SUMMARY OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1618-1648) #APEUROGPN CAUSES: Omission of Calvinism from Peace of Augsburg (1555); Calvinists

vinists demanded inclusion Protestants continued to seize Catholic lands Emperor Ferdinand II wanted to increase power in the German states Protestant princes and Catholic princes had formed opposing alliances Bohemians wanted to increase independence from the Empire Emperor Ferdinand II wanted to destroy Protestantism in the Empire Emperor Ferdinand II wanted to increase the power of the Austrian Habsburgs o German princes wanted to decrease the power of the Emperor while increasing their own independence and power Spanish Habsburgs wanted to link their territories together Spanish Habsburgs wanted to reclaim the Dutch Netherlands France and some other nations wanted to limit the power of the Habsburgs, Spanish and Austrian, in Europe and the Americas Denmark and Sweden wanted to protect Lutheranism and gain power in Northern Europe and the Baltic Sea Dutch Netherlands wanted to cement independence and limit Spanish power in Europe and the Americas

COURSE: Bohemian Period (1618-1625) o o Bohemians rejected Ferdinand II as Emperor in favor of Calvinist Frederick V, prince of the Palatinate Bohemians threw Emperors representatives out of a window in Prague the Defenestration of Prague to show their rejection Army of Frederick V was defeated at the Battle of the White Mountain, 1620, by the combined Habsburg armies Spain occupied Bohemia Ferdinand IIs claim as Emperor was upheld Bohemia was made Catholic

o o o o

Danish Period (1625-1629) Austrian Habsburg army of Ferdinand II invaded north German states to destroy Protestantism and independence of local rulers King Christian IV of Denmark (reigned 1588-1648) led army into northern German states against the Empires army Habsburg Empire easily defeated Denmark Emperor Ferdinand II ordered the reclamation of all Catholic lands lost since 1552 and began to establish a stronger Habsburg Empire in northern Germany

Swedish Period (1629-1635) King Gustavus Adolphus (Gustavus II of Sweden (reigned 1611-1632), led the Swedish army into northern Germany against the Empires army and defend Protestantism and independence of German princes Money from France under Cardinal Richelieu supported Sweden United Provinces (Dutch Netherlands) army supported Sweden Sweden defeated Empires army at the Battle of Breitenfeld, 1530 Sweden pursued the Empires army driving it south Gustavus Adolphus was killed in the Swedish victory at the Battle of Ltzen Swedish army withdrew from the war

French Period (1635-1648) France, under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu, entered the war Thirty Years War became an expansion of the war between France and Spain French army drove Spanish and Austrian armies back across German states Battle of Rocroi, 1643, was the first defeat of the Spanish army in over a century War was ended finally with negotiated treaty setting pattern for the future

CONSEQUENCES Peace of Westphalia (1648) Calvinism was granted equal rights with Catholicism and Lutheranism German states (365) were each recognized as sovereign and independent United Provinces of the Dutch Netherlands was recognized as sovereign and independent Switzerland was recognized as sovereign and independent France gained territories of Metz, Toulon, and Verdun and the province of Alsace Sweden gained western Pomerania and the bishopric of Bremen

General overview of results France emerged is the greatest power in Europe Sweden emerged as the greatest power on the Baltic Popes rejection of the Treaty was ignored showing the decline of the power of the Papacy o Austrian Habsburg power was limited in the Holy Roman Empire Office of the Holy Roman Emperor was ceremonial without real power in the German states of the Empire o o o Independence of German states would keep Germany divided until 1870 Over one-third of the population of the Holy Roman Empire died during the Thirty Years War due to war, famine and disease Religious toleration began to emerge: rulers were reluctant to force religious beliefs on people

Other Results War between France and Spain continued until 1659 ending with French victory Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) gave France the land in the Pyrenees and in Flanders Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) brought marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa, the Spanish infanta, initiating French claims to Spanish lands and throne Habsburg domination of Europe was ended

Austrian Habsburgs would expand southeast in direction of Hungary and the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire instead of into the states of the Holy Roman Empire Portugal regained independence from Spain after revolution in 1640 England remained out of the Thirty Years War due to the conflict between monarchy and Parliament Spanish power was broken and Spain would go into decline France under Louis XIV was now Europes greatest power Bourbons (ruling house of France) and Habsburgs (ruling house of Austria) would clash over the succession to the Spanish throne in 1701 causing the next major European War: War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714