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H.261
H.261
ITU-T Study Group 15, 1984-1990 Videophone and video conferencing
Low bit rates and low delay Originally for m384 kbits/s (m=1...5), changed to p64 kbits/s (p = 1...30) in 1988. Also called p64 40 kbits/s to 2 Mbits/s
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Current Picture Motion vectors are coded Residue is DCT coded (as in Intra)
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DCT
Q IQ IDCT
x (n)
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r(n)
DCT
Q IQ IDCT
Entropy Codec
IQ IDCT
r (n)
r (n)
+
x MC(n-1)
+
x (n) x (n)
MC
MV
x (n-1)
x (n-1)
MC
MV
x MC(n-1)
x(n)
ME
x (n-1) or x(n-1)
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DCT
Q IQ IDCT
r (n)
+ LF
x MC(n-1)
MC
x MC(n-1) x (n-1)
x (n)
Q: Switching at decoder?
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Information to be Sent
Coding Control inter/intra flag transmit or not flag quant scale video in quant index
DCT
Quant
IDCT
D
motion vector filter on/off
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Picture Formats
Only two picture formats are allowed
CIF (Common Intermediate Format) (~CGA) Pels/line Lines Uncompressed Bit Rate QCIF (Quarter-CIF)
QCIF CIF 176 352 144 288 9.12 Mbits/s 36.5 Mbits/s
Color components
YUV (or YCBCR) by ITU-R 601 (CCIR 601)
16L 235 Y 0.257 0.504 0.098 R = 0.148 0.291 0.439 G + C 16 L 240 B 0.439 0.368 0.071 B 16 L 240 C R 16 128 128
Q: YCBCR to RGB?
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Positions of Samples
Luminance (Y) and chrominance (CB, CR)
4:2:0 Format
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A macroblock
1
12 23
2
13 24
3
14 25
4
15 26
5
16 27
6
17 28
7
18 29
8
19 30
9
20 31
10
21 32
11
22 33
Quantization
No quantization tables (cf. JPEG) Intra DC: Uniform quantization with step size 8 All others: Uniform quantization with dead-zone
quantized quantized
original
original
(Noise removal)
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Quantization (cont.)
Step size may change at every MB or GOB
Step size = QUANT 2; QUANT=1 31
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Entropy coding
DC: Differential coding, same as in JPEG AC: Run-level coding
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AC Coding
Run-level symbols
run: Length of the zero run level: Amplitude of the nonzero coefficient
Huffman coding
Short codes for frequent symbols 2D table of variable length codes (VLC)
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Length of VLC
EOB = 2 bits 0 1 2 3 4 Absolute Level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 5 6 8 9 9 11 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 4 7 9 11 13 20 5 8 11 13 20 6 9 13 14 6 11 13 11 13 13 13 13 14 14 20 20 20 bit Fixed Length Codes Escape(6bits)+Run(6bits)+ Level(8bits) 20 16 20 128
R 5 7 u 6 7 n 7 7 8 8 9 8 10 9 11 9 9 12 13 9 14 11 26 14 27 20 63 20
20
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An Example...
Run EOB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 Level 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 1 Code 10 1s If first coefficient in block 11s Not first coefficient in block 0100 s 0010 1s 0000 110s 0010 0110 s 0010 0001 s 0000 0010 10s 0000 0001 1101 s 0000 0001 1000 s 0000 0001 0011 s 0000 0001 0000 s 0000 0000 1101 0s 0000 0000 1100 1s 0000 0000 1100 0s 0000 0000 1011 1s 011s 0001 10s 0010 0101 s 0000 0011 00s 0000 0001 1011 s 0000 0000 1011 0s 0000 0000 1010 1s 0101 s 0000 100s 0000 0010 11s 0000 0001 0100 s 0000 0000 1010 0s 0011 1s
0 0 0 -1 6 0 3 EOB
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Nonexistent Mode
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Syntax Diagram
Picture Layer PSC TR PTYPE PEI PSPARE GOB Layer
Macroblock Layer
MVD
MBA
MTYPE
MQUANT
MVD CBP
CBP
Block Layer
MBA stuffing
FLC
VLC
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GOB layer
MB layer
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Inter/Intra Decision
VAROR
INTER
INTRA
64
64
VAR
VAR = ( VAROR = (
2 ) / 256 2 ) / 256
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MC/No MC Decision
5
Y=
| DFD | 256
MC off
y = x / 1.1
MC Frame Difference
2.7
MC on
1.5 0.5 1
3 X X= | FD | 256
Frame Difference
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Buffer Control
Quantization step size varies from 2 to 62 with step 2 Buffer size of q*64 kbits, q determines video bitrate Bitrate=q*64 kbits/s, frame rate= 30/k Hz (k=1...4) Mean bits/MB for CIF is 5*k*q and for QCIF is 20*k*q step = 2* INT (buffer fullness / [200*q]) + 2
Buffer Fullness
< 200*q < 400*q < 600*q < 800*q
60 62
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HRD
HRD buffer occupancy (bit)
dn + 1 bn +
R(t)dt
tn
t n+1 R (t )dt tn
d n+1
B bn
NOTE Time (t n+1 t n ) is an integer number of CIF picture periods (1/29.97, 2/29.97, 3/29.97, ...).
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Multipoint Considerations
Freeze picture request
causes decoder to freeze picture until release request or time-out
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References
Ming Liou, Overview of the p64 kbit/s video coding standard, Comm. of the ACM, April 1991 Arun N. Netravali, and Barry G. Haskell, Chapter 8, Digital Pictures: Representation, Compression, and Standards, 2nd Edition, Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, NY Joan L. Mitchell et al., Sec. 19.2, MPEG Video: Compression Standard, Chapman & Hall, New York, NY
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