SEMINARUL GEOGRAFIC D. CANTEMIR NR.

26 / 2006

The Air Temperature Regime in the Suceava Plateau (1991-2000) Nistor Bogdan
Abstract The period 1991-2000 is characterized by a slight increase of about 0,5C compared with the pluriannual average (1956-2000). From January to August, the temperature of the air on the studied interval is higher, with a stress on January February (1,3-1,4C). From September, the temperatures of the air on the interval 1991-2000 record a decrease, more stressed in November (0,5C). In the Suceava Plateau, the temperature of the air regime has its own characteristics. These characteristics are emphasized by the annual, monthly and daily average values. The regime of these values inoculates to the Suceava Plateau a temperate-continental moderate climate, with cold winters (-3 -2C in January) and less warm summers (18-20C). Key words: the multiannual temperature, temperate-continental moderate climate

The temperature of the air in one region as well as its annual regime is determined by a complex of factors where the main role is kept by the solar radiation and the general circulation of the atmosphere to which we add the particularities of the regional conditions. For the study of the characteristics of the air temperature regime in the Suceava Plateau I used data from weather stations situated at different altitudes: Rdui 389 meters, Suceava 352 meters, Flticeni 348 meters, Dolhasca 230 meters and Roman 216 meters. They used daily average temperatures, average temperatures from the hours of climatic observations 1, 7, 13, 19 and the maximum and minimum daily temperatures. They have studies the thermic regime between the years 19912000, but they have also made a comparative analysis between the years 1956-2000. A. The Annual Regime of the Temperature of the Air The multiannual average temperature in the Suceava Plateau is 8,3C, calculated in the interval 1991-2000, oscillating between 7,7C in Rdui and 9,0C in Roman (table n1). The average values of the annual temperature of the air differ very little from one station to another. In the higher sectors and on the slopes, the annual average temperature is lower with approximately 1C. In the cold period of the year, on the plateau and high hills, the temperature of the air is more moderate than in the low areas of the Suceava Plateau, where the temperature inversions create much lower thermic values. If we analyze the average on shorter periods or the diagram of the gliding average temperatures, we notice that on ten-year periods they were different, generally constant and slightly positive for the period 1950-1975, lower for the years 1975-1985 and in constant growth from 1985 till nowadays (figure n 1).

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Table n 1 The Annual Average Temperature in Suceava Plateau (1991-2000) I Dolhasca Flticeni Rdui Roman Suceava media -2,9 -2,1 -3,1 -2,7 -2,5 -2,7 II -1,8 -0,7 -1,6 -0,9 -1,0 -1,2 III 1,8 2,3 1,6 2,7 1,9 2,1 IV 8,5 8,7 8,0 9,6 8,4 8,6 V 14,5 14,2 13,6 15,2 13,8 14,3 VI 18,3 18,2 17,6 19,1 17,8 18,2 VII 19,7 19,5 18,7 20,6 19,4 19,6 VIII 18,8 18,9 17,9 19,8 18,3 18,7 IX 13,3 13,4 12,6 14,4 13,2 13,4 X 8,4 8,6 7,8 9,3 8,6 8,5 XI 1,9 2,2 1,5 2,6 2,6 2,2 XII -2,7 -1,9 -2,6 -2,1 -2,4 -2,3 AN 8,2 8,4 7,7 9,0 8,2 8,3

Fig. 1 The gliding average of the temperatures of the air on a ten year period, successively displaced by one year (1971-2002)
TEMPERATURA AERULUI (*C) 9,5 9,0 8,5 8,0 7,5 7,0 6,5 6,0 1971-1980

1976-1985

1981-1990 ANII

1986-1995

1991-2000

RADAUTI Linear (RADAUTI)

SUCEAVA Linear (SUCEAVA)

ROMAN Linear (ROMAN)

If we follow the thermic tendency, we notice a slight growth of 0,4 C from 7,9 C in the studied interval (table n 2).
I -2,7 -4,0 1,3 Table n 2 The Annual Average Temperature II III IV V VI VII VIII IX -1,2 2,1 8,6 14,3 18,2 19,6 18,7 13,4 -2,6 1,6 8,3 14,1 17,4 19,0 18,2 13,8 1,4 0,5 0,3 0,2 0,8 0,6 0,5 -0,4 X 8,5 8,6 -0,1 XI 2,2 2,7 -0,5 XII -2,3 -1,9 -0,4 AN 8,3 7,9 0,4

A: 1991-2000 B: 1956-2000 t A-B

B. The Variation of the Annual Average Temperatures If we analyze the annual variations of the temperatures of the air, we notice that only a few cases the annual average temperature can be found in the line of multiannual values.
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It was established that the warmest years were 1994 and 2000. In 1994 the annual average surpassed by 1,1-1,8C the plurianuale average (Rdui 8,5C respectively Roman 10,2C). In the year 2000, the annual average surpassed by 1,51,9C the multiannual average (Flticeni 9,7C respectively Roman 10,3C). The coolest year was 1996 when the annual average lowered with 0,5 1,3C (Roman 7,9C respectively Rdui 6,1C). We notice on the basis of the annual average temperatures between 1991-2000, consecutive groups of years with positive deviation from the pluriannual (1994-1995 and 1998-2000). It can also be distinguished consecutive groups of years with negative deviations from the multiannual average (1996-1997). The analysis of the variations of the gliding average deviations on 5 years, successively delayed by a year emphasizes the same parallelism of the thermic oscillation. Thus we notice some warmer five-year periods: 1990-1994 and 1996-2000 (figure n 2).
Fig. 2 Gliding average of the temperatures of the air on five-year periods, successively delayed by one year (1971-2002)
TEMPERATURA AERULUI (*C) 10,0 9,5 9,0 8,5 8,0 7,5 7,0 6,5 6,0 1971-1975

1976-1980 RADAUTI Liniar (RADAUTI)

1981-1985

1986-1990 ANII SUCEAVA Liniar (SUCEAVA)

1991-1995

1996-2000

ROMAN Liniar (ROMAN)

C. Monthly and Season Regime of the Temperature of the Air Annually, the regime of the average temperature is characterized by the existence of a thermic minimum in January (-3,1C in Rdui, -2,9C in Dolhasca, 2,7C in Roman, -2,5C in Suceava and -2,1C in Flticeni) and of a thermic maximum in July (20,6C in Roman, 19,7C in Dolhasca, 19,5C in Flticeni, 19,4C in Suceava and 18,7C in Rdui).
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From one month to another the variation of the average temperature is not uniform. For example, between the early spring months (from March to April) is a 6 to 8C jump of the temperature, but the other way round it is produced between the end autumn and early winter months (October November and November December) when the difference of thermic values is of 5-6C and respectively 4-5C. Between the average temperatures of the summer months (June-July and JulyAugust), the thermic differences are plus and respectively minus 1-2C. Thermic differences of 1-2 are also present between the average temperatures of the winter months (December-January and January-February). The conclusion is that the greatest thermic variations are produced in the spring and autumn months. This is because in our country and thus in the Suceava Plateau, spring is generally under the influence of a regime of normal pressure with a west, south-west, south, south-east circulation, determining higher temperatures that in the proceeding months, and in autumn the east and north- east circulation determins generally a dry weather and with lower temperatures than the proceeding months (May-August). We can add also the nature of the active surface with its own character in spring and autumn. According to the season, the thermic differences are higher between autumn and winter (9,9C-11,6C) and lower between summer and autumn (7,5C- 9,9C). This is because the warm atmosphere from the summer months maintains its high temperature in the first two autumn months, when also the rainfall less present. On the other side, the rain that begins in November and continues with snow during winter, makes the temperatures to lower a lot making thus the annual thermic average difference higher between autumn and winter. D. Thermic Amplitudes In the Suceava Plateau, the annual average amplitude of the temperature on the period 1991- 2000 is included between 21,6C in Flticeni and 23,3C in Roman (table n3) and emphasizes the existence of an intermediary moderate continental climate. But on the period 1956- 2000 the thermic amplitudes are higher with 0,5- 1,2C (table n3).
Table n 3 The Annual Thermic Amplitudes
STAIA RDUI (389m) SUCEAVA(352 m) FLTICENI (348 m) DOLHASCA (230 m) ROMAN (216 m) Period 1991-2000 1991-2000 1991-2000 1991-2000 1991-2000 Amplitudes 21,8C 21,9C 21,6C 22,6C 23,3C Period 1956-2000 1956-2000 1956-2000 1956-2000 1956-2000 Amplitudes 22,7C 22,6C 22,3C 22,7C 24,5C

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In the Suceava Plateau, the altitude and the main characteristics of the relief shapes determine some differences in the repartion of the annual amplitudes. Thus, the highest amplitudes are localized in the low areas and in the confluence sectors of Siret with his affluents in the Suceava Plateau (Suceava, Moldova and omuzul Mare). Here, during winter the cold air that comes from north and north- east accumulates and stagnates, and in summer the stationed air gets warmer, the amplitude thus grows more than in the slopes sector. E. The Day-Time Regime of the Temperature of the Air at the Hours of Climatic Observation The day time oscillations of the temperature of the air have a periodical character, being determined generally by the variation of the solar intensity during the day time and by the size of the affective radiation of the terrestrial surface during the night. From one day to another the time conditions and especially the clouds and wind influence considerably the warmth regime (during the day) and the cooling regime during the night of the terrestrial surface and of the neighboring air stratum, that is the size of the day- time oscillations of the temperatures.
Table n4 The Monthly Average Temperature at 1 a.m. (1991-2000) I II III IV V VI VII VIII -4,0 -3,6 -0,2 5,7 10,6 14,3 15,5 14,9 Dolhasca -2,7 -2,4 0,5 5,8 10,9 14,6 16,0 15,8 Flticeni -3,8 -3,0 -0,1 5,3 9,7 13,6 14,8 14,3 Rdui -3,4 -2,5 0,9 7,1 11,7 15,4 16,8 16,5 Roman -3,2 -2,5 0,4 6,1 10,6 14,4 15,8 15,5 Suceava M 91-00 M 56-00 -3,4 -4,5 -2,8 -3,6 0,3 0,0 6,0 5,8 10,7 10,8 14,5 13,9 15,8 15,3 15,4 14,8 IX 10,4 10,9 10,0 11,9 11,1 10,9 11,1 X 6,2 6,7 5,8 7,4 6,6 6,5 6,4 XI 0,5 1,5 0,1 1,5 1,0 0,9 1,2 XII -3,5 -2,9 -3,4 -2,8 -2,8 -3,1 -2,7 AN 5,6 6,2 5,3 6,7 6,1 6,0 5,7

Table n5 The Monthly Average Temperature at 7 a.m. (1991-2000) I II III IV V VI VII VIII -4,5 -4,4 -1,1 5,4 11,9 16,0 17,1 15,5 Dolhasca -3,3 -3,0 0,4 5,8 12,1 16,2 17,5 16,5 Flticeni -4,3 -3,2 -1,1 5,4 11,6 15,9 16,9 15,4 Rdui -4,2 -3,2 0,0 6,7 12,5 17,0 18,4 16,8 Roman -3,6 -3,2 -0,5 5,7 11,5 15,7 16,9 15,7 Suceava M 91-00 -4,0 -3,4 -0,5 5,8 11,9 16,2 17,4 16,0 M 56-00 -5,1 -4,4 -0,9 5,5 11,9 15,5 16,8 15,3 Table n6 The Monthly Average Temperature at 13 a.m. (1991-2000) Dolhasca Flticeni I -0,3 0,3 II 1,6 2,1 III 5,6 5,3 IV 12,6 11,9 V 18,9 18,1 VI 22,6 21,6 VII 24,3 23,3 VIII 24,2 23,4

IX 10,0 10,8 9,8 11,3 10,5 10,5 10,6

X 5,4 6,0 4,8 6,1 5,6 5,6 5,4

XI -0,3 0,2 -0,6 1,3 0,0 0,1 0,3

XII -3,8 -3,4 -3,9 -3,5 -3,3 -3,6 -3,1

AN 5,6 6,3 5,6 6,6 5,9 6,0 5,7

IX 18,5 17,8

X 13,1 12,6

XI 5,0 5,1

XII -0,7 -0,5

AN 12,1 11,8

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Rdui Roman Suceava M 91-00 M 56-00 -0,3 -0,6 -1,0 -0,4 -1,3 1,9 2,0 1,6 1,8 0,5 5,1 6,3 5,0 5,5 5,3 12,0 13,7 14,3 12,9 12,6

Nistor Bogdan 17,8 19,6 17,7 18,4 18,3 21,6 23,2 21,6 22,1 21,3 22,9 25,0 23,2 23,7 23,0 22,7 24,9 23,1 23,7 22,9 17,3 19,2 17,3 18,0 18,6 12,5 13,6 12,3 12,8 13,0 4,9 5,3 4,7 5,0 5,4 -0,3 -1,1 -0,5 -0,6 0,2 11,5 12,6 11,6 11,9 11,7

Table n7 The Monthly Average Temperature at 19 a.m. (1991-2000) Dolhasca Flticeni Rdui Roman Suceava M 91-00 M 56-00 I -2,7 -2,0 -3,0 -2,4 -2,5 -2,5 -3,4 II -1,0 -0,6 -1,3 -0,3 -0,8 -0,8 -1,8 III 3,1 2,7 2,2 3,7 2,7 2,9 2,7 IV 10,3 9,5 9,5 11,1 9,9 10,1 9,9 V 16,5 15,5 15,3 16,7 15,5 15,9 15,8 VI 20,3 19,3 19,2 20,6 19,4 19,8 19,0 VII 21,8 20,7 20,3 22,3 20,9 21,2 20,5 VIII 20,6 19,6 19,3 21,2 20,1 20,2 19,4 IX 14,2 13,9 13,3 15,0 14,2 14,1 14,6 X 8,8 8,8 8,0 9,8 9,0 8,9 8,9 XI 2,2 2,3 1,6 2,9 2,1 2,2 2,5 XII -2,6 -2,3 -2,8 -2,1 -2,2 -2,4 -1,3 AN 9,3 9,0 8,5 9,9 9,0 9,1 8,9

The day-time regime of the temperature of the air is characterized in the Suceava Plateau, by the production of a maximum in the immediate hours of the afternoon and of a minimum towards morning. In all stations, starting with 7 a.m. the increase of the air temperature was produced as a consequence of the increase of the solar radiation side and a lower of the clouds (the stratus clouds of radiation disappear). The decrease of the thermic values was faster after 4 p.m. till around 9 p.m. Towards day a sudden lower of the temperature was observed when the lowest minima were produced (tables 4, 5, 6 and 7). The lowest values are in winter. Thus in January the temperature is variable between -4,0 (the thermic average at 7 oclock) and -0,4 C (the thermic average at 7 oclock). In winter months all values are negative, having the minimum in January, at 7 oclock (-4,3C in Rdui and -3,3C in Flticeni). The average values at the observation hours 1 and 7 maintain under 0C till March inclusively, and those at the observation hours 1 p.m and 7 p.m are positive. From April, the average temperatures becomes positive at all the observation hours and the maxima are recorded in the summer months especially in July and August, at 1 p.m(Rdui - 22,9C, Suceava - 23,2C, Flticeni - 23,4C, Dolhasca- 24,3C, Roman25C). (table n8).
Table n 8 The Day-Time Regime of the Temperature of the Air in Suceava (1998-2000)
ora 1 2 3 4 5 I -3,3 -3,4 -3,5 -3,5 -3,7 F -0,5 -0,6 -0,7 -0,9 -0,9 M 1,4 1,0 0,8 0,7 0,5 A 7,4 7,0 6,6 6,3 6,1 M 10,7 10,1 9,7 9,3 9,2 I 14,8 14,4 14,1 13,7 13,7 I 16,3 15,8 15,6 15,4 15,3 A 15,6 15,1 14,7 14,4 14,2 S 11,3 10,9 10,6 10,2 10,1 O 6,7 6,3 6,0 5,8 5,6 N 1,5 1,1 1,0 0,8 0,7 D -3,2 -3,3 -3,5 -3,7 -3,8

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The Air Temperature Regime in the Suceava Plateau (1991-2000) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 -3,8 -3,8 -3,8 -3,5 -3,0 -2,2 -1,5 -0,8 -0,7 -0,7 -4,1 -1,7 -2,1 -2,3 -2,6 -2,7 -2,8 -2,9 -3,1 -1,1 -1,2 -1,0 -0,4 0,6 1,8 2,9 3,5 3,7 3,6 3,2 2,5 1,6 1,0 0,5 0,2 -0,1 -0,2 -0,5 0,4 0,5 1,2 2,3 3,7 4,9 5,7 6,5 6,5 6,5 6,4 5,9 4,9 3,8 3,1 2,7 2,3 1,9 1,7 6,1 7,1 8,4 10,1 11,6 12,6 13,3 14,0 14,2 14,2 14,0 13,6 12,8 11,4 10,5 9,7 9,1 8,5 8,0 9,4 12,0 13,9 15,6 16,8 17,7 18,4 18,9 19,1 19,1 18,9 18,5 17,7 16,4 14,9 13,8 12,9 12,1 11,4 14,7 16,5 17,9 19,4 20,9 21,7 22,6 23,1 23,4 22,9 22,6 22,4 21,6 20,3 19,0 17,9 16,7 16,0 15,3 15,4 17,4 18,6 20,2 21,5 22,5 23,1 23,6 23,8 23,7 23,6 23,3 22,8 21,4 20,2 18,8 17,9 17,3 16,8 14,5 15,7 17,2 19,1 20,8 21,9 22,7 18,3 18,3 18,1 17,9 17,4 16,9 15,9 15,3 15,1 14,8 14,7 14,6 9,9 10,6 11,7 13,2 14,7 15,7 16,4 17,1 17,3 17,4 17,2 16,7 15,5 14,3 13,6 13,0 12,5 12,0 11,6 5,5 5,6 6,5 8,1 9,7 11,1 11,9 12,5 12,7 12,7 12,2 11,1 10,0 9,3 8,7 8,1 7,6 7,2 6,9 0,5 0,4 0,5 1,3 2,3 3,5 4,4 5,0 5,1 4,9 4,3 3,4 2,9 2,5 2,2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,3

105 -3,9 -3,9 -4,0 -3,7 -3,0 -2,1 -1,3 -0,7 -0,6 -0,8 -1,4 -1,9 -2,3 -2,5 -2,7 -2,8 -2,9 -3,1 -3,1

In spring there is the increase of 4-5C in the interval February-March at the observation hours 1 p.m. and 7 p.m. For the hours 1 a.m. and 7 a.m. the increase with 4-7C is produced in the interval March-April. In autumn, the temperatures are much lower especially in November by 5- 6C comparative with October for the observation hours 1 a.m and 7 a.m and by 6-8C at the observation hours 1 p.m and 7 p.m. F. The Regime of the Daily Minimum and Maximum Temperatures In the Suceava Plateau, the monthly average of the daily minimum temperatures is negative from November till March (table n 9).
Table n 9 The Daily Minimum Temperatures (1991-2000) Dolhasca Flticeni Rdui Roman Suceava M 91-00 M 56-00 I -6,4 -5,1 -7,0 -5,7 -5,8 -6,0 -7,2 II -5,2 -4,6 -6,0 -4,8 -4,9 -5,1 -6,0 III -2,3 -1,5 -2,7 -1,2 -1,7 -1,9 -2,1 IV 3,5 4,0 3,0 4,7 3,9 3,8 3,5 V 8,6 9,2 7,4 9,3 8,7 8,6 8,6 VI 12,5 13,0 11,5 13,3 12,3 12,5 12,0 VII 13,8 14,5 12,8 14,6 13,8 13,9 13,4 VIII 12,9 14,0 12,1 13,9 13,3 13,2 12,7 IX 8,3 9,1 7,6 9,3 8,8 8,6 8,7 X 4,2 4,8 3,3 5,1 4,4 4,4 3,9 XI -1,5 -1,0 -2,4 -0,7 -1,3 -1,4 -0,9 XII -5,7 -5,0 -6,6 -4,9 -5,4 -5,5 -5,2 AN 3,6 4,3 2,8 4,4 3,8 3,8 3,5

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In January, the average daily minimum of the temperatures of the air are the lowest during the year with values between -7,0C in Rdui and -5,1C in Flticeni. These values are caused by the influence of the more frequents movement of the cold air masses in this month from east and north-east. Thus, in the low areas in the Suceava Plateau, as a consequence of the thermic inversions, the daily minimum average lower to -7,0C starting with January, the monthly average of the daily minimum temperatures increase by 1-2C. The increases the most stressed of the inner monthly average are produced between February-March (4-5C) and MarchApril (5-6C). In Summer, the daily minimum of the temperature get to values between 11,6C-14,0C. In July, the daily minimum of the average temperatures get to the highest values during the year (Rdui-12,8C, Suceava-13,8C, Flticeni-14,5C, Dolhasca-13,8C, Roman-14,6C). Starting with August the daily minimum of the average temperatures lower successively till January, the most stressed diminutions being registered in autumn between October-November.

Table n 10 The Daly Maximum Temperatures 1991-2000 Dolhasca Flticeni Rdui Roman Suceava M 91-00 M 56-00 I 1,0 1,7 1,5 0,9 1,0 1,2 0,4 II 3,2 3,4 3,5 3,7 3,3 3,4 2,0 III 7,2 6,7 6,9 8,1 6,8 7,1 6,9 IV 14,5 13,6 13,9 15,8 14,0 14,4 14,5 V 20,8 19,9 19,8 21,7 18,7 20,2 20,2 VI 24,4 23,4 23,3 25,2 23,5 24,0 23,2 VII 25,9 25,1 24,8 26,8 25,2 25,6 25,0 VIII 25,8 24,9 24,6 26,5 24,8 25,3 24,8 IX 20,0 19,2 18,8 21,4 18,9 19,7 20,3 X 14,4 14,0 13,9 15,2 13,8 14,3 14,5 XI 6,3 6,0 6,5 7,5 6,2 6,5 6,8 XII 0,6 0,8 1,4 1,1 1,0 1,0 1,7 AN 13,7 13,2 13,2 14,5 13,1 13,6 13,4

The monthly averages of the daily maximum temperatures are uniform enough for the studied sector (table n 10) In January, these values are between 2,9C in Roman and 1,7C in Flticeni. From February the monthly average increase from one month to another, more stressed at the beginning of the spring (March-April with 7-8C). In summer, the increases from one month to another are lower with the shortage of the days, the growth of the nebulosity and of the solar intensity, the month daily maximum values of the air temperatures lower. Thus, from 18,8C - 21,4C in September, the daily maximum values get to 6,0C 7,5C in November. G. Conclusions The period 1991-2000 is characterized by a slight increase of about 0,5C compared with the pluriannual average (1956-2000). From January to August, the
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temperature of the air on the studied interval is higher, with a stress on January February (1,3-1,4C). From September, the temperatures of the air on the interval 1991-2000 records a decrease, more stressed in November (0,5C). In the Suceava Plateau, the temperature of the air regime has its own characteristics. These characteristics are emphasized by the average annual, monthly and daily values. The regime of these values inoculates to the Suceava Plateau a temperate-continental moderate climate, with cold winters (-3 -2C in January) and less warm summers (18-20C).
References Bcuanu V. & colab. (1980) The Moldavia Plateau Nature, Man, economy Ed. tiinific i Encyclopedic, Bucureti Donis I. , Erhan Elena (1980) Course of climatology of R.S.R., Iai. Filipov F., Lupacu Angela, Rducu Daniela, Beldiman Brndua Elena (2001) The Influence of the improvement measures over the morphological physical and chemical traits of the soil with excess of humidity in the Suceava Plateau, Iai. Slavic Gh. A. (1977) The Suceava Plateau climatology study, Doctorate thesis resumes, Iai. *** (1966) The Climatologically Atlas of R.S.R., Institute Meteorology, Bucureti. *** (1962) The Weather of R.S.R., Institute Meteorology, vol. I and II, Bucureti. *** (1983, 1989) The Geography of Romania, Bucureti. *** (1960) The Geographical Monography of R.S.R., vol.I, Bucureti. *** (1956-2000) The Meteorological Tables The Suceava Plateau.

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