Chng 5

NHNG THUT TON LOGARITH RI RC

5.1M u. Phng php n nh
Cho G l nhm nhn Abel,
G b a ,
. Bi ton tm kim nghim ca phng trnh
b a
x

gi l bi ton logarith ri rc trong nhm G. Nghim x ca phng trnh gi l logarith

ri rc c s a ca b, k hiu l
b
a
log
, nu nh c s a c nh v nu nh nghim ca
phng trnh tn ti; G a
Z b log
, nu nh
< | | G
.
Bi ton logarithm ri rc c vai tr rt ln trong ng dng ca mt m. c bit quan
trng trong trng hp
*
) (q F G
, vi
l
p q
, p l s nguyn t, N l , tc l trong
trng Galois, cng nh trong trng hp G l mt nhm im ca ng cong Elliptic
trong trng hu hn.
Chng ta xem phng trnh
) (mod p b a
x

(5.1)
trong nhm
*
p
Z
, vi p l s nguyn t. Chng ta gi s rng bc ca
) (mod p a
bng p-1.
Khi phng trnh gii c, v nghim x l mt phn t ca 1 p
Z
. Trong phn ny
chng ta miu t phng php n nh xc nh nghim ca (5.1).
Nu vi s gip ca phng php chn th c th gii phng trnh (5.1) cn
) ( p O
lnh s hc.
Nghim
b
a
log
ca phng trnh (5.1) c th tm theo cng thc sau

) 1 (mod ) 1 ( log
1
p b a b
j j
a ,
th nhng phc tp nu tnh theo cng thc ny thi s ti hn cch la chn.
Thut ton tip theo gii phng trnh (5.1) c phc tp l
) log (
2 / 1
p p O
lnh s
hc.
Thut ton tng hp.
Bc 1. Gn
[ ] 1 :
2 / 1
+ p H .
Bc 2. Tm
) (mod p a c
H

.
Bc 3. Lp bng gi tr
H u p c
u
1 ), (mod
, sp xp n.
Bc 4. Lp bng gi tr
H v p a b
v
0 ), (mod .
, sp xp n.
Bc 5. Tm s trng nhau phn t t bng th nht va bng th hai. lm iu ny
) (mod . p a b c
v u

,
t y
) (mod p b a
v Hu

.
Bc 6. a ra gi tr
). 1 (mod p v Hu x
Kt thc thut ton.
Chng ta chng minh s ng n ca thut ton. Bt k s nguyn x,
2 0 p x
,
c th biu din di dng
) 1 (mod p v Hu x
, y
H v H u 0 , 1
, r rng rng
tp s H,H-1,H-2,,H-H, 2H, 2H-1,,
2
H , 1
2
H ,, H H
2
cha trong mnh tp s
0,1,,p-2, bi v
p H >
2
. T y dn n s ng n ca thut ton. nh gi phc
tp ca thut ton cng r rng ng, bi v tp t N phn t c th sp xp cn
) log ( N N O
lnh s hc.
5.2 Thut ton Pohlig-Xellman
By gi gi s chng ta bit c s phn tch thnh nhn t ca p-1 ra tha s

s
i
i
i
q p
1
1

Lc ny phng trnh (5.1) c th gii cn

,
_

) (log
1
i
s
i
i
q p O
lnh s hc vi s gip
ca thut ton sau.
Thut ton Pohlig-Xellman
Bn cht ca thut ton nm ch, tm s lng ln phng trnh x theo modulo
i
i
q

vi tt c i, sau tm nghim ca phng trnh ban u bng nh l phn d trung

hoa. tm x theo mt trong cc modulo nh th, chng ta phi gii ng d thc
) )(mod ( ) (
1 1
p a a
i
i
i
i
q
p
x q
p

Phng trnh ny gii c vi phc tp thi gian l a thc trong trng hp nu

nh i
q
khng qu ln (c ngha l khng vt qa
c
p) (log
, c l mt hng s no ).
Bc 1.i vi tng s nguyn t
1 | , p q q
, ta lp bng gi tr
) (mod
/ ) 1 (
,
p a r
q p j
j q

,
1 ,..., 0 q j
.
Bc 2. i vi tng s nguyn t q,
1 || p q

, chng ta tm
) (mod log

q b
a
.
t
) (mod ... ) (mod log
1
1 1 0

q q x q x x q b x
a

+ + +
, vi
1 0 q x
i . Lc ny t (5.1)
dn n rng
) (mod
/ ) 1 ( / ) 1 (
0
p a b
q p x q p
.
Vi s gip ca bng trong bc 1 chng ta tm ra 0
x
.Lc ny r rng ta c
) (mod ) (
/ ) 1 ( / ) 1 (
1
2
0
p a ba
q p x q p x
.
Theo bng trong bc 1 ta tm ra gi tr ca
1
x
v tip tc nh th. Gi tr ca i
x
c tm thy t phng trnh
) (mod ) (
/ ) 1 ( / ) 1 ( ...
1 1
1 1 0
p a ba
q p x q p q x q x x
i
i i
i

.
Bc 3. Khi tm s i q b
i
i a
,..., 1 ), (mod log

, chng ta tm
) 1 (mod log p b
a theo nh
l phn d trung hoa.
Kt thc thut ton
Chng ta chng minh nh gi phc tp ca thut ton. Tp phn t
) (mod
/ ) 1 (
p a
i
q p
cn

s
i
p O
1
) (log
lnh s hc. Sau tp j q
i
r
, i vi tt c
j q
i, c
tnh ton cn

s
i
i
q O
1
) (
lnh s hc. tm gi tr i
x
trong bc 3 cn nng bc(c ngha
tm
1
1

i
i
q x
a
), tm phn t nghch o,nhn, nng bc v tin hnh theo bng. Tt c kt
hp li l phc tp ca thut ton c nu trn.
Ch . Thut ton Polug-Xellman c phc tp l a thc ) ) ((log
1
c
p O trong trng
hp khi tt c cc c nguyn t i
q
ca p khng vt qu
2
) (log
c
p , y
2 1
, c c
hng s
dng.
5.3 Phng php

- Pollaid i vi logarithm ri rc
Chng ta tm hiu phng php

- Pollaird i vi nhn t ha s nguyn. By

gi chng ta tm hiu v bi ton logarithm ri rc theo modulo l s nguyn t p. Chng
ta mun gii phng trnh
) (mod p b a
x

. lm vic ny chng ta xem 3 dy s

{ } { } { }
i i i
z v u , ,
,
,..., 2 , 1 , 0 i
c xc nh nh sau:
0
0 0
v u
,
1
0
z
,
) 1 (mod 1
1
+
+
p u u
i i , nu nh
3 / 0 p z
i
< <
;
) 1 (mod 2
1

+
p u u
i i , nu nh
p z p
i
3 / 2 3 / < <
;
) 1 (mod
1

+
p u u
i i , nu nh
p z p
i
< < 3 / 2
;
) 1 (mod
1

+
p v v
i i , nu nh
3 / 0 p z
i
< <
;
) 1 (mod 2
1

+
p v v
i i , nu nh
p z p
i
3 / 2 3 / < <
;
) 1 (mod 1
1
+
+
p v v
i i , nu nh
p z p
i
< < 3 / 2
;
) 1 (mod
1 1
1

+ +
+
p a b z
i i
v u
i
.
Tip theo chng ta xem tp hp
) , , , , , (
2 2 2 i i i i i i
v u z v u z
,
,..., 3 , 2 , 1 i
chng ta tm v tr
i, sao cho i i
z z
2

. T ng thc cui cng ta rt ra

) (mod
2 2
p a b
i i i i
v v u u
.
Nu nh
1 ) 1 , gcd(
2
p u u
i i , th khi
) 1 (mod 1 ) ( ,
2
p u u l Z l
i i chng ta thu
c
) (mod
) (
2
p a b
i i
v v l
,
t y gi tr x cn tm bng
) 1 )(mod ( log
2
p v v l b
i i a
5.4 Logarith ri rc trong trng nguyn t
Trong phn ny chng ta xem thut ton gii phng trnh
) (mod p b a
x

, (5.2)
y p l s nguyn t. Thut ton ny c phc tp l
1
]
1

c L
p
;
2
1
vi mt s gi tr ca
hng s c. Chng ta cho rng
) (mod p a
c bc l p-1.
Thut ton Adleman
Tng 1. Hnh thnh c s nhn t, bao gm tt c cc s nguyn t q,
p p const
e B q
log log log

Tng 2. Bng cch chn la chng ta tm s t nhin i
r
sao cho

B q
r
p q a
iq i
) (mod

, q l s nguyn t
T y dn n

B q
a iq i
p q r ) 1 (mod log
. (5.3), q l s nguyn t
Tng 3. Chn s lng ln biu thc (5.3), gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh thu
c ng vi cc n
q
a
log
-logarith ri rc ca phn t ca c s nhn t.
Tng 4. Bng cch la chn chng ta tm ra mt gi tr ca r, sao cho
) (mod ...
1
p p p q b a
B q
k
r q

,
y k
p p ,...,
1 - l cc s nguyn t vi ln trung bnh, c ngha 1
B p B
i
< <
,
vi
p p const
e B
log log log
1

Tng 5. Bng cch tnh ton tng t nh tng 2 v 3 ca thut ton, tm ra logarithm
ri rc i a
p log
i vi cc s nguyn t k
p p ,...,
1 tng 4.
Tng 6. Xc nh gi tr cn tm
b
a
log
:


+ +
k
i
i a
B q
a q a
p p q r b
1
) 1 (mod log log log
.
Kt thc thut ton.
Thut ton COS
Tng 1. t
[ ] 1 0 , , 0 : , 1 :
log log log 2 2 / 1
< < > +
p p
e L p H J P H
Hnh thnh tp hp
{ } { }
+
< < + <
2 / 1 2 / 1
0 | | L c c H L q q ,
q l s nguyn t.
Tng 2. Bng cch sng chng ta tm cp
2 1
, c c
sao cho
+
< <
2 / 1
0 L c
i
, i=1,2
) (mod ) )( (
2 / 1
2 1
) , (
2 1
p q c H c H
L q
c c
q

+ +

Trong trng hp ny, bi v
) (
2 / 1
p O J
nn
) (mod ) ( ) )( (
2 1 2 1 2 1
p c c H c c J c H c H + + + + +
Logarith theo c s a chng ta thu c biu thc sau

+ + +
2 / 1
) 1 (mod log ) , ( ) ( log ) ( log
2 1 2 1
L q
a q a a
p q c c c H c H
a c th tnh theo cng thc

2 / 1
) (mod
L q
p q a
q

T y

2 / 1
) 1 (mod log 1
L q
a q
p q
Tng 3. Trn tng 2 chng ta tm c s lng ln phng trnh, chng ta gii h
phng trnh tuyn tnh thu c v tm ra
q c H
a a
log ), ( log +
.
Tng 4. tm x, chng ta a ra gii hn mi
2
L . Bng cch chn ngu
nhin,chng ta tm mt gi tr w, tha mn biu thc

< <

2 / 1 2 2 / 1
) (mod
L q L u L
h g
w
p u q b a
u
q
,q,u l s nguyn t
Trong biu thc ny vi s c mt ca s nguyn t mi l u c ln trung binh.
Tng 5. Bng cch tng t nh tng 2 v 3 chng ta tm logarithm ca mt s s
nguyn t u, u xut hin trong tng 4.
Tng 6. Chng ta tm p s

< <
+ +
2 / 1 2 2 / 1
) 1 (mod log log log
L q L u L
a u a q a
p u h q g w b x
Thut ton ny c phc tp lO(exp((logploglogp)
1 / 2
)) lnh s hc.
Thut ton LOGsmooth
Gi s q l s nguyn t, v l c ca p-1. Khi tp nghim ca phng trnh 1 '
q
x
trong trng p
Z
gm cc phn t
1 2
,..., , , 1
q
c c c , vi
) (mod
1
p a c
q
p

. Nu nh cho s d
v bit c rng n tha mn iu kin phng trnh 1 '
q
x , th c th la chn s t sao cho
1 0 , q t c d
t
.
Gi s l q p
k
1 , vi q v l nguyn t cng nhau. Chng ta s tm s
k i u
i
,..., 1 , 0 ,
,
m chng tha mn
) (mod 1 ) ( p ba
i k
i
lq u

(5.4)
Khi i=k th chng ta c ng d
) (mod 1 ) ( p ba
l u
k

T (5.2) s tng ng
) (mod 1 ) (
( k l u x
q a
k

Bi v ord(a)=p-1, nn ng thc cui cng cho ta

l u x
k
) (
chia ht cho p-1, c ngha
) (mod
k
k
q u x
Chng ta tm cc ng d thc nh vy i vi cc c q ca p-1, c th tm c x (mod p-
1) bng nh l phn d trung hoa.
Vn cn li l tm
i
u
th no tha mn phng trnh (5.4). Chng ta c th t
1
0
u
.
Nu nh mt s
i
u
tm c, th t (5.4) dn n
1
) (

i k
i
lq u
ba tha mn phng trnh
) (mod 1 ' p x
q
. Lc ny c th tm t sao cho
) (mod ) (
1
p c ba
t lq u
i k
i

.
Chng ta t
i
i i
tq u u +
+1
. Lc ny
) (mod 1 ) (
1 1
1
p a c ba
k i k
i
tlq t lq u


+
Nh vy iu ny c ngha tha mn (5.4)
Nh vy m chng ta tm
k
u
bng cch thc hin theo s :
) (mod ) ( ,
1
1 0
p ba r u
i k
i
lq u
i

,
i
i i i i c i
q t u u r t +
+1
, log
.
Chng ta xem v d sau
Tm s n sao cho ) 163 (mod 74 2
x
y a=2,b=74,p=163,
4
3 . 2 1 p
t q=3. Khi k=4 v l=2. Ngoi ra
) 163 (mod 104 2 2
54
3
1

p
c
,chng ta c th biu
din thut ton qua bng sau
i 0 1 2 3
i
r 1 58 1 104
i
t 0 2 0 1
1 + i
u 1 7 7 34
T y
) 81 (mod 34 x
(5.5)
By gi chn q=2. Lc ny k=1,l=81 v
) 163 (mod 1 2
2
1

p
c
. Tng t ta lp bng
i 0
i
r -1
i
t 1
1 + i
u 2
T y chng ta c
) 2 (mod 2 x
(5.6)
T (5.5) v (5.6) suy ra
) 162 (mod 34 x
5.5 Logarith ri rc trong trng Galois
C nh s nguyn t p, s t nhin n>1, t
n
p q
. Gi s a l phn t sinh ca
nhm cyclic
*
) (q F
. Chng ta mun gii phng trnh
b a
x
trong trng F(q). lm iu ny chng ta s dng cc thut ton vi mt c
s nhn t. Chng ta xem thut ton index-calculus sau
tng ca thut ton ny l , t ng thc

n
j
j
m
i
i
y x
1 1
Vi cc phn t j i
y x ,
nm trong trng hu hn p
Z
, th



n
j
j a
m
i
i a
p y x
1 1
) 1 (mod log log
(5.7)
Khi nhn c s lng ln biu thc (5.7)( iu kin l t nht l phi c mt
phn t g, m
g
a
log
bit), th chng ta c th gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh vi n
l i a
x log
v j a
y log
trong vnh 1 p
Z
vi iu kin l s lng n trong h khng qu
ln.
Phng php n gin to ra biu thc (5.7) chn phn t bt k p
Z g
, tnh
) (mod p a u
g

v bng cch la chn chng ta th tm s tha mn iu kin sau

i
p u
T tng trn ta c thut ton c th sau:
Thut ton index-calculus
Tng 1. (Tnh ton ban u). Trng F(q) ng cu vi
[ ] ) ( / ) ( y f y p F
, vi
[ ] y p F y f ) ( ) (
l a thc bt kh quy bc n. Cho nn bt k thnh phn ca trng F(q)
c biu din di dng a thc bc khng vt qu n-1. V nhn cc a thc nh vy
s rt gn theo modulo f(y), iu ny chng ta tm hiu chng trng s. Phn t
) 1 /( ) 1 (
1

p q
a a c bc l p-1 v to thnh
*
) ( p F
. Vi s h tr ca n chng ta lp bng
logarithm hng s- c ngha l phn t ca trng nguyn t
) ( ) ( q F p F
. Chng ta
tnh
2
1
2
1 1
0
1
,..., , , 1

p
a a a a .
Tng 2. (La chn c s nhn t). C s nhn t
) (q F B
thnh lp t tt c cc a
thc bt kh quy g bt khng ln hn t, y t l mt s tham s, t<n
Tng 3. (Tm biu thc). La chn ngu nhin m,
2 1 q m
, chng ta tm cc gi
tr sao cho tha mn biu thc

B g
m
m
y f g c a
g
)) ( (mod
) (
0

,
Vi
) (
0
p F c
, t y chng ta tm c biu thc

+
B g
a a a
q g m c m ) 1 (mod log ) ( log
0

,
y 0
log c
a chng ta bit, cn
g
a
log
chng ta cha bit ln.
Tng 4. (tm thut ton cho cc phn t ca c s nhn t). Khi tm tng 3 vi s
lng ln cc biu thc (ln hn |B|), chng ta gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh trong
vnh 1 q
Z
v tm ra
g
a
log
vi
B g
Tng 5. (Tm logarith ring). Chng ta tm mt gi tr ca m sao cho
) ) ( (mod
1

B g
m
x f g c a b
g

,
y
) (
1
p F c
. T y chng ta tm ra gi tr cn tm

+ +
B g
a q a a
q g c m b ) 1 (mod log log log
1

Kt thc thut ton.