18.555

5.000

18.555

5.000

(Screw mixer)

(eddy current

100.000

separator)

160.000

29.688

8.000

30.000

5.560

1.500

46.388

12.500

50.000
192.966

57.000

( /)

60.000

35.000

180.000

750.000

1.025.000

8.2:

DK

FR

*VFG

25-37/
62-74/
30/
73-77/

()

50-85/,
(.6000/)

(
11/

4,5/
)

()

63-95/
(.6000 /

129


(


)

LUX

.
41-68/
(.12000/)

50-91/
(.22000/)

71/
(.4000 /)

* VFG: Vegetable, Food, Garden

.

.

.




.

.
:

130

 8.3:

[7],[8]

.

-

.
.

.

1:

110.000

2: RDF
110.000 .

131

M3:
110.000 .

M4:
RDF 110.000

5: 110.00 .

:
1:

110.000 .

(, , ) (). ,
,
, .

.
.
CLO ,
.... ....
.
40.000 tn
.
. , ,

. ,
.
, .
,

2: RDF
110.000 .

, , , ..
RDF.

132


40.000 , ,
.
,
,

.
M3: H
110.000 .

(, , ) ().

.

.

.
CLO,
,
.... .... ,
.
....
1 2 40.000
tn .
.
, ,


.
.



.

133

M4:
RDF 110.000 .
, 1
RDF
.


(CLO).
40.000 .

.
5: 110.00 .

. SRF.
.

40.000 .
.


.
8.4: [3]

tn

tn

210

140

250

140

300

210

350

210

250

300

134

8.5: [3]

tn

tn

60

40

60

40

75

50

75

50

65

65

:
1.
RDF
RDF
.

. dRDF cRDF
,
(. 5.3.2- RDF) [5]
2.
1-4 ,

( ).
5

.
3. 3 4

.
4. 5

135



.
5.

.

.

.
, ,

.


.
( PVC, PET, HDPE, ..)

.

(Gate fees)
(Gate fee)

, .
[1]

., ,
(
)

, , ,

.

,

136


.

[10]

8.3

:

( , TOC, VOC, )

()

8.3.1

8.6:

++

( CO2, CH4, NOX )

+++/+

N2O

++/-

NH3

+++/+

++

VOC

+++/+

++

+++/+

++

+/-

++

+++/+

+++ , ++ , + , -,

137

( )
, , VOCs,
().

, , ,
. ( ,
, , )
,[11]

, ,

,
(VOC) .
. ,
,
. ,
,
,

, .

(CO2,
NOx, CO, , VOC, H2S, SO2, ...)

, ,

.

VOCs
(, , )
.
,
()
.

138


( , , VOCs, ..) .

8.3.2

:
8.7:

++

++

+++

+

+++ , ++ , + , -,

.
.
,
.

139

, .
,
.

:
.
.
. ,
[12]

, 3% . [13]

8.8:

COD

++

+++

++

BOD

++

+++

++

+++

++

+++ , ++ , + , -,

8.3.3 () -


.
.

140

 (-)
, , ,

.

.
RDF
.
8.9:

RDF

&

&
RDF

&

++

+++

++

+++

+++ , ++ , + , -,



(

).

, .


/.


.

141

8.3.4

,
.

.
.
RDF,
.

8.10:

RDF

&

&
RDF

&

+++

+++

+++ , ++ , + , -,

8.4


.

.

142

 8.11:

+++

++

++

+++

++

+++

+++

++

++

+++

++

+++

+++ , ++ , + , -,

.


.
.

RDF
, SRF
.
.
,

RDF SRF

143

 : -> -> (
) [14]

.


.
.

.

,

.
,

(-)
.
,

.

,
.
RDF, SRF, (), ,
. .

.

,
.
.

144

8.5

.

,
.
,

.

, ,
,
,
,
,
..
:


.

( )
.


.

.

.


.

145


1. Eunomia Research and Consulting (2002), Costs for Municipal Waste
Management in the EU,Final Report to Directorate General Environment, European
Commission
2. Jonas Bystrm ( March 2010), Mechanical Biological Treatment Plants, Staff
Working Papers -JASPERS Solid Waste and Energy Division
3. E... ( 2010),

4. ( 2006),
/
5. Alexander P. Economopoulos (2009) ,Technoeconomic aspects of alternative
municipal solid wastes treatment methods
6. Eunomia Research and Consulting (2009), ASSESSMENT OF THE OPTIONS
TO IMPROVE THE MANAGEMENT OF BIO-WASTE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
ANNEX E: Approach to estimating costs, Final Report to Directorate General
Environment, European Commission
7. Tsilemou, K. and D. Panagiotakopoulos (2004), "Estimating Costs for Solid
Waste Treatment Facilities", ISWA World Environmental Congress and
Exhibition, 17-21 October 2004, Rome, Italy.
8. , . . (2005), "

", 5
(HELECO '05), 3-6 2005, .
9. Tsilemou K. and D. Panagiotakopoulo (2005), Economic Sustainability Criteria
and Indicators for Waste Management LCA-IWM. Contract number EVK$-CT2002-00087]
10. Wrap (2010), Comparing the cost of alternative waste treatment options,
Gate Fees Report 2010,
http://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/2010_Gate_Fees_Report.4b6bd14c.9523.pdf
11. SAACUTENCHEZ-MONEDERO, MIGUEL A.; STENTIFORD, EDWARD I.;
URPILAINEN, SARI T. (MAY 2005) , BIOAEROSOL GENERATION AT LARGESCALE GREEN WASTE COMPOSTING PLANTS , JOURNAL OF THE AIR &
WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, VOL. 55 ISSUE 5, P612
12. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Waste
Treatment Industries, 8/2005)
13. Juniper 2005
14. . ,( 2007)
/
,

146


1.

.
.

,
. .


- - .
2.
.
.
,
,
,
.
, ,
.

(CLO)

.
, ,

( - ).
3. ()
, ,
. ,
(-),
.

147

4.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.


.
5.

.
SRF
.
6. ,
CLO, . RDF SRF

100%,

. .

.
7.
,
,
.
, .

148



&
. ,
:
2008/98: 2008/98/EK
2006/12/ (
(75/439/, 91/689/)).

,
, ,
,

.
:
)
)
)
).
,
,
,
,
(IPPC Directive). [1]

II

.

, .

SRF ,

.[9]
(70%
2020) (50% 2020),
2014,
, , , 2015 .

,
( 22) :
,
,

50%
, ,
, , .
,

.

compost
.
,
(compost)

(stabilized

biowaste) / (mechanical /
biological treatment MB) ,
compost.

,

 2008.
2010
98/2008
,
,
.
2004/62: 2004/62
, :
2011, 55%
60% /
. , 60%
, 50% , 22,5% 15%

, ,

/
1999/31: 1999/31/ ,

, ,
, , .
:
(.....)
/
(.../.)
(... )
,
, ,

.

, 75% 2010, 50% 2013, 35%
2010, .. 1995.
,
.

 4:
1999/31 , , ..[2]

1. E... ( 2010),
-

A P Econopoulos(2010), A methodology for developing strategic municipal solid
waste management plans with an application in Greece, International Solid Waste
Association

1.

, .
8 25 mbar.
H2S < 1.000 ppm
150 0C.
.

.
,
.
.
.
H2S

.[1]
2.

.

.
45 kW MW
.


H2S
. ,

H2S .

 .
, x CO2
. CO.
CO
H2S . ,
CO x
CO2
.[1]
3.

.
1 . ,

. ,


.
:

, ,

,
H2S,

, CO2, H2S, ,
( ),
, 95% ..

.
6

 , , .
1995 ,
.[1]

4.
,
.

.
,
. ,

.
CO2. 50%.
(5) ,
:[1]
. (AFC)

NASA
.
. (PAFC)

.

CO2,
H2S.
. (MCFC)

.

.


50%.[1]
. (SOFC)
.

900 0C.
,

.[1]
. ()
compact

.

1. CO2

.
CO2,
. ,
,
.
(4) CO2


. :
i.
CO2
H2S, .
.

 .

.

11: [2]

ii.
.
Selexol
CO2 H2S
. Selexol
CO2 H2S Selexol .

:

(TEG).

(EG),

(DEG)

,
.
projects .
.

iii.

. ,
,
.
/
.
.[1]
iv.

:


. ,

.


.

.
2. H2S
H2S ,
, .

. H2S
:
/

:

10

3.

.

, CH4, CO2, N2 O2
.

10 . ,

.
200

C,

.
4.

.
,
(, , ..)
.
. .
5.

.
.

. 50%
, 5 12%.

, .

11


, .

1. Fabien Monnet (November 2003), An Introduction to Anaerobic Digestion

of Organic Wastes, Company: Remade Scotland
2. http:/www.mikropul.com/ products/ wscrubber/mikrovane.html

12