Theory Of Machines - Part 1

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Chapter 6 : Flywheels

Chapters
Home Topics Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts of Machines Chapter 2 : Lower Pairs Chapter 3 : Belts, Ropes and Chains Chapter 4 : Cams Chapter 5 : Friction Devices Chapter 6 : Flywheels Chapter 7 : Governors Chapter 8 : Balancing

Q. 6.1. What is turning moment diagram? Draw and explain the turning moment diagram for a four stroke single cylinder internal combustion engine. Ans. Turning moment diagram is a graphical representation of applicable of the piston, on the crank shaft for various ans of the crank The turning moment is taken as the ordinate and the crank angle as abscissa. The turning moment diagram of a four stroke single cylinder engine is shown below:

(i) During suction stroke the crank shaft pulls the piston from inner dead centre (IDC) to outer dead centre (ODC), therefore the torque on crank shaft is negative. Towards the end of stroke the piston has obtained momentum, thereqf exerts force on the crankshaft. The work done by the crankshaft on piston is equal to arean1 and the work by piston is equal to area p1. (ii) During compression stroke the piston is pushed by crankshaft from ODC to IDC, a sufficient force has to be applied by crankshaft on piston for compression, therefore negative turning moment is greater than that in suction stroke. The work on piston by crankshaft is equal to the area n2. (iii) During expansion the high pressure burning gases apply a very high force on. piston which in turn apply a high force on crankshaft thus the work done by piston on crankshaft is shown as P2 (iv) During exhaust stroke the crankshaft has to push the piston from ODC to IDC, the work on piston by crankshaft is shown as n2 The positive turning moment. towards the end of the stroke is due to momentum gained by the piston.

Q. 6.2. Write the function of flywheel. Ans. The function of flywheel is to act as a reservoir which will absorb energy when the turning moment is greater than the resisting moment, and will release the energy when turning moment is less than the resisting moment. Absorption of energy is accompanied by incre1s2 edoLilytheeLad the release of. tergy jciecrase of speeywheel. The energy is stored in flywheel in the form of kinetic energy. In engine, the flywheel absorbs the stroke and gives out the energy during idle strokes and thus keeps the maximum speed and minimum speed of crankshaft near the mean
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shaft in a thermodynamic cycle. In power press, the flywheel absorbs the mechanical energy produced by electric motor during idle period and gives the energy when actual operation is performed. In this way with the use of flywheel, motor of smaller capacity is able to serve the purpose.

Q. 6.3. Explain the terms coefficient of fluctuation of energy and coefficient of fluctuation of speed. Ans. Coefficient of fluctuation of energy : We know that in a cycle, a flywheel absorbs energy and releases the energy.

The coefficient of fluctuation of energy is the ratio of fluctuation of energy to the work per cycle. i.e.

Coefficient of fluctuation of speed : The difference between the greatest speed and the least speed of flywheel in a cycle is called the fluctuation of speed. The ratio of the fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is coefficient of fluctuation o speed.

Q. 6.4. Derive a relation for the among the coefficient of speed, fluctuation of energy and the energy of tube flywheel at the mean speed.

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Q. 6.5. The turning moment diagram of a multi-cylinder engine is drawn with a scale of (1mm 1) abscissa and (1mm = 250 N m) on the ordinate. The intercepted areas between the engine torque and resisting torqve of generator, taken in order are 350, + 800, 600, + 900, 550, + 450, and - 650 mm2. The engine is running at a mean speed of 750 rpm and the coefficient of speed fluctuation is limited is 0.02. If the radius of rim is 0.35m determine the dimensions of the rim, the rim has rectangular cross-section and the ratio of width to thickness is 1.5. Assume that hub & the spokes contribute 10% of the required moment of inertia. Density of flywheel material is 7100 kg/rn3. Ans.

Let the energy stored in flywheel at point A is U. Therefore,

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Q.6.6 The torque developed by an engine is given by the equation T=14250 + 2500 sin 2Q-1800 cos 2Q. Where T is torque in N in and 0 is crank angle displacement from inner dead position. The resisting torque is uniform throughout the work cycle. The coeff. of speed fluctuation is 0.01. The engine speed is 150 rpm. A solid steel disc, 50 mm thick, is used as a flywheel. The mass density of the steel used is 7800 kg/rn3. Calculate the diameter of the flywheel.

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Q. 6.7. In a double acting steam engine the maximum torque during outward stroke is 2000 N - m when the crank is at 80 from LD.C., and the maximum torque during inward stroke is 1500 N - m when the crank is at 80 from O.D.C. The turning moment diagram for the engine may be assumed for simplicity to be represented by two triangles Determine the mass of the flywheel required if its radius of gyration is 1 75 m and the speed is to be kept within 0.75% of the mean speed.

Work per cycle = area of T 0 diag for one cycle

As clear from the diagram, the maximum energy (E1) in the flywheel will be at G and the
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minimum energy (E) in the flywheel will be at F

(. ratio of areas of similar triangles is equal to the square of ratio of their corresponding sides)

Since the actual punching takes place in Sec therefore, the energy produced by 1/10 motor in sec in directly supplied to the punch & the remaining energy is supplied by flywheel during actual punching operation.

Due to release of 10,744.5 N - ni of energy by the flywheel, the speed of flywheel falls from 160 to 140 rpm.

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Q. 6.9. Derive an expression for the stress produced in the rim of flywheel due to the centrifugal force. Ans. Let a = tensile stress or hoop stress produced. R mean radius of the rim a = area of cross-section of the rim

Q. 6.10. Calculate the diameter, width and thickness of rim of flywheel for a four stroke engine developing 150 kw at 200 rpm. The hoop stress is not to exceed 4 MPa and density of C.I. is 7200 kg/rn3. Total fluctuation of speed is to be not greater than 4% mean speed. Work done during the power stroke may be assumed to be 1.5 times the average work done during the cycle.

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Q 6.11 punching press is required to punch 4 holes of 4 cm diameter in a plate o 3-6n thickness per minute The work required for Lsq cm ofZsheared area is 700 N.m. The stroke of punch is 10 cm. The maximum speed of flywheel at its radius of gyration is 30 ni/s and the minimum speed is 28 ni/s. Find the mass of the flywheel and the power of the motor required.

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Q. 6.12. A machine running at 200 rpm requires torque which varies uniformly from 1200 N-rn to 3600 N-rn during the first half revolution, remains constant for next one revolution, decreases uniformly to 1200 N.m. during the next one revolution, and then remains constant during the next two revolutions, thus completing a cycle of operation. If the moment of inertia of the flyheel is 723.123 kg. m2, calculate: (i) Fluctuation of speed (ii) Power of the motor

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Q 6.13 The torque requzredy a machine rdrIes uniformly from 750 N m to 3000 N m during half revolution, remains constant for the following revolution, falls uniformly to 750 N m during the next half revolution, and remains constant for one revolution & thus the cycle is repeated in every three revolutions. The mass of flywheel is 500 kg and and its radius of gyration is 60 cm If the machine is to run at 250 rpm, determine the fluctuation of speed

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It is clear from T0. diag. that energy of flywheel is max. at F and energy of flywheel is minimum. at G.

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Q 6.15. An engine produces a torque given by the expression TE = (8000 + 1000 sin 20) N.m The engine drives a machine which require a torque given by expression T ($000 +$O0 sin 0) N.m. Determine the maximum. Acceleration and the maximum. relation of the flywheel and the corresponding angular positions of the engine cam shaft. The moment of inertia of the flywheel is 64kg m2. Ans. The flywheel will have maximum acceleration when (TE ) is maximum. The flywheel will have maximum retardation or minimum, acceleration when

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Q.6.16 The maximum and minimum speed of flywheel are 242 rpm and 238 rpm respectively The mass of flywheel is 2200 kg and radius of gyration is 1 6 m Find the mean speed of flywheel, maximum fluctuation of energy and coefficient of fluctuation of speed

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