SPM PHYSICS LIST OF DEFINITION

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS MEANING/DEFINITION Physics quantities A quantity that can be measured. Base quantities Derived quantities Physical quantities that cannot be defined in term of other physical quantities. Physical quantities derived by combining base quantities. This can be done by multiplication or division or both. The ability to measured values remain constant throughout. The ability of an apparatus to give readings nearest to the actual value. Ability to detect small changes in measuring physical quantities. Incorrectly reading and measurement. Cumulative errors that can be corrected, if errors are know like incorrect position of the zero point and incorrect calibration of the measuring instrument. Arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in condition, and will produce a difference error every time you repeat the experiment. They may vary from observation to observation. Is an error in reading an instrument because the observers eye and the pointer are not in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale.

Precision /Consistency Accuracy Sensitivity Errors Systematic errors

Random errors

Parallax error

Zero error

The measuring instrument does not start from exactly zero.

FORCE AND MOTION

Linear motion Scalar quantity Vector quantity v/u Velocity

Motion in a straight line. A quantity which has only magnitude. A quantity which has both magnitude and direction. The rate of change of displacement. The rate of change of distance. The rate of change of velocity. The total length of the path travelled. The distance travelled in a specific direction. The tendency of an object to resist change to its state of motion. An object at rest tends to stay at rest and a moving object tends to continue its uniform motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless being acted upon by an external force. (Inertia) The net force on an object is proportional to the rate of change in momentum. To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction. The product of its mass and velocity The total momentum of a system is constant, if no external force acts on the system. The resistant of change to its state of motion or moves in the object. Change in momentum. N kg ms-1 Ns-1 Kg ms-1 Ns-1 m ms-2 ms-1

Speed a Acceleration

Distance s Displacement Inertia First Newtons Law

Second Newton s law Third Newtons law P Momentum The principle of conservation of momentum Force Impulse

impulsive force

The rate of change of momentum.

W m

Weight Mass Free fall Work Energy Gravitational field Potential energy Elastic potential energy

The force of gravity which is exerted on it by earth. W=mg The amount of matter in the object. An object falling under the force of gravity only without any external forces. The product of force and the displacement. The capacity to do work. The region in which an object experiences a force due to gravitational attraction. The energy stored in the object because of its position or its state. The energy possessed by an object due to its compressed or rarefaction.

N kg

J J ms-1 J J

Ep Ep

Ek

Kinetic energy

The energy possessed by an object due to its motion

The principle of conservation of energy P Power

State that the energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed from one form to another, but the total energy in a system is constant. The rate at which work is done or energy is transformed. W

FORCE AND PRESSURE

Elasticity Hookes law

The property of an object that enables it to return to its original shape and dimensions ( sizes ) after an applied external force is removed. State that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the stretching force acting on it provided the elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded. The force acting perpendicularly on unit area of a surface. State that an object, whether completely or partially immersed in a fluid is acted on by a buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. *m=mass of liquid displaced State that the in a steady flow of a fluid the pressure of the fluid decreases when the velocity of the fluid increases. State that in an enclosed fluid an externally applied pressure is transmitted uniformly in all directions.

Nm-1 Nm-1 Pa Nm-1 Pa

p Pressure Archimedes principle

Bernoullis principle Pascal principle

HEAT
Temperature The hotter measured on the object. C K Heat Thermal equilibrium Q Specific heat capacity The one form energy was transfer by hot object to cold object. Produce when the net rate of heat transfer is zero. J

The quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1C or 1 K.

J kg-1 C-1

Specific latent heat Specific latent heat of fusion Specific latent heat of vaporisation

The heat required for an object to change phase without a change in temperature. The quantity of heat energy required to change 1kg of the substance from a solid to a liquid without a change in temperature. J kg-1

The quantity of heat energy required to change 1kg of the substance from a liquid to a gaseous without a change in temperature.

J kg-1

Condensation Boiling Boyles law

A process matter changes from liquid to gaseous at random temperature lowest from that the boiling point. A process the liquid become vapour into bubble form gaseous to all boiling point of liquid. States that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume provided the temperature of the gas is kept constant.

Charles Law

States that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature provided the pressure of the gas is kept constant.

Pressure law

States that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature ( in kelvin ) provided the volume of the gas is kept constant.

LIGHT
Reflected of light waves Reflected of light waves law Occur when a light wave propagates into the plane reflector and it is reflection. It can be seen that : Angle of incident = angle of reflection

The normal line, incident ray, reflection ray on the same plane. Refraction of light waves Is phenomenon where the direction of light is changed when it crosses the boundary between two materials of different optical densities. The incident ray and the refracted ray are on the opposite sides of the normal at the point of incidence, all three lie in the same plane Sin i /sin r (Snells law) Total internal reflection Total reflection of a beam of light at the boundary of two mediums, when the angle of incidence in the optically denser medium exceeds a specific critical angle.

Refraction of light waves law

Critical angle Power of lens

Greatest angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction, r = 90 Measure of its ability to converge or diverge an incident beam of light D

IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS Virtual -an image which cannot be projected (focused) onto a screen Real -an image which can be projected (focused) onto a screen Inverted -an image which left and right are interchanged Upright -an image which in vertical position Diminished -image formed is smaller than the object Magnified -image formed is larger than the object

WAVES
Waves Wavefront Transverse Wave Longitudinal Wave Amplitude Period Frequency Wavelength Wave speed Damping Resonance Natural frequency Interference of waves Constructive interference Destructive interference Antinode Node Electromagnetic Waves Monochromatic light Principle of superposition A type of disturbance produced by an oscillating or vibrating motion in which a point or body moves back and forth along a line about a fixed central point produces waves. Line or plane on which the vibrations of every point are in phase and are at the same distance from the source of the wave. Wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. Maximum displacement forms its equilibrium position measure of height of the wave crest or depth of the wave trough. Time taken to complete an oscillation, from one extreme point to the other and back to the same position. Number of complete oscillations made by a vibrating system in one second. Distance between successive points of the same phase in a wave. Distance travelled by a wave in one second in direction of propagation. Decrease in the amplitude of an oscillating system is called damping. Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency by an external force. The resonating system oscillates at its maximum amplitude. Fundamental frequency of which an object vibrates. It is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without external force. Superposition of two waves originating from two coherent. Constructive interference occurs when the both crests or both troughs of both waves coincide to produce a wave with crests and troughs of maximum amplitude Destructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave coincides with the trough of the other wave, thus cancelling each other with the result that the resultant amplitude is zero. Point where constructive interference occurs. Point where destructive interference occurs. Propagating waves in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation of wave. Light with only one wavelength and colour. Principle of superposition states that at any instant, the wave displacement of the combined motion of any number of interacting waves at a point is the sum of the displacements of all the components waves at that point.

a T f v

m s Hz m ms-1

ELECTRICITY
Q I V Charge Current Potential difference Electric field Circuit Resistance Superconductor E Electromotive force Work done to move a unit of voltage in a circuit. Rate of flow of charge. Work done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another in an electric field. A field in which electric force acts in a particle with electric charge. Closed loop through which charge can continuously flow. Measure of the ability of the conductor to resist the flow of an electric current through it. Conductor in which its resistance will suddenly become zero when it is cooled below a certain temperature called the critical temperature Total energy supplied by a cell to move a unit of electrical charge from one terminal to the other through the cell and the external circuit. Rate at which it consumes electrical energy. Ohms law states that the electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of conductor, if temperature and other physical conditions remain constant. A V

Power rating Ohms law

ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnet Magnetic field Radial field Electromagnetic induction Transformer Device in which magnetism is produced by an electric current temporary magnet which acts as a magnet when the current is switched on and ceases to be a magnet when the current is switched off. Region in which a magnetic material experiences a force as the result of a magnet or a current-carrying conductor. Magnetic field with the field lines pointing towards or away from the centre of a circle. Production of an electric current by a changing magnetic field. Equipment to raise or lower the potential difference of an alternating current supply.

Faradays law Lenzs law Energy loss

The magnitude of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage with the solenoid or the rate at which a conduct or cuts through the magnetic flux Lenzs law states that an induced electric current always flows in such a direction so as to oppose the change (or motion) producing it. Energy loss in electricity transmission cables due to the heat generated in the cable.

Chapter 4 ElectronicsThermoionicemission EMISSION of electrons from hot metal surface Work function MINIMUM ENERGY required to eject electrons from surface Cathode ray fast moving ELECTRONS travel in a straight line in vacuum

Cathode rayoscilloscope measuring and testing INSTRUMENT used in study of electricity and electronics ConductorSemiconductorInsulator MATERIAL which allows current to flow thorugh themMATERIAL whose resistance is between good conductor and insulatorMATERIAL which does not conduct electric current Junctionvoltage POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE acting from n-type to p-type material of a diode across the depletionlayer Rectification CONVERSION of a.c. to d.c. by diode Smoothing PROCESS where output is smoothed by connecting a capacitor across load that acts as areservoir and maintains potential difference across load Logic gates

ELECTRONIC SWITCHES with one or more inputs and one output. Chapter 5 RadioactivityAtom An atom consists of a nucleus which is made up of protons and neutrons, withelectrons orbiting the nucleus. Nuclide TYPE of nucleus with particular proton number and nucleon number Proton number NUMBER of protons in the nucleus of an atom Nucleon number NUMBER of protons and neutrons in an atom Isotopes ATOMS of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleonnumber(similar chemical properties but differs in physical properties) Radioactivity SPONTANEOUS DISINTEGRATION of unstable nucleus into a more stable nucleuswith the emission of energetic particles or protons Radioactive decay PROCESS where an unstable nucleus becomes a more stable nucleus by emittingradiations Radioisotope ISOTOPE that has unstable nucleus that tends to undergo radioactive decay Half life TIME TAKEN for the activity of atoms to fall to half its original valueTIME TAKEN for half the atoms in a given sample to decay Nuclear fission

PROCESS involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of roughly equalmass and shooting out several neutrons at the same time. Nuclear fusion PROCESS involving the fusion of two or more small and light nuclei come togetherto form a heavier nucleus. PRINCIPLEEinsteins Principle ofMass-Energy Conservation The change of energy is linked to the change of mass by the equation