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"This stu d y w as com m issioned by the Europ ean Com m issions Internal Market Directorate-General as part of its stu d y p rogram . It d oes not, how ever, express the Com m issions official view s. The view s exp ressed and all recom m end ations m ad e are those of the authors. N either the Com m ission nor the Consu ltants accep t liability for the consequ ences of actions taken on the basis of the inform ation contained in the stu d y."

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Introduction Framework for Analysis Concordance Table between the Directives Articles and recitals Analyses of National Laws Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg The Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Concordance Table between the Directives Articles and their mirroring national provisions Synoptic Table of Case-law Overall Summary of Findings from the assessment of national laws

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Introduction Questionnaire List of respondents to the questionnaire Responses from Italy and the United Kingdom Compilation of the answers to the questionnaire Proceedings of the private hearings with database rightholders and users Overall Summary of Opinions from the consultation of interested parties

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1.

Origin of this stu d y

On 11 March 1996, the Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the legal protection of databases was adopted. Before 1 January 1998, the Member States had to bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with the Directive (Article 16.1 paragraph 1 Directive). Pursuant to Article 16.3, the European Commission must submit a report, not later than on 31 December 2000 and every three years thereafter, on the application of the Directive (Article 16.3 Directive).

2.
2.a.

Backgrou nd of the Directive

International fram ew ork
Article 2, para. 5 of the %HUQH &RQYHQWLRQ IRU WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI OLWHUDU\ DQG DUWLVWLF ZRUNV RI  6HSWHPEHU  (as amended in 1948 by the Act of Brussels) stipulates: &ROOHFWLRQV RI OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF ZRUNV VXFK DV HQF\FORSDHGLDV DQG DQWKRORJLHV ZKLFK E\ UHDVRQ RI WKH VHOHFWLRQ DQG DUUDQJHPHQW RI WKHLU FRQWHQWV FRQVWLWXWH LQWHOOHFWXDO FUHDWLRQV VKDOO EH SURWHFWHG DV VXFK ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH FRS\ULJKW LQ HDFK RI WKH ZRUNV IRUPLQJ SDUW RI VXFK FROOHFWLRQV Under this provision, databases are covered by the Berne Convention, but only so as collections of works (not of mere data). EU nationals, however, are not always entitled to rely on the Berne Convention. First, the Berne Convention can only be invoked where the Member State concerned recognises its direct effect. Secondly, this only applies to so-called international situations1. Article 10, para. 2 of the $JUHHPHQW RQ 7UDGH5HODWHG $VSHFWV RI ,QWHOOHFWXDO 3URSHUW\ ULJKWV LQFOXGLQJ WUDGH LQ FRXQWHUIHLW JRRGV (TRIPs), as part of the International Agreement of 15 April 1994 establishing the World Trade Organisation stipulates : &RPSLODWLRQV RI GDWD RU RWKHU PDWHULDO ZKHWKHU LQ PDFKLQH UHDGDEOH RU RWKHU IRUP ZKLFK E\ UHDVRQ RI WKH VHOHFWLRQ RU DUUDQJHPHQW RI WKHLU FRQWHQWV FRQVWLWXWH LQWHOOHFWXDO FUHDWLRQV VKDOO EH SURWHFWHG DV VXFK 6XFK SURWHFWLRQ ZKLFK VKDOO QRW H[WHQG WR WKH GDWD RU PDWHULDO LWVHOI VKDOO EH ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR DQ\ FRS\ULJKW VXEVLVWLQJ LQ WKH GDWD RU PDWHULDO LWVHOI (our emphasis).

See LQWHU DOLD : A. and J.H. LUCAS, 7UDLWp GH OD SURSULpWp OLWWpUDLUH HW DUWLVWLTXH, Litec, Paris, 2001, p. 857-862, n 1049-1055.
1

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Compared with Article 2, para. 5 of the Berne Convention, the clarification made in Article 10, para. 2 of TRIPs marks an advance towards international protection for compilations of mere data (as distinct from works). Yet TRIPs lacks direct effect within the EU Member States2. Article 5 of the :,32 &RS\ULJKW 7UHDW\ ( WCT ) of 20 December 1996 entitled Compilations of Data (Databases) stipulates : &RPSLODWLRQV RI GDWD RU RWKHU PDWHULDO LQ DQ\ IRUP ZKLFK E\ UHDVRQ RI WKH VHOHFWLRQ RU DUUDQJHPHQW RI WKHLU FRQWHQWV FRQVWLWXWH LQWHOOHFWXDO FUHDWLRQV VKDOO EH SURWHFWHG DV VXFK 7KLV SURWHFWLRQ GRHV QRW H[WHQG WR WKH GDWD RU WKH PDWHULDO LWVHOI DQG LV ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR DQ\ FRS\ULJKW VXEVLVWLQJ LQ WKH GDWD RU PDWHULDO FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH FRPSLODWLRQ The Agreed Statement on Article 5 confirms that : 7KH VFRSH RI SURWHFWLRQ IRU FRPSLODWLRQV RI GDWD GDWDEDVHV XQGHU $UWLFOH  RI WKLV 7UHDW\ UHDG ZLWK $UWLFOH  LV FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK $UWLFOH  RI WKH %HUQH &RQYHQWLRQ DQG RQ SDU ZLWK WKH UHOHYDQW SURYLVLRQV RI WKH 75,36 $JUHHPHQW Article 5 WCT confirms the progress made towards international protection for compilations of mere data (as distinct from works) as databases. EU nationals, however, are not entitled to rely on the WCT. First, the WCT-treaty has not been ratified by the EU-Member States yet. Secondly, the WCT can only be invoked where the Member State concerned recognises its direct effect. Thirdly, this Treaty will only apply to so-called international situations. The %DVLF 3URSRVDO RI  $XJXVW  IRU WKH VXEVWDQWLYH SURYLVLRQV RI WKH 7UHDW\ RQ ,QWHOOHFWXDO 3URSHUW\ LQ UHVSHFW RI GDWDEDVHV to be considered by the Diplomatic WIPO Conference of 2 to 20 December 1996, prepared by the Chairman of the WIPO Committees of Experts on a Possible Protocol to the Berne Convention and on a Possible Instrument for the protection of the rights of performers and producers of phonograms, proposed to establish a new form of protection for databases by granting rights adequate to enable the makers of databases to recover the investment they have made in their databases and by providing international protection in a manner as effective and uniform as possible, notwithstanding the rights granted to authors in the Berne Convention (preamble). The Diplomatic Conference could not reach an agreement on this new form of (international) protection, but expressed interest in examining further the possible implications and benefits of a sui generis system of protection of databases. The convocation of an extraordinary session of the competent WIPO Governing Bodies has been recommended to decide on the schedule of further preparatory work on a Treaty on Intellectual Property in respect of Databases (Recommendation concerning databases adopted by the Diplomatic Conference on 20 December 1996). No operational conclusions on the international level have been reached so far3.
See LQWHU DOLD : ECJ, 5 October 1994, -XU., 1994, I, 4973; ECJ, 12 December 1995, -XU., 1995, I, 4533; ECJ, 23 November 1999, -XU., 1999, I, 8395; ECJ, 14 December 2000, -XU., 2000, I, 11307. 3 J. REINBOTHE and S. VON LEWINSKI, The WIPO Treaties 1996 : Ready to Come into Force, (,35, 2002, 208.
2

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2.b.

Existing p rotection for d atabases

Information as such is not protected by copyright; ideas (including information and data) must circulate freely, according to an internationally recognised principle. Moreover, databases are seldom protected by copyright as they rarely prove to be original in their arrangement or selection . Indeed, almost all databases are meant to be as exhaustive as possible (and not original as to the selection of information) and as convenient as possible (instead of being original as to the arrangement of their contents). Earlier case law illustrated this possible lack of protection : in the 9DQ 'DOH Y 5RPPH case, the Dutch Supreme Court left Van Dale unprotected against the loading of 230.000 words from its Dutch dictionary into the computer database of Mr. Romme which enabled him to solve his crossword puzzles for the dictionary lacked originality 4. A similar evolution was noticed in the United States where the well-known )HLVW Supreme Court judgement rejected the traditional sweat of the brow copyright criterion in favour of a continental GURLW GDXWHXU originality requirement, thus leaving Rural Telephone Service Company Inc. unprotected against the reproduction of 1.300 subscribers names (and their corresponding data) from the Rurals white page directory into Feists directory5. Save in Denmark, Finland and Sweden (with their so-called catalogue right ) and in the Netherlands (with their RQSHUVRRQOLMNH JHVFKULIWHQEHVFKHUPLQJ ), no alternative protection was granted to non-original databases throughout the European Union. The only possible means of protection were the contractual protection of databases (however, only valid LQWHU SDUWHV) and unfair competition (however, far from being harmonised in the European Union, see also recital 6).

2.c.

Objectives of the Eu rop ean legislator

The European legislator, however, regards databases as a vital tool in the development of an information market and thinks that their exponential growth calls for investment in advanced information processing systems (recitals 9 and 10). According to the European legislator, such investments would not take place within the European Union unless a stable and uniform legal protection regime is introduced for the protection of the rights of makers of databases (recital 12). The objectives of the European legislator were - roughly - twofold : - to remove existing differences in the legal protection of databases within the European Union which adversely affect the functioning of the internal market, and to prevent that new differences arise (recital 3); - to create, in addition to the (ongoing) possibility to invoke copyright protection, other measures to prevent the unauthorised extraction and re-utilisation of the contents of a database (recital 6).

4 5

Hoge Raad, 4 January 1991, 1-., 1991, p. 2543, n 608. U.S. Supreme Court, 27 March 1991, $0,., 1991, 179 with obs. H. COHEN JEHORAM.
7

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6XPPDU\ RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH

After having defined the scope of the Directive, and especially the notion of database (Articles 1 and 2), the Directive sets out, on the one hand, harmonised rules as to the application of copyright to original databases and, on the other hand, newly introduced rules as to a VXL JHQHULV protection of databases requiring a substantial investment . The Directive ends with a few common provisions. Concerning copyright, the Directive defines the object of protection (Article 3) and sets out some rules concerning database authorship (Article 4). The Directive lists the restricted acts in respect of by copyright protected databases (Article 5) as well as the exceptions to these acts (Article 6). Concerning the VXL JHQHULV right, the Directive defines the object of protection (Article 7), the rights and obligations of lawful users (Article 8), the exceptions to this VXL JHQHULV right (Article 9), its term of protection (Article 10) and finally its beneficiaries (Article 11). In its common provisions, the Directive deals with the remedies (Article 12), the continued application of other legal provisions (Article 13), the application over time (Article 14), the binding nature of certain provisions (Article 15) and lays down final provisions as to its application and the European Commission s commitment to submit a report on such application (Article 16).



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The European Commission has appointed our law firm, Nauta'XWLOK, with the task of drawing up a study on the implementation and application of the Directive, in preparation of the report on the Directive to be submitted by the European Commission, pursuant to Article 16.3 of the Directive. During the first stage, Nauta'XWLOK carried out a full-scale analysis of the transposition of the Directive in all Member States (see: I. Implementation Part The transposition of Directive 96/9/EC into the national legislation of the EU Member States). During the second stage, Nauta'XWLOK consulted national authorities and interested parties about their practical experiences with the Directive, in particular with the application of the VXL JHQHULV right, its impact on free competition, the resulting risks for abuses of a dominant position and its impact on the development of the Information Society (see: II. Application Part Appraisal of Directive 96/9/EC).

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3UHOLPLQDU\ UHPDUN
Throughout the present report, unless otherwise specified or unless another interpretation clearly derives from the context: - the term Directive shall mean the Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases ; - the term Article shall refer to the Articles of the Directive and - the term recital shall refer to the recitals of the Directive.

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The Implementation Part opens with the Framework for Analysis . The Framework for Analysis presents the obligations to transpose, which are binding upon the EU Member States, as they arise from the Directive. It is not meant to be an analysis of the Directive. Rather, this chapter is a user s guide which sets out the framework for assessing whether the EU Member States have complied with their obligations to transpose the Directive into their national law. Hence the structure of this chapter. Matters relating to the legal protection of databases are divided into those falling within the scope of the Directive (which should be harmonised by now) and those falling outside it (which could be the subject of future harmonisation). The former are further subdivided according to whether transposition has been made mandatory (and harmonisation should be achieved throughout the European Union) or optional (and harmonisation is limited to willing Member States). Hence also the unusual style of this chapter. Each provision of the Directive is broken down into the number of elements it contains. Assessing compliance by Member States must be done primarily by referring to the Directive s text and spirit its Articles and recitals. Literature, by contrast, only comes into the picture where a specific Directive provision is open to different interpretation. For the sake of completeness, the Framework for Analysis is supplemented with a Concordance Table between the Directive s Articles and recitals.  $1$/<6(6 2) 1$7,21$/ /$:6

Turning to the national laws of all EU Member States, we thoroughly analyse them and assess their compliance with the Directive. Alongside our own research, this analysis was made possible by the valuable assistance of the competent national authorities. The analyses of national laws appear in the alphabetical order of their English names. The introduction to each analysis comprises two parts. First, we state the instrument of transposition, and its date of coming into force. Secondly, we give a summary of our findings on transposition (this is limited to the mandatory and optional provisions falling within the scope of the Directive), as they are developed in the subsequent assessment of compliance.

11

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 We then proceed to thoroughly appraise whether and where the Member State legislation is inconsistent with, or falls short of, the Directive. This full-scale assessment closely follows the Framework for Analysis. For those countries where Supreme Court rulings or other landmark decisions are available, including a reference to the ECJ, a final chapter reports and comments these judgements. Alternatively, case-law is tackled along with the issues it addresses. Those national analyses are supplemented with a Concordance Table between the Directive s Articles and their mirroring national provisions as well as a Synoptic Table of national caselaw.  29(5$// 6800$5< 2) ),1',1*6

Finally, a horizontal summary of findings closes the implementation part of the study (it is equally limited to the mandatory and optional provisions falling within the scope of the Directive).

12

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SUBJECT SCOPE Scope Limitations on the scope COPYRIGHT Object of protection Database authorship Restricted acts

ARTICLES 1.1 1.2 1.3 2(a) 2(b) 2(c) 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 5(a) 5(b) 5(c) 5(d) 5(e) 6.1 6.2 6.2 (a) 6.2 (b) 6.2 (c) 6.2 (d) 6.3 7.1 7.2, al. 1 (a) 7.2, al. 1 (b) 1 sentence 2 sentence 7.2, al. 2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1

RECITALS 13 14 22 13 17 20 21 23 23 24 25 151 16 19 39 45 15 18 26 27 29 / / 28 30 32 / / / 33 31 / 34 35 35 36 / 37 / 6 7 8 19 39 40 41 42 44 45 46 44 / 43 / 41 18 / 46 492

1 sentence 2 sentence

Exceptions to restricted acts

SUI GENERIS RIGHT Object of protection

Rights and
1 2

This merely duplicates the Article. This merely duplicates the Article.

14

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obligations of lawful users Exceptions to the sui generis right

8.2 8.3 9 9 (a) 9 (b) 9 (c) 10.1 10.2 10.3 11.1 11.2 11.3 12 13 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 15 16.1 16.2 16.3 17 SPECIAL TOPICS Competition On-line Development of the Information Market

42 493 494 50 52 / 36 51 / 53 / 54 55 / / 56 57 18 47 48 59 / 60 / / / / / / 47 / RECITALS 47 2 33 34 38 43 9 10 11

Term of protection Beneficiaries of protection under the sui generis right COMMON PROVISIONS Remedies Continued application of other legal provisions Application over time

Binding nature of certain provisions Final provisions

3 4

This merely duplicates the Article. This merely duplicates the Article.

15

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The Directive has been transposed into Austrian law by means of the 8UKHEHUUHFKWVJHVHW] 1RYHOOH 1997 of 9th January 1998 ( the Transposition Act ). This Transposition Act has amended the Federal Law on Copyright in Works of Literature and Art and on Related Rights of 9th April 1936 ( the Austrian Copyright Act or the ACA ). Pursuant to Article III of the Transposition Act, the same came into force on 1 January 1998. This provision has a retro-active effect, since the Act is dated 9 January 1998.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

By departing from the wording of the Directive in general, and on some important aspects in particular (no use of the terms extraction or re-utilization ), by omitting to expressly address some important issues (temporary reproductions, on line transmissions), and by favouring Austrian nationals, the Austrian implementation falls short of a satisfactory transposition of the Directive. Although Austria has (as Germany) maintained its regime for protection of works of collection (6DPPHOZHUNH thereby creating three different regimes for the protection of collections, this does not create the same difficulties as regards the protection of the rights on the contents as in the German Copyright Act. The major shortcomings are: - temporary reproduction/extraction is not expressly reserved to the author/maker by Articles 15 (1) and 76 d (1) of the ACA; - the limits set out in Article 6.3 Directive have not been transposed; - Article IV (3) of the Transposition Act, providing that only the Articles 40 h (3) and 76 e of the ACA on lawful use shall not apply to contracts concluded before 1st January 1998, contravenes Article 14.4 of the Directive; - the favoured treatment granted to Austrian nationals and legal persons with headquarters in Austria by Articles 99 c (1) and 98 (2) of the ACA violates Articles 11.1 and 11.2 of the Directive; - on line transmissions are not expressly reserved to the database maker by Article 76 d (1) of the ACA. Further minor flaws include : - Article 36 of the ACA, by stating that circumstances may indicate that the publisher of a collection/database is intended to acquire exclusive rights on the contribution/contents, affects the rights on the contents of a database contrary to Article 3.2 of the Directive;
17

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - the normal use requirement of the lawful use exception is transposed by Article 40 h (3) of the ACA by use in accordance with the intended purpose ; - Article 40 h (3) of the ACA, which allows parties to conclude agreements concerning WKH H[WHQW of the lawful use in accordance with the intended purpose, may contravene Article 15 of the Directive; - Article IV (1) of the Transposition Act does not expressly state that the extension of term provided in Article 14.1 of the Directive only applies to databases, ZKLFK IXOILO WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU FRS\ULJKW SURWHFWLRQ RQ  -DQXDU\ .

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The definition of a database ('DWHQEDQN) in Article 40 f (1) of the ACA fully complies with the Directive. That the database may be in any form is not expressly stated. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) Computer programs used for the production or operation of an electronically accessible database are expressly excluded from (both copyright and VXL JHQHULV) protection by Article 40 f (1), second sentence of the ACA. The other exclusions are not expressly provided. A.1.c Applications The applications are not expressly provided. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) Pursuant to Article 40 f (2) of the ACA, databases (as defined by Article 40 f (1)) shall be protected by copyright as works of collection if they constitute original intellectual creations (database works - 'DWHQEDQNZHUNH) by reason of the selection or arrangement of the material . Article 6 of the ACA defines works of collection (6DPPHOZHUNH as collections which constitute an original intellectual production resulting from the combination of individual contributions to form a homogeneous whole . As in Germany, the protection offered to collections therefore is threesome1 : - the original combination of individual contributions will be protected as a work of collection (6DPPHOZHUN pursuant to Article 6 of the ACA; - when such work of collection (6DPPHOZHUN constitutes an original intellectual creation by reason of the selection or arrangement of its material, it will be
This is considered by Gaster ( Zwei Jahre 6XL JHQHULV Recht: Europischer Datenbankschutz in der Praxis der EG-Mitgliedstaaten , CR 2/2000, p.46) to be a rather unnecessary distinction .
1

19

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 protected as a database work ('DWHQEDQNZHUN under Articles 40 f to 40 h of the ACA; - in case of substantial investment, the database ('DWHQEDQN) shall be protected by Article 76 f to 76 e of the ACA. In other words, Austria has (as Germany) maintained its regime for protection of works of collection (6DPPHOZHUNH which constitutes the broader category encompassing database works ('DWHQEDQNZHUNH as a subcategory. As a result, the articles 23 (2) and (4), 36, 37 and 42 (4) of the ACA on works of collection equally apply to database works. With its ruling of 10 July 2001(see C.II LQIUD), the Supreme Court judged that a single webpage cannot be considered as an original database under Article 40 f (2) of the ACA, because its elements (i.e. pictures, graphics, texts, etc.) cannot be considered as independent from each other. Several webpages forming a website may, when they are linked to each other and systematically arranged, constitute an original database. A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) The exclusions are not expressly implemented into the ACA. Worth mentioning is Article 7 (1) of the ACA, excluding RIILFLDO ZRUNV of language or of a scientific or didactic nature consisting of representations in 2 or 3 dimensions, produced exclusively or mainly for official use, from copyright protection. These works are not excluded from VXL JHQHULV protection. Article 7 (1) does not apply to cartographic works by the Federal Standards and Survey Office. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents Unlike with the VXL JHQHULV right (see Article 76 c (4) LQIUD), the ACA does not expressly state that copyright protection shall not affect rights on the contents. According to the Explanatory Report2 on the Transposition Act, there was no need to transpose this provision, since its objective is met by the qualification of original databases as works of collections (6DPPHOZHUNH). Unlike the corresponding German provisions, the Articles 36 and 37 of the ACA do not affect the rights on the contents. Article 36 provides that, where a work is accepted as a contribution to a periodical collection, the rights of the author (of the contribution) are reserved, unless agreement to the contrary or unless circumstances indicate that the publisher of the collection is intended to acquire exclusive rights on the contribution. This provision rather protects

Erluterungen zu der Regierungsvorlage fr eine Urheberrechtsgesetz-Novelle 1997, p. 6.

20

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 the rights on the contents of a database. Only the latter condition may, to a minor extent, affect the rights on the contents of a database. Article 37 provides that if the publisher of a collection does not publish the contribution within one year from its delivery, the author may revoke his consent to publish. This provision rather protects than affects the rights on the contents of a database. A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) Pursuant to Article 10 (1) of the ACA, the author of a work shall be the person who has created it . Pursuant to Article 11 (1) of the ACA, where two or more persons have jointly created a work in such a manner that the result forms in indivisible whole, the copyright shall belong jointly to all the authors . Pursuant to Article 11 (2), whereas each author is separately entitled to institute proceedings for infringement of copyright, any alteration or exploitation of the work requires the consent of all joint authors. Application of both these rules to original databases was confirmed by the Supreme Court in its ruling of 10 July 2001 (see Part C.II LQIUD). The ACA does not allow initial authorship to be granted to legal persons. In this respect, there is no scope, under Austrian copyright law, for computer generated works. Therefore, a work created by a computer in circumstances where there is no human author, will not be protected under Austrian copyright, on grounds of lack of intellectual creation3. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a)) Pursuant to Article 15 (1) of the ACA, the author shall have the exclusive right to reproduce his work by any process and in any quantity . Temporary reproduction is not expressly reserved to the author by this provision. The result aimed at by Article 5 (e) of the Directive seems satisfactorily achieved by Article 14 (2) of the ACA (see under the adaptation right LQIUD). A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Pursuant to Article 14 (2) of the ACA, the author of the translation or adaptation may exploit such work in the manner reserved to him only where the author of the adapted work has granted him the exclusive right or the permission to do so (right of adaptation or translation) .

Schwarz, W., Database Law Implementation of the Database Directive in Austria , &RPSXWHU /DZ 6HFXULW\ 5HSRUW, 2/1999, p. 103.
3

21

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A broad interpretation of the term adaptation arguably encompasses any arrangement or other authorisation of Article 5 (b) of the Directive. The wording may exploit seems materially equivalent with Article 5 (e) of the Directive. The boundaries of the adaptation right are fixed in Article 5 (2) of the ACA, which states that use made of a work in creating another work shall not make that other work an adaptation, provided such work constitutes an independent new work in relation to the work used . In its ruling of 27 November 2001 (see C.III LQIUD), the Supreme Court clarified that, even if a defendant establishes the creation of a new database within the meaning of Article 76 c (2) of the ACA, such does not imply the creation of a new work (not infringing the adaptation right) under Article 5 (2) of the ACA. In other words, the existence of own rights on a new version of a database does not exclude infringement of the rights of the author of the database from which such new database was adapted. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right The distribution right defined in Article 16 of the ACA complies with the Directive. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale Article 16 (3) of the ACA exhausts the right of distribution, and is not limited to the right to control the resale . Pursuant to Article 16 a (1) of the ACA, exhaustion does not apply to rental of _______ [omitted in the English translation, no other texts available]. It applies to copies of a work which have been put into circulation by transfer of the property rights therein , which may be considered as materially equivalent to the first sale . As an exception to exhaustion, the Article provides that where the authorisation of the rightholder has been given for a specified territory only, the right to distribute outside such territory copies put into circulation therein shall not be affected . However, the Article specifies that this exception shall not apply to copies put into circulation, with the authorisation of the entitled person in a Member State of the European Economic Community or of the European Free Trade Association , which complies with the Directive. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d)) Pursuant to Article 14 (3) of the ACA, communication to the public of the contents of a work of literature or cinematography shall be reserved to the author, for as long as neither the work nor its substance has been published with its consent .

22

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Pursuant to Article 18 (1) of the ACA, the author shall have the exclusive right to recite or perform publicly a work of language, to perform publicly a work [of choreography and pantomime], or a work of music or cinematography, and to present a work of art publicly by means of an optical device . Since these provisions, limited to certain categories of works, do not apply as such to database works, the new article 40 g of the ACA has expressly confirmed that the author shall have the exclusive right to communicate a database work to the public (|IIHQWOLFK ZLHGHU]XJHEHQ) 4. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) The rental and lending rights are regulated by Article 16 a of the ACA. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) The lawful use exception is correctly transposed by Article 40 h (3) of the ACA, except that the normal use requirement is transposed by use in accordance with the intended purpose (EHVWLPPXQJVJHPlVVH %HQXW]XQJ). For reasons of uniformity in its legal order5, the Austrian legislator wished to use the same terminology as the one used with respect to computer programs (Article 40 d (2) of the ACA, transposing Article 5.1 of the Software Directive), namely acts necessary for the use of the computer program by the lawful acquirer LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK LWV LQWHQGHG SXUSRVH, including for error correction 6. If this condition of Article 40 h (3) of the ACA is to be interpreted in conformity with Article 5.1 of the Software Directive, it therefore also includes uses for error correction . The Database Directive, however, did not provide for such exception as regards databases. The provision has been made LXV FRJHQV, without prejudice to the validity of agreements concerning the extent of use in accordance with the intended purpose . Again, this provision was added for reasons of uniformity with Article 40 d (4) of the ACA on computer programs7. It is questionable whether Article 15 of the Directive allows for such exception to the LXV FRJHQV nature of the lawful use exception. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) These limits are not expressly mentioned in the ACA. A.2.e Term (Article 2(c)) The term of copyright is regulated in Chapter VIII of Part I of the ACA.

Confirmed by the Explanatory Report, p. 6. Explanatory Report, p. 7. 6 In the wording of Article 5.1 of the Software Directive. 7 Explanatory Report, p. 7.
23

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.f. Application over time $IL 'DWDEDVHV FUHDWHG EHIRUH  -DQXDU\  $UWLFOH 

Article IV (1) of the Transposition Act implements Article 14.1 of the Directive, except it does not expressly state that the extension of term only applies to databases, ZKLFK IXOILO WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU FRS\ULJKW SURWHFWLRQ RQ  -DQXDU\ . According to the Austrian legislator, this precision would have been useless for Austria, since the Directive has not strengthened its conditions for copyright protection of databases8. $ILL 6DYLQJ IRU FRS\ULJKW LQ H[LVWLQJ GDWDEDVHV $UWLFOH  For the same reason as under A.2.f.i above, this Article was not transposed. $ILLL $FTXLUHG ULJKWV DQG FRQFOXGHG DFWV$UWLFOH  Article IV (3) of the Transposition Act provides that only the provision of Article 40 h 9 shall not apply to contracts concluded before 1st January 1998. The Austrian legislator justifies such limitation by the same reason as under A.2.f.i above. Article 14.4 of the Directive, however, was not meant to limit its effects to the exception of lawful use10. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) These criteria were correctly transposed by Article 76 c (1) of the ACA. A.3.a.ii Exclusions The exclusions are not expressly mentioned in the ACA. A.3.b Makership Pursuant to Article 76 d (1), the VXL JHQHULV right belongs to the person who has made an investment within the meaning of Article 76 c (the maker) .

Explanatory Report, p. 10. This is presumably an error, since the same provision also refers to Article 76 e on lawful use. It may therefore be assumed that it refers to Article 40 h  on lawful use. 10 According to Schwarz (ORF FLW, p. 103), an arrangement for rights already acquired under the old law, as contained in Article 14.4 of the Directive, is missing .
9

24

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.c Contractual dealings Pursuant to Article 76 d (5) of the ACA, the Articles 23 (2) and (4), 24, 26, 27 (1), (3) and (5) on transfer of rights apply to the VXL JHQHULV right. For our comment on these Articles, see under II.B.2 LQIUD). A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) As regards QDWXUDO SHUVRQV, VXL JHQHULV protection is only granted to Austrian nationals or habitual residents in Austria pursuant to Article 99 c (1) of the ACA. As regards OHJDO SHUVRQV, the conditions of the Directive are correctly transposed by Article 99 c (2) of the ACA. However, by referring to Article 98 (2) of the ACA, Article 99 c (1) violates the Directive. Indeed, said Article 98 (2) states that where the producer is a legal person, the requirement of Austrian nationality shall be satisfied if such legal person has its headquarters in Austria , thus without requiring a JHQXLQH OLQN with Austria. Thus, the favoured treatment granted to Austrian nationals and legal persons with headquarters in Austria violates the Directive11. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Article 76 d (2) of the ACA precises that the OHQGLQJ ULJKW is not included in the maker s prerogatives. As in Germany, Austria has not used the terms extraction and re-utilisation , but stuck to the traditional terms. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a)) Pursuant to Article 76 d (1) of the ACA, the database maker shall, subject to the limitations of law, have the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, broadcast and publicly communicate the database as a whole or a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial part of the database . As regards the reproduction right, this provision complies with the Directive, except that WHPSRUDU\ H[WUDFWLRQ is not expressly reserved to the database maker. A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right As regards the distribution, broadcasting and public communication rights, the same Article 76 d (1) of the ACA complies with the Directive, except RQ OLQH WUDQVPLVVLRQV are not expressly reserved to the database maker12.
Confirmed by Schwarz (ORF FLW, p. 103), [Article 99 c of the ACA] is in overt contradiction to the terms of the Directive as it discriminates against non-Austrian EC Citizens . 12 In this sense, see Gaster, Zwei Jahre 6XL JHQHULV Recht , ORF FLW, p. 46.
11

25

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 As regards the renting right, it is expressly included in the database maker s prerogatives by Article 76 d (5) of the ACA, cross referring to Articles 16 a (1) and (3) of the ACA13. A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale By virtue of Article 76 d (5), exhaustion of the VXL JHQHULV right is submitted to the same regime as exhaustion of copyright under Article 16 (3) of the ACA. Our comments made above with regard to copyright exhaustion thus equally apply with regard to VXL JHQHULV exhaustion. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) This provision was correctly transposed by Article 76 d (1), second sentence of the ACA. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art. 7.4) $IL ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH GDWDEDVH $UW  This provision is correctly transposed by Article 76 c (3) of the ACA. $ILL ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UW  This provision is correctly transposed by Article 76 c (3) of the ACA. $ILLL &RH[LVWHQFH ZLWK FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UW  This provision is correctly transposed by Article 76 c (4) of the ACA. A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) Pursuant to Article 76 e of the ACA, any contract or agreement under which the lawful user of a published database has an obligation towards the maker to refrain from reproducing, distributing, broadcasting or communicating to the public qualitatively and quantitatively insubstantial parts of the database, shall be invalid where such acts neither conflict with a normal exploitation of the database nor unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interest of the maker of the database . The LXV FRJHQV nature of this provision results from the wording of the Article itself ( any contract shall be invalid ). As it appears, this provision is limited to users DXWKRULVHG E\ DJUHHPHQW to use the database.
13

See Explanatory Report, p. 8.

26

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) As appears from Article 76 e of the ACA, the lawful use exception may not conflict with normal exploitation nor prejudice the rightholder s legitimate interests. The LXV FRJHQV nature of this provision results from the wording of the Article itself ( any contract shall be invalid ). A similar provision was not provided as regards the optional exceptions. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) This Article was not transposed14. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) This Article was correctly transposed by Article 76 d (4) of the ACA. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) This provision was correctly transposed by Article 76 d (4) and 64 of the ACA. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) This provision has been correctly transposed by Article 76 c (2) of the ACA,. The use of the wording successive amendments instead of successive additions, deletions or alterations is materially equivalent with the latter. A.3.i Application over time (Articles 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) This provision has been correctly transposed by Article IV (2) of the Transposition Act. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts(Article 14.4) Article IV (3) of the Transposition Act provides that only the provisions of Article 76 e on lawful use shall not apply to contracts concluded before 1st January 1998, whereas Article 14.4 of the Directive was not meant to limit its effects to the exception of lawful use.

The Austrian legislator (Explanatory Report, p. 9) erroneously considers that the result aimed at in Article 8.3 of the Directive is already obtained by transposition of Article 1.3 of the Directive on computer programs used in the making or operation of the database.
27

14

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Civil remedies are provided in Articles 81 to 90 a of the ACA, which apply to any person whose exclusive right under this Law has been infringed , thus both to copyright and to VXL JHQHULV rights infringements. As regards criminal remedies, Article 91 (1) of the ACA limits its application to any person who commits an infringement of the kind referred to in Article 86 (1) . The latter provision provides for a right to equitable remuneration to authors and certain other rightholders, not including database makers. For this reason, this provision has been amended in order to apply also to non-original databases. As a consequence, database makers may not only count on criminal sanctions, but also on an equitable remuneration for any unauthorised uses made of the database. A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Article 76 c (3) partly transposes this provision, by stating that VXL JHQHULV protection shall not be dependant on whether the database as such and the contents thereof are eligible for copyright protection or any other special form of protection . A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Pursuant to Article III of the Transposition Act, the same came into force on 1 January 1998. This provision has a retro-active effect, since the Act is dated 9 January 1998. Article II of the Transposition Act expressly refers to the Directive. $ &RPPLVVLRQ HPSRZHUPHQW

A.5.a Third country databases (Article 11.3) Article 99 c (3) specifies that databases shall be protected in accordance with international treaties and with agreements concluded by the Council of the European Community under Article 11 (3) of the Database Directive . % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions B.1.a.i Reprography The ACA does not provide for an exception for private use of non electronic databases.

28

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.1.a.ii Education and research 5HVHDUFK. This exception is transposed into the ACA by Article 40 h (1), cross referring to Article 42 (1). In summary, any person may make single copies of an electronic database for personal use, provided that such personal use is justified by purposes of scientific research, is not made for profit and the source is stated. Though the GHWRXU by the exception for personal use appears to be superfluous, the provision corresponds with the Directive, except that it is limited to electronic databases. (GXFDWLRQ. This exception is transposed into the ACA by Article 40 h (2), cross referring to Article 42 (3). In summary, schools and higher educational establishment may, provided that reproduction is not made for profit and the source is stated, make and distribute copies of database works for purposes of teaching or training, in the quantities required for a specific class or lecture (reproduction by schools for own use). Authorisation to make copies by schools for own use shall not apply to works which, by their nature and designation, are intended for teaching or training. This provision corresponds with the Directive, except it is limited to reproduction and distribution. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice Pursuant to Article 41 of the ACA, copyright shall not prevent the use of works as evidence in proceedings before courts or other authorities or for the purposes of administration of criminal justice and public safety . This provision corresponds with the Directive. B.1.a.iv Other exceptions Most notably is the exclusion from copyright of official works produced exclusively or mainly for official use (Article 7 (1) of the ACA). The Supreme Court has confirmed that this exclusion also applies to original databases15. The ACA contains a wide range of exceptions, which, except as completed by the provisions of Article 40 h (1) and (2), apply as such to database works16. Especially worth mentioning is Article 42 (4) of the ACA, providing for an exception with regard to collections of works: establishments which are open to the public and collect works may, for non-commercial purposes, make a single copy, lent and perform works for not more than 2 visitors at a time, and make single copies of works which have been made public (but are not published) or which are sold out. However, in most cases, it will not be possible to apply these exceptions to database works for mere practical reasons, as well as for reasons of wording (some exceptions are limited to certain categories of works). According to the Austrian legislator17, the exceptions of the ACA which, apart from Article 42 (4) mentioned above, are most likely to apply to database works are:
15 16

Supreme Court, 9 April 2002 (4Ob17/02g), commented LQIUD. As confirmed by the Austrian legislator, Explanatory Report, p. 7.
29

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 46 (2) exempting the inclusion in a work of essentially scientific nature, for purposes of elucidating the contents, of works of language of a scientific or didactic nature which consist of pictorial representations in 2 or 3 dimensions, after they have been published in the quantity justified by the purpose; Article 56 exempting the use of works on video or audio media, for demonstration purposes, in favour of commercial enterprises engaged in the manufacture, sale or maintenance of video or audio media or of appliances for making or playing them.

%

6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions B.2.a.i Reprography This exception has correctly been transposed by Article 76 d (3), item 1. The non commercial purpose appears from the requirement of a private use. B.2.a.ii Education and research This exception has correctly been transposed by Article 76 d (3), item 2 of the ACA. B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice This exception has been correctly transposed by Article 76 d (5) of the ACA, cross referring to Article 41. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions No other exceptions are provided. The Supreme Court has confirmed that the exclusion from copyright of official works produced exclusively or mainly for official use (Article 7 (1) of the ACA) does not apply to non-original databases18. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV The moral rights defined in Articles 19 to 21 of the ACA apply to database works. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases

17 18

Explanatory Report, p. 7. Supreme Court, 9 April 2002 (4Ob17/02g), commented LQIUD.

30

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 40 f (3) expressly renders Article 40 b of the ACA, regulating the use of employees computer programs, applicable to database works. As a result, if a database work is created by an employee in the performance of his employment duties, the employer shall enjoy an unlimited right of utilisation in the work unless agreed otherwise. The employer shall also be entitled to exercise the moral rights of mention of the name and protection of integrity of the work. The author s moral right to claim authorship for himself shall remain unaffected. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Nothing is provided in this respect. A.2.c Works of collection The regime for works of collection is set out by Article 6, 23 (2) and (4), 36 and 37 of the ACA. A.2.d Presumption of ownership Pursuant to Article 12 of the ACA, failing proof to the contrary, the person designated in the usual manner as the author on the copies of a work which has been published () shall be presumed to be the author, provided the designation gives his true name or a pseudonym known to be used by him () . $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV This issue is regulated by Article 40 f (3), expressly rendering Article 40 c, regulating the rights to use computer programs, applicable to database works. Pursuant to Article 27 of the ACA, the right to use may only be transferred with the consent of the author, which shall be presumed if the author does not refuse it within 2 months of receiving a written request thereto. Pursuant to Article 29 of the ACA, were the right to use a work is exercised in a manner causing prejudice to the author, the latter may rescind the contract prematurely. As a result of Article 40 f (3) and 40 c, these provisions do not apply to database works. In other words, rights to use database works may be transferred to others without the consent of the author, unless otherwise agreed with the author. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect.

31

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.1.b Collective investments The regime on joint authorship of Article 11 applies to non original databases by virtue of Article 76 d (5) of the ACA. B.1.c Presumption of ownership The presumption of ownership of Article 12 of the ACA applies to non original databases by virtue of Article 76 d (5) of the ACA. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV By cross reference in Article 76 d (5), the Articles 23 (2) and (4), 24, 25 (2), (3) and (5), 26, 27 (1) and (3), (2), (5), 31 (1), 32 (1), 33 (2) apply to non original databases. In consequence, the right to use a non original database may be transferred without the consent of the author, and the author has no right to rescind the contract in case the use prejudices his interests, as with original databases (see II.A.3 above).

32

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257

&

&$6( /$:

Four decisions by the Oberste Gerichtshof (Supreme Court) are worth mentioning in this Section. , 6XSUHPH &RXUW  1RYHPEHU  2ED

In this case, the defendant had commissioned the plaintiff to develop a model-database ('DWHQEDQNPRGHOO) for the geographical and thematic representation and consultation of various subjects. Upon delivery of the plaintiff s version of the database, the defendant adapted the database for various reasons, among others in order to render it compatible with the Linux operating system. The Supreme Court identified three questions in relation to these facts. Two questions relate to copyright protection: - first, it must be determined whether the plaintiff has developed a database or a computer program used in the making or operation of a database, in order to know which protection to apply, and - next, it must be determined whether the defendant has adapted the author s work or created a new work which does not infringe the author s adaptation right pursuant to Article 5 (2) of the ACA. One question relates to VXL JHQHULV protection: - if the database is protected by the VXL JHQHULV right, it must be determined whether the defendant s database may qualify as a new database within the meaning of Article 76 c (2) of the ACA (on this issue, see the subsequent ruling of Supreme court under C.III LQIUD). Unfortunately, the Supreme Court considered it did not have enough factual information to rule on these three questions, and dismissed the action of the plaintiff, on the grounds that he had not established any infringement. ,, 6XSUHPH &RXUW  -XO\  2E]

In this case, the plaintiff had developed a website for purposes of advertising the rental of houses in the Caribbean islands. The representatives of the defendants had co-financed and contributed to the creation of this website. When the defendants decided to stop the collaboration with the plaintiff, they used some of the materials developed by the plaintiff to develop their own websites. As regards the protection as an original database, the Supreme Court distinguished between the protection of a single webpage, and that of the entire website. A single webpage cannot be considered as a database under Article 40 f (2) of the ACA, because its elements (i.e. pictures, graphics, texts, etc.) cannot be considered as independent from each other. Several webpages though may, when they are linked to each other and systematically arranged, constitute an original database. The website in question was considered to fulfil these conditions, since its webpages were individually accessible, and the content of each page (each page advertised a particular house for rent) was independent from the content of the others.
33

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 As regards authorship, the Court decided that the plaintiff was to be considered as the author, or at least as a joint author, since he had done most of the work and taken the photographs presented on the website. The representatives of the defendants were possible joint authors of the website (the Court did not rule on this issue of fact, since these representatives were not a party to the case). But even then, joint authors [the representatives] are not authorised to transfer rights to third parties [the defendants] without the authorisation of other joint authors [the plaintiff] pursuant to Article 11 (2) of the ACA. Pursuant to Article 11 (1) though, each joint author [the plaintiff] may separately institute infringement proceedings. As a result, the Court condemned the defendants for infringement of the plaintiff s reproduction and distribution rights on its original database. ,,, 6XSUHPH &RXUW  1RYHPEHU  2EL

This is a classic case concerning protection of telephone directories by the former monopolist telecom operator. The plaintiff, which edits the Yellow Pages directories on Internet and on CD-Rom with authorisation of the former monopolist telecom operator, opposes its VXL JHQHULV rights to the defendant, which extracted data from these directories in order to edit a professional directory on the building sector on its website. Referring namely to recitals 38, 39 and 41 of the Directive, the Court confirmed that, even if this was criticised by some scholars, the European legislator s intention was to create a protection, which went beyond the copyright protection. The Court decided that there was a substantial investment, that the VXL JHQHULV could not only be opposed to competitors but to any customers of the plaintiff, that the defendant had extracted a substantial part of the directories, and had therefore infringed the plaintiff s reproduction, distribution and public communication rights. Referring to its ruling of 28 November 2000 (see above C.I), the Court clarified that, even if the defendant establishes the creation of a new database within the meaning of Article 76 c (2) of the ACA, such does not imply the creation of a new work (not infringing the adaptation right) under Article 5 (2) of the ACA. Since the data made available to the users of the defendant s website were quasi-identical with the plaintiff s data, the defendant could not claim the creation of such a new work . Additionally, the plaintiff asked injunctive relief against the presence, on another website of the defendant, of a hyperlink leading to the defendant s website containing the infringing content. Because the placing of such link enabled more infringements to occur against the database made available on the linked website, the defendant knowingly contributed to the distribution of the plaintiff s database contents, protected by the VXL JHQHULV right. As a result, injunctive relief was granted both against the offering of the database on the defendant s first website, as against the placing of the link on its second website. ,9 6XSUHPH &RXUW  $SULO  2EJ

19

Available at http://www.rechtsprobleme.at.
34

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 With this landmark decision, the Austrian Supreme Court pronounced itself on the conflict of interests between the protection of intellectual property and free competition, reconciling both with a compulsory licence. The plaintiff was the Austrian Republic, in its quality of owner of several national registers, such as the trade and land registers. Extracts from these registers were made available to the public upon payment of a fee. The defendant was a private company exploiting its own company register, equally available to the public upon payment. This register had been created independently from the national trade register. Upon the availability of the national trade register on line, the defendant s register was daily updated with data from the national register. The defendant did not purchase the data from the plaintiff, but acquired it at half the price via an intermediate company, which in turn acquired it at full price from the plaintiff. The plaintiff requested that the defendant be refrained from using data from the national register in order to update its own register. As a first defence, the defendant relied on Article 7 (1) of the ACA, excluding official works produced exclusively or mainly for official use, from copyright protection. The defendant claimed that, since Article 6 (2) (d) of the Directive allowed Member States to maintain their traditional exceptions to copyright, this possibility also had to be applied to VXL JHQHULV protection for various reasons (consistency between the two regimes; the list of VXL JHQHULV exceptions is not exhaustive, as confirmed by recital 52 on traditional exceptions to rights similar to the VXL JHQHULV right; access to public documents guaranteed by Article 13 of the Directive). Therefore, Article 7 (1) of the ACA not only excluded official works from copyright, but also from VXL JHQHULV protection. The Court first confirmed that the plaintiff s database was excluded from copyright protection. As regards VXL JHQHULV protection, the Court held that Article 9 of the Directive had to be interpreted restrictively, and that application of Article 7 (1) of the ACA by analogy to the VXL JHQHULV right was not justified. Since the use of insubstantial parts could not be prohibited (contrary to copyright), there was no need to exclude official works from VXL JHQHULV protection. The Court thus confirmed the plaintiff s VXL JHQHULV rights, as well as their infringement by the defendant. Basing its reasoning on recital 50 of the Directive (exceptions to the VXL JHQHULV right may not serve commercial purposes), the Court held that, since the defendant s repeated and systematic updates gave it an economic advantage, they had to be prohibited. With its second defence, the defendant claimed that plaintiff, as the sole provider of the relevant data would abuse its dominant position if it were to refuse to provide said data. The Court reminded that in the Magill case, the Court of Justice extended the application of the essential facilities doctrine from material property to intellectual property in the form of information, that in the IMS-case, the Commission had imposed a compulsory licence on an information structure, and that the German Bundesrat s definition of bottleneck situations (natural monopolies) was not limited to physical networks. The Court therefore held that, as regards essential facilities, there is no economic difference between material property, intellectual property and possession of information.
35

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 As a result, the Court held that, also under Austrian law, the refusal of a monopolistic database maker to allow another database maker to use data for purposes of updating its database, whereby the latter database would lose its economic value without such updates, or the refusal to allow such against payment of a reasonable compensation, constitutes an abuse of dominant position. The Court s order, combining both aspects, thus prohibited the defendant from using the plaintiff s data for updating purposes, as far as such data were not acquired against payment of a reasonable compensation benefiting the plaintiff. In other words, the Court imposed a compulsory licence upon the plaintiff, and, upon the defendant the obligation to pay the licence fee to the plaintiff, and no longer to an intermediate third party. It must be noted that this ruling concerns the interim proceedings, and that the case on the merits is still pending.

36

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257

37

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7+( ,03/(0(17$7,21 $1' $33/,&$7,21 2) ',5(&7,9( (& 21 7+( /(*$/ 3527(&7,21 2) '$7$%$6(6 678'< &2175$&7 (7'%( , ,03/(0(17$7,21 %(/*,80

38

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,QVWUXPHQW RI WUDQVSRVLWLRQ The Directive has been transposed into Belgian law by the Acts of 10 and 31 August 1998. The Act of 10 August 1998 concerns only judicial aspects ; the transposition as such has been carried out through the Act of 31 August 1998, hereafter 'DWDEDVH $FW . The Database Act applies the so-called distributive way of transposition: - Chapter III concerns the protection of databases by copyright and therefore contains the necessary modifications to the Act of 30 June 1994 on copyright and neighbouring rights, hereafter &RS\ULJKW $FW ; - Chapter II introduces the VXL JHQHULV protection for databases that has been expressly assimilated to the neighbouring rights (Article 33 of the Database Act; Article 3 of the Act of 10 August 1998)1, but not integrated into the Copyright Act. The Database Act as well as the Act of 10 August 1998 thus continue to exist alongside the Copyright Act. Both Acts entered into force on 14 November 1998 (Article 34 of the Database Act and Article 5 of the Act of 10 August 1998).

2.

6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV The Directive has been quite well transposed into Belgian law. The major failure is as follows : Article 6.3 of the Directive concerning the limits on the exception for lawful use of original databases has not been expressly transposed into the Belgian Copyright Act. Even if Article 2 of the Act of 25 March 1999 permits right holders of copyright to invoke Article 9 of the Berne Convention which contains a similar test, this Article is limited however to the reproduction right. This leaves authors of databases unprotected against the application of exceptions to their right of communication to the public, if such exceptions prejudice the legitimate interests of these authors.

Further minor differences include the following provisions : Article 1.1 of the Directive, saying that a database may be in any form , is expressly transposed only for the VXL JHQHULV protection (Article 3 of the

Only criticised by : F. HAVELANGE, Transposition de la Directive europenne relative la protection des bases de donnes, $XWHXUV 0HGLD, 1998, 25.
39

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Belgian Database Act). Yet Belgian literature considers that this provision applies to all databases, including those protected by copyright2; Article 1.3 of the Directive has undergone some variations in Belgian law, but, in our view, quite justifiably so. According to Article 3, alinea 3 of the Belgian Database Act, the VXL JHQHULV protection (only) of databases does not apply to computer programs as such , including those used in the making or operation of databases; Article 5 of the Directive containing the author s exclusive prerogatives on original databases is not expressly transposed into Belgian law. The Belgian legislator and legal authors considered it unnecessary because the prerogatives given to the author in Article 5 of the Directive correspond to those in Article 1 of the Copyright Act, which apply to all copyright subject matters, including original databases. The distribution right of authors is however not expressly mentioned in Article 1 of the Belgian Copyright Act (nor anywhere else in that Act), but Belgian literature and case law regard this distribution right as being part of the exclusive reproduction right of authors, expressly recognised in Article 1 of the Copyright Act. The same can be said about the exhaustion of the distribution right; Article 13 of the Directive has not been expressly transposed into Belgian law, subject to some particular aspects addressed in Article 10 and Article 3, alinea 2 of the Belgian Database Act.

It is worth nothing that: Article 20 ter of the Belgian Copyright Act includes a work-for-hire type provision, however limited to the non-cultural sector; Instead of, mentioning the maker of the database in accordance with Article 7.1 of the Directive, the Belgian Database Act mentions the producer of the database in its Article 2, 5; Article 2, 5 of the Belgian Database Act further provides a definition of the producer of a database, as being the physical or legal person who takes the initiative and assumes the risk for the investment at the origin of the database, according to recital 41 of the Directive; The Belgian Copyright Act provides authors with moral rights (Article 1) and lays down rules concerning the exploitation of their works (LQWHU DOLD Article 3), thus also applicable to authors of original databases; Contrary to the Directive, the lawful user has been defined in Article 20 quater, alinea 4 of the Belgian Copyright Act, as anyone who performs the acts authorised by the author or by law. The notion of lawful user has been defined in Article 2, 4 of the Belgian Database Act, in the same way as in Article 20 quater, alinea 4 of the Belgian Copyright Act.

As to the optional provisions, all optional exceptions to copyright and to the VXL JHQHULV right expressly mentioned in the Directive have been taken up in the Belgian legislation. Furthermore, some other exceptions are applied to original databases, in conformity with Article 6.2 (d) of the Directive. It can be noted that all exceptions are mandatory in Belgian law. Some of them are accompanied by a remuneration right for authors and producers of databases.
2

F. HAVELANGE, Transposition de la Directive europenne relative la protection des bases de donnes OF., 25.
40

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Finally, it can be noted that the remedies against infringement of copyright of original databases are the same as those against infringement of any other artistic or literary work protected by copyright (Articles 80-87 and Article 91 of the Copyright Act). Furthermore, almost the same remedies apply to infringement of the VXL JHQHULV protection of databases (Articles 13-17 and Article 33 of the Database Act).

41

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The definition of a database given in Article 1.2 of the Directive has been expressly and correctly transposed both in Article 20 bis, alinea 3 of the Copyright Act and Article 2, 1 of the Database Act. &DVH ODZ : The Court of Appeal of Brussels stated that an inventory of 530 open-air sculptures in the Brussels Region and the filing cards containing some identification data of these sculptures in a same pattern are arranged in a methodical way because all data collected on different places, were in a first phase ordered according to a selective number of criteria, such as the place, author, name, material and date3. In another case, relating to a combination of painting colours for interiors, the Court of Appeal in Brussels stated that even if every colour has its own name and number which permit the identification of the colour, the different colours are not individually accessible in the absence of a search system (e.g. a system with filing cards or a table of content) permitting to consult the alleged database and to access one of its colours without having to look through all of them4. The provision that a database may be in any form is expressly transposed only for the VXL JHQHULV protection of databases in Article 3 of the Database Act, but Belgian literature considers that this provision applies to all databases, including those protected by copyright5. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) Pursuant to Article 1.3 and recital 23 of the Directive, the Belgian legislator introduced Article 3, alinea 3 of the Database Act, stating that the VXL JHQHULV protection of databases does not apply to computer programs as such, including those used in the making or operation of databases. The exclusion in Belgian law seems, on the one hand, larger than it is in Article 1.3 of the Directive because it does not limit the exclusion to computer programs that are accessible by electronic means , but on the other hand, narrower than in Article 1.3 of the Directive because the exclusion applies only to computer programs as such and to the VXL JHQHULV protection of databases. According to certain Belgian writens, copyright could thus D FRQWUDULR be applied to

Court of Appeal of Brussels, 3 May 2000, ,5',, 2001, 35. Court of Appeal of Brussels, 7 December 2001, -/0% 2002, 873. 5 F. HAVELANGE, Transposition de la Directive europenne relative la protection des bases de donnes OF., 25.
42

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 computer programs that are designed as compilations6. This view of the scope of this exclusion in Belgian law seems correct, as the European legislator, with this exclusion, intended to preserve the protection of computer programs by copyright as set out in the Directive 91/250. The exclusions of recordings of audiovisual, cinematographic, literary or musical works as such or compilations of several recordings of musical performances on a CD, according to recitals 17 and 19 of the Directive, were not expressly transposed into Belgian law, but Belgian literature confirms these exclusions7. A.1.c Applications The application of the Directive to materials necessary for the operation or consultation of certain databases such as thesaurus and indexation systems, according to recital 20 of the Directive, has not been transposed expressly into Belgian law, but has been confirmed in Belgian literature8. The recognition that electronic databases within the meaning of Directive also include devices such as CD-rom and CD-I, according to recital 22 of the Directive, has not been transposed expressly into Belgian law, but has been confimed in Belgian literature9. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) Article 3.1 of the Directive has been expressly and correctly transposed in Article 20 bis, alinea 1 of the Copyright Act. &DVH ODZ10 : The Court of Appeal of Brussels stated that the inventory of 530 open-air sculptures in the Brussels Region and the corresponding filing cards had an original structure because of the applied selection and the author s own intellectual creation. The retained criteria made it indeed possible, in a non obvious way, to compare or distinguish the sculptures and to make other classifications of the sculptures in following phases11. The Court of Appeal of Antwerp stated that manual filing cards
A. STROWEL and E. DERCLAYE 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV PXOWLPpGLD Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2001, 313. 7 See LQWHU DOLD: A. STROWEL and E. DERCLAYE 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV PXOWLPpGLD o.c., 311. 8 See LQWHU DOLD: A. STROWEL and E. DERCLAYE 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV PXOWLPpGLD o.c., 312. 9 See LQWHU DOLD : A. STROWEL and E. DERCLAYE 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV PXOWLPpGLD o.c., 311. 10 See also a landmark Belgian case prior to the Directive : Cass., 25 October 1989, 3DV., 1990, I, 239 (in accordance with the definition of originality given by the Directive). 11 Brussels, 3 May 2000, ,5',, 2001, 35.
6

43

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 containing some data that every specialist could collect if he invested time and energy in searching them and that are arranged in chronological order, is not an original database12. That no other (aesthetic or qualitative) criteria are allowed according to Article 3.1 and recital 16 of the Directive, has not been transposed expressly into Belgian law, but Belgian literature confirms the application of this general rule of Belgian copyright law to original databases13. A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Article 3.2 of the Directive has expressly been transposed in Article 20 bis, alinea 2 of the Copyright Act (and more particularly in the first part of the sentence). &DVH ODZ : The Supreme Court stated that copyright protection only applies to the inventory of 530 sculptures and the corresponding filing cards and not to the factual contents of the database14. The exclusion of compilations of several recordings of musical performances on a CD, according to recital 19 of the Directive, is not expressly transposed into Belgian law, but Belgian literature confirms this exclusion15. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2 Article 3.2 of the Directive has been expressly transposed in Article 20 bis, alinea 2 of the Copyright Act (and more particularly in the second part of the sentence). A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) According to Belgian copyright law, the author shall be the natural person who created the database (Article 6, alinea 1 of the Copyright Act). In the case of a creation by a group of natural persons, exclusive rights shall be owned jointly (Articles 4 and 5 of the Copyright Act). Others general rules of Belgian copyright law concerning authorship may of course apply to original databases16.

Antwerp, 2 June 1997, ,5',, 1998, 33. H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, 5: 1999-2000, 1012. See also prior to the Directive: Cass., 25 October 1989, OF 14 Cass., 11 May 2001, $XWHXUV 0HGLD, 2001, 356. 15 See LQWHU DOLD: A. STROWEL and E. DERCLAYE 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV PXOWLPpGLD o.c., 311. 16 F. HAVELANGE, Transposition de la Directive europenne relative la protection des bases de donnes, OF., 28.
12 13

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) The author s prerogatives are not expressly transposed into Belgian law. Belgian literature and doctrine considered it unnecessary because the prerogatives given to the author in Article 5 of the Directive correspond to those in Article 1 of the Copyright Act, which apply to all copyright subject matters, including on original databases17. A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5 (a)) The exclusive reproduction right for the author of original databases provided in Article 5 (a) of the Directive, corresponds to the exclusive reproduction right for authors of literary and artistic works laid down in Article 1, 1 alinea 1 of the Copyright Act18. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5 (b) and (e)) The exclusive adaptation right for the author of original databases provided in Article 5 (b) of the Directive, corresponds to the exclusive adaptation right for authors of literary and artistic works laid down in Article 1, 1 alinea 2 of the Copyright Act. Article 5 (e) of the Directive has not expressly been transposed into the Belgian law, but can be considered as the application of a general rule of Belgian copyright law. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5 (c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right (Article 5 (c)) The exclusive distribution right of authors of artistic and literary works is not expressly and separately mentioned in the Copyright Act, but Belgian literature and Belgian case-law consider that this exclusive distribution right is included in the exclusive reproduction right, enshrined in Article 1 1 alinea 1 of the Copyright Act (and completed by Article 1 1 alinea 3 concerning the rental and lending right see further under A 2 c v)19. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 5 (c)) The European exhaustion rule is not expressly transposed into Belgian Copyright Act, but Belgian literature considers it to be applicable in Belgian
F. HAVELANGE, Transposition de la Directive europenne relative la protection des bases de donnes, OF., 28; H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken OF , 1014; P. GOETHALS, Rechtsbescherming van databanken. Commentaar op de wet van 31 augustus 1989, in : 5HFHQWH RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ LQ LQIRUPDWLFD HQ WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLHUHFKW, Die Keure, Brugge, 2000, J. Dumortier (ed.), 112; F. DE VISSCHER and B. MICHAUX, 3UpFLV GX GURLW GDXWHXU HW GHV GURLWV YRLVLQV, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2000, 240. 18 As to the partial reproduction confirmed by : Court of Appeal of Brussels, 3 May 2000, OF 38; Cass., 11 May 2001 OF., 356. 19 F. DE VISSCHER and B. MICHAUX, 3UpFLV GX GURLW GDXWHXU HW GHV GURLWV YRLVLQV, o.c., 240-241.
17

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 law, as well as the exclusion of the exhaustion rule as regards on-line databases according to recital 32 of the Directive20. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5 (d)) The exclusive communication right for the author of original databases provided in Article 5 (d) of the Directive, corresponds to the exclusive communication right for authors of literary and artistic works laid down in Article 1, 1 alinea 4 of the Copyright Act. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2 (b)) The exclusive rental and lending rights laid down in Article 1, 1 alinea 3 of the Copyright Act also applies to original databases. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Article 6.1 and 15) The exception of Article 6.1 of the Directive has been expressly and correctly transposed in Article 20 quater of the Copyright Act. Contrary to the Directive, the lawful user has been defined in Article 20 quarter, alinea 4 of the Belgian Copyright Act, as anyone who performs the acts authorised by the author or by law. Belgian literature considers that this authorisation can result from the legal description of the author s prerogatives as well as the exceptions to these prerogatives (e.g. the person who possesses a copy of the database after a private sale between individuals or a public lending)21. Pursuant to Article 15 of the Directive, Article 20 quater stipulates that any contractual provision contrary to this exception shall be null and void (Article 20 quater alinea 3). A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) Article 6.3 of the Directive has not been expressly transposed into the Belgian Copyright Act, but the Act of 25 March 1999, Article 2 permits copyright rightholders to invoke any provision of the Berne Convention which is more favourable to them than the Belgian Copyright Act, for instance Article 9 of the Berne Convention. Article 9 of the Berne Convention is limited though to the reproduction right. The failure to transpose Article 6.3 of the Directive into Belgian law could leave authors of original databases without protection against some exceptions to their right to communication to the public. (Even though Article 6.3 of the Directive expressly
F. DE VISSCHER and B. MICHAUX, 3UpFLV GX GURLW GDXWHXU HW GHV GURLWV YRLVLQV, o.c., 241. H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF 1014; P. GOETHALS, Rechtsbescherming van databanken. Commentaar op de wet van 31 augustus 1989 OF., 113.
20 21

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 refers to the Berne Convention - which makes it uncertain that it also applies to the right of communication to the public -, the general wording of Article 6 of the Directive seems to allow a broad application of this principle.) A.2.e Term (Article 2 (c)) The general rules concerning the term of protection of copyright as provided in Article 2 of the Copyright Act, apply to original databases22. A.2.f Application over time (Article 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Article 14.1 of the Directive has been expressly transposed into Article 88 1, alinea 2 of the Belgian Copyright Act, but another date has been retained: instead of 1 January 1998, the Belgian Copyright Act mentions the date of entry into force of Article 20 bis of the Copyright Act LH 14 November 1998. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases Not applicable in Belgium. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 of the Directive has been expressly transposed into Belgian Law, namely in Article 34 of the Database Act (applicable to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV protections), corresponding to the general Article 88 3 of the Belgian Copyright Act. Here too, the Belgian law takes -logically- another time limit than the Directive, namely the same as in Article 88, 1 of the Copyright Act i.e. the date of entry into force of the Database Act instead of 1 January 1998. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for sui generis protection (Article 7.1) $DL 0DQGDWRU\ FULWHULD (Article 7.1) Article 3 alinea 1 expressly transposes the mandatory criteria for sui generis protection as set out in Article 7.1 of the Directive.
See LQWHU DOLD  M. BUYDENS, Le projet de loi transposant en droit belge la directive europenne du 11 mars 1996 concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes, $XWHXUV 0HGLD, 1997, 344.
22

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A Belgian author raised the question whether this investment must be appreciated LQ DEVWUDFWR or LQ FRQFUHWR, LH taking into account the means available to the database maker23. Another Belgian author answered this question in favour of a uniform appreciation of this criterion24, thus in favour of an apprecation LQ DEVWUDFWR. &DVH ODZ : The President of the District Court of Brussels stated that having two employees working since 1989 almost on a full-time basis on the database, making the inventory of data concerning 146 (in 1991) up to 187 (in 1998) associations collected by using several means (such as the 0RQLWHXU EHOJH, the press, the associations themselves, ), establishing questionnaires and sending them to collect these data and to keep them up-to-date, amounted to a substantial investment and gives rise to the VXL JHQHULV protection of the database25. In another case, relating to an internet site containing the programs of all cinemas in Belgium, the President of the District Court of Brussels26 made clear that the substantial investment must be related to the elaboration of the database (and not to the designing and management of the website). The investment consisted in the elaboration of a procedure to collect the required data on a weekly basis, the development or acquisition of the necessary software and the weekly residual work of manual verification and data input, as well as the proactive management to cover the whole Belgian territory. The investment had to be substantial, the President stated, because the defendant had accepted to pay 30.000,- BEF/month to benefit from this product. The fact that a major part of the investment does not exist anymore and that there is only a minor residual investment left, is immaterial in that respect. A.3.a.ii Exclusions That this right does not constitute an extension of copyright protection to mere facts or data, according to recital 45 of the Directive, has not been expressly transposed into Belgian law. However this does not seem to raise any problem27. The exclusion of compilations of several recordings of musical performances on a CD, according to recital 19 of the Directive, was not expressly transposed into Belgian law, but Belgian literature confirms this exclusion28. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Instead of mentioning the maker of the database, the Belgian Database Act mentions the producer of the database.
23

M. BUYDENS, Le projet de loi transposant en droit belge la directive europenne du 11 mars 1996 concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes, OF., 347. 24 A. STROWEL and E. DERCLAYE 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV PXOWLPpGLD o.c., 315. 25 Pres. Tb. Brussels, 16 March 1999, -7, 1999, 305. 26 Pres. Tb. Brussels, 18 January 2001, 5HYXH 8ELTXLWp, 2002, 95. 27 See e.g.: Pres. Tb. Brussels, 18 January 2001, OF. 28 See LQWHU DOLD: A. STROWEL and E. DERCLAYE 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV PXOWLPpGLD o.c., 311.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 2, 5 of the Database Act provides a definition of the producer of a database, as being the physical or legal person who takes the initiative and assumes the risk of investing, according to recital 41 of the Directive. A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 5 of the Database Act transposes Article 7 of the Directive. A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) Article 12, alinea 1 of the Database Act expressly transposes Article 11.1 of the Directive and Article 12, alinea 2 of the Database Act expressly transposes Article 11.2 of the Directive. Unlike the Directive, the Database Act does not provide that the VXL JHQHULV protection applies to the maker or right holder who fulfils these criteria. This difference does not have to be problematic since Belgian law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) The Database Act expressly transposes Article 7.2 of the Directive in Article 4, alinea 1 and vests data base producers with some exclusive rights. According to Article 7.2 of the Directive, the producer s prerogatives do not include public lending, as is expressly stipulated in Article 2, 2 and 3 LQ ILQH of the Database Act. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2 (a)) According to Article 4, alinea 1 of the Database Act the producer has the exclusive right to authorise the extraction of a substantial part of the content of the database. The new term of extraction is defined in Article 2, 2 in accordance with Article 7.2 (a) of the Directive. The specification in Article 7.2 (a) of the Directive that the substantial part has to be evaluated either qualitatively or quantitatively is not expressly taken up in the definition in Article 2, 2 of the Database Act, but is taken up in Article 4, alinea 1 of the Database Act conferring the exclusive extraction right. &DVH ODZ : The President of the District Court of Brussels stated that, even if some data of the original database were deleted, the use of the same categories and subcategories for the classification of the collected data, the same way of classification, the same addresses and contact persons (with the same typographical errors!) proves the extraction of a quantitatively substantial part of the database29.

29

Pres. Tb. Brussels, 16 March 1999, -7, 1999, 305.

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2 (b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b)) Article 4, alinea 1 of the Database Act recognises the exclusive right of reutilisation of the producers of the database. The new term of re-utilisation is defined in Article 2, 3 of the Database Act, in accordance with Article 7.2 (b) of the Directive. Here too, the specification in Article 7.2 (b) of the Directive that this substantial part has to be evaluated either qualitatively or quantitatively, is not expressly taken up in the definition in Article 2, 3 of the Database Act, but it is taken up in Article 4, alinea 1 of the Database Act conferring the exclusive re-utilisation-right. A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 7.2 (b)) Article 4, alinea 3 of the Database Act transposes expressly and correctly Article 7.2 (b) of the Directive. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 4, alinea 2 of the Database Act is the express and correct transposition of Article 7.5 of the Directive. &DVH /DZ The President of the District Court of Brussels once considered that the extraction of insubstantial parts of the contents of the database on a weekly basis is a repeated and systematic extract in the sense of Article 4, alinea 2 of the Database Act. The examination of the proviso of article 4, alinea 2 (namely that these acts must conflict with a normal exploitation of the database or unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the producer of the database) has been (partly) done by the President30. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Article 7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the database Article 7.4) Article 3, alinea 2 of the Database Act confirms the application of the VXL JHQHULV protection irrespective of any other form of protection of the databases (FIU. Article 7.4 of the Directive).

30

Pres. Tb. Brussels, 18 January 2001, OF (with some critical observation of S. DUSSOLIER on this issue).
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Article 7.4) The same Article 3, alinea 2 of the Database Act confirms that the VXL JHQHULV protection shall apply irrespective of the possible protection of the content of the database. A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Article 7.4) The same Article 3, alinea 2 of the Database Act confirms that the VXL JHQHULV protection shall not prejudice the rights existing on the contents, according to Article 7.4 of the Directive. A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Article 8.1 and 15) Article 8.1 of the Directive has been expressly transposed in Article 8 of the Database Act. The concept of lawful user has also been defined in Article 2, 4 of the Database Act, in accordance to Article 20 quater, alinea 4 of the Copyright Act. Pursuant to Article 15 of the Directive, Article 11 of the Database Act stipulates that any contractual provision contrary to this exception shall be null and void. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 9 of the Database Act transposes expressly and correctly Article 8.2 of the Directive. Article 9 is mandatory (Article 11 of the Database Act). A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Articles 8.3) Article 10 of the Database Act transposes expressly and correctly Article 8.3 of the Directive (see also Article 3, alinea 2 of the Database Act). Article 10 is mandatory (Article 11 of the Database Act). A.3.h Term of protection (Article 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 6, alinea 1 of the Database Act expressly transposes Article 10.1 of the Directive Article 6, alinea 4 of the Database Act expressly transposes recital 53 of the

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Directive concerning the burden of proof regarding the date of completion of the database. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 6, alinea 2 of the Database Act transposes Article 10.2 of the Directive. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 6, alinea 3 of the Database Act transposes Article 10.3 of the Directive Article 6, alinea 4 of the Database Act expressly transposes recital 54 of the Directive concerning the burden of proof regarding the substantial change to the content of the database. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 & 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.3 & 14.5) Article 18, alinea 1 of the Database Act transposes Article 14.3 of the Directive, though this time applying the same time limit as the Directive, only formulated differently as completed after 31 December 1982 (cfr. Article 88, 1, alinea 2 of the Copyright Act). Article 18, alinea 2 of the Database Act does the same with Article 14.5 of the Directive. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 34 of the Database Act transposes Article 14.4 of the Directive. The date mentioned in the Directive (1 January 1998) has been changed into the date of entry into force of the Database Act, namely 14 November 1998. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) As for the copyright protection of databases, the remedies against infringement of any other artistic or literary work protected by copyright, such as : penal sanctions (fine, imprisonment ) and civil sanctions (injunction, publication of the judgement, ) (Article 80-87 of the Copyright Act). In addition, the descriptive seizure procedure, provided in the Judicial Code, also applies to original databases (Article 91 of the Copyright Act). As for the VXL JHQHULV protection of databases, the remedies are almost the same as those against infringement of copyright protected works (Article 13-17 and Article 33
52

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 of the Database Act). It must be pointed out, however, that for a database protected by a VXL JHQHULV right, the injunction can apparently only be asked by the producer of the database. Indeed, Article 87, 1, alinea 5 of the Copyright Act provides that the injunction can be asked by any interested party, collecting society or professional organisation, but this specification has not been repeated in Article 2 of the Act of 10 August 1998, applicable to the databases protected by the VXL JHQHULV regime31. A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Article 13 of the Directive has not been expressly transposed into Belgian law, but Article 10 and Article 3, alinea 2 of the Database Act which confirm some aspects of this Article 13 of the Directive, can be mentioned. This lack of transposition does not seem to provoke any problem. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Pursuant to Article 34 of the Database Act, this Act came into force on 14 November 1988, both the modifications to the Copyright Act and the autonomous Articles of the Database Act. Pursuant to Article 5 of the Act of 10 August 1998 the additions and modifications of the Judicial Code came into force on the same date, namely 14 November 1998. $ &RPPLVVLRQ HPSRZHUPHQW

A.5.a Third country databases (Article 11.3) Article 12 alinea 3 of the Database Act transposes expressly Article 11.3 of the Directive. % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) All exceptions to exploitation rights in Belgian law are mandatory (Article 23 bis of the Copyright Act). B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a))

31

F. DE VISSCHER and B. MICHAUX, 3UpFLV GX GURLW GDXWHXU HW GHV GURLWV YRLVLQV, o.c., 251-252.
53

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 22 bis, 1, 1 of the Copyright Act stipulates that the author cannot prevent the reproduction of databases if the following conditions are fulfilled : - the database is fixed on a graphic or analogue carrier ; - the database has been legally disclosed ; - the reproduction is solely intended for private use ( private use covers as well professional use as well as internal use of a legal person 32) ; - the reproduction does not prejudice the normal exploitation33 of the database. To compensate this loss of the exclusive right, the Belgian legislator recognizes a right of remuneration for the authors of databases, according to the following rules : - the remuneration is dual : a lump-sum remuneration on the devices (to be paid by the producers or importers) and a remuneration in accordance with the number of reproduced protected works ; - the remuneration is determined by Royal Decree 34 ; - the remuneration has to be collected by a so-called representative collecting society of all the rightholders concerned 35; - the remuneration must be divided in two similar parts : 50 % for authors and 50 % for publishers (Articles 59 61 of the Copyright Act)36. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) This optional exception has been transposed into Belgian law through three different provisions, namely : - Article 22 bis, 1, 2 concerning the reproduction right as applied to the database fixed on a graphic or analogue carrier ; - Article 22 bis, 1, 3 concerning the reproduction right as applied to the database not fixed on a graphic or analogue carrier ; - Article 22 bis, 1, 4 concerning the communication right. Article 22 bis, 1, 2 of the Copyright Act stipulates that the author cannot prevent the reproduction of databases if the following conditions are fulfilled : - the database is fixed on a graphic or analogue carrier ; - the database has been legally disclosed ; - the reproduction is intended as an illustration for education or for scientific research ; - the reproduction is justified by its non-profit objectives ; - the reproduction does not prejudice the normal exploitation37 of the database.

M. BUYDENS, Le projet de loi transposant en droit belge la directive europenne du 11 mars 1996 concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes, OF., 343. 33 In the broad sense (e.g. exploitation by electronic transmission) : H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1015. 34 Royal Decree of 30 October 1998. 35 Royal Decree of 15 October 1998 : the representative collecting society is Reprobel. 36 Without prejudice to international conventions, this right of remuneration is submitted to reciprocity (article 79, alinea 4 of the Copyright Act). 37 In the broad sense (e.g. exploitation by electronic transmission) : H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1015.
54

32

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 In that case, the name of the author and the name of the database must be mentioned (Article 22 bis, 2 of the Copyright Act). To compensate this loss of the exclusive right, the Belgian legislator recognizes a right of remuneration for the authors of databases, according to the same rules as for the reprography of the database (Articles 59 61 of the Copyright Act, see above). Article 22 bis, 1, 3 of the Copyright Act stipulates that the author cannot prevent the reproduction of databases if the following conditions are fulfilled : - the database is fixed on another carrier than a graphic or analogue one (e.g. in case of an electronic database) ; - the database has been legally disclosed ; - the reproduction is intended as an illustration for education or for scientific research ; - the reproduction is justified by its non-profit objectives ; - the reproduction does not prejudice the normal exploitation38 of the database. In that case, the name of the author and the name of the database must be mentioned (Article 22 bis, 2 of the Copyright Act). To compensate this loss of the exclusive right, the Belgian legislator recognises a new right of remuneration for the authors of databases, according to the following rules : - the remuneration is proportional ; - the remuneration must be negotiated by the interested parties; in case no agreement can be reached one year after the entry into force of the Act (14 November 1999, as was the case), the interested parties can ask the government to set up a Committee whose task will be to determine the rules concerning the collection of this remuneration ; - the government can appoint one or more so-called representative collecting societies for the rightholders concerned; - no distribution formula between authors and publishers (including the producers of databases39) has been determined in the Act; - the right to an equitable remuneration for the author cannot be transferred (Article 61 bis quarter of the Copyright Act) 40. Article 22 bis, 1, 4 of the Copyright Act stipulates that the author cannot prevent the communication of databases if the following conditions are fulfilled : - the database has been legally disclosed ; - the communication is intended as an illustration for education or for scientific research ; - the communication is done by institutions the legislator recognised or created for these reasons ;
In the broad sense (e.g. exploitation by electronic transmission) : H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1015. 39 H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1016. 40 Without prejudice to international conventions, this right of remuneration is subject to reciprocity (article 79, alinea 4 of the Copyright Act).
55
38

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 the communication is justified by its non-profit objectives ; the communication occurs in the frame of the normal activities of these institutions ; the communication does not prejudice the normal exploitation41 of the database42.

In that case, the name of the author and the name of the database must be mentioned (Article 22 bis, 2 of the Copyright Act). To compensate this loss of the exclusive right, the Belgian legislator recognizes a right of remuneration for the authors of databases (Article 61 bis - quater of the Copyright Act, see above). B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Article 22 bis, 1, 5 of the Copyright Act stipulates that the author cannot prevent the reproduction or communication of databases if the following conditions are fulfilled : - the database has been legally disclosed ; - these acts are accomplished to preserve the public security OR to be used in an administrative or judicial procedure ; - these acts do not prejudice the normal exploitation43 of the database44. B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) Article 22 bis of the Copyright Act, which is specifically applicable to databases, stipulates on the one hand that the exceptions included in this Article derogate from Article 22, but expressly states on the other hand that the exceptions set out in Article 22, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 are PXWDWLV PXWDQGLV applicable to databases. It follows that the other exceptions set out in Article 22 of the Copyright Act can not be invoked against the copyright protection of databases, unless of course, a similar exception has been expressly provided for in Article 22 bis. Article 22, 1, 1 of the Copyright Act concerns the reproduction and communication for press reporting on actual topics.

In the broad sense (e.g. exploitation by electronic transmission) : H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1015. 42 E.g. the exception can be applied to internal closed circuits that take over from several teaching or research institutions, but stops when applied to a database for which the sector of teaching or scientific research is the principal user, because this would prejudice the normal exploitation of the database (H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1016). 43 In the broad sense (e.g. exploitation by electronic transmission) : H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1015. 44 E.g. the exception can be applied to internal closed circuits that take over from several teaching or research institutions, but stops when applied to a database for which the sector of teaching or scientific research is the principal user, because this would prejudice the normal exploitation of the database (H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1016).
56

41

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 22, 1, 2 of the Copyright Act concerns the reproduction and communication of works standing in places accessible for public, if the object of the reproduction or communication is not the work itself. Article 22, 1, 3 of the Copyright Act concerns the private communication within the family circle free of charge. Article 22, 1, 6 of the Copyright Act concerns the parody, pastiche and caricature. Article 22, 1, 7 of the Copyright Act concerns the communication of a work during a public examination for free when the objective is not the performance of that work, but the evaluation of the performer. Article 21 and 23 of the Copyright Act also contain exceptions to copyright protection who apparently can be invoked against the protection of databases, as Article 22 bis did not provide for any derogation from these Articles45. Article 21 concerns the exception for short quotations for critical, polemical, educational or scientific purposes. Article 23 concerns the exception for public lending. All these exceptions only apply if the database has been legally disclosed. Other legal conditions of applications, which are not mentioned expressly here limit the application of these exceptions to copyright. The application of all these exceptions does not seem to conflict with the Directive. % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) All exceptions to VXL JHQHULV rights in Belgian law are mandatory (Article 11 of the Database Act). B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) Article 7, 1 of the Database Act expressly transposes the wording of Article 9 (a) of the Directive, but does not go any further.

45

H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1017.

57

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257

B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) Article 7, 2 of the Database Act expressly transposes the wording of Article 9 (b) of the Directive, but does not go any further. Article 7, in fine of the Database Act stipulates, according to Article 9 (b) of the Directive, that the name of the producer and the title of the database must be mentioned. B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Article 7, 3 of the Database Act expressly transposes the wording of Article 9 (b) of the Directive, but does not go any further. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions The Belgian Database Act does not provide for any other exception. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV As the Directive does not harmonise moral rights on databases, general rules of Belgian copyright law will continue to apply, including to original databases46. Moral rights for authors comprise : the right of disclosure, the paternity right and the right to integrity (Article 1). $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases With Article 20 ter of the Copyright Act, Belgian copyright law includes a new workfor-hire -type provision to regulate the matter of the databases created by employees. Article 20 ter of the Copyright Act states that, unless otherwise provided by contract, if a database is created by an employee in the execution of his duties or following the instructions given by his employer, the economic right in the database are presumed to have been transferred to the employer, though only concerning databases created in the non cultural sector. It goes without saying that this latter condition does not provide a clear indication as to the scope of application of this presumption of transfer,
P. GOETHALS, Rechtsbescherming van databanken. Commentaar op de wet van 31 augustus DE VISSCHER and B. MICHAUX, 3UpFLV GX GURLW GDXWHXU HW GHV GURLWV YRLVLQV, o.c., 241.
58
46

1989 OF 117; F.

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 as is reflected in Belgian literature47. This provision also applies to employees in the public sector. Collective arrangements can determine the scope and modalities of these presumptions of transfer. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Not applicable in Belgium. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Not applicable in Belgium. A.3 Contractual modalities As regards databases protected by copyright, general rules of Belgian copyright law concerning authorship may of course apply to original databases48. Thus, in case of contracts concluded by authors concerning their proprietary rights on the original database, Article 3 of the Copyright Act will apply, unless of course another specific legal provision would apply (see Article 20 ter of the Copyright Act). Moral rights are not transferable (Article 1, 2 of the Copyright Act). $ 2WKHUV The same can be said of the so-called destination right , recognised by case law49, and thus applicable to original databases. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect.

F. DE VISSCHER and B. MICHAUX, 3UpFLV GX GURLW GDXWHXU HW GHV GURLWV YRLVLQV, o.c., 239; A. STROWEL and E. DERCLAYE 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV PXOWLPpGLD, o.c., 307. 48 F. HAVELANGE, Transposition de la Directive europenne relative la protection des bases de donnes, OF., 28. 49 F. DE VISSCHER and B. MICHAUX, 3UpFLV GX GURLW GDXWHXU HW GHV GURLWV YRLVLQV, o.c., 83-84.
47

59

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257

B.1.b Collective investments Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Nothing is provided in this respect. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV No special rules concerning the contracts concluded by producers of databases concerning their VXL JHQHULV right are provided ; the relevant copyright rules do not apply PXWDWLV PXWDQGLV to the VXL JHQHULV protection50.

H. VANHEES, De juridische bescherming van databanken, OF,1009; F. DE VISSCHER and B. Michaux, 3UpFLV GX GURLW GDXWHXU HW GHV GURLWV YRLVLQV, o.c., 247.
50

60

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 & &$6(/$:

The only case that gave rise to a decision by the Supreme Court of Belgium since the entry into force of the transposition of the Directive into Belgian Law, concerns an off-line inventory of 530 open-air sculptures in the Brussels Region and its corresponding filing cards. All data were collected and arranged in a methodical way according to a selective number of criteria, such as the place, author, name, material and date, etc. This inventory and its filing cards were held to be a database with an original structure, protected by copyright. The Belgian Supreme Court pointed out that this protection did not cover the factual data, but only the structure of the database. Reproducing the selected criteria, even partly (i.e. only five), is a reproduction of the structure of the database which requires the authorisation of the author or its successors in title.

61

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7+( ,03/(0(17$7,21 $1' $33/,&$7,21 2) ',5(&7,9( (& 21 7+( /(*$/ 3527(&7,21 2) '$7$%$6(6 678'< &2175$&7 (7'%( , ,03/(0(17$7,21 *(50$1<

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The Directive has been transposed into the German Copyright Act (8UKHEHUUHFKWVJHVHW] hereafter GCA ) by Article 7 of the Information and Communication Services Act of 30 June 1997 (,QIRUPDWLRQV XQG .RPPXQLNDWLRQVGLHQVWH*H]HW] also ,X.'*. The provisions on copyright have been transposed by addition or amendment of Articles 4, 23 2nd sentence, 53 subsection 5, 55 (a), 63 subsection 1, 108 subsection 8, 119 subsection 3, 127 (a) and 137 (g). The provisions on VXL JHQHULV protection have been transposed by addition in Part II (Neighbouring Rights) of the Copyright Act, of a new Chapter VI on the Protection of Makers of Databases (new Articles 87 (a) to 87 (e)). Pursuant to Article 9 of the IuKDG, the amendments to the GCA came into force on 1 January 1998.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

By departing from the wording of the Directive in general, and on some important aspects in particular (no use of the terms extraction or re-utilization ), by omitting to expressly address some important issues (temporary reproductions, on line transmissions), and by favouring German nationals, the German implementation falls short of a satisfactory transposition of the Directive. Furthermore, Germany has maintained its regime for protection of works of collection (6DPPHOZHUNH thereby creating three different regimes for the protection of collections (as in Austria). In Germany (unlike Austria), this affects the rights on the contents in a manner contrary to the Directive. The major failures to transpose comprise the following : The reproduction right (both as regards copyright and VXL JHQHULV protection) does not expressly include temporary reproductions; Exhaustion (both as regards copyright and VXL JHQHULV protection) is not limited to the right to control the resale but to any acts of distribution, with the exception of rental (and thus wrongly including lending); The public communication right (both as regards copyright and VXL JHQHULV protection) does not expressly include on-line transmissions; Article 6.3 of the Directive (normal exploitation and legitimate interests) was not transposed; The obligation for legal persons to have a genuine link with Germany in order to benefit from VXL JHQHULV protection is not imposed upon legal persons with a registered office in Germany;
64

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The VXL JHQHULV right includes the lending right; Article 8.2 of the Directive (normal exploitation and legitimate interests) was not transposed as regards the optional exceptions.

Further minor failures to transpose include : Computer programs used in the making or operation of electronic databases are not expressly excluded from VXL JHQHULV protection; Article 34 subsection 2 and Article 38 of the GCA affects the rights on the contents of a database in a manner contrary to Article 3.2, end of sentence, of the Directive; A lawful user could perform the exempted acts for the benefit of a third party; Only the provision on the lawful use exception (both as regards copyright and VXL JHQHULV protection) will not affect contracts concluded prior to 1 January 1998; For non German natural persons, the GCA does not provide that VXL JHQHULV protection must be available to makers or rightholders who have their habitual residence in the territory of the Community; As regards copyright, the scientific use of non electronic databases for commercial purposes is not prohibited; The exception for teaching is not limited to LOOXVWUDWLRQ for teaching, The non-commercial purpose of the exception for use of non-original databases in judicial and administrative procedures is not expressly stated.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The German situation as regards the definition of a database is a somewhat confused one. Indeed, the German legislator wanted to preserve the specific protection that the GCA offered to works of collection (SDPPHOZHUNH). Specific provisions apply to these works of collection, namely Articles 34 subsection 2 (transfer of rights on the individual works) and 38 (presumption, in favour of the publisher, of a one year exclusivity as regards periodical selections, and of a non-exclusivity as regards contributions to newspapers) of the Copyright Act, and Articles 41 and 43 to 46 of the Act on the Rights of Editors (9HUODJVUHFKWVJHVHW]). As a consequence, the GCA contains three regimes on the protection of collections, namely: the above mentioned regime on the protection of works of collection (6DPPHOZHUNH), the copyright protection of database works ('DWHQEDQNZHUNH), and the VXL JHQHULV protection of non-original databases ('DWHQEDQNHQ As appears from the wording of Article 4 of the GCA1 ( database shall mean a collection ), original databases constitute a subcategory of works of collection. In other words, the German system allows for a legal protection of works of collection which do not meet the criteria for copyright or VXL JHQHULV protection2. For example, an art exposition3, television programs4 and radio programs5 may be protected as works of collection under German copyright law, although they cannot benefit from copyright or VXL JHQHULV protection as a database. The classification of database works as a subcategory of works of collection enabled the German legislator to limit the amendments to the Copyright Act to a minimum6. According to Gaster7, although the subsistence of a specific regime of protection of works of collection independently from the copyright and VXL JHQHULV regime of protection of databases is not contrary to the Directive, such approach is subject to criticism and may cause editorial difficulties. According to the same, but more
Confirmed by Schricker, 8UKHEHUUHFKW, Kommentar, 2.Auflage, Beck, Mnchen, 1999, p.147. Except when indicated otherwise, all references to Schricker in the present chapter shall refer hereto. 2 Schricker, p. 1316, n 7. 3 Schricker, p. 150, n10. 4 Excluded from the scope of the protection of the database by recital 17. 5 Both cited as examples by Schricker, p.152, n14. 6 Schricker, p. 158, n 29. 7 Gaster, J., Zur anstehenden Umsetzung der EG-Datenbankrichtlinie (II) , &5, 1997, p. 720.
1

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 recently, such approach is a mistake8 and works of collection should not be a subdivision of databases, but rather the opposite9. The GCA does not propose a common definition of a database as in Article 1.2 of the Directive, but only proposes definitions for original ('DWDEDQNHQZHUN) and nonoriginal databases ('DWHQEDQN) (see hereafter). The definition of a work of collection (Article 4 subsection 1 of the GCA) partly corresponds to the Directive s definition of an original database, except that there is no requirement for the contents to be arranged in a systematic or methodical way, nor to be individually accessible by electronic or other means. As regards the condition of independence, common to both VXL JHQHULV and copyright protection of databases, the Munich Court of First Instance10 ruled that collections constituted by elements, which are content-related, such as music or books, do not constitute such independent elements. In the case at hand, the Court considered that the various constitutive elements of a MIDI-file (melody, rhythm, vocals, etc.) were not independent. Hence, a MIDI-file does not constitute a legally protected database. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) Pursuant to Article 4 subsection 2 of the GCA, computer programs are excluded from copyright protection only (and thus not expressly from VXL JHQHULV protection of databases). As explained above, an audiovisual recording may be protected as a work of collection (6DPPHOZHUN). The other exclusions are not expressly mentioned in the GCA. A.1.c Applications The applications are not expressly mentioned in the GCA. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) The definition of database works ('DWHQEDQNZHUNH) in Article 4 subsection 2 of the GCA adds the elements of systematic and methodical arrangement and of individual accessibility to the definition of works of collection (6DPPHOZHUNH) in Article 4 subsection 1. It therefore complies with the criteria laid down in the Directive.

Gaster, J., 'HU 5HFKWVVFKXW] YRQ 'DWHQEDQNHQ, Heymans, Kln, 1999, n 51. Except when indicated otherwise, all references to Gaster in the present chapter shall refer hereto. 9 Gaster, n 93. 10 LG Mnchen, 30 March 2000, &5, 6/2000, p. 389.
8

67

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) The exclusion of copyright protection as regards the contents of the database work is transposed by Article 4 subsection 1 of the GCA. 0HUH IDFWV. The exclusion of extension of copyright protection to mere facts and data is not expressly mentioned in the GCA, but results from the originality requirement. An application of this principle was made in the %DXPDUNWGH Y EDXPDUNWGH-case11 The plaintiff operated a site (www.bau-markt.de) on which real estate companies could place advertisements against payment of a fee. The defendant operated a site (www.baumarkt.de) that was also connected with the real estate sector and had created frame hyperlinks to the pages of the plaintiff s site. The plaintiff objected to the framing, claiming an infringement of its copyright, its VXL JHQHULV right, its right on its name and an act of unfair competition. Quite surprisingly, the Dsseldorf Court of Appeals ruled that the plaintiff could not claim copyright protection nor protection under the VXL JHQHULV right. The information posted on the plaintiff s site (public presentation for firms in the real estate sector) was classified as facts of an informative character which, as such, were ineligible for copyright protection. Given that the information was supplied to the plaintiff by its clients based on the plaintiff s standardized format, and that the clients had to pay a fee for having their information posted in the plaintiff s website, the Court found that the plaintiff had not made the substantial investment in obtaining, verifying or presenting the content that was required for it to be able to qualify as a producer of a database. The claim for unfair competition was also dismissed. Another application was made by the Dsseldorf Court of First Instance12. The plaintiff claimed copyright and VXL JHQHULV protection for an inventory of professional companies relating to the island Rgen. His inventory contained some 3400 companies, classified in 570 fields of activities. Copyright protection was refused because plaintiff did not establish that his choice and arrangement of the contents were the result of a personal creation. 6XL JHQHULV protection was equally refused because all the information collected in his inventory was already available from other public sources. The claim for unfair competition was equally dismissed. 2IILFLDO ZRUNV. Pursuant to Article 5 subsection 2 of the GCA: official works published in the official interest for public information shall not enjoy copyright protection, with the condition that the provisions of Article 62 subsections 1 to 3 and Article 63 subsections 1 and 2 concerning prohibited alterations and acknowledgement of source shall apply PXWDWLV PXWDQGLV . Asked to decide whether Article 5 of the CGA also excludes official databases from copyright protection, the German Supreme Court13 stated that this question cannot be answered without consideration of the Database Directive, which contains no express
OLG Dsseldorf, 29 June 1999, not reported. LG Dsseldorf, 7 February 2001, not reported. 13 BGH, 6 May 1999, ,,& 7-8/2000, p.1060 ( Tele-Info-CD -case), for a comment, see chapter C on case law LQIUD.
12 11

68

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 provision on this point. However, since the database at stake, a telephone directory, did not constitute an official work within the meaning of Article 5 subsection 2 of the GCA, the Supreme Court took no ruling on this point. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) Article 4 subsection 1 of the GCA states that works of collection (6DPPHOZHUNH) shall enjoy protection as independent works without prejudice to a copyright or neighbouring right existing in the elements included in the collection . It is worth mentioning here the traditional provisions applying to works of collection. Indeed, since database works ('DWHQEDQNZHUNH) are a subcategory of works of collection (6DPPHOZHUNH), database works must logically also be submitted to the specific provisions applying to works of collections (see under A.1.a above). As a result, Article 34 subsection 2 of the GCA can no longer be considered to be conform the Directive. Said Article provides that if exploitation rights in the individual works contained in a collection are transferred together with exploitation right in the collection, the consent of the author of the collection shall be sufficient . In others words, this provision affects the rights on the contents of a collection/database in a manner contrary to Article 3.2, end of sentence, of the Directive, which states that the copyright protection of databases shall be without prejudice to any rights subsisting in their contents. The same can be said about Article 38 of the GCA, by which the publisher of a collection is presumed to have acquired, from the author who has consented to the inclusion of his work in the collection, the exclusive (in case of a collection appearing periodically) or non exclusive (in case of a newspaper) exploitation rights. A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) Pursuant to Article 7 of the GCA, the author shall be the person who creates the work. Article 8 subsection 1 of the GCA, which states that if several persons have created a work jointly, and the respective contributions cannot be separately exploited, they shall be deemed the joint authors of the work , applies to the authors of database works14. German Copyright does not provide for a possibility to attribute initial authorship to a legal person. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a))
14

Confirmed by Schricker, p.163, n 40.

69

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The reproduction right, whose definition has not been amended by the IuKDG, is defined in Article 16 of the GCA as follows:
 7KH ULJKW RI UHSURGXFWLRQ LV WKH ULJKW WR PDNH FRSLHV RI D ZRUN E\ ZKDWHYHU PHWKRG DQG LQ ZKDWHYHU TXDQWLW\  5HSURGXFWLRQ RI WKH ZRUN VKDOO EH FRQVWLWXWHG E\ WKH IL[DWLRQ RI WKH ZRUN RQ GHYLFHV ZKLFK SHUPLW WKH UHSHDWHG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ RI VHTXHQFHV RI LPDJHV RU VRXQGV YLGHR RU DXGLR UHFRUGLQJ PHGLXPV ZKHWKHU E\ UHFRUGLQJ D FRPPXQLFDWLRQ RI WKH ZRUN RQ D YLGHR RU DXGLR PHGLXP RU E\ WUDQVIHUULQJ WKH ZRUN IURP RQH PHGLXP WR DQRWKHU

This definition globally satisfies the conditions as laid down in the Directive, except as regards WHPSRUDU\ UHSURGXFWLRQ, which is not expressly included within the scope of the German reproduction right. According to Schricker15, the reproduction right must, as regards databases, be interpreted in conformity with the definition of the reproduction right as regards computer programs (as laid down in Article 69 (c) of the GCA), which expressly includes temporary reproduction. The text of the GCA does not confirm such broad interpretation though. In the Roche Lexikon Medizin -case16, the defendant used frame hyperlinks to refer to the lexicon available on the website of the plaintiff. With these frame links, the content of the plaintiff s site is presented to the user as forming a part of the defendant s site. The defendant does not reproduce the linked content, but the user makes a temporary reproduction of this content on his computer when activating the link. The Hamburg Court of Appeals has judged that the lexicon was protected both as a work of collection (6DPPHOZHUN) and as a database work ('DWHQEDQNZHUN), and that by offering the frame links, the defendant infringed plaintiff s reproduction right as defined in Article 16 of the GCA. The Court expressly confirmed that the reproduction right of Article 16 also applied to temporary reproductions. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Article 23 of the GCA states:
$GDSWDWLRQV RU RWKHU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV RI D ZRUN PD\ EH SXEOLVKHG RU H[SORLWHG RQO\ ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU RI WKH DGDSWHG RU WUDQVIRUPHG ZRUN ,Q WKH FDVH RI >@ DGDSWDWLRQV RU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV RI D GDWDEDVH WKH DXWKRUV FRQVHQW VKRXOG EH UHTXLUHG IRU WKH PDNLQJ RI VXFK DGDSWDWLRQ RU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ

This provision, as amended by the IuKDG, globally satisfies the conditions laid down in Article 5(b) of the Directive, except that it does not expressly mention acts of translation. Translations are however considered to be an adaptation within the meaning of Article 23 of the GCA17.

15

16

Schricker, p. 164, n 44. OLG Hamburg, 22 February 2001 (upholding LG Hamburg, 12 July 2000), not reported. 17 Schricker, p. 444, n 7.
70

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right

The distribution right of Article 17 subsection 1 of GCA, whose definition was not amended by the IuKDG, complies with the Directive. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale

The principle of exhaustion as laid down in article 17 subsection 2 of the GCA, which was not amended by the IuKDG, globally satisfies the criteria laid down in the Directive, except that German exhaustion is not limited to the right to control the resale but to DQ\ DFWV RI GLVWULEXWLRQ in general, with the exception of rental. As a result, lending may for example be subject to exhaustion18, and an equitable remuneration shall be paid to the author when the lending right is exhausted (Article 27 subsection 2 of the GCA). This is contrary to the Directive, where the exhaustion is limited to the right to control the resale. The German regime of exhaustion applies to the first sale in the (XURSHDQ (FRQRPLF $UHD, and not only LQ WKH &RPPXQLW\ As appears from Article 15 subsection 1 of the GCA, the right of distribution is limited to the distribution of works in material form , and therefore does not apply to on-line databases19. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d)) Pursuant to Article 15 subsection 2 of the GCA, the author shall further have the exclusive right to communicate his work to the public in non material form (right of communication to the public); his right shall comprise in particular 1. the right of recitation, performance and presentation; 2. the right of broadcasting; 3. the right of communication by means of video or audio recordings; 4. the right of communication of broadcasts . The RQOLQH WUDQVPLVVLRQ does not expressly fall within one of these four subdivisions of the communication right. Though Schriker considers such transmission to form an undetermined (XQEHQQDQW) part of the communication right20, such interpretation is not expressly confirmed by the text of the provision. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) The rental right is regulated by Article 17 subsection 3 and Article 27 subsection 1 of the GCA. The lending right is regulated by Article 27 subsection 2 of the GCA.

Schricker, p. 165, n 46. Confirmed by Schricker, p. 164, n 45. 20 Schricker, p. 166, n 49, although the same author recognises that a re-definition of the communication right would have been necessary in order to include on-line communication. The German legislator did not feel in a position to do so due to lack of time (Schricker, p. 158, 29; Gaster op. cit., n 535).
19

18

71

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) The exception for lawful use has been transposed by Article 55(a) of the GCA, which is LXV FRJHQV. This provision globally satisfies the conditions laid down in the Directive, except as indicated below. The exception only applies to the adaptation and reproduction rights, and not to the other acts listed in Article 5 of the Directive (namely distribution and communication to the public). However, it is fair to say that mostly all acts involved with the access and normal use of a database will be acts of adaptation or reproduction21. The lawful user is broadly defined. It includes the three following categories of users: 1. the owner of a copy of the database which has been put into circulation by way of sale with the consent of the author; 2. a person entitled in some other way to make use thereof; and, 3. a person to whom the database has been made accessible on the basis of a contract concluded with the author or with another person having the author s consent. According to Schricker, this exception also applies to copies of non electronic databases22. The first two categories of users concern such RIIOLQH XVHV of databases23. The first use concerns copies for which the author has exhausted its distribution right, and the second other copies for which exists a right of use, for example the use of a rented database. Eventually, the second category can also allow a user authorised by law (under an exception) to claim application of the lawful use exception. As regards RQOLQH XVHV, only the third category applies. In other words, application of the lawful use exception to online databases is limited to cases where there exists a contractual relationship24. The provision does not expressly indicate that the lawful user may only perform the authorised acts for access and normal use E\ KLPVHOI. Therefore, the lawful user could, contrary to the Directive, perform the exempted acts for the benefit of a third party. This exception allows for acts of downloading, browsing, and, eventually, acts of printing and completion of databases with further documents25. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) Article 6.3.of the Directive has not been transposed into German Copyright Law.

21 22

In the same sense, Schriker, p. 898, n 3. Schricker, p. 898, n 3. 23 Schricker, p. 899, n 6. 24 Schricker, p. 899, n 7. 25 Schricker, p. 900, n 10.

72

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.e Term (Article 2(c)) The duration of copyright is regulated by Articles 64 to 69 of the GCA. A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) The transitional provision of Article 137 (g) subsection 1 of the GCA states that the provisions added or modified by the IuKDG also apply to database works created before 1 January 1998 . The other provisions concerning copyright protection of database works continue to apply to database works already protected under former German copyright law26. Both these rules do, by their nature, only apply to database works already protected under former German copyright law. We may therefore assume that the German legislator considers that the threshold for database protection was not modified by the IuKDG. In other words, database works which were not protected under former German copyright law, will not become protected upon transposition of the Directive. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) This provision has not been transposed into German copyright law. In other words, the German legislator has considered that database works which were protected under former German copyright law, will remain protected upon transposition of the Directive. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Pursuant to Article 137 (g) subsection 3 of the GCA, only the provision on the lawful use exception will not affect contracts concluded prior to 1 January 1998. Such restrictive interpretation does not comply with Article 14.4 of the Directive. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) Article 87 (a) of the GCA has correctly transposed Article 7.1 of the Directive. ,QGLYLGXDO DFFHVVLELOLW\. As regards the condition of individual accessibility, the Supreme Court ruled that, in the case of a non electronic database, this condition is
26

Schricker, p. 1789, n 2.

73

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 met for instance by an alphabetical arrangement permitting the simple finding of individual data 27. 6XEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQW. As regards the condition of a substantial investment, the Dsseldorf Court of Appeals28 ruled that given the fact that information published on a plaintiff s website was supplied to the plaintiff by its clients by means of a standardized format, and that the clients had to pay a fee for having their information posted in the plaintiff s website, plaintiff had not made the substantial investment in obtaining, verifying or presenting the content that was required for it to be able to qualify as a producer of a database, even though plaintiff pretended to have employed 15 persons for creating his website. The Dsseldorf Court of First Instance29 also refused VXL JHQHULV protection to a professional inventory merely containing information, which was already available from other public sources. In the .LGQHWGH Y EDE\QHWGH-case30, the Kln Court of First Instance granted VXL JHQHULV protection to a collection of 251 hyperlinks. The plaintiff operated the website www.kidnet.de, proposing free information services relating to parental matters. Among the information proposed figured a list of 251 hyperlinks. The list of links proposed by the defendant, who operated the competing website www.babynet.de, was exactly the same list, save for 12 entries. Moreover, the defendant s list contained the same errors (as regards punctuation, orthography, etc.) as the plaintiff s list. The Court gave a broad interpretation to the requirement for a substantial investment, considering that the correspondence led in relation with the database was a sufficient proof that plaintiff had made substantial investments in the obtaining and verification of the database s content (the plaintiff claimed to have invested 66.503,73,-EUR in the creation of its database). Hence, the defendant was enjoined not to reproduce, distribute or publicly communicate substantial parts, nor to systematically or repeatedly reproduce, distribute or publicly communicate unsubstantial parts of the plaintiff s database. A.3.a.ii Exclusions The exclusions were not expressly mentioned in the GCA. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Pursuant to Article 87 (a) subsection 2 of the GCA, the maker of a database within the meaning of this act is the one who has made the investment defined in subsection 1 . This may be a natural or legal person, or even a public authority or administration31.
BGH, 6 May 1999, ORF. FLW., p.1059. OLG Dsseldorf, 29 June 1999, reported above. 29 LG Dsseldorf, 7 February 2001, reported above. 30 LG Kln, 25 August 1999, not reported. 31 Schricker, p. 1339, n 28.
27 28

74

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 As regards telephone directories, the Supreme Court32 ruled that, when the data are recorded and communicated by the former monopolist telecom operator to a 100 % subsidiary, which edits the directories, both companies own separated VXL JHQHULV rights (thus no joint ownership). The monopolist operator owns VXL JHQHULV rights on the preparatory work, and its subsidiary on the edited versions of the directories. As regards a database containing data about 300 to 400 event promoters, which had to introduce their data themselves into the database, the Berlin Court of Appeals33 ruled that these promoters could not be considered as co-makers of this database. Indeed, only the company, which had invested in the software used in the making of the database and in processing of the data was to be considered as the maker. By simply completing the database with data relating to their events, the promoters took neither the initiative nor the risk of the investment. A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) There are no provisions in the GCA regulating the transfer of VXL JHQHULV right. A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) 1DWXUDO SHUVRQV Article 127 (a) subsection 1 of the GCA grants VXL JHQHULV protection to German citizens and refers to the application of Article 120 subsection 2 of the same Act. Pursuant to the latter, 1) Germans in the meaning of Article 116 (1) of the Basic Law who do not possess German nationality and 2) Nationals of another Member State of the European Union or another Contracting State to the Agreement concerning the European Economic Area shall have equal status with German nationals . These provisions comply with the Directive, except that they do not provide that VXL JHQHULV protection must also be available to makers or rightholders who have their habitual residence in the territory of the Community. /HJDO SHUVRQV. Three regimes must be distinguished. Registered office in Germany. Under Article 127 (a) subsection 1 of the GCA, VXL JHQHULV protection is accorded to legal entities with a registered office located in the territory in a which this Act applies . Although the cumulative condition of the Directive (to be formed an accordance with the law of a Member State) is not expressly mentioned in said provision, it is fair to say that this omission does not violate the Directive, since establishing a registered office in Germany will most probably oblige the legal person to comply with the relevant provisions of German law.

32 33

BGH, 6 May 1999, ORF FLW, p. 1059. OLG Berlin, 9 June 2000 =80, 1/2001, p. 70.

75

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Administration or place of business located in the EEA. Pursuant to Article 127 (a) subsection 2, item 1, VXL JHQHULV protection will also be granted to legal entities which do not have their registered office in Germany, but whose central administration or principal place of business is geographically located in one of the States of the European Union or the European Economic Area, provided this legal person has been established according to German law or to the law of one of these States. Genuine link. Pursuant to Article 127 (a) subsection 2, item 2, VXL JHQHULV protection will also be granted to legal entities which do not have their registered office in Germany, provided they have been established according to German law or to the law of one of these States and provided their registered office, as defined by their articles of association, is located in one of the States of the European Union or the European Economic Area, and their activities have a GH IDFWR connection with the German economy or to the economy of one of this States . It must be noticed that this latter obligation is not imposed upon the legal persons with a registered office in Germany (see above). This difference in national treatment violates Article 11.2 of the Directive, and possibly the European rules on nondiscrimination. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Pursuant to Article 87 (b) subsection 2 of the GCA, the right to an equitable remuneration for lending as laid down in Article 27 subsection 2 of the same Act also applies to VXL JHQHULV right. This violates Article 7.2, 2 of the Directive34. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a)) The German legislator did not use the terms H[WUDFWLRQ and UHXWLOLVDWLRQ, but stuck to the traditional terms of UHSURGXFWLRQ, GLVWULEXWLRQ and FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WR WKH SXEOLF. The extraction and re-utilisation rights are both transposed by Article 87 (b) subsection 1 of the GCA, which states:
WKH PDNHU RI WKH GDWDEDVH KDV WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR UHSURGXFH WR GLVWULEXWH DQG WR FRPPXQLFDWH WR WKH SXEOLF WKH ZKROH GDWDEDVH RU D TXDOLWDWLYHO\ DQGRU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ VXEVWDQWLDO SDUW WKHUHRI

Therefore, the compliance of this provision with the Directive s definition of the extraction right must be appreciated by reference to the traditional reproduction right. In other words, the same critique can be made as for the reproduction right for original databases (see A.2.c.i above), namely that it does not cover WHPSRUDU\ UHSURGXFWLRQV. The remaining criteria of the extraction right have been correctly transposed.

34

In the same sense, see Schricker p.1342 HW VHT, n 3, 4, 17 and 26.

76

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The Karlsruhe Court of Appeals35 has ruled that a company, which for the purpose of a publicity campaign, extracts data concerning several thousands of persons from a telephone directory on CD-ROM does not infringe database rights. The Court first decided that a telephone directory is not a database work ('DWHQEDQNZHUN) but a nonoriginal database ('DWHQEDQN) according to Article 87 (a) of the GCA. The act of extracting data concerning telephone owners is a reproduction. However, the one time extraction of data concerning several thousands of persons from a telephone directory on CD-ROM of millions of telephone owners was not considered to be a reproduction of a substantial part of such database. As regards a database containing data about 300 to 400 event promoters, the Berlin Court of Appeals36 ruled that the extraction of the data relating to one promoter was not a substantial of this database part within the meaning of Article 87 (b) of the GCA. A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right This right is transposed into German Law by the same provision as for the extraction right (see above), and thus requires a reference to the definitions of the distribution and public communication rights of original databases. As explained above (see A.2.c.iv above), the communication right has not been expressly adapted in order to include RQ OLQH WUDQVPLVVLRQV and hereby violates the Directive37. For a broad interpretation of the GLVWULEXWLRQ right filling this gap, see our comment of the Stepstone-case LQIUD. For a reticence to a broad interpretation of the public communication right, see our comment of the Mainpost v. Newsclub-case LQIUD. As regards the renting right, this right must, as a feature of the distribution right, be considered as correctly transposed38. A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale Pursuant to Article 87 (b) subsection 2 of the GCA, the exhaustion of the rights of a producer of the database is regulated as the exhaustion of copyright. Therefore, the remarks made as regards copyright exhaustion (see A.2.c.iii.2 above) equally apply to VXL JHQHULV exhaustion. Accordingly, the OHQGLQJ ULJKW is also subject to VXL JHQHULV exhaustion. Indeed, Article 87 (b) subsection 2 expressly states that the equitable remuneration for lending of Article 27 subsection 2 applies to non original databases. Inclusion of a lending right

OLG Karlsruhe, 11 November 1998, not reported. OLG Berlin, 9 June 2000 =80, 1/2001, p. 70. 37 In this sense, see Schricker, p.1325, n 26 and p.1342, n 5, and Gaster, op. cit., n 532; as a regards temporary reproduction, Gaster, op. cit., n 534. 38 In this sense, Schricker, p.1347, n 16.
36

35

77

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 among the exclusive rights of the producer of a database is a violation of the Directive39. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 87 (b) subsection 1, 2nd sentence, states:
7KH UHSHDWHG RU V\VWHPDWLF UHSURGXFWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ RU FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WR WKH SXEOLF RI TXDOLWDWLYHO\ DQG TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ XQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV RI WKH GDWDEDVH VKDOO EH GHHPHG DV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH UHSURGXFWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ RU FRPPXQLFDWLRQ RI D TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ VXEVWDQWLDO SDUW RI WKH GDWDEDVH SURYLGHG WKDW WKLV DFWV UXQ FRXQWHU WR D QRUPDO H[SORLWDWLRQ RI WKH GDWDEDVH RU XQUHDVRQDEO\ SUHMXGLFH WKH OHJLWLPDWH LQWHUHVWV RI WKH PDNHU RI WKH GDWDEDVH

The remarks made above as regards temporary reproductions and on line transmission equally apply to this provision. It must be noticed that the German provision prohibits the use of TXDOLWDWLYHO\ DQG TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ unsubstantial parts, whereas the Directive does not impose this condition. Apart from these remarks, the provision complies with the conditions of the Directive. 6HDUFK HQJLQH FRQGHPQHG IRU SUHVHQWLQJ MRE DGV In a case brought before the Kln Court of First Instance40, the SD-Zeitung newspaper operated a website with real estate ads. The defendant, a meta-search engine, proposed the plaintiff s ads in their original text as a result of searches by users on its website. After confirming that the database was protected due to substantial investments, the Court considered that the defendant s repeated and systematic distribution of unsubstantial parts of the database ran counter its normal exploitation, since the defendant did not use the plaintiff s service for private purposes, but for commercial purposes. 6HDUFK HQJLQH FRQGHPQHG IRU GHHSOLQNLQJ WR MRE DGV The same Court adopted a similar solution in the Stepstone-case41. The plaintiff operated a website proposing job ads to its users. The defendant was a search engine whose search results presented LQWHU DOLD the plaintiff s job ads. In its search-results, the defendant included a reference to the original website. Such reference did not led to the plaintiff s homepage (with the advertising banners), but to the subpage containing the referenced job ad (technique known as deep-linking ). The Court granted VXL JHQHULV protection considering the substantial investments (plaintiff claimed it employed 40 people for the collection of the ads, and another 36 for the presentation of the ads). The Court then considered that the defendant s repeated and systematic distribution of unsubstantial parts of the database prejudiced plaintiff s legitimate interests, since the defendant enabled users to bypass the banners posted on the plaintiff s homepage (thereby causing a loss of revenue to plaintiff). Particularly interesting is the Court s opinion on the fact that defendant did not himself reproduce the ads, but that the ads were only temporarily reproduced (by the users computers) upon launch of a search.
Schricker, p.1241 HW VHT, n 3, 4, 17 and 26. LG Kln, 2 December 1998, &5, 9/1999, p. 593. 41 LG Kln, 28 February 2001, not reported.
39 40

78

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The Court stated that the distribution right of Article 87 (b) subsection 1 of the GCA had to be interpreted broadly, in the sense that it did not merely include the sale of copies, but also any putting in circulation , defined as making parts of a database accessible from the internal company environment towards the public. 6HDUFK HQJLQH FRQGHPQHG IRU GHHSOLQNLQJ WR QHZV DUWLFOHV In the Mainpost v. Newsclub case, the Munich Court of First Instance42 condemned the meta search engine Newsclub for providing on its website, under the plaintiff s original titles and key words, deeplinks to the articles presented on the plaintiff s website. As regards the condition of VXEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQW, the Court rejected the defendant s spin off argument, by considering that, even if the plaintiff already collected the content for its print editions, substantial investments were nevertheless needed for its presentation on line (HJ the addition of key words, titles and abstracts). The court then admitted that the defendant s repeated and systematic practices prejudiced the plaintiff s OHJLWLPDWH LQWHUHVWV, since the deeplinks were bypassing the banners on the plaintiff s home page. The fact that the plaintiff had not installed the available technical means to prevent deeplinking, did not constitute an implicit approval thereto. The court admitted that the deeplinks were infringing the plaintiff s reproduction and distribution rights, but remained puzzled as regards the public communication right. The Court objected that, as the traditional scope of this right called for a group of persons VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ accessing a work, the same term could not, for the sole benefit of Article 87 (b) of the GCA, be understood as also including a group of persons VXFFHVVLYHO\ accessing a work on line. ,QMXQFWLRQ UHIXVHG DJDLQVW GHHSOLQNV WR QHZV DUWLFOHV. Inconsistent with its decision commented above, the Munich Court of First Instance43 ruled that the offer, on a commercial website or via e-mail, of titles, abstracts and deeplinks to news articles did not infringe VXL JHQHULV rights, nor constituted acts of unfair competition. The Court stated that systematic and repeated extractions of insubstantial parts could only be prohibited when made IURP WKH VDPH GDWDEDVH. Since the plaintiff s database was updated on a daily basis, this condition was not fulfilled. The Court further assumed that the objected practices did not conflict with a normal exploitation of the database, since they contributed to inform the public opinion. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art.7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the database (Art.7.4) German copyright does not specifically state that VXL JHQHULV protection applies irrespective of copyright or other protection of databases. A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art.7.4) German copyright does not specifically state that VXL JHQHULV protection applies irrespective of copyright or other protection on the contents.

42 43

LG Mnich, 18 September 2001, . 5, Heft 5/2002, p. 261-265. LG Mnich, 1 March 2002, not reported.
79

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art.7.4) Article 4 subsection 1 of the GCA states that works of collection (6DPPHOZHUNH) shall enjoy protection as independent works without prejudice to a copyright or neighbouring right existing in the elements included in the collection . However, since works of collection are submitted to the condition of originality, this provision does not apply as such to non-original databases. As a result, the German copyright law does not contain any specific provision stating that VXL JHQHULV protection shall not prejudice copyright or other protection on the contents. A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) Article 87 (e) of the GCA reads:
$ FRQWUDFW RU DJUHHPHQW DFFRUGLQJ WR ZKLFK WKH RZQHU RI D FRS\ RI WKH GDWDEDVH KDYLQJ EHHQ SXW LQWR FLUFXODWLRQ ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH PDNHU RI WKH GDWDEDVH E\ ZD\ RI VDOH RU WKH SHUVRQ LQ RWKHU ZD\V HQWLWOHG WR XVH WKH FRS\ RI WKH GDWDEDVH RU DQ\RQH WR ZKRP D GDWDEDVH KDV EHHQ PDGH DFFHVVLEOH RQ WKH EDVLV RI D FRQWUDFW ZLWK WKH PDNHU RI WKH GDWDEDVH RU ZLWK D WKLUG SDUW\ ZKR KDV WKH IRUPHUV FRQVHQW REOLJDWHV KLPVHOI YLVjYLV WKH PDNHU RI WKH GDWDEDVH WR UHIUDLQ IURP UHSURGXFLQJ GLVWULEXWLQJ RU FRPPXQLFDWLQJ WR WKH SXEOLF TXDOLWDWLYHO\ DQG TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ LQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV RI WKH GDWDEDVH VKDOO EH LQYDOLG ZKHUH VXFK DFWV QHLWKHU FRQIOLFW ZLWK D QRUPDO H[SORLWDWLRQ RI WKH GDWDEDVH QRU XQUHDVRQDEO\ SUHMXGLFH WKH OHJLWLPDWH LQWHUHVW RI WKH PDNHU RI WKH GDWDEDVH

The wording of the provision makes it LXV FRJHQV ( A contract shall be invalid ). The same remarks as above must be made as regards temporary reproductions and on line transmissions. Although this provision also distinguishes three categories of users (as with the corresponding provision with respect to copyright), its application is limited to users having a contractual relationship with the rightholder. Indeed, the Article is titled Contracts Dealing with the Use of a Database , and the wording of the beginning of the 1st sentence clearly limits its application to contractual situations. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) The conditions of normal exploitation and legitimate interests are transposed as regards the exception for contractual use of a database under Article 87 (e) of the GCA, but not as regards the exceptions under Article 87 (c). This violates the Directive.
80

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) This provision has not been transposed into German law. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 87 (d) of the GCA states that the rights of the creator of database shall expire 15 years after the publication of the database , and refers to Article 69 of the same Act, which states that the time limits specified in this chapter shall begin with the end of the calendar year in which the event which determines the beginning of the time limits has occurred . These provisions comply with the Directive. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) The same Article 87 (d) states that the rights of the creator of the database shall expire 15 years after the making of the database if it has not been published within 15 years after publication. Calculation of time limits is as above and is compliant. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 87 (a) subsection 1, 2nd sentence of the GCA states:
$ GDWDEDVH WKH FRQWHQWV RI ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ FKDQJHG LQ D ZD\ WKDW LV TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ VXEVWDQWLDO LV GHHPHG D QHZ GDWDEDVH SURYLGHG WKDW WKH FKDQJH HQWDLOV D TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU D TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ VXEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQW

This provision complies with the Directive, except that it does not stipulate that a substantial change includes changes resulting from the accumulation of successive additions, deletions or alterations. A.3.i Application over time (Articles 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) Article 137 (g) subsection 2 of the GCA reads:
7KH SURYLVLRQV FRQWDLQHG LQ FKDSWHU 9, RI SDUW ,, VKDOO DOVR DSSO\ WR GDWDEDVHV FUHDWHG EHWZHHQ  -DQXDU\  DQG  'HFHPEHU  7KH WHUP RI SURWHFWLRQ LQ VXFK FDVHV VKDOO FRPPHQFH RQ  -DQXDU\ 

This provision complies with the Directive44.

&RQWUD: Schricker (p.1027, n 46 and p.1798, n 3), which considers that the German legislator failed to correctly transpose Article 14.5 of the Directive. According to his interpretation of Article 14.5, the beginning of
44

81

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The fact that VXL JHQHULV protection extends to databases produced before 1 January 1998 was confirmed by the Supreme Court45. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts(Article 14.4) Pursuant to Article 137 (g) subsection 3 of the GCA, only the provision on the Contracts Dealing with the Use of the Database (Article 87 (e)) will not affect contracts concluded prior to 1 January 1998. Such restrictive interpretation does not comply with the Directive. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Chapter II (Infringements) of part IV (Common Provisions on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights) of the GCA contains a wide range of remedies available to owners of copyright or VXL JHQHULV rights alike. Civil law remedies common to copyright and VXL JHQHULV right infringements include actions for injunction and damages, claims for destruction or surrender of copies, claims for destruction or surrender of devices, claims for information as to the origin and distribution channels of the copies, claims for publication of the judgement. Criminal remedies (imprisonment and fines) against copyright infringements are available under Article 106 of the GCA. Criminal remedies (imprisonment and fines) against neighbouring rights infringements are available under Article 108 subsection 1, item 8 of the same Act, as expressly modified by the IuKDG to include infringements against non original databases. Confiscation, publication of the judgement and measures by the customs authorities are also available to both types or rightholders pursuant to Articles 110, 111, 111a of the GCA. A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Article 13 of the Directive has not been expressly transposed into the German copyright law. Scholars have conformed that VXL JHQHULV protection is without prejudice to copyright on the database, rights on the contents, rights on computer programs, the protection of unfair competition and against restrictive practice and administrative laws46.
the term of protection of databases completed before 1 January 1998 should be the date of completion of the database, and not 1 January 1998. As explained in our Framework Analysis, we do not share this view. 45 BGH, 6 May 1999, ORF FLW, p. 1059. 46 Schricker, p.1327-1329 and the scholars cited.
82

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Pursuant to Article 9 of the IuKDG, the amendments to the GCA came into force on 1 January 1998. No express reference was made to the Directive in the IuKDG. $ &RPPLVVLRQ HPSRZHUPHQW

A.5.a Third country databases (Article 11.3) In this respect, it is noteworthy that Article 127 (a) subsection 3 of the GCA states that:
IRUHLJQ FLWL]HQV DQG OHJDO HQWLWLHV VKDOO HQMR\ SURWHFWLRQ JUDQWHG E\ WKH SURYLVLRQV RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO DJUHHPHQWV DQG WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI DJUHHPHQWV HQWHUHG LQWR EHWZHHQ WKH (XURSHDQ &RPPXQLW\ DQG WKLUG SDUW\ VWDWHV WKHVH DJUHHPHQWV DUH SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH )HGHUDO 0LQLVWU\ RI -XVWLFH LQ WKH %XQGHVJHVHW]%ODWW )HGHUDO /DZ *D]HWWH

% %

2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) Pursuant to Article 53 subsection 1 of the GCA, it should be permissible to make single copies of a work for private use . Application of this exception is limited to non-electronic databases pursuant to Article 53 subsection 547. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) 5HVHDUFK. Article 53 subsection 2, item 1 allows single copies of a work to be made for personal scientific use, if and to the extent that such reproduction is necessary for the purpose . Pursuant to Article 53 subsection 5, the exception for scientific use may only apply to electronic databases on condition that the scientific use is not made for commercial purposes. (GXFDWLRQ. Article 53 subsection 3, item 1 allows copies of small parts of a printed work or of individual contributions published in newspapers or periodicals to be made for personal use in teaching, in non-commercial institutions of education and further education or in institutions of vocational education in a quantity required for one school class , if and to the extent that such reproduction is necessary for this purpose. Pursuant to Article 63 subsection 1 of the GCA, the source must be clearly acknowledged in cases of uses for scientific use or in teaching.
47

Confirmed by OLG Hamburg, 22 February 2001, reported above.

83

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 These provisions globally satisfy the conditions laid down in the Directive, except as indicated as follows. The exceptions only exempt reproductions, and not DOO restricted acts. The exception for education does not indicate that it is limited to purposes of LOOXVWUDWLRQ for teaching. Only the scientific use of HOHFWURQLF GDWDEDVHV is limited to non commercial purposes. Therefore, the scientific use of QRQ HOHFWURQLF GDWDEDVHV for commercial purposes is not prohibited, which is contrary to the Directive. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Article 45 subsection 1 of the GCA allows copies to be made for use in proceedings before a court, an arbitration tribunal or a public authority. Pursuant to Article 45 subsection 2, courts, arbitration tribunals and public authorities may, for the purposes of administration of justice and public safety, reproduce portraits or cause portraits to be reproduced . The same applies to distribution, public exhibition and public communication of these works (Article 45 subsection 3). B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) The wide range of exceptions in the GCA fully applies to databases48. These exceptions are numerous and include: collections for religious, school or instructional use (Article 46); school broadcasts (Article 47); public speeches (Article 48); newspaper articles and broadcast commentaries (Article 49); visual and sound reporting (Article 50); quotations (Article 51); public communication (Article 52); reproduction for use in personal files, for personal information concerning current events in the case of a broadcast work, and for other personal uses in the case of small parts of published works or individual contributions that have been published in newspapers or periodicals, or in the case a work has been out of print for at least two years (Article 53 subsection 2, items 2 to 4). Pursuant to Article 53 subsection 5, these exceptions shall not apply to electronic databases; state examinations and examinations in schools, universities, non commercial institutions of education and further education and in vocational education in the required quantity (Article 53 subsection 3, item 2); reproduction by broadcasting organisations (Article 55); reproduction and public communication by commercial enterprises (Article 56); incidental works (Article 57); catalogue illustrations (Article 58); works in public places (Article 59); portraits (Article 60), and more.
84

48

Schricker, p. 167, n 50.

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 In many cases, application of these exceptions to databases will not be possible for mere practical reasons49. All these exceptions apply as well to electronic as non electronic databases, except for the exceptions for personal use of Article 53, subsection 2, items 2 to 4 (as appears from Article 53, subsection 5). % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) Pursuant to Article 87 (c) subsection 1, item 1 of the GCA:
WKH UHSURGXFWLRQ RI WKH TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ VXEVWDQWLDO SDUW RI WKH GDWDEDVH VKDOO EH SHUPLVVLEOH IRU SULYDWH XVH WKLV VKDOO QRW DSSO\ WR D GDWDEDVH WKH HOHPHQWV RI ZKLFK DUH LQGLYLGXDOO\ DFFHVVLEOH E\ HOHFWURQLF PHDQV

This provision complies with the Directive, except for what has been said above concerning the use of the term reproduction instead of extraction. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) Pursuant to Article 87 (c) subsection 1, items 2 and 3 of the GCA:
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

This provision complies with Directive, except for what has been said above about the use of the term reproduction instead of extraction, and about the absence of the illustration-requirement. B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Pursuant to Article 87 (c) subsection 2 of the GCA:
WKH UHSURGXFWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WR WKH SXEOLF RI D TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ VXEVWDQWLDO SDUW RI D GDWDEDVH VKDOO EH SHUPLVVLEOH IRU XVH LQ

49

Schricker, p. 167, n 50.

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This provision complies with Directive, except that it does not expressly state that the purposes may not be commercial, and except for what has been said above about the use of the terms reproduction, distribution and public communication instead of extraction and re-utilisation. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions There are no other exceptions under the GCA. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV The author of a database work benefits from the moral rights traditionally granted under the GCA50. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases Germany has made no use of the possibility to grant to the employer a presumption of transfer of his employees rights. As a result, Article 43 of the GCA, which states that the common provisions on author s contracts shall also apply if the author has created a work in execution of his duties under a contract of employment or services, provided nothing to the contrary transpires from the term or nature of the contract of employment or service51, applies to original databases. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Germany does not provide for such possibility. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Nothing is provided in this respect. A.2.d Presumption of ownership The traditional presumption of authorship of Article 10 of the GCA applies to authors of database works.

Confirmed by Schricker, p.164, n 42. For case-law which has nevertheless recognised that there could in such cases be a silent consent to the transfer of rights, see Schricker, p.163, n 29.
51

50

86

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Contractual dealings are regulated by Chapter V (Dealings with Rights in Copyright) of Part I (Copyright) of the GCA. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.b Collective investments The GCA does not provide anything in this respect. According to Schricker52, if different persons invest in a single database, their respective rights and obligations must be determined according to the arrangements made between them, or they may be considered to have formed a civil company. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Nothing is provided in this respect. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Nothing is provided in this respect.

52

Schricker, p.1340, n 30.

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The Tele-Info-CD -case53 On 6 May 1999, the German Supreme Court (Bundesgerichtshof) issued an important ruling on the legal situation of telephone directories after transposition of the Directive. 7KH IDFWV. The facts of the case may be briefly summarised as follows. The first plaintiff, as Deutsche Telekom AG s subsidiary, was commissioned by the latter to publish telephone directories. Deutsche Telekom AG, the former national monopolist telecom operator, was the second plaintiff. The defendants issued telephone subscriber lists on CD-Rom s made by scanning the subscriber data of plaintiffs. Plaintiffs claimed copyright and unfair competition infringements and lost on both grounds in first instance and on appeal. 6XPPDU\. The Supreme Court denied copyright protection, but, since VXL JHQHULV protection had become applicable at the time of its decision, granted VXL JHQHULV protection to telephone directories. Unfair competition was also recognised. &RS\ULJKW SURWHFWLRQ. As regards the denial of copyright protection, the Supreme Court stated that telephone directories did not constitute personal intellectual creations under the GCA, nor works of collection within the meaning of Article 4 subsection 1 of the GCA. The supreme Court considered that the uniformity of the arrangement and presentation as regards the inclusion of aristocratic titles, historic additions to names, artists names, company names, the names of associations, public authorities and other institutions, company keywords and trade mark designations, were imposed by the need for a uniform handling of the data. The geographic structuring of the directories neither constituted a sufficiently creative element. The fact that the defendants had scanned the entire telephone directories, including their graphic design, was irrelevant since not the copying process but the final result produced and sold by the defendants formed the object of the proceedings (it must be noted that not all the scanned elements were subsequently included in the defendants directories). 6XL JHQHULV SURWHFWLRQ. The Supreme Court confirmed that this protection extends to database produced before 1 January 1998, and that such protection was not restricted to electronic databases, contrary to the view expressed by a minority opinion in literature. The condition of individual accessibility was met by the alphabetical arrangement allowing the simple finding of individual data. The remedy granted was injunctive relief. 2ZQHUVKLS. As regards the makership, the Supreme Court only granted VXL JHQHULV protection to the first plaintiff. Although Deutsche Telekom AG had recorded the subscriber data and communicated it to the first plaintiff, the Supreme Court considered that this did not lead to a joint ownership. Deutsche Telekom AG was the owner of its own database rights on the preparatory work, whereas the first plaintiff owned separated database rights on the edited versions of the database. As it did not appear to what extent the defendants had also used the preparatory work in the production of the Tele-Info-CD, infringement of Deutsche Telekom AG s database rights was not recognised.

53

BGH, 6 May 1999, in its English translation in ,,&, 7-8/2000, p.1055.

88

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 2IILFLDO ZRUNV. As regards the exclusion of official works from copyright protection pursuant to Article 5 subsection 2 of the GCA, the Supreme Court first recognised that this provision also applies to works protected only by neighbouring rights. However, the question whether Article 5 of the CGA also excludes protection to official databases cannot be answered without consideration of the Database Directive. The latter contains no express provision on this point. In the present case there was no need to determine whether such an exclusion from protection was nevertheless possible, since the first plaintiff s telephone directories could not be regarded as official works. Indeed, following the privatisation of the Deutsche Bundespost Telekom, telephone directories can no longer be regarded as official works. 8QIDLU FRPSHWLWLRQ. The Supreme Court considered that the Court of Appeals had wrongly denied the existence of unfair competition in this case. The reproduction of a work can be unfair if the reproduced work has competitive individuality and if additional special circumstances indicate that the adoption of another s achievement constitutes unfair competition. In the present case, the competitive individuality resulted from the copied subscriber data, since the public expects such data to be plaintiffs official data, LH first hand data, on which the public can rely without hesitation with respect to the completeness and accuracy of the entries. The additional circumstance of unfairness resulted from the exploitation of plaintiffs reputation, since the public expects the defendants directories to be based not on their own research, but on the official subscriber data. Such concealed reliance on another s achievement constitutes an unfair exploitation of reputation. Contrary to the VXL JHQHULV protection, both plaintiffs were entitled to claim damages for the acts of unfair competition. On the one hand there has been a copy of the competitive achievement of Deutsche Telekom AG, which compares data, structures it and communicates it to first plaintiff, and at the same time, the copying involves the achievement of the first plaintiff, which verifies the data and prepares them for inclusion in its directories. The remedies granted under the Unfair Competition Act were injunctive relief (but only as regards the distribution and not the production of the copies) and damages (but with a prior request for information in order to be able to assert such claim for damages). The destruction of copies and the request for publication of the judgement were refused.

89

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90

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The Directive has been transposed into Danish law by means of an amendment to the $FW RQ &RS\ULJKW thus &RQVROLGDWHG $FW RQ &RS\ULJKW  (Consolidated Act No. 706 of 29 September 1998, DCA or the Act ). The implementing Act No. 407 was enacted on 26 June 1998 and came into force on 1st July 1998. The Danish Ministry of Culture has kindly provided us with an unofficial English translation of the Act as amended up to 26 June 1998. The Act is made up of nine chapters : Chapter I : Subject matter and scope of copyright (Articles 1 to 10) ; Chapter II : Limitations on copyright (Articles 11 to 52) ; Chapter III : Assignment of copyright (Articles 53 to 62) ; Chapter IV : Duration of copyright (Articles 63 to 64) ; Chapter V : Other rights (Articles 65 to 72), of which Article 71 is particularly relevant for our purposes ; Chapter VI : Various provisions (Articles 73 to 75), which is not relevant for our purposes; Chapter VII : Enforcement of the Law (Articles 76 to 84) ; Chapter VIII : Scope of application of the Act (Articles 85 to 88) ; and Chapter IX : Coming into force and transitional provisions (Article 89 to 93), which is only relevant for old works.

Throughout this assessment we use the wordings Article and Section equally.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

To put it bluntly, Denmark has implemented the Directive rather sketchily. To stigmatise but one thing, the Danish legislator has tragically disregarded the basic tenet that its idiosyncratic catalogue right (Article 71 DCA), albeit a forerunner of the harmonised VXL JHQHULV right, is no adequate implementation for the latter (general remark under I.A.3 in B. Assessing compliance). The major failures comprise the following : - The all-embracing definition of a database enshrined in Article 1.2 Directive has not been transposed. The originality of the Directive s binding definition, which applies to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV right, has been totally overlooked by the Danish draughtsman as a database only appears as some sort of catalogue. None of the requirements that the materials contained in the database should be arranged in a
92

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means and, in connection to this, independent have been transposed (A.1.a). Article 3.1 Directive defining copyright subject matter and originality has not been transposed. Furthermore, under Article 5 DCA (as under Article 2(5) Berne Convention), only works or parts of works can make up a composite work whereas under Article 3.1 Directive, the contents of a database may include works, data or other materials (A.2.a.i). Temporary reproduction in Article 5(a) Directive and temporary transfer in Article 7.2(a) Directive have not been transposed (A.2.c.i and A.3.e.i). The Berne-like three-step test set out in Article 6.3 Directive has not been transposed (A.2.d.ii). Article 7.1 Directive on VXL JHQHULV right subsistence has been rather poorly transposed into Article 71 (1) DCA. Only the substantial investment requirement has been transposed. Nevertheless, it is undermined by the conjunction or implying that a large number of information items suffices to qualify a catalogue for Article 71 protection, even if it shows no substantial investment. Actually, this might be the Danish legislator s downright intent. In addition, qualitatively and/or quantitatively has not been transposed. Although the large number of information items requirement mirrors the quantitative criterion, nothing reflects the qualitative criterion. And in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents of the database qualifying that substantial investment has not been transposed, either (A.3.a.i). Article 86 (6) DCA on qualification for catalogue right largely falls short of Article 11 Directive as being centred around Denmark and thus discriminating against other EU nationals. Yet Denmark s protectionism shall probably be curbed by the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence. In addition, as regards legal persons, the incorporation criterion and the genuine economic link proviso have not been transposed whilst the wording headquarters does not accurately mirror registered office, central administration or principal place of business (A.3.d). As for the acts restricted under catalogue right, Denmark wrongly takes up traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public instead of using the autonomous extraction and reutilisation terms in Article 7.2 Directive. As a result, the wording evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively in respect of both rights has not been transposed, nor have to another medium for extraction and by on-line or other forms of transmission for reutilisation. Thus digital transmission does not fall within the ambit of the re-utilisation right (A.3.e.i and ii). Unlike Sweden and Finland, Denmark has almost properly transposed Article 7.5. The sole flaw consists in unduly using copyright terminology (reproduction or making available to the public) instead of VXL JHQHULV terminology (extraction and/or reutilisation). (A.3.e.iii). Article 8.1 Directive vesting the lawful user with a right to extract and re-utilise insubstantial parts has not been properly transposed. Notably, this right under the Directive only applies to insubstantial parts , evaluated quantitatively and/or qualitatively, as opposed to the whole catalogue under the DCA (A.3.g.i). The limits laid down in Article 8.2 and 8.3 Directive have not been transposed (A.3.g.ii and iii). Article 10.3 Directive on substantial new investment has not been transposed (A.3.h.iii).

93

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - Prohibitory injunctions and infringement investigations (akin to Anton Piller orders under UK law or descriptive seizures under French law) do not seem to be provided for under the Danish Copyright Act (A.4.a). - Denmark has brought into force a few amendments in order to comply with the Directive as of 1st July 1998. Thus Denmark has failed to abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1 Directive (1st January 1998) (A.4.c). - While extending the communication right to catalogue and database rights, the implementing Act has added further cross-references to a number of Articles, including Article 50 DCA. This extension runs counter to the Directive (B.2.a.iv). Further minor flaws include : - The exclusion for computer programs set out in Article 1.3 Directive is nowhere clearly reflected in the DCA (A.1.b). - Article 4.1 Directive on authorship ( the natural person ) is given a broader ambit in Article 1 DCA ( the person ) (A.2.b). - Article 5(e) Directive in relation to further acts with the results of an adaptation is nowhere expressly reflected in the DCA (A.2.c.ii). - Article 12 DCA D FRQWUDULR permits to make copies in analogous form of databases in digital form whereas Articles 6.2(a) and 9(a) Directive only allow the reproduction (both in digital and analogous forms) of a non-electronic database (B.1.a.i and B.2.a.i). - The wording the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved in Articles 6.2(b) and 9(b) Directive is nowhere reflected in Article 13 DCA entitled Reproduction within Educational Activities (B.1.a..ii and B.2.a.ii). - By cloning its copyright exceptions, the Danish legislator has totally overlooked that the exceptions to VXL JHQHULV right set out in Article 9 Directive are not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents (B.2.a). Pursuant to Article 249 (3) (ex-189 (3)) EC Treaty, a directive shall be binding, as to the results to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of forms and methods. The flaws in the Danish Copyright Act are not confined to such forms and methods but thwart and threaten the results to be achieved under the Directive.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The all-embracing definition of a database enshrined in Article 1.2 Directive has not been transposed. Nor has the in any form qualification of Article 1.1 been transposed. The originality of the Directive s binding definition, which applies to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV right, has been totally overlooked by the Danish draughtsman. Delving into the Act we found traces of what a database could be under Danish law : as for copyright, Article 5 DCA hints at a composite literary or artistic work ; and as for VXL JHQHULV right, Article 71 DCA refers to a catalogue, a table, a database or the like, in which a great number of items of information has been compiled, or which is the result of a substantial investment . To this we return below.

Arguably, the word collection of the Directive is reflected by composite in Article 5 DCA or in which a large number of information items have been compiled in Article 71 DCA. However, this is not even true in view of the conjunction or preceding which is the result of a substantial investment in Article 71 DCA. Unlike in Swedish law, the wording database appears in Danish law ; unlike in Finnish law, it does not appear as a clear alternative to catalogue but merely as some sort of it. In any case, none of the requirements that the materials contained in the database should be arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means and, in connection to this, independent have been transposed. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusion for computer programs set out in Article 1.3 Directive is nowhere clearly reflected in the Danish Copyright Act. This may not prove problematic since the Act is to be construed consistently with the Directive. A.1.c Applications The applications laid down in recitals 20 and 22 have not been mentioned. This is not problematic since the Act is to be construed consistently with the Directive.
95

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A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) Article 3.1 Directive defining copyright subject matter and originality has not been transposed. Article 1 DCA reads : 7KH SHUVRQ FUHDWLQJ D OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF ZRUN VKDOO KDYH FRS\ULJKW WKHUHLQ EH LW H[SUHVVHG LQ ZULWLQJ RU LQ VSHHFK DV D ILFWLRQDO RU D GHVFULSWLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ  RU H[SUHVVHG LQ VRPH RWKHU PDQQHU >0DSV DQG GUDZLQJV@ :RUNV LQ WKH IRUP RI FRPSXWHU SURJUDPV VKDOO EH FRQVLGHUHG DV OLWHUDU\ ZRUNV First, it arguably stems from Article 1 DCA that a database is copyright subject matter as a fictional or a descriptive representation expressed in writing or speech . Thus, although this is not expressly stated like for computer programs, databases seem to be protected as literary works. Secondly, the author s own intellectual creation, by reason of the selection or arrangement of the contents criterion has not been transposed. Admittedly, Danish case-law already applies a similar originality criterion yet this should now be embedded in legislation. In addition, Article 5 DCA reads : $ SHUVRQ ZKR E\ FRPELQLQJ ZRUNV RU SDUWV RI ZRUNV FUHDWHV D FRPSRVLWH OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF ZRUN VKDOO KDYH FRS\ULJKW WKHUHLQ EXW WKH ULJKW VKDOO EH ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH ULJKWV LQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO ZRUNV Although hinting at original selection or arrangement , the wording combining lacks precision. Furthermore, under Article 5 DCA (as under Article 2(5) Berne Convention), only works or parts of works can make up such a composite work whereas under Article 3.1 Directive, the contents of a database may include works, data or other materials . A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Article 3.2 LQLWLR Directive has not been transposed. Albeit a provision on coexistence rather than an exclusion as such, the proviso without prejudice to the rights in the individual works in Article 5 DCA (see above) may have an equivalent side-effect.
96

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) Article 3.2 LQ ILQH Directive has been properly transposed by Article 5 DCA (see above) stating : EXW WKH >FRS\@ULJKW VKDOO EH ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH ULJKWV LQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO ZRUNV A.2.b Authorship (Article 4.1) Article 4.1 Directive ( the natural person who created the database ) is given a broader ambit in Article 1 DCA ( the person creating ). However, it seems that Danish case-law already applies a natural person qualifying test. Article 6 DCA provides for joint authorship. Article 7 DCA sets out a rebuttable presumption of authorship in favour of, roughly, the person whose name appears on copies of the work. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a)) Article 2 (1) DCA provides, in relevant part, that : :LWKLQ WKH OLPLWDWLRQV VSHFLILHG LQ WKLV $FW FRS\ULJKW LPSOLHV WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH ZRUN E\ PDNLQJ FRSLHV WKHUHRI  ZKHWKHU LQ WKH RULJLQDO RU LQ DQ DPHQGHG IRUP LQ WUDQVODWLRQ DGDSWDWLRQ LQWR DQRWKHU OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF IRUP RU LQWR DQRWKHU WHFKQLTXH Article 2 (2) DCA further reads: 7KH UHFRUGLQJ RI WKH ZRUN RQ GHYLFHV ZKLFK FDQ UHSURGXFH LW VKDOO EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D SURGXFWLRQ RI FRSLHV Temporary or permanent reproduction in Article 5(a) Directive has not been transposed. By any means and in any form is reflected by into another literary or artistic form or into another technique . In whole or in part is not reflected in the Act but is presumably so in case-law on infringement. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Article 2 (1) DCA provides, in relevant part, that : :LWKLQ WKH OLPLWDWLRQV VSHFLILHG LQ WKLV $FW FRS\ULJKW LPSOLHV WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH ZRUN E\ PDNLQJ FRSLHV WKHUHRI  ZKHWKHU LQ WKH RULJLQDO
97

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 RU LQ DQ DPHQGHG IRUP LQ WUDQVODWLRQ DGDSWDWLRQ LQWR DQRWKHU OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF IRUP RU LQWR DQRWKHU WHFKQLTXH Items 1 to 4 (see Framework for Analysis) are reflected in Article 2 (1) DCA. However, item 5 (Article 5(e) Directive) in relation to further acts with the results of such adaptation is nowhere reflected in the Danish Copyright Act. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right Article 5(c) is reflected in Article 2(3)(i) DCA stating that : 7KH ZRUN LV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF ZKHQ L FRSLHV RI WKH ZRUN DUH RIIHUHG IRU VDOH UHQWDO RU OHQGLQJ RU GLVWULEXWLRQ WR WKH SXEOLF LQ VRPH RWKHU PDQQHU  A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale Article 19 DCA, entitled Distribution of Copies , reads : :KHQ D FRS\ RI ZRUN KDV EHHQ VROG RU RWKHUZLVH WUDQVIHUUHG WR RWKHUV ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU WKH FRS\ PD\ EH IXUWKHU GLVWULEXWHG 1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ WKH SURYLVLRQ RI VXEVHFWLRQ  FRSLHV PD\ QRW EH GLVWULEXWHG WR WKH JHQHUDO SXEOLF WKURXJK UHQWDO ZLWKRXW WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU  1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ WKH SURYLVLRQ RI VXEVHFWLRQ  FRSLHV RI  FRPSXWHU SURJUDPV LQ GLJLWL]HG IRUP PD\ QRW EH GLVWULEXWHG WR WKH SXEOLF WKURXJK OHQGLQJ ZLWKRXW WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU +RZHYHU WKLV GRHV QRW DSSO\ LI D FRS\ RI D FRPSXWHU SURJUDP LQ GLJLWL]HG IRUP FRQVWLWXWHV D SDUW RI D OLWHUDU\ ZRUN RU LV OHQW WRJHWKHU ZLWK LW Although Article 19 DCA does not expressly provide for Community (EEA)wide exhaustion, it is not problematic as it is to be construed consistently with the ECJ jurisprudence. Note that exhaustion here is not limited to the right to control the resale but applies to any further distribution. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d)) Article 5(d) Directive presumably needed no transposition. Indeed, Article 2 (1) DCA provides, in relevant part, that : :LWKLQ WKH OLPLWDWLRQV VSHFLILHG LQ WKLV $FW FRS\ULJKW LPSOLHV WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH ZRUN E\  PDNLQJ LW DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF ZKHWKHU LQ
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 WKH RULJLQDO RU LQ DQ DPHQGHG IRUP LQ WUDQVODWLRQ DGDSWDWLRQ LQWR DQRWKHU OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF IRUP RU LQWR DQRWKHU WHFKQLTXH Articles 2 (3) and (4) DCA further read:  7KH ZRUN LV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF ZKHQ L FRSLHV RI WKH ZRUN DUH RIIHUHG IRU VDOH UHQWDO RU OHQGLQJ RU GLVWULEXWLRQ WR WKH SXEOLF LQ VRPH RWKHU PDQQHU  LL FRSLHV DUH H[KLELWHG LQ SXEOLF LQFOXGLQJ EURDGFDVW E\ WHOHYLVLRQ  LLL WKH ZRUN LV SHUIRUPHG LQ SXEOLF LQFOXGLQJ EURDGFDVW E\ WHOHYLVLRQ  3XEOLF SHUIRUPDQFH ZLWKLQ WKH PHDQLQJ RI VXEVHFWLRQ LLL VKDOO LQFOXGH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH DW D SODFH RI EXVLQHVV EHIRUH D ODUJH JURXS ZKLFK ZRXOG RWKHUZLVH KDYH EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG QRW SXEOLF A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) Article 2(b) Directive required no transposition. See Article 2 (3 )DCA above. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) Unlike Sweden and Finland, Denmark has broadly transposed Article 6.1 and 15 Directive on access and normal use by the lawful user. Odd though as it may seem, Article 36 DCA entitled Special provisions on computer programs, etc. contains a paragraph on databases. Article 36 (2) DCA broadly reflects Article 6.1 and reads : 7KH SHUVRQ ZKR KDV WKH ULJKW WR XVH D GDWDEDVH PD\ SHUIRUP VXFK DFWLRQV ZKLFK DUH QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH SHUVRQ WR REWDLQ DFFHVV WR WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH GDWDEDVH DQG PDNH QRUPDO XVH RI LW Article 36 (4) DCA further provides that : 7KH SURYLVLRQV RI  VXEVHFWLRQ  PD\ QRW EH GHYLDWHG IURP E\ DJUHHPHQW In accordance with Article 15 Directive, Article 36 (4) DCA thus makes the lawful use exception LXV FRJHQV. The wording the person who has a right to use and for the person , reflecting lawful user , seems to extend to any such user, whether authorised by contract or by law. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) The limits set out in Article 6.3 have not been transposed.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The wording necessary in Article 36 (2) DCA does not properly reflect the Bernelike three-step test under Article 6.3 Directive. A.2.e Term (Article 2(c)) Article 2(c) required no transposition. Moreover, Article 43 DCA provides, in relevant part, that &RS\ULJKW LQ D ZRUN VKDOO VXEVLVW XQWLO WKH HQG RI WKH VHYHQWLHWK \HDU DIWHU WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH DXWKRU GHFHDVHG RU LQ WKH FDVH RI D ZRUN UHIHUUHG WR LQ $UWLFOH  DIWHU WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH ODVW VXUYLYLQJ DXWKRU GHFHDVHG A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) Unlike the Swedish legislator, the Danish lawmaker has carefully enacted coming into force provisions ( CIFP ) under Section 2 of the implementing Act No. 407 of 26 June 1998. A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Article 14.1 Directive has been properly transposed by CIFP 2, 1st sentence. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) Article 14.2 Directive was not designed for Denmark, but rather for the United Kingdom, Ireland or the Netherlands. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 Directive has been properly transposed by CIFP 3. Note also CIFP 3 on further distribution of copies and CIFP 4 on completion of commenced reproduction. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW Prior to the Directive, Denmark already had a catalogue right (Article 71 DCA) among its other rights than copyright (in Chapter V). In implementing the Directive, the Danish legislator has tragically disregarded the basic tenet that its idiosyncratic catalogue right, albeit a forerunner of the harmonised VXL JHQHULV right, should now be fully superseded by the latter. As a result, the insufficiently amended Article 71 DCA, like Swedish and Finnish Articles 49, may be depicted as an odd animal which trespasses in the Community s meadow 1.
1

See Karnell, 1999 GRUR Int. 329.

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 Directive has been almost properly transposed. Article 71 (1) DCA entitled Producers of Catalogues, etc. indeed reads : 7KH SHUVRQ ZKR SURGXFHV D FDWDORJXH D WDEOH D GDWDEDVH RU WKH OLNH LQ ZKLFK D JUHDW QXPEHU RI LWHPV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ KDV EHHQ FRPSLOHG RU ZKLFK LV WKH UHVXOW RI D VXEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQW VKDOO KDYH WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH SURGXFW LQ TXHVWLRQ DV D ZKROH RU DQ HVVHQWLDO SDUW WKHUHRI E\ PDNLQJ FRSLHV RI LW DQG E\ PDNLQJ LW DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF Thus only item 3 (the substantial investment requirement) has been transposed. Nevertheless, it is undermined by the conjunction or implying that a large number of information items suffices to qualify a catalogue for Article 71 protection, even if it shows no substantial investment. Gaster s remark in respect of Sweden may equally apply to Denmark : Quite remarkably 49 SCA [mirroring 71 DCA] went beyond the scope of the Directive by affording 49 protection to compilations which did not require substantial investment but contain a substantial amount of data 2. Actually, this may be the Danish legislator s downright intent. In addition, items 1 and 2 ( qualitatively and/or quantitatively ) have not been transposed. Although the large number of information items requirement mirrors the quantitative criterion, nothing reflects the qualitative criterion. Moreover, items 4 to 7 ( in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents of the database ) qualifying that substantial investment have not been transposed, either. A.3.a.ii Exclusions Although recital 45 has not been transposed, nothing in the Act runs counter to its substance. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Article 7.1, to the relevant extent, is presumably reflected by the wording the person who produces in Article 71 (1) DCA (see above). A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 71 (5) DCA provides for the application of certain copyright provisions to catalogue right. However, those do not include Article 53 DCA on transfer of copyright. As a result, it would seem that catalogue right either cannot be assigned or can be so under the common rules of civil law.

Gaster, 2000 Tolley s.

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 In connection to lawful use (see below), note Article 71 (6) DCA : 7HUPV RI DJUHHPHQW ZKLFK H[WHQG WKH ULJKW RI WKH SURGXFHU DFFRUGLQJ WR VXEVHFWLRQ  LQ D SURGXFW PDGH SXEOLF VKDOO EH QXOO DQG YRLG A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) Article 86 (6) DCA reads: 7KH SURYLVLRQV RI 6HFWLRQ  VKDOO DSSO\ WR FDWDORJXHV HWF PDGH E\ L SHUVRQV ZKR DUH QDWLRQDOV RU KDYH WKHLU KDELWXDO UHVLGHQFH LQ D FRXQWU\ ZLWKLQ WKH (XURSHDQ (FRQRPLF $UHD RU LL FRPSDQLHV ZLWK KHDGTXDUWHUV LQ D FRXQWU\ ZLWKLQ WKH (XURSHDQ (FRQRPLF $UHD First and foremost, without prejudice to the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence, Article 86 (6) DCA largely falls short of Article 11 Directive as being centred around Denmark and thus discriminating against other EU nationals. Indeed, all criteria of nationality, habitual residence or headquarters apply with regard to Denmark rather than the European Community. In addition, as regards legal persons, items 1 (incorporation) and 3 (genuine economic link) have not been transposed whilst the wording headquarters does not accurately mirror item 2 ( registered office, central administration or principal place of business ). In any event, Denmark s protectionism shall probably be curbed by the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Denmark wrongly takes up traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public instead of using the autonomous extraction and re-utilisation terms in Article 7.2 Directive. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a)) Article 7.2 (a) Directive is partially reflected by the exclusive right to control the product in question as a whole or an essential part thereof by making copies of it set out in Article 71 (1) DCA (see above). Article 71 (3) unduly cross-refers to Article 2 (2) DCA defining the production of copies in respect of copyright. Likewise then, temporary transfer is not covered by VXL JHQHULV (see A.2.c.i above). At least, Denmark has gone slightly further than Sweden and Finland in implementing or of a substantial part into or an essential part thereof . Yet the following wordings have not been transposed into Danish law : - evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively , and
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - to another medium . A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b) Directive is partially reflected by the exclusive right to control the product in question as a whole or an essential part thereof by ( ) making it available to the public laid down in Article 71 (1) DCA (see above). Article 71 (3) unduly cross-refers to Article 2, 3 DCA defining the making available to the public in respect of copyright. At least, Denmark has gone slightly further than Sweden and Finland in implementing or of a substantial part into or an essential part thereof . Yet the following wordings have not been transposed : - evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively , and - by on-line transmission or other forms of transmission . A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale By virtue of Article 71 (3) DCA, Article 19 (1)-(2) DCA applies to catalogue (etc..) right as well. Article 19 DCA, entitled Distribution of Copies reads : :KHQ D FRS\ RI ZRUN KDV EHHQ VROG RU RWKHUZLVH WUDQVIHUUHG WR RWKHUV ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU WKH FRS\ PD\ EH IXUWKHU GLVWULEXWHG 1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ WKH SURYLVLRQ RI VXEVHFWLRQ  FRSLHV PD\ QRW EH GLVWULEXWHG WR WKH JHQHUDO SXEOLF WKURXJK UHQWDO ZLWKRXW WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU  Although Article 19 DCA does not expressly provide for Community (EEA)wide exhaustion, it is not problematic as it is to be construed consistently with the ECJ jurisprudence. Note that exhaustion here is not limited to the right to control the resale but applies to any further distribution. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Unlike Sweden and Finland, Denmark has almost properly transposed Article 7.5. Article 71 (2) SCA provides that : 7KH SURYLVLRQ RI VXEVHFWLRQ  VKDOO DSSO\ FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\ WR D UHSURGXFWLRQ RU PDNLQJ DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF RI LQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV RI WKH FRQWHQWV RI D FDWDORJXH D WDEOH D GDWDEDVH RU WKH OLNH ZKLFK LV PDGH UHSHDWHGO\ DQG V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ LI WKH VDLG DFWV PD\ EH HTXDOOHG WR DFWV ZKLFK FRQIOLFW ZLWK
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 QRUPDO H[SORLWDWLRQ RI WKH SURGXFWV LQ TXHVWLRQ RU ZKLFK XQUHDVRQDEO\ SUHMXGLFH WKH OHJLWLPDWH LQWHUHVWV RI WKH SURGXFHU The sole flaw consists in unduly using copyright terminology (reproduction or making available to the public) instead of VXL JHQHULV terminology (extraction and/or reutilisation). A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art. 7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the database (Art. 7.4) It may be inferred from the location of Article 71 in Chapter V (Other Rights) that catalogue protection applies irrespective of whether the catalogue or database structure is eligible for copyright protection. In any event, this arguably stems from Article 71 (3) DCA providing, in relevant part, that :KHUH SURGXFWV RI WKH QDWXUH PHQWLRQHG LQ VXEVHFWLRQ  RU SDUWV WKHUHRI DUH VXEMHFW WR FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU SURWHFWLRQ VXFK ULJKWV PD\ DOVR EH H[HUFLVHG (our emphasis). A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art. 7.4) It may be inferred from the location of Article 71 in Chapter V (Other Rights) that catalogue protection applies irrespective of whether the catalogue or database contents is eligible for copyright protection. In any event, this arguably stems from Article 71 (3) DCA providing, in relevant part, that :KHUH SURGXFWV RI WKH QDWXUH PHQWLRQHG LQ VXEVHFWLRQ  RU SDUWV WKHUHRI DUH VXEMHFW WR FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU SURWHFWLRQ VXFK ULJKWV PD\ DOVR EH H[HUFLVHG (our emphasis). A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art. 7.4) Article 7.4 in fine is reflected by Article 71 (3) DCA providing, in relevant part, that :KHUH SURGXFWV RI WKH QDWXUH PHQWLRQHG LQ VXEVHFWLRQ  RU SDUWV WKHUHRI DUH VXEMHFW WR FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU SURWHFWLRQ VXFK ULJKWV PD\ DOVR EH H[HUFLVHG A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) Unlike Sweden and Finland, Denmark has not properly transposed Article 8.1 and 15 Directive vesting the lawful user with a right to extract and re-utilise insubstantial parts.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 By virtue of Article 71 (5) DCA, Article 36 (2) and (4) DCA applies to catalogue right. Article 36 (2) DCA reads : 7KH SHUVRQ ZKR KDV WKH ULJKW WR XVH D GDWDEDVH PD\ SHUIRUP VXFK DFWLRQV ZKLFK DUH QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH SHUVRQ WR REWDLQ DFFHVV WR WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH GDWDEDVH DQG PDNH QRUPDO XVH RI LW Article 36 (4) DCA further provides that : 7KH SURYLVLRQV RI  VXEVHFWLRQ  PD\ QRW EH GHYLDWHG IURP E\ DJUHHPHQW In accordance with Article 15 Directive, Article 36 (4) DCA thus makes the lawful use exception LXV FRJHQV. Therefore, we cannot fathom why the Danish legislator has deemed necessary to duplicate this in Article 71 (6) DCA awkwardly providing that 7HUPV RI DJUHHPHQW ZKLFK H[WHQG WKH ULJKW RI WKH SURGXFHU DFFRUGLQJ WR VXEVHFWLRQ  LQ D SURGXFW PDGH SXEOLF VKDOO EH QXOO DQG YRLG At first glance, Article 36 (2) DCA reflects Article 8.1 Directive. Quite misleadingly so. First and foremost, this right under the Directive only applies to insubstantial parts , evaluated quantitatively and/or qualitatively, as opposed to the whole catalogue under the DCA. Secondly, it applies for any purposes whatsoever , not just to obtain access and make normal use. Thirdly, the wording extracting and/or re-utilising is not transposed. The wording the person who has the right to use and for the person , reflecting lawful user , seems to extend to any such user, whether authorised by contract or by law. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) The limits have not been transposed. A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 8.2 has not been transposed. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) Article 8.3 has not been transposed. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1)
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 10.1 is reflected by Article 71 (4), first sentence DCA, which reads: 7KH SURWHFWLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR VXEVHFWLRQ  VKDOO VXEVLVW XQWLO  \HDUV KDYH HODSVHG DIWHU WKH HQG RI WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH SURGXFW ZDV SURGXFHG A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 10.2 is reflected by Article 71 (4), second sentence DCA, which reads: ,I D SURGXFW RI WKH VDLG QDWXUH LV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF ZLWKLQ WKLV SHULRG RI WLPH WKH SURWHFWLRQ VKDOO KRZHYHU VXEVLVW XQWLO  \HDUV KDYH HODSVHG DIWHU WKH HQG RI WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH SURGXFW ZDV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 10.3 has not been transposed. This is yet another major flaw in the Danish transposition. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) Unlike the Swedish legislator, the Danish lawmaker has carefully enacted coming into force provisions ( CIFP ) under Section 2 of the implementing Act No. 407 of 26 June 1998. A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) Articles 14.3 and 14.5 have been properly transposed by CIFP 2. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has been properly transposed by CIFP 3. Note also CIFP 3 on further distribution of copies and CIFP 4 on completion of commenced reproduction. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Chapter VII of the Danish Copyright Act, entitled Enforcement of the Law and comprising Articles 76 to 84, provides for the following remedies: - Fine or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months (Articles 76-80); - Remuneration, damages and compensation for tort (Article 83); - Seizure, transfer or destruction of infringing copies or devices (Article 84). The following remedies do not seem to be provided for under the Danish Copyright Act:
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - Prohibitory injunctions; - Infringement investigations (akin to Anton Piller orders under UK law or descriptive seizures under French law). A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Nothing in the Danish Copyright Act seems to prejudice the various protections listed in Article 13. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Denmark has brought into force a few amendments in order to comply with the Directive as of 1st July 1998. Thus Denmark has failed abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1. Pursuant to Article 16.1 2, due reference has been made to the Directive in the implementing Act. % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) Article 6.2(a) Directive is oddly reflected in Article 12 DCA, which is entitled Reproduction for Private Use and reads :  $Q\RQH LV HQWLWOHG WR PDNH RU KDYH PDGH IRU SULYDWH SXUSRVHV VLQJOH FRSLHV RI ZRUNV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ PDGH SXEOLF 6XFK FRSLHV PD\ QRW EH XVHG IRU DQ\ RWKHU SXUSRVHV  7KH SURYLVLRQ RI VXEVHFWLRQ  GRHV QRW SURYLGH WKH ULJKW WR  LY SURGXFH FRSLHV LQ GLJLWL]HG IRUP RI RWKHU ZRUNV LI WKH UHSURGXFWLRQ LV PDGH RQ WKH EDVLV RI D UHSURGXFWLRQ RI WKH ZRUN LQ GLJLWL]HG IRUP  Item 1 ( reproduction , see Framework for Analysis) goes beyond single copies . Item 2 ( for private purposes ) appears in both texts. Article 12 2 DCA reflects item 3 ( of a non-electronic database ) except that it D FRQWUDULR permits to make copies in analogous form of other works [than computer programs, thus including databases] in digitized form whereas Article 6.2(a) Directive only allows the reproduction (both in digital and analogous forms) of a non-electronic database. Apart from this the Danish Act is more or less in line with Article 6.2 (a) Directive.

107

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) As for education, not research, three separate provisions are of relevance. First, Article 13 DCA entitled Reproduction within Educational Activities permits that copies ( ) be made of published works and ( ) by recording ( ) . Article 6.2(b) Directive is only roughly implemented : 1. for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching is mirrored by for the purpose of educational activities ; 2. scientific research is not at issue here; 3. as long as the source is indicated is reflected by the source shall be indicated in accordance with the requirements of proper usage in Article 11 (2); 4. the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved is nowhere reflected as such. Note also the requirement of a compensating collective licence : provided the requirements regarding extended collective licence according to Section 50 have been met . Secondly, Article 21 DCA entitled Public performances provides that  $ SXEOLVKHG ZRUN  PD\ EH SXEOLFO\ SHUIRUPHG  LL ZKHUH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH LV PDGH LQ WKH FDVH RI GLYLQH VHUYLFHV RU HGXFDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV  7KH SURYLVLRQ RI VXEVHFWLRQ LL GRHV QRW DSSO\ WR SHUIRUPDQFHV RI GDWDEDVHV LQ HGXFDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV ZKLFK DUH PDGH IRU FRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVHV Thirdly, Article 18 DCA exempts, against remuneration, composite works ( ) for use in educational activities of minor portions from literary ( ) works ( ) provided that five years have elapsed from the publication of those works . B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Articles 26 to 28 DCA already set out exceptions for public proceedings, public access, etc. similar to that of Article 6.2(c). In particular, Article 28 (1) as amended states that : :RUNV PD\ WR WKH H[WHQW MXVWLILHG E\ WKH SXUSRVH EH XVHG LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK L MXGLFLDO SURFHHGLQJV DQG SURFHHGLQJV EHIRUH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH WULEXQDOV HWF DQG LL SURFHHGLQJV ZLWKLQ SXEOLF DXWKRULWLHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV XQGHU 3DUOLDPHQW B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) Pursuant to Article 6.2 (d), other traditional exceptions have been maintained. The following exceptions are of particular relevance to databases :
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - Reproduction within archives, libraries and museums (Article 16 DCA); - Reproduction for visually handicapped and hearing-impaired persons (Article 17 DCA); - Quotations of a works which has been made available to the public in accordance with proper usage and to the extent required for the purpose (Article 22 DCA); - Reporting of current events (Article 25 DCA); - Special provisions on computer programs (Article 36 DCA), of which paragraphs 2 and 4 are dealt with above under A.2.d.i : Lawful use; and - Extended collective licence (Article 50 DCA). Note that the Danish draughtsman has added a second paragraph to Article 21 DCA on Public performances to the effect that this exception does not apply to performances of databases in educational activities which are made for commercial purposes . As this amendment removes an exception, it is authorised under the Directive. % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) By virtue of Article 71 (5) DCA WKH SURYLVLRQV RI 6HFWLRQV     LY               DQG  VKDOO DSSO\ FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\ WR WKH FDWDORJXHV WDEOHV GDWDEDVHV HWF PHQWLRQHG LQ >6HFWLRQ @ Thus catalogue right exceptions are clones from copyright ones which are engineered by way of cross-references. B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) Article 9(a) Directive is oddly reflected in Article 12 DCA, which is entitled Reproduction for Private Purposes and reads :  $Q\RQH LV HQWLWOHG WR PDNH RU KDYH PDGH IRU SULYDWH SXUSRVHV VLQJOH FRSLHV RI ZRUNV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ PDGH SXEOLF 6XFK FRSLHV PD\ QRW EH XVHG IRU DQ\ RWKHU SXUSRVHV  7KH SURYLVLRQ RI VXEVHFWLRQ  GRHV QRW SURYLGH WKH ULJKW WR  LY 3URGXFH FRSLHV LQ GLJLWL]HG IRUP RI RWKHU ZRUNV LI WKH UHSURGXFWLRQ LV PDGH RQ WKH EDVLV RI D UHSURGXFWLRQ RI WKH ZRUN LQ GLJLWL]HG IRUP  Item 1 ( extraction , see Framework for Analysis) goes beyond single copies . Item 2 ( for private purposes ) appears in both texts. Article 12 2 DCA reflects item 3 ( of a non-electronic database ) except that it D FRQWUDULR permits to make copies in analogous form of other works [than computer programs, thus including databases] in digitized form whereas Article 9(a) Directive only allows the extraction (both in digital and analogous forms) of the contents a non-electronic database.
109

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 More importantly still, the Danish legislator has totally overlooked that this exception is not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) As for education, not research, three separate provisions are of relevance. First, Article 13 DCA entitled Reproduction within Educational Activities permits that copies ( ) be made of published works and ( ) by recording ( ) . Article 9(b) Directive is only roughly implemented : 1. for purposes of illustration for teaching is mirrored by for the purpose of educational activities ; 2. scientific research is not at issue here; 3. as long as the source is indicated is reflected by the source shall be indicated in accordance with the requirements of proper usage in Article 11 (2); 4. the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved is nowhere reflected as such. Note also the requirement of a compensating collective licence : provided the requirements regarding extended collective licence according to Section 50 have been met . Secondly, Article 21 DCA entitled Public performances provides that  $ SXEOLVKHG ZRUN  PD\ EH SXEOLFO\ SHUIRUPHG  LL ZKHUH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH LV PDGH LQ WKH FDVH RI GLYLQH VHUYLFHV RU HGXFDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV  7KH SURYLVLRQ RI VXEVHFWLRQ LL GRHV QRW DSSO\ WR SHUIRUPDQFHV RI GDWDEDVHV LQ HGXFDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV ZKLFK DUH PDGH IRU FRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVHV Thirdly, Article 18 DCA exempts, against remuneration, composite works ( ) for use in educational activities of minor portions from literary ( ) works ( ) provided that five years have elapsed from the publication of those works . All the way through those articles the Danish legislator has totally overlooked that this exception is not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Articles 26 to 28 DCA already set out exceptions for public proceedings, public access, etc. similar to that of Article 6.2(c). In particular, Article 28 (1) as amended states that : :RUNV PD\ WR WKH H[WHQW MXVWLILHG E\ WKH SXUSRVH EH XVHG LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK L MXGLFLDO SURFHHGLQJV DQG SURFHHGLQJV EHIRUH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH WULEXQDOV HWF DQG
110

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The Danish legislator has overlooked that this exception is not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . B.2.a.iv Other exceptions Recital 52 of the Directive permits Member States which have specific rules providing for a right comparable to the VXL JHQHULV right to retain the exceptions traditionally specified by such rules. As with Sweden and Finland, the traditional exceptions which have accordingly been maintained include : - Reproduction within archives, libraries and museums (Article 16 DCA); - Quotations of a works which has been made available to the public in accordance with proper usage and to the extent required for the purpose (Article 22 DCA); While extending the communication right to catalogue right, the implementing Act has added further cross-references to a number of articles, including - Extended collective licence (Article 50 DCA). This extension runs counter to the Directive. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV Article 3 DCA, which lays down paternity and integrity rights and recognises limited waivers, presumably applies to databases as literary works. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases Article 59 DCA provides that copyright in a computer program produced in the course of employment shall pass to the employer. $ FRQWUDULR such an irrebuttable presumption of assignment would seem to apply neither to database copyright nor to catalogue right. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Nothing is provided in this respect.
111

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Article 6 DCA provides for joint authorship. $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV See Chapter III DCA on Assignment of Copyright. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Article 59 DCA provides that copyright in a computer program produced in the course of employment shall pass to the employer. $ FRQWUDULR such an irrebuttable presumption of transfer would seem to apply neither to database copyright nor to catalogue right. B.1.b Collective investments By virtue of Article 71 (5) DCA WKH SURYLVLRQV RI 6HFWLRQV   VKDOO DSSO\ FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\ WR WKH FDWDORJXHV WDEOHV GDWDEDVHV HWF PHQWLRQHG LQ >6HFWLRQ @ Article 6 DCA provides for joint authorship. B.1.c Presumption of ownership By virtue of Article 71 (5) DCA WKH SURYLVLRQV RI 6HFWLRQV   VKDOO DSSO\ FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\ WR WKH FDWDORJXHV WDEOHV GDWDEDVHV HWF PHQWLRQHG LQ >6HFWLRQ @ Article 7 DCA sets out a rebuttable presumption of authorship in favour of, roughly, the person whose name appears on copies of the work. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Article 71 (5) DCA provides for the application of certain copyright provisions to catalogue right. However, those do not include Article 53 DCA on assignment of copyright. As a result, it would seem that catalogue and database rights either may not be assigned or may be so under the common rules of civil law.

 

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The claimant was the Danish Newspaper Publishers Association. Such newspapers also ran Internet media consisting in posting on-line text collections of headlines and articles. The defendant, Newsbooster, offered a search service as well as electronic newsletters and charged subscription fees for both services. Their regular updating involved deep linking to newspaper headlines and articles. It was common ground that Newsbooster did not produce any news itself. On 5 July 2002, the Bailiff s Court of Copenhagen found that there was a database in the Directive sense and upheld a catalogue or database copyright claim awkwardly based on Section 71 of the Danish Copyright Act. This oddity was due to the Danish lawmaker s failure to incorporate a fully-fledged sui generis right into its law, as stigmatised above. Turning to infringement, the Court first quoted Article 7 (1) and 7 (5) of the Directive and the corresponding recitals. Implicitly relying on Article 7 (5) which Denmark, contrary to Sweden and Finland, implemented in Section 71 (2) DCA , the Court held that Newsbooster repeatedly and systematically reproduced and published the claimants headlines and articles. The Court then structured its finding of unreasonable prejudice around deep linking. As a result of deep linking, both services were in direct competition with the newspapers and could impair the value of banner advertising on the newspapers websites. The search service and electronic newsletters offered by Newsbooster thus violated Section 71 (2) of the Danish Copyright Act as well as Section 1 of the Danish Fair Trade Practices Act. A lawful quotation defence based on Section 22 of the DCA was dismissed without hesitation. Four injunctions were accordingly ordered. An abridged transcript of the Bailiff s Court records is available at : http://www.newsbooster.com/?pg=judge&lan=eng

Bailiff s Court of Copenhagen, 5 July 2002.

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The Directive has been transposed into Finnish law by means of an amendment to the &RS\ULJKW $FW (Law no. 404, of 8 July 1961, FCA or the Act ). The implementing amendment was enacted on 3rd April 1998 and came into force on 15th April 1998. The Finish Ministry of Education has kindly provided us with an unofficial English translation of the Act as amended up to 9th October 1998. The Act is made up of eight chapters : - Chapter I : Subject matter and scope (Articles 1 to 10) ; - Chapter II : Limitations on copyright (Articles 11 to 26) ; - Chapter II a : Compensation for the making of copies of a work for private use (Articles 26 a to 26 h); - Chapter II b : Resale remuneration (Article 26 i to 26 m), which is not relevant for our purposes; - Chapter III : Transfer of copyright (Articles 27 to 42) ; - Chapter IV : Duration of copyright (Articles 43 to 44 a) ; - Chapter V : Certain rights neighbouring copyright (Articles 45 to 50), of which Article 49 is particularly relevant for our purposes ; - Chapter VI : Special provisions (Articles 51 to 55), which is not relevant for our purposes; - Chapter VII : Penal sanctions and liability (Articles 56 to 62) ; - Chapter VIII : Applicability of the Act (Articles 63 to 73) ; and - Implementing provisions of Copyright Act amendment.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

To put it bluntly, Finland has implemented the Directive rather sketchily. To stigmatise but one thing, the Finnish legislator has tragically disregarded that the catalogue right (Article 49 FCA), albeit a forerunner of the VXL JHQHULV right, is no adequate implementation for the latter (general remark under I.A.3 in B. Assessing compliance). The major failures comprise the following : - The all-embracing definition of a database enshrined in Article 1.2 Directive has not been transposed. The originality of the Directive s binding definition, which applies to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV right, has been totally overlooked by the Finnish draughtsman as a database only appears as an alternative to a catalogue. None of the requirements that the materials contained in the database should be arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means and, in connection to this, independent have been transposed (A.1.a).
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - Article 3.1 Directive defining copyright subject matter and originality has not been transposed. Furthermore, under Article 5 FCA (as under Article 2(5) Berne Convention), only works or parts of works can make up a composite work whereas under Article 3.1 Directive, the contents of a database may include works, data or other materials (A.2.a.i). - Temporary reproduction in Article 5(a) Directive and temporary transfer in Article 7.2(a) Directive have not been transposed (A.2.c.i and A.3.e.i). - Article 6.1 Directive on access and normal use by the lawful user has not been properly transposed by Article 25 j, 4 FCA (A.2.d.i). - The Berne-like three-step test set out in Article 6.3 Directive has not been transposed (A.2.d.ii). - Article 7.1 Directive on VXL JHQHULV right subsistence has DOPRVW been properly transposed into Article 49, 1 FCA. Nevertheless, the substantial investment requirement is undermined by the conjunction or implying that a large number of information items suffices to qualify a catalogue for Article 49 protection, even if it shows no substantial investment. Actually, this might be the Finnish legislator s downright intent (A.3.a.i). - As far as Article 64 7 FCA concerns qualification for catalogue right (Article 49 1, subparagraph 1), the sole criterion is first publication in Finland. Without prejudice to the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence, Article 64, 7 FCA largely falls short of Article 11 Directive as being centred around Finland and thus discriminating against productions which were first published in another EU (EEA) Member State. In any event, Finland s protectionism shall probably be curbed by the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence. As far as Article 64 7 FCA on concerns qualification for database right (Article 49 1, subparagraph 2), Article 11 Directive has DOPRVW been properly transposed. Yet the words central administration or principal place of business following registered office have not been transposed (A.3.d). - As for the acts restricted under catalogue right, Finland wrongly takes up traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public instead of using the autonomous extraction and reutilisation terms in Article 7.2 Directive. As a result, the wordings a substantial part and evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively in respect of both rights have not been transposed, nor have to another medium for extraction and by on-line or other forms of transmission for re-utilisation. Thus digital transmission does not fall within the ambit of the re-utilisation right (A.3.e.i and ii). - Article 7.5 Directive on the repeated and systematic use of insubstantial parts has not been transposed (A.3.e.iii). - Article 8.1 Directive vesting the lawful user with a right to extract and re-utilise insubstantial parts has not been properly transposed. Notably, this right under the Directive only applies to insubstantial parts , evaluated quantitatively and/or qualitatively, as opposed to the whole catalogue under the FCA (A.3.g.i). - The limits laid down in Article 8.2 and 8.3 Directive have not been transposed (A.3.g.ii and iii). - Article 10.3 Directive on substantial new investment has not been transposed (A.3.h.iii). - Prohibitory injunctions and infringement investigations (akin to Anton Piller orders under UK law or descriptive seizures under French law) do not seem to be provided for under the Finnish Copyright Act (A.4.a). - Finland has brought into force a few amendments in order to comply with the Directive as of 15 April 1998. Thus Finland has failed to abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1 Directive (1st January 1998) (A.4.c).
117

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - While extending the communication right to catalogue and database rights, the implementing Act has added further cross-references to Articles 142, 15, 17, 18, 19, 25 b, 25 f 25 i and 26 FCA. This extension runs counter to the Directive (B.2.a.iv). Further minor flaws include : - The exclusion for computer programs set out in Article 1.3 Directive is nowhere clearly reflected in the FCA (A.1.b). - Article 4.1 Directive on authorship ( the natural person ) is given a broader ambit in Article 1 FCA ( a person ) (A.2.b). - Article 5(e) Directive in relation to further acts with the results of an adaptation is nowhere reflected in the FCA (A.2.c.ii). - Article 12 FCA D FRQWUDULR permits to make copies in analogous form of compilations in digital form whereas Articles 6.2(a) and 9(a) Directive only allow the reproduction (both in digital and analogous forms) of a non-electronic database (B.1.a.i and B.2.a.i). - The wording the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved in Articles 6.2(b) and 9(b) Directive is nowhere reflected in Article 13 FCA entitled Reproduction in Educational Activities (B.1.a..ii and B.2.a.ii). - By cloning its copyright exceptions, the Finnish legislator has totally overlooked that the exceptions to VXL JHQHULV right set out in Article 9 Directive are not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents (B.2.a). Pursuant to Article 249 (3) (ex-189 (3)) EC Treaty, a directive shall be binding, as to the results to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of forms and methods. The flaws in the Finnish Copyright Act are not confined to such forms and methods but thwart and threaten the results to be achieved under the Directive.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The all-embracing definition of a database enshrined in Article 1.2 Directive has not been transposed. Nor has the in any form qualification of Article 1.1 been transposed. The originality of the Directive s binding definition, which applies to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV right, has been totally overlooked by the Finnish draughtsman. Delving into the Act we found traces of what a database could be under Finnish law : as for copyright, Article 5 FCA hints at a literary or an artistic compilation work ; and as for VXL JHQHULV right, Article 49 FCA refers to (1) a catalogue, table, program or any other production in which a large quantity of data are compiled, or (2) a database which shows that there has been a substantial investment in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents . To this we return below.

Arguably, the wording collection in the Directive is reflected by compilation in Article 5 FCA or in which a large quantity of data are compiled in Article 49 FCA. However, this is not even true in view of the conjunction or preceding a database which shows that there has been a substantial investment ( ) in Article 49 FCA. Thus, unlike in Swedish law, the wording database appears in Finnish law yet only as an alternative to catalogue . Overall Finland has three rights which are relevant to databases : compilation copyright, catalogue right, and VXL JHQHULV database right. In any case, none of the requirements that the materials contained in the database should be arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means and, in connection to this, independent have been transposed. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusion for computer programs set out in Article 1.3 Directive is nowhere clearly reflected in the Finnish Copyright Act. This may not prove problematic since the Act is to be construed consistently with the Directive. A.1.c Applications The applications laid down in recitals 20 and 22 have not been mentioned. This is not problematic since the Act is to be construed consistently with the Directive.
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A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) Article 3.1 Directive defining copyright subject matter and originality has not been transposed. Article 1 FCA reads : $ SHUVRQ ZKR KDV FUHDWHG D OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF ZRUN VKDOO KDYH FRS\ULJKW WKHUHLQ ZKHWKHU LW EH D ILFWLRQDO RU GHVFULSWLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LQ ZULWLQJ RU VSHHFK  RU H[SUHVVHG LQ VRPH RWKHU PDQQHU 0DSV  DQG FRPSXWHU SURJUDPV VKDOO DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG OLWHUDU\ ZRUNV First, it arguably stems from Article 1 FCA that a database is copyright subject matter as a fictional or descriptive representation in writing or speech . Thus, although this is not expressly stated like for computer programs, databases seem to be protected as literary works. Secondly, the author s own intellectual creation, by reason of the selection or arrangement of the contents criterion has not been transposed. Admittedly, Finnish case-law already applies a similar originality criterion yet this should now be embedded in legislation. In addition, Article 5 FCA reads : $ SHUVRQ ZKR E\ FRPELQLQJ ZRUNV RU SDUWV RI ZRUNV FUHDWHV D OLWHUDU\ RU DQ DUWLVWLF FRPSLODWLRQ ZRUN VKDOO KDYH FRS\ULJKW WKHUHLQ EXW KLV ULJKW VKDOO QRW UHVWULFW WKH ULJKWV LQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO ZRUNV Although hinting at original selection or arrangement , the wording combining lacks precision. Furthermore, under Article 5 FCA (as under Article 2(5) Berne Convention), only works or parts of works can make up such a composite work whereas under Article 3.1 Directive, the contents of a database may include works, data or other materials . A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Article 3.2 LQLWLR Directive has not been transposed. Albeit a provision on coexistence rather than an exclusion as such, the proviso shall not restrict the rights in the individual works in Article 5 FCA (see above) may have an equivalent side-effect. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) Article 3.2 LQ ILQH Directive has been properly transposed by Article 5 FCA stating :
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 %XW >FRS\ULJKW@ VKDOO QRW UHVWULFW WKH ULJKWV LQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO ZRUNV A.2.b Authorship (Article 4.1) Article 4.1 Directive ( the natural person who created the database ) is given a broader ambit in Article 1 FCA ( a person who has created ). However, it seems that Finnish case-law already applies a natural person qualifying test. Article 6 FCA provides for joint authorship. Article 7 FCA sets out a rebuttable presumption of authorship in favour of, roughly, the person whose name appears on copies of a work. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a)) Article 2.1 FCA provides, in relevant part, that :LWKLQ WKH OLPLWDWLRQV VWDWHG KHUHLQDIWHU FRS\ULJKW VKDOO LQFOXGH WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH ZRUN E\ PDNLQJ FRSLHV WKHUHRI  EH LW LQ WKH RULJLQDO RU DQ DOWHUHG IRUP LQ WUDQVODWLRQ RU DGDSWDWLRQ LQ DQRWKHU OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF IRUP RU E\ RWKHU WHFKQLFDO PHDQV Article 2.2 FCA further reads: 7KH UHFRUGLQJ RI D ZRUN RQ D GHYLFH E\ ZKLFK LW FDQ EH UHSURGXFHG VKDOO DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG WKH PDNLQJ RI FRSLHV Temporary or permanent reproduction in Article 5(a) Directive has not been transposed. By any means and in any form is reflected by in another literary or artistic form, or by other technical means . In whole or in part is not reflected in the Act but is presumably so in case-law on infringement. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Article 2.1 FCA provides, in relevant part, that :LWKLQ WKH OLPLWDWLRQV VWDWHG KHUHLQDIWHU FRS\ULJKW VKDOO LQFOXGH WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH ZRUN E\ PDNLQJ FRSLHV WKHUHRI  EH LW LQ WKH RULJLQDO RU DQ DOWHUHG IRUP LQ WUDQVODWLRQ RU DGDSWDWLRQ LQ DQRWKHU OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF IRUP RU E\ RWKHU WHFKQLFDO PHDQV Items 1 to 4 (see Framework for Analysis) are reflected in Article 2.1 FCA.
121

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 However, item 5 (Article 5(e) Directive) in relation to further acts with the results of such adaptation is nowhere reflected in the Finnish Copyright Act. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right Article 5(c) is reflected in Article 2.3 FCA stating that : $ ZRUN LV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF ZKHQ LW LV SHUIRUPHG LQ SXEOLF RU ZKHQ FRSLHV RI LW DUH RIIHUHG IRU VDOHV UHQWDO RU OHQGLQJ RU RWKHUZLVH GLVWULEXWHG WR WKH SXEOLF RU SXEOLFO\ H[KLELWHG  (our emphasis). A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale Article 19 FCA, entitled Distribution of Copies of a work , reads : :KHQ D FRS\ RI D ZRUN KDV ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU EHHQ VROG RU RWKHUZLVH SHUPDQHQWO\ WUDQVIHUUHG WKH FRS\ PD\ EH IXUWKHU GLVWULEXWHG :KDWHYHU LV SURYLGHG LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK VKDOO QRW DSSO\ WR PDNLQJ D FRS\ RI D ZRUN DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF E\ UHQWDO RU E\ D FRPSDUDEOH OHJDO DFW :KDWHYHU LV SURYLGHG LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK VKDOO QRW DSSO\ WR PDNLQJ D FRS\  RI D FRPSXWHUUHDGDEOH FRPSXWHU SURJUDP DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF E\ OHQGLQJ  Although Article 19 FCA does not expressly provide for Community (EEA)wide exhaustion, it is not problematic as it is to be construed consistently with the ECJ jurisprudence. Note that exhaustion here is not limited to the right to control the resale but applies to any further distribution. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d)) Article 5(d) Directive presumably needed no transposition. Indeed, Article 2.1 FCA provides, in relevant part, that :LWKLQ WKH OLPLWDWLRQV VWDWHG KHUHLQDIWHU FRS\ULJKW VKDOO LQFOXGH WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH ZRUN  E\ PDNLQJ LW DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF EH LW LQ WKH RULJLQDO RU LQ DOWHUHG IRUP LQ WUDQVODWLRQ RU DGDSWDWLRQ LQ DQRWKHU OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF IRUP RU E\ RWKHU WHFKQLFDO PHDQV Article 2.3 FCA further reads: $ ZRUN LV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF ZKHQ LW LV SHUIRUPHG LQ SXEOLF RU ZKHQ FRSLHV RI LW DUH RIIHUHG IRU VDOHV UHQWDO RU OHQGLQJ RU RWKHUZLVH GLVWULEXWHG WR WKH SXEOLF RU SXEOLFO\ H[KLELWHG $ SHUIRUPDQFH ZKLFK WDNHV SODFH ZLWKLQ WKH
122

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 IUDPHZRUN RI FRPPHUFLDO DFWLYLWLHV IRU D FRPSDUDWLYHO\ ODUJH FORVHG JURXS RI SHUVRQV VKDOO DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG D SXEOLF SHUIRUPDQFH A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) Article 2(b) Directive required no transposition. See Article 2.3 FCA above. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) Article 6.1 and 15 Directive on access and normal use by the lawful user have not been properly transposed. Article 25 j FCA entitled Special provisions concerning computer programs and databases contains a paragraph on databases. We assume that this applies not only to VXL JHQHULV database right but also to database copyright. Article 25 j, 4 FCA reads : :KRHYHU KDV WKH ULJKW WR XVH D GDWDEDVH VKDOO EH HQWLWOHG WR PDNH FRSLHV RI LW DQG SHUIRUP DOO RWKHU DFWV ZKLFK DUH QHFHVVDU\ IRU DFFHVVLQJ D GDWDEDVH DQG IRU WKH FRPPRQ XVH RI LWV FRQWHQWV Article 25 j, 5 FCA further provides that $Q\ FRQWUDFWXDO SURYLVLRQV OLPLWLQJ WKH XVH RI WKH ULJKW LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH VHFRQG WR IRXUWK SDUDJUDSKV VKDOO EH ZLWKRXW HIIHFW In accordance with Article 15 Directive, Article 25 j, 5 FCA thus makes the lawful use exception LXV FRJHQV. At first glance, Article 25 j, 4 FCA reflects Article 6.1 Directive. This is misleading. First, the entitlement to make copies of it under the FCA exceeds merely accessing and normally using the database as under the Directive. Secondly, the adjective normal in Article 6.1 Directive is not necessarily reflected by the adjective common . Indeed, normality may be defined by reference to either frequency (quantity) or a particular value (quality) whilst common only refers to frequency. The wording whoever who has a right to use and for him , reflecting lawful user , seems to extend to any such user, whether authorised by contract or by law. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) The limits set out in Article 6.3 have not been transposed. The wording necessary in Article 25 j, 4 FCA does not properly reflect the Bernelike three-step test under Article 6.3 Directive.
123

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.e Term (Article 2(c)) Article 2(c) required no transposition. Moreover, Article 43 FCA provides, in relevant part, that &RS\ULJKW VKDOO VXEVLVW XQWLO WKH HQG RI WKH VHYHQWLHWK \HDU DIWHU WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH DXWKRU GLHG RU LQ WKH FDVH RI D ZRUN UHIHUUHG WR LQ $UWLFOH  DIWHU WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH ODVW VXUYLYLQJ DXWKRU GLHG A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) Unlike the Swedish legislator, the Finnish lawmaker has carefully enacted savings and transitional provisions under the title Implementing provisions of Copyright Act amendment April 3, 1998/250 ( the IPCAA ). A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Article 14.1 Directive has been properly transposed by IPCAA 2 which reads: 7KLV $FW VKDOO DOVR EH DSSOLHG WR ZRUNV FUHDWHG EHIRUH WKH FRPLQJ LQWR IRUFH RI WKLV $FW  A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) Article 14.2 Directive was not designed for Finland, but rather for the United Kingdom, Ireland or the Netherlands. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 Directive has been properly transposed by IPCAA 4 which reads: 7KH SURYLVLRQV LQ IRUFH DW WKH WLPH RI WKH FRPLQJ LQWR IRUFH RI WKLV $FW VKDOO EH DSSOLHG WR DQ\ DFWV GRQH DQ\ ULJKWV DFTXLUHG LQ DQ\ DJUHHPHQWV PDGH EHIRUH WKH FRPLQJ LQWR IRUFH RI WKLV $FW $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW Prior to the Directive, Finland already had a catalogue right (Article 49 FCA) among its rights neighbouring copyright (in Chapter V). In implementing the Directive, the Finnish legislator has tragically disregarded that the catalogue right, albeit a forerunner of the VXL JHQHULV right, should now be fully superseded by the latter. As a result, the insufficiently amended Article 49 FCA, like its Swedish counterpart, may be depicted as an odd animal which trespasses in the Community s meadow 1.

See Karnell, 1999 GRUR Int. 329.

124

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 Directive has almost been properly transposed. Article 49, 1 FCA indeed reads : $ SHUVRQ ZKR KDV PDGH  D FDWDORJXH WDEOH SURJUDP RU DQ\ RWKHU SURGXFWLRQ LQ ZKLFK D ODUJH TXDQWLW\ RI GDWD DUH FRPSLOHG RU  D GDWDEDVH ZKLFK VKRZV WKDW WKHUH KDV EHHQ D VXEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQW LQ HLWKHU WKH REWDLQLQJ YHULILFDWLRQ RU SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH FRQWHQWV KDV WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR GLVSRVH RI WKH ZKROH RU RI D VXEVWDQWLDO SDUW HYDOXDWHG TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ RI WKH SURGXFWLRQ E\ PDNLQJ FRSLHV RI LW RU E\ PDNLQJ LW DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF Thus all items (see Framework for Analysis) have been transposed. Nevertheless, the substantial investment requirement is undermined by the conjunction or implying that a large quantity of data suffices to qualify a catalogue for Article 49 protection, even if it shows no substantial investment. Gaster s remark in respect of Sweden may equally apply to Finland : Quite remarkably, 49 SCA went beyond the scope of the Directive by affording 49 protection to compilations which did not require substantial investment but contain a substantial amount of data 2. Actually, this might be the Finnish legislator s downright intent. A.3.a.ii Exclusions Although recital 45 has not been transposed, nothing in the Act runs counter to its substance. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Article 7.1, to the relevant extent, is presumably reflected by the wording a person who has made in Article 49 1 FCA (see above). A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 49 3 FCA provides for the application of certain copyright provisions to catalogue right. However, those do not include Article 27 FCA on transfer of copyright. As a result, it would seem that catalogue right either cannot be assigned or can be so under the common rules of civil law. In connection to lawful use (see below), note Article 49 4 FCA :

Gaster, 2000 Tolley s.

125

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 $Q\ FRQWUDFWXDO SURYLVLRQ XQGHU ZKLFK WKH PDNHU RI WKH SXEOLVKHG SURGXFWLRQ UHIHUUHG WR DERYH LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK SUHYHQWV WKH ODZIXO XVHU IURP XVLQJ LQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUW RI LWV FRQWHQWV HYDOXDWHG TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ IRU DQ\ SXUSRVHV ZKDWVRHYHU RU UHVWULFW VXFK D XVH VKDOO EH ZLWKRXW HIIHFW A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) Article 64 7 FCA reads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s far as the catalogue right is concerned (Article 49 1, subparagraph 1), the sole qualifying criterion is first publication in Finland. Without prejudice to the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence, Article 64, 7 FCA largely falls short of Article 11 Directive as being centred around Finland and thus discriminating against productions which were first published in another EU (EEA) Member State. In any event, Finland s protectionism shall probably be curbed by the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence. As far as the database right is concerned (Article 49 1, subparagraph 2), Article 11 Directive has almost been properly transposed. Yet the words central administration or principal place of business following registered office have not been transposed. Moreover, as regards natural persons, the permanently resides alternative requirement in Article 64 7 FCA appears to set a more stringent test than habitual residence under the Directive. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Finland wrongly takes up traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public instead of using the autonomous extraction and re-utilisation terms in Article 7.2 Directive. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a)) Article 7.2 (a) Directive is poorly reflected by the exclusive right to dispose ( ) by making copies of [the production] set out in Article 49 1 FCA (see above). Worse still, Article 49 3 cross-refers to Article 2, 2 FCA defining the making of copies in respect of copyright. Likewise then, temporary transfer is not covered by VXL JHQHULV right (see A.2.c.i above).
126

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Furthermore, the following wordings have not been transposed into Finnish law : - a substantial part , - evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively , and - to another medium . A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b) Directive is poorly reflected by the exclusive right to dispose ( ) by making [the production] available to the public laid down in Article 49 1 FCA (see above). Worse still, Article 49 3 cross-refers to Article 2, 3 FCA defining the making available to the public in respect of copyright. Furthermore, the following wordings have not been transposed : - a substantial part , - evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively , and - by on-line transmission or other forms of transmission . A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale By virtue of Article 49 3 FCA, Article 19 FCA applies to catalogue right and database right as well. Article 19 FCA, entitled Distribution of Copies of a work reads : :KHQ D FRS\ RI D ZRUN KDV ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU EHHQ VROG RU RWKHUZLVH SHUPDQHQWO\ WUDQVIHUUHG WKH FRS\ PD\ EH IXUWKHU GLVWULEXWHG :KDWHYHU LV SURYLGHG LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK VKDOO QRW DSSO\ WR PDNLQJ D FRS\ RI D ZRUN DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF E\ UHQWDO RU E\ D FRPSDUDEOH OHJDO DFW  Although Article 19 FCA does not expressly provide for Community (EEA)wide exhaustion, it is not problematic since it is to be construed consistently with the ECJ jurisprudence. Note that exhaustion here is not limited to the right to control the resale but applies to any further distribution. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 7.5 has not been transposed. This is a major flaw in the Finnish transposition. The Finnish lawmaker apparently equated the systematic use of non-substantial parts to the use of a substantial part. Needless to say, such mix-up deserves blunt criticism.
127

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art.7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other) rights on the database (Art.7.4) It may be inferred from the location of Article 49 in Chapter V (Certain Rights Neighbouring Copyright) that catalogue or database protections apply irrespective of whether the catalogue or database structure is eligible for copyright protection. In any event, this arguably stems from Article 49 3 FCA providing, in relevant part, that ,I VXFK D SURGXFWLRQ RU D SDUW RI LW LV VXEMHFW WR FRS\ULJKW WKDW ULJKW PD\ EH FODLPHG (our emphasis). A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other) rights on the contents (Art.7.4) It may be inferred from the location of Article 49 in Chapter V (Certain Rights Neighbouring Copyright) that catalogue or database protections apply irrespective of whether the catalogue or database contents are eligible for copyright protection. In any event, this arguably stems from Article 49 3 FCA providing, in relevant part, that ,I VXFK D SURGXFWLRQ RU D SDUW RI LW LV VXEMHFW WR FRS\ULJKW WKDW ULJKW PD\ EH FODLPHG (our emphasis). A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other) rights on the contents (Art.7.4) Article 7.4 LQ ILQH is reflected by Article 49 3 FCA, providing, in relevant part, that: ,I VXFK D SURGXFWLRQ RU D SDUW RI LW LV VXEMHFW WR FRS\ULJKW WKDW ULJKW PD\ EH FODLPHG (our emphasis). A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) Article 8.1 vesting the lawful user with a right to extract and re-utilise insubstantial parts has not been transposed. By virtue of Article 49 3 FCA, Article 25 j FCA applies to catalogue and database rights. Article 25 j, 4 FCA reads : :KRHYHU KDV WKH ULJKW WR XVH D GDWDEDVH VKDOO EH HQWLWOHG WR PDNH FRSLHV RI LW DQG SHUIRUP DOO RWKHU DFWV ZKLFK DUH QHFHVVDU\ IRU DFFHVVLQJ D GDWDEDVH DQG IRU WKH FRPPRQ XVH RI LWV FRQWHQWV Article 25 j, 5 FCA further provides that
128

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 $Q\ FRQWUDFWXDO SURYLVLRQV OLPLWLQJ WKH XVH RI WKH ULJKW LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH VHFRQG WR IRXUWK SDUDJUDSKV VKDOO EH ZLWKRXW HIIHFW In accordance with Article 15 Directive, Article 25 j, 5 FCA thus makes the lawful use exception LXV FRJHQV. Therefore, we cannot fathom why Finnish legislator has deemed necessary to duplicate this in Article 49 4 FCA providing that $Q\ FRQWUDFWXDO SURYLVLRQ XQGHU ZKLFK WKH PDNHU RI WKH SXEOLVKHG SURGXFWLRQ UHIHUUHG WR DERYH LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK SUHYHQWV WKH ODZIXO XVHU IURP XVLQJ LQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUW RI LW FRQWHQWV HYDOXDWHG TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ IRU DQ\ SXUSRVHV ZKDWVRHYHU RU UHVWULFWV VXFK D XVH VKDOO EH ZLWKRXW HIIHFW At first glance, Article 25 j, 4 FCA reflects Article 8.1 Directive. Quite misleadingly so. First and foremost, the right under the Directive only applies to insubstantial parts , evaluated quantitatively and/or qualitatively, as opposed to the whole catalogue or database under the FCA. Secondly, the entitlement to make copies of it under the FCA exceeds merely extracting and/or re-utilising the database as under the Directive. Thirdly, the adjective normal in Article 8.1 Directive is not necessarily reflected by the adjective common . Indeed, normality may be defined by reference to either frequency (quantity) or a particular value (quality) whilst common only refers to frequency. The wording whoever who has a right to use and for him , reflecting lawful user , seems to extend to any such user, whether authorised by contract or by law. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) The limits have not been transposed. A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 8.2 has not been transposed. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) Article 8.3 has not been transposed. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 10.1 is reflected by Article 49 2, initio FCA, which reads: 7KH ULJKW ODLG GRZQ LQ SDUDJUDSK  VKDOO VXEVLVW XQWLO  \HDUV KDYH HODSVHG IURP WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH SURGXFWLRQ ZDV FRPSOHWHG 
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 10.2 is reflected by Article 49 2, in fine FCA, which reads: 7KH ULJKW ODLG GRZQ LQ  VKDOO VXEVLVW  LI WKH SURGXFWLRQ ZDV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF EHIRUH WKH HQG RI WKDW WLPH >FRPSOHWLRQ@ XQWLO  \HDUV KDYH HODSVHG IURP WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH SURGXFWLRQ ZDV ILUVW PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 10.3 has not been transposed. This is yet another major flaw in the Finnish transposition. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) Article 14.3 and 14.5 have been properly transposed by Implementing provisions of Copyright Act amendments ( IPCAA ) 2 and 3. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Articles 14.4 has been properly transposed by IPCAA 4. Note also IPCAA 5 on further distribution of copies and IPCAA 6 on continuation of commenced use. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Chapter VII of the Finnish Copyright Act, entitled Penal sanctions and liability , provides for the following remedies: - Fines or imprisonment (Article 56 to 56 d); - Compensatory damages equivalent to fair remuneration or even compensation for losses, mental suffering or other injuries (Article 57); - Surrender or delivery up of infringing copies, moulds or devices (Article 58). The following remedies do not seem to be provided for under the Finnish Copyright Act: - Prohibitory injunctions; and - Infringement investigations (akin to Anton Piller orders under UK law or descriptive seizures under French law). Act No 251 containing penal provisions was equally adopted on 3 April 1998 and entered into force on 15 April 1998.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Nothing in the Finnish Copyright Act seems to prejudice the various protections listed in Article 13. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Finland has brought into force a few amendments in order to comply with the Directive as of 15 April 1998. Thus Finland has failed to abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1. It must be assumed that pursuant to Article 16.1 2 due reference has been made to the Directive in the implementing Act. % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions ( Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography ( Article 6.2 (a)) Article 6.2(a) Directive is oddly reflected in Article 12 FCA, which reads: $Q\RQH PD\ PDNH VLQJOH FRSLHV RI GLVVHPLQDWHG ZRUN IRU KLV SULYDWH XVH 6XFK FRSLHV PD\ QRW EH XVHG IRU RWKHU SXUSRVHV ,W LV DOVR SHUPLWWHG WR HQJDJH DQ RXWVLGHU WR PDNH FRSLHV ZKLFK DUH LQWHQGHG IRU WKH SULYDWH XVH RI WKH SDUW\ RUGHULQJ WKH FRSLHV  7KH SURYLVLRQV RI WKLV DUWLFOH VKDOO QRW DSSO\ WR D FRPSXWHUUHDGDEOH FRPSXWHU SURJUDP WR D FRPSXWHUUHDGDEOH UHSURGXFWLRQ IURP D FRPSXWHUUHDGDEOH GDWDEDVH RU WR WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI D ZRUN RI DUFKLWHFWXUH Item 1 ( reproduction , see Framework for Analysis) goes beyond make single copies . Item 2 ( for private purposes ) is reflected by for his private use . Article 12 4 reflects item 3 ( of a non-electronic database ) except that it D FRQWUDULR permits to make copies in analogous form of computer-readable databases whereas Article 6.2(a) Directive only allows the reproduction (both in digital and analogous forms) of a nonelectronic database. In addition to Article 12 FCA, a seemingly innocuous provision has been tucked away in Chapter VII (Penal an civil liability). Article 56 a 2 FCA reads: +RZHYHU WKH PDNLQJ RI VLQJOH FRSLHV IRU SULYDWH XVH RI D FRPSXWHUUHDGDEOH FRPSXWHU SURJUDP RU D GDWDEDVH ZKLFK KDV SXEOLVKHG RU FRSLHV RI ZKLFK KDYH
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU EHHQ VROG RU RWKHUZLVH SHUPDQHQWO\ WUDQVIHUUHG VKDOO QRW EH KHOG WR EH D FRS\ULJKW YLRODWLRQ This is an exemption from criminal, not civil, liability. Yet Article 56 a must be read in connection with Article 57 3 obligating infringers to pay compensatory damages (see above). From this muddle it emerges that the Finnish Act is mostly in line with Article 6.2 (a) Directive. B.1.a.ii Education and research ( Article 6.2 (b)) As for education and research, two provisions are of relevance. First, Article 13 FCA entitled Reproduction in Educational Activities permits to make copies . Article 6.2(b) Directive is broadly reflected : 1. for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching is mirrored by for use in educational activities ; 2. scientific research is literally mirrored; 3. as long as the source is indicated is reflected by the source shall be stated to the extent and in the manner required by proper usage in Article 11 2; 4. the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved is broadly reflected by Article 54 a FCA stating that Article 14 shall not apply to educational activities conducted for purposes of gain . Note also the opening requirement of a compensating collective licence : whenever an organisation representing a large number of Finnish authors in a certain field has given an authorisation for the making, on agreed-upon terms, of copies ( ) . Secondly, Article 18 FCA exempts, against remuneration, compilation works for use in education of minor parts of a literary ( ) work ( ) after five years have passed since the year during which the work was published . B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Articles 25 d FCA already sets out an exception for publicity of documents and judicial procedure similar to that of Article 6.2(c). B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) Pursuant to Article 6.2 (d), other traditional exceptions have been maintained. The following exceptions are of particular relevance to databases : - Reproduction in archives, libraries and museums (Article 16 FCA); - Reproduction for disabled persons (Article 17 FCA); - Quotation in accordance with proper usage, to the extent necessary for the purpose (Article 22 FCA); - Presentation of a current event (Article 25 FCA);
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - Special provisions concerning computer programs and databases (Article 25 j FCA), of which paragraphs 4 and 5 are dealt with above under A.2.d.i : Lawful use; and - Contractual licence (Article 26). % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) By virtue of Article 49 3 FCA 7KH SURYLVLRQV RI $UWLFOHV  VHFRQG SDUDJUDSK    DQG  SDUDJUDSK $UWLFOH  $UWLFOH   WR  SDUDJUDSKV $UWLFOHV   $UWLFOH  ILUVW DQG VHFRQG SDUDJUDSKV $UWLFOHV   E  G  I  L $UWLFOH  M IRXUWK DQG ILIWK SDUDJUDSKV DQG $UWLFOH  VKDOO FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\ EH DSSOLHG WR D SURGXFWLRQ UHYHUW WR DERYH LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK Thus catalogue right exceptions are clones from copyright ones which are engineered by way of cross-references. By virtue of Article 60 FCA 7KH SURYLVLRQV RI $UWLFOHV  D   DQG  VKDOO DSSO\ FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\ WR WKH ULJKWV SURWHFWHG XQGHU &KDSWHU 9 Thus, unlike Article 53 2 LQ ILQH SCA in Sweden, Article 56 a 2 FCA has been grafted onto catalogue and database rights. B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) Article 9(a) Directive is oddly reflected in Article 12 FCA, which reads: $Q\RQH PD\ PDNH VLQJOH FRSLHV RI GLVVHPLQDWHG ZRUN IRU KLV SULYDWH XVH 6XFK FRSLHV PD\ QRW EH XVHG IRU RWKHU SXUSRVHV ,W LV DOVR SHUPLWWHG WR HQJDJH DQ RXWVLGHU WR PDNH FRSLHV ZKLFK DUH LQWHQGHG IRU WKH SULYDWH XVH RI WKH SDUW\ RUGHULQJ WKH FRSLHV  7KH SURYLVLRQV RI WKLV DUWLFOH VKDOO QRW DSSO\ WR D FRPSXWHUUHDGDEOH FRPSXWHU SURJUDP WR D FRPSXWHUUHDGDEOH UHSURGXFWLRQ IURP D FRPSXWHUUHDGDEOH GDWDEDVH RU WR WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI D ZRUN RI DUFKLWHFWXUH Item 1 ( extraction , see Framework for Analysis) goes beyond make single copies . Item 2 ( for private purposes ) is reflected by for his private use . Article 124 FCA reflects item 3 ( of a non-electronic database ) except that it D FRQWUDULR permits to make copies in analogous form of computer-readable databases whereas Article 9(a) Directive only allows reproduction (both in digital and analogous form) of the contents of a non-electronic database.
133

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 More importantly still, the Finnish legislator has totally overlooked that this exception is not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . In addition to Article 12 FCA, a seemingly innocuous provision has been tucked away in Chapter VII (Penal an civil liability). Article 56 a 2 FCA reads: +RZHYHU WKH PDNLQJ RI VLQJOH FRSLHV IRU SULYDWH XVH RI D FRPSXWHUUHDGDEOH FRPSXWHU SURJUDP RU D GDWDEDVH ZKLFK KDV SXEOLVKHG RU FRSLHV RI ZKLFK KDYH ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU EHHQ VROG RU RWKHUZLVH SHUPDQHQWO\ WUDQVIHUUHG VKDOO QRW EH KHOG WR EH D FRS\ULJKW YLRODWLRQ This is an exemption from copyright, not catalogue or database right, infringement. Yet Article 56 a FCA must be read in connection with Article 60 FCA (see above). This is an exemption from criminal, not civil, liability. Yet Article 56 a must be read in connection with Article 57 3 obligating infringers to pay compensatory damages (see above). Likewise, the Finnish legislator has totally overlooked that Article 9(a) is not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . From this muddle it emerges that the Finnish Act is not in line with Article 9(a) Directive. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) As for education and research, two provisions are of relevance. First, Article 13 FCA entitled Reproduction in Educational Activities permits to make copies . Article 9(b) Directive is broadly reflected : 1. for purposes of illustration for teaching is mirrored by for use in educational activities ; 2. scientific research is literally mirrored; 3. as long as the source is indicated is reflected by the source shall be stated to the extent and in the manner required by proper usage in Article 11, al.2.; 4. the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved is broadly reflected by Article 54 a FCA stating that Article 14 shall not apply to educational activities conducted for purposes of gain . Note also the opening requirement of a compensating collective licence : whenever an organisation representing a large number of Finnish authors in a certain field has given an authorisation for the making, on agreed-upon terms, of copies ( ) . Secondly, Article 18 FCA exempts, against remuneration, compilation works for use in education of minor parts of a literary ( ) work ( ) after five years have passed since the year during which the work was published .
134

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 All the way through those articles the Finnish legislator has totally overlooked that this exception is not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Articles 26 to 26 b FCA already set out exceptions for public debates, public documents, etc. similar to that of Article 9(c). The Finnish legislator has overlooked that this exception does not apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . B.2.a.iv Other exceptions Recital 52 of the Directive permits Member States which have specific rules providing for a right comparable to the VXL JHQHULV right to retain the exceptions traditionally specified by such rules. The traditional exceptions which have accordingly been maintained include Articles 9, 12 1-2, 13, 14 1&3, 16, 22, 25 c, 25 d limited to reproduction right. The following exceptions are of particular relevance to databases : - Reproduction in archives, libraries and museums (Article 16 FCA); - Quotation in accordance with proper usage, to the extent necessary for the purpose (Article 22 FCA); While extending the communication right to catalogue and database rights, the implementing Act has added further cross-references to Articles 142, 15, 17, 18, 19, 25 b, 25 f 25 i FCA as well as more importantly to - Contractual licences (Article 26 FCA). This extension runs counter to the Directive. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV Article 3 FCA, which lays down paternity and integrity rights and recognises limited waivers, presumably applies to databases as literary works. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases Article 40 b FCA reads as follows:

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 ,I FRPSXWHU SURJUDP DQG D ZRUN GLUHFWO\ DVVRFLDWHG WKHUHZLWK KDYH EHHQ FUHDWHG ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI GXWLHV LQ DQ HPSOR\PHQW VLWXDWLRQ FRS\ULJKW LQ WKH FRPSXWHU SURJUDP DQG WKH ZRUN VKDOO SDVV WR WKH HPSOR\HU >7KH VDPH IRU FLYLO VHUYLFHV SRVW@ >([FHSWLRQ IRU KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ@ 7KH SURYLVLRQV LQ SDUDJUDSKV  DQG  DERYH VKDOO DSSO\ FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\ WR D GDWDEDVH ZKLFK LV FUHDWHG ZKLOH WKH SHUIRUPLQJ GXWLHV LQ HPSOR\PHQW UHODWLRQVKLS A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Nothing is provided in this respect. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Article 6 FCA provides for joint authorship. $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV See Chapter III FCA on Transfer of Copyright. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases It is most unclear whether the wording database in Article 40 b FCA refers to database copyright under Article 1 FCA or database VXL JHQHULV right under Article 49 FCA. Tip the scale in favour of copyright: the location of Article 40 b FCA in Chapter III FCA entitled Transfer of Copyright ; and the repeal of a cross-reference to Article 40 b in Article 49 3 by the implementing Act.

Tips the scale in favour of VXL JHQHULV right: The fact that the wording database only occurs in Article 49 FCA, not in Article 1. It is hereby recalled that Finland seems to have three relevant rights: compilation copyright, catalogue right and database right. (see A.1 a above).

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Overall it makes more sense that Article 40 b should apply to database copyright. Indeed, Article 1 vests copyright in the creator whereas Article 49 vests catalogue and database rights in the maker. B.1.b Collective investments Unlike its Swedish and Danish counterparts, Article 49 3 FCA does not cross-refer to Article 6 FCA on joint authorship. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Unlike its Swedish and Danish counterparts, Article 49 3 FCA does not cross-refer to Article 7 FCA on presumption of authorship. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Article 49 3 FCA provides for the application of certain copyright provisions to catalogue and database rights. However, those do not include Article 27 FCA on transfer of copyright. As a result, it would seem that catalogue and database rights either may not be assigned or may be so under the common rules of civil law.

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The Finnish Ministry of Education have deplored that unfortunately, no relevant case law or literature in English concerning the database protection is available . Therefore we are not aware of any reported decision under the new law. However, there has recently been a reference to the ECJ for preliminary ruling.  ),;785(6 0$5.(7,1* /7' Y 2< 9(,..$86 $%

Reference has been made to the Court of Justice of the European Communities by order of the Vantaan Krjoikeus (District Court, Vantaa) of 1 February 2002, received at the Court Registry on 18 February 2002, for a preliminary ruling in the case of Fixtures Marketing Ltd against Oy Veikkaus Ab on the following questions: 1. May the requirement in Article 7(1) of the directive for a link between the investment and the making of the database be interpreted in the sense that the "obtaining" referred to in Article 7(1) and the investment directed at it refers, in the present case, to investment which it is directed at the determination of the dates of the matches and the match pairings themselves, and, when the criteria for granting protection are appraised, does the drawing up of the fixture list include investment which is not relevant? Is the object of the directive to provide protection in such a way that persons other than the authors of the fixture list may not, without authorisation, use the data in that fixture list for betting or other commercial purposes? For the purposes of the directive, does the use by Veikkaus relate to a substantial part, evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively, of the database, having regard to the fact that, of the data in the fixture list, on each occasion only data necessary for one week is used in the weekly pools coupons, and that the fact that the data relating to the matches is obtained and verified from sources other than the maker of the database continuously throughout the season?

2.

3.

Please note that, under the old law, there had been an interesting case on football fixture lists. Since we have proved unable to procure an English or German translation, the following account is literally quoted from Gaster4. ,PPHGLDWHO\ EHIRUH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH RQ  $SULO  WKH +HOVLQNL &RXUW RI $SSHDOV JDYH D YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ RSLQLRQ LQYROYLQJ FRS\ULJKW DQG FDWDORJXH SURWHFWLRQ RI (QJOLVK VRFFHU IL[WXUHV OLVWV  ,Q FDVH WKH IDFWV LQ WKLV OLWLJDWLRQ ZRXOG KDYH RFFXUUHG DIWHU
Vantaan Krjoikeus (District Court, Vantaa), 1 February 2002, (Case C-46/02) (2002/C 109/46). See OJ 4.5.2002. 4 Gaster, J., The EC s sui generis right revisited after two years : a review of the practice of database protection in the 15 member states, Tolley s &RPPXQLFDWLRQV /DZ, Vol. 5, n3, 2000. 5 1999 MMR 93.
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,QVWUXPHQW RI WUDQVSRVLWLRQ The Directive has been transposed into French law by means of the /DZ Q  RI  -XO\  WUDQVSRVLQJ 'LUHFWLYH &( RI WKH (XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW DQG RI WKH &RXQFLO RQ WKH OHJDO SURWHFWLRQ RI GDWDEDVHV LQWR WKH &RGH RI ,QWHOOHFWXDO 3URSHUW\ ( the Law ). The Law is divided into three parts: Title I contains the necessary additions to the Code of Intellectual Property (hereafter CIP ) so as to include therein the mandatory provisions of the Directive relating to copyright; Title II inserts into Section III ( Livre III ) of the CIP - now entitled General provisions relating to copyright, neighbouring rights and rights of producers of databases - a new Title IV (new articles 341 and 342) relating to the VXL JHQHULV right of the producers of databases; Title III contains miscellaneous and transitional provisions. The Law entered into force on 1 January 1998 as regards the VXL JHQHULV right. With respect to copyright, the law is immediately applicable. In other words, databases which met the requirement of originality as defined in Article 3.1 of the Directive on 1 July 1998 were eligible for copyright protection. The analysis of French case-law reveals that, in practice, the courts were already welcoming the protection of databases under copyright, provided they met the requirement of originality, prior to the adoption of the Directive.



6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV The major failures in transposing the Directive into French law are the following: The absence of transposition of the right of distribution contained in Article 5(c) of the Directive. Some legal commentators have observed that even though a parallel could be drawn between this right and the theory of the right of destination (the latter developed by French courts), the legal basis of the right of destination stays very fragile and is thus not sufficient for French law to be considered compliant with the Directive; moreover, unlike the right of distribution provided for by the Directive, the right of destination is not subject to exhaustion; The absence of transposition of the rental and lending right; The exception to acts restricted by copyright contained in Article 6.1 of the Directive (lawful use) was inaccurately transposed in Article L 122-5 CIP. The said provision has a narrower scope than the corresponding provision of the Directive, and thus broadens the scope of protection to the benefit of the copyright holder. No mention has been made of the lawful user as such.
142

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Furthermore, it is not clear if a contrary contractual provision shall be null and void; The limits set out in Article 6.3 of the Directive have not been transposed; Article 7.5 of the Directive was inaccurately transposed by Article L 342-2 CIP which makes the possibility for the producer of the database (holder of the VXL JHQHULV right) to oppose the repeated and systematic extraction and/or reutilisation of unsubstantial parts of the database dependent on the circumstance that such acts obviously exceed the normal conditions of use of the database; The absence of transposition of Article 8.2 of the Directive (containing the prohibition for lawful users to perform acts which conflict with normal exploitation of the database or unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the maker of the database).

The minor flaws relate to: Section III, Title IV of the CIP relating to the rights of producers of databases (namely the VXL JHQHULV protection) does not contain a definition of database ; the exclusion of computer programs contained in Article 1.3 of the Directive has not been transposed; the absence of transposition of Article 3.2, first part, which states that the copyright protection of databases under the Directive shall not extend to their contents;

In addition, the following observations ought to be made: French copyright (or better GURLW GDXWHXU ) recognises the existence of collective works (Article L 113-2 CIP); French GURLW GDXWHXU applies the exceptions for reprography and public security, administration and justice, as well as other traditional exceptions to GURLW GDXWHXU (Articles L 122-5 and L 331-4 CIP), but not the exception for education and research; French GURLW GDXWHXU provides for moral rights (Article L 121 CIP) and the rules for the exploitation of these rights (Article L 131 CIP); French VXL JHQHULV protection is attributed to the producer of databases, defined in accordance with recital 41 of the Directive (Article L 341-1 CIP); The qualification for VXL JHQHULV protection has been broadened to EFTA countries (Article L 341-2 CIP); The same exceptions as those provided for copyright (reprography and public security, administration and justice, but not education and research; see Article L 342-3 and L 331-4 CIP) apply to the French VXL JHQHULV protection. The French CIP did not provide for a definition of the lawful user ; Finally, the remedies against infringement of copyright protected databases are the same as those applicable in case of infringement of copyright protected works in general. Criminal remedies were also provided for with regard to databases with a VXL JHQHULV protection (Article L 331-1 to L 335-10 CIP).

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The definition of a database in Article 1.2 has been almost literally transposed by article 1 of the Law into article L 112-3 CIP, although Article 1.1. ( in any form ) has not been expressly transposed. The pre-existing Article L 112-1 CIP excludes any discrimination between protected works based notably on their form of expression1. The definition of database is not repeated in the section relating to the VXL JHQHULV protection. Nevertheless, nothing in Article L 112-3 CIP can be construed as limiting the definition of databases to copyright. In addition, the two systems of protection are contained in the same law (namely the CIP). The definition of database is thus applicable to both. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusions for computer programs (Article 1.3 and recital 23), recordings (recital 17) and CDs (recital 19) have not been expressly transposed. This is not problematic since French law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. A.1.c Applications The applications laid down in recitals 20 (protection of the materials necessary for the operation or consultation of certain databases such as thesaurus and indexation systems) and 22 (CD-ROM and CD-i) have not been mentioned. This is not problematic since French law is to be construed consistently with the Directive.

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Cour d appel Paris, 12 September 2001, 6RFLpWp 7LJHVW Y 6RFLpWp 5HHG H[SRVLWLRQV )UDQFH, decision found on the web site www.legalis.net: it is irrelevant that this information is communicated to the public in the form of a paper catalogue, since the existence of a database is not dependent on the nature of its support.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The new Article L 112-3 CIP expressly includes databases in the category of copyright protected collections of various works or data . This provision allows for the protection of anthologies or collections of various works or data which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations . Databases are listed as an example of compilations eligible for copyright protection. Article 112-1 CIP expressly excludes any discrimination between protected works based on genre, form of expression, merit or destination. &DVHODZ: It appears from case law that the Courts are struggling with the level of originality required: withholding the reasoning of the Court of Appeal which had deduced the originality from the research effort and the new presentation of the elements contained in a chart of car manufacturing companies, the French Supreme Court decided that a work consisting of a compilation of information is not protected SHU VH 2. In a decision dated 27 January 19983, the Commercial Court of Nanterre accepted that a compilation of information on computer equipment and software showed an effort in research, selection, summary and classification in the arrangement of data , that the work was of great interest and originality and showed the author s intellectual and creative input . In a decision dated 28 December 19984, the District Court of Lyon decided in favour of the eligibility for copyright protection of the claimant s Permanent Dictionary of Collective Labour Agreements . It declared that the claimant had gathered and summarised approximately 400 collective labour agreements and originally organised them according to subject . The court went further to recognise that the work met the criterion of originality: the arrangements, the presentation, the lay-out make the consultation of the work more simple and attractive than [the publication of said collective labour agreements in the Official State Journal]; it is thus a work of the mind, eligible for copyright protection. ( ) this work of the mind contains basic data belonging to the public domain (the text of collective labour agreements), but the presentation, division in categories, lay-out and synthesis of which are original, and constitute the author s creative input. On appeal, the Lyon Court of appeal upheld that reasoning and decided that the Dictionary was indeed original, since the collective labour agreements were gathered by subject in an original manner and synthesised in a specific manner. According to the Court, the text of the Dictionary constituted a true simplified

Prior to the Directive: Cour de Cassation, 2 May 1989, 5,'$, 1/1990, 309. See also: Cour d Appel Paris, 18 June 1999, *URXSH 0RQLWHXU Y 2EVHUYDWRLUH GHV 0DUFKpV 3XEOLFV, where the court qualified the claimant s work (a compilation, in paper form, of information on planning permissions and public works contracts) as a database. 3 Tribunal de commerce de Nanterre, 27 January 1998, (GLURP*OREDO 0DUNHW 1HWZRUN, decision found on the web site http://www.legalis.net 4 Tribunal Grande Instance Lyon, 28 December 1998, (GLWLRQV /HJLVODWLYHV Y 7K (UKPDQQ )UDQFH 7pOpFRP DQG RWKHUV 5,'$, 7/1999, 325.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 rewriting of the collective labour agreements, thereby giving these a new expression bearing the stamp of the writer s personality 5. A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) The exclusion of the contents set out in Article 3.2 has not been transposed. This is not problematic since the CIP is to be interpreted in accordance with the Directive. The exclusion of compilations of several musical works on a CD (recital 19) has not been transposed. This is not problematic. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) The second part of Article 3.2 ( Copyright protection of databases ( ) shall be without prejudice to any rights subsisting in their contents themselves ) has been transposed by Article 112-3 CIP according to which the rights of the authors of databases are without prejudice to the rights of the author of the original work. A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) Initial authorship Article 4 has not been transposed as such. In the French, author-centred conception of copyright, only a natural person can be vested the initial authorship. Under article L 111-1 CIP, the author of an authorial work (RHXYUH GH OHVSULW) is the creator thereof. Under Article L 113-2 CIP, only in case of collective works can legal entities be recognised as authors (see hereunder II A 2 b). Joint authorship Under Article L 113-5 CIP, collective works (defined in Article L 113-2 CIP as works created on the initiative of a natural or legal person which edits it, publishes it and discloses it under its direction and name and in which the personal contribution of each participating author blends in with the rest of the work without it being possible to grant each author a distinct right on the work created) are owned by the person under the name of which the work was disclosed. That person is vested with the copyright on the said work. Under Article L 113-3 CIP, works of collaboration (under Article L 113-2 CIP, works are of collaboration when several natural persons worked towards their creation) is the joint property of the co-authors.

Cour d Appel Lyon, 22 June 2000, 6$ /H 6HUYHXU $GPLQLVWUDWLI Y 6$5/ (GLWLRQV /HJLVODWLYHV, decision found on the web site http://www.legalis.net
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) According to Recital 32, Member States are required to ensure that their national provisions are at least materially equivalent in the case of such acts subject to restrictions as are provided for by the Directive . We shall therefore examine whether the provisions of French copyright law relating to the acts subject to restriction are materially equivalent to their Directive counterparts . Article 5 has not been transposed as such. One must therefore refer to the existing provisions of French copyright law. Unlike the Directive, which lists a bundle of rights, the CIP provides for open-ended principles of rights. Except for the distribution right, this is not problematic since the patrimonial (or exploitation) rights awarded to authors under the CIP have a very wide ambit and are equivalent to the prerogatives set out in the Directive. The patrimonial rights of the author (GURLW GH[SORLWDWLRQ) are defined in article L 122-1 CIP as including the right of communication (GURLW GH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ) and the reproduction right. A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a)) Article L 122-3 CIP provides that reproduction consists in the material fixation of the works by any process which permits it to be communicated to the public in an indirect manner6. The next indent contains a non-exhaustive, illustrative list of reproduction processes. Under Article L 122-4 CIP, any reproduction of the whole or a part of a work made without the latter s (or his beneficiaries or assignees ) consent is unlawful. In its decision of 27 January 1998, the commercial Court of Nanterre7 acknowledged that the reproduction of parts of the contents of the web site www.edirom.fr on the web site of the company Global Market Network (GMN) was an unlawful reproduction and a violation of article L 335-3 of the CIP. The court stated that infringement, as a rule, must be assessed on the basis of the resemblance, rather than the difference, between the two works in dispute. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Under Article 122-4 CIP, the translation, adaptation or alteration, the arrangement or reproduction by any means, of the whole or part of a work without the author s (or his beneficiaries or assignees ) consent is unlawful. Article 5(e) has been transposed by Article L 112-3 CIP which provides that the authors of translations, adaptations, alterations or arrangements of works of the mind enjoy protection under the present Code without prejudice to the rights of the author of
E.g. Tribunal Grande Instance Lille, 11 July 2000, :HEYLVLRFRP Y -pU{PH ' 0XOWLPHGLD $VVLVWDQFH ,QWHUQHW, decision found on the web site www.legalis.net, where the court declared that the claimant s reproduction right was infringed by the reproduction on the defendant s web site of contents taken from the claimant s web site. 7 Tribunal de commerce de Nanterre, 27 January 1998, op.cit.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 the original work. The same applies to authors of anthologies or collections of various works or data, such as databases ( ) .

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right

The right of distribution of the Directive has not been transposed as such. Nor does the existing provisions of the CIP contain any reference to such right. The right of distribution is traditionally considered as being a component of the right of destination which, in its turn, is regarded as being a part of the right of reproduction. The praetorian doctrine of the right of destination (GURLW GH GHVWLQDWLRQ) aims at giving authors the right to prevent their co-contractors or any subsequent purchaser from carrying out one or several determined acts of exploitation of copies of the work. However, the very concept of the right of destination somewhat creates legal uncertainty in France, as its legal basis is controversial.8 A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale

Article 5(c) has not been transposed. Legal commentators wrote that Article 5(c) of the Directive raises a serious difficulty. One is tempted to construe (the right of distribution) as a reference to the theory of the right of destination which is traditionally included, in France, in the reproduction right. However, there is a major obstacle to this reasoning: the right of distribution as provided for in the Directive is expressly made subject to exhaustion ( ). Yet, by definition, the right of destination is not subject to exhaustion 9. In this respect, the Directive was thus improperly transposed into French law.

A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d)) Article L 122-2 CIP provides for a right of communication defined as the right to communicate the work to the public by any process whatsoever. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) This article has not been transposed. It is noteworthy that Article 2 of the Directive of 19 November 1992, which requires Member States to provide for the authors exclusive right to authorise or prohibit rental and lending was not transposed in French

Andr LUCAS observes that the legal basis for the right of destination is fragile (A. LUCAS and H-J LUCAS, Trait de la Proprit Littraire et Artistique , Paris, Litec, 2001, p.215, n 250). 9 A. LUCAS and P. SIRINELLI, Proprit littraire et artistique Droit des producteurs de bases de donnes , Juris-Classeur 2001, Fasc. 1650.
149

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 law. These rights are traditionally considered as being components of the right of destination, whose legal basis is however controversial.10

A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) Article L 122-5 CIP, which lists the acts the author has no right to prevent when the work has been disclosed , has been amended in order to include the acts necessary in order to access the contents of a database for the purposes and within the limits of the use provided for by contract . The exception thus has a narrower scope than provided for in Article 6.1. of the Directive. It may indeed occur that certain acts are necessary for normal use of a database (and thus fall within the scope of the lawful use exception set out in Article 6.1), but not to access the contents. Such acts, although permissible under the Directive, would be prohibited under French law. There is no mention of the lawful user . It seems to ensue from the drafting of the new Article L 122-5, 5 CIP that the exception refers to a user authorised by contract to access and use the database. Unlike the Directive (Article 15), the CIP does not expressly indicate that any contrary contractual provision shall be null and void. The question whether article L 122-5 CIP is public order policy is controversial11. The last sentence of Article 6.1 ( where the lawful user is authorised to use only part of the database ) has not been transposed. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) In accordance with the author-centred approach of French copyright and its openended principles of rights, the exceptions to the author s rights are to be construed narrowly12. However, the limits set out in Article 6.3 of the Directive have not been transposed. A.2.e Term (Article 2(c)) Article 2(c) required no transposition. Moreover, Article L 123-1 CIP already provides that the author enjoys, in his lifetime, the exclusive right to exploit his work in any
A. LUCAS and H.-J. LUCAS, Trait de la Proprit Littraire et Artistique , RSFLW., p. 221, n 256. Whereas Andr LUCAS writes that nothing, in French law, seems to stand in the way of paralysing or adapting the scope of the legal exceptions by means of a contract (RSFLW, p.220, n 254), a comparative table between the Directive and the implementing law, provided by the French Bureau of Literary and Artistic Property, states that it was unnecessary to give [article L 122-5, 5] a mandatory character since this article is a public order policy. 12 A. LUCAS and H.-J. LUCAS, RS FLW., p. 253, n 292.
10 11

150

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 way and to derive a financial benefit therefrom. Upon the author s death, this right remains to the benefit of his beneficiaries for 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author died . A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Article 14.1 has not been transposed. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) This protection was not applicable under French law and did not need to be transposed. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts(Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has been transposed by article 8, LQ ILQH, of the Law, which provides that the protection is without prejudice to the acts and agreements made before the entry into force of this law . However, it appears from the drafting of the said article 8 that this only applies to the VXL JHQHULV right. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 was correctly transposed by the new articles L 341-1 and L 342-1 CIP. The words producer of a database were preferred to the words maker of database , for the sake of consistency with the provisions of the CIP relating to audiovisual works, phonograms or a videograms. The word constitution was chosen rather than obtaining . The investment is defined in article L 341-1 CIP as a substantial financial, material or human investment , with a view to reflect the wording of recital 40 ( the deployment of financial resources and/or the expending of time, effort and energy ). &DVH /DZ In a decision dated 18 June 199913, the Paris Commercial Court considered that France Telecom s electronic telephone directory qualified as a protected database, given the very important amount of investments incurred for its
Tribunal de Commerce Paris, 18 June 1999, )UDQFH 7pOpFRP, decision found on the web site http://www.legalis.net
13

151

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 constitution. One observes that the Courts have not yet developed a consistent construction of the notion of substantial investment 14. In a dispute between two companies providing on-line job offers, the Paris District Court, in a decision dated 5 September 200115, decided that the offers listed on the claimant s web site did constitute a protectable database under article L 112-3 CIP. The Court pointed out that the claimant had used substantial material, financial and human means in order to set up and update its database. According to the Court, the investment made by the claimant was both quantitatively (substantial amounts of money for the constitution and constant updating of the database were spent) and qualitatively (promotion efforts, important work of sorting and filing, data processing, presentation on an efficient, aesthetically pleasing and ergonomic web site, real-time updating involving four full-time employees) substantial. In its decision of 11 April 200216, the Court of Appeal of Versailles decided that the contents of the database for which protection was claimed proved substantial financial, material or human investment by noting that as from its creation, [the company] devoted almost all its activities and capital to the constitution, verification and presentation of the said contents, and that [the company] had set up and is still running services for the enhancement and updating of the contents every thirty minutes, thereby overcoming specific constraints: request of releases from noted companies, receipt and verification of their origin, sorting out, inclusion of html tags, indexation according to branch of activity and theme, insertion with specific date and time, dissemination on the network. In a case involving a database consisting of a catalogue of companies organising fairs and exhibitions, the Paris Court of Appeal17 upheld the claimant s assertion that it had made substantial investments, by referring to the investment in personnel as well as in computing services exclusively devoted to the said database, which follows from the employment contracts and the invoices from several persons who have been working full time gathering and verifying the contents. The Court also referred to the claimant s constant verification and updating of the database . A.3.a.ii Exclusions Although recital 45 (exclusion of copyright protection to mere facts or data) has not been transposed as such, article 341-1 LQ ILQH CIP provides that the VXL JHQHULV protection is independent from and without prejudice to copyright or any other right in the database or in its constituent elements. Recital 19 (exclusion of compilation of several recordings of musical performances on a CD) has not been transposed.
As written by A. LUCAS and R. PLAISANT, France , in NIMMER, M.B.- GELLER, P.E., ,QWHUQDWLRQDO FRS\ULJKW ODZ DQG SUDFWLFH, New York, Matthew Bender, November 2001, 9 1 b iii. 15 Tribunal Grande Instance Paris, 5 September 2001, 6$ &DGUHPSORL Y 6$ .HOMRE, decision found on the web site http://www.legalis.net 16 Cour d appel Versailles, 11 April 2002, 6$5/ 1HZV ,QYHVW Y 6$ 35 /LQH, decision found on www.legalis.net 17 Cour d appel Paris, 12 September 2001, 6RFLpWp 7LJHVW  6RFLpWp 5HHG H[SRVLWLRQV )UDQFH, decision found on the web site www.legalis.net
14

152

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257

A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 and recital 41 of the Directive have been properly transposed by article L 341-1 CIP, under which the owner of the VXL JHQHULV right is the producer of the database, defined as the person who takes the initiative and the risk of investing. A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 7.3 of the Directive has been properly transposed by article L 342-1 LQ ILQH CIP, which provides that the VXL JHQHULV right can be transferred, assigned or granted under a license. A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) As regards natural persons, Article 11.1 of the Directive has been transposed by article L 341-2, 1 CIP and broadened in order to include nationals of a Member State of the EEA. Under this Article, however, the right applies to the producer of databases who complies with the geographic criteria. Unlike the Directive, it does not provide that the VXL JHQHULV right applies to the maker or right holder who complies with said criteria. In combination with Article L 342-1 LQ ILQH CIP (see under A.3.c), this will probably not raise any difficulty. As regards legal persons, Article 11.2. has been transposed by Article 341-2, 2 CIP and broadened in order to include natural persons having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the EEA. Article 341-2 CIP further provides that database producers who do not comply with the conditions of the said Article are eligible for VXL JHQHULV protection when an agreement has been concluded between the EU Council and the State of which they are nationals. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) The French draughtsman took over the terminology of the Directive and used the autonomous terms extraction and re-utilisation . The exclusion of public lending contained in Article 7.2 LQ ILQH of the Directive has been transposed in Article L 342-1 LQ ILQH CPI. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a)) Article 7.2 (a) has been literally transposed by Article L 342-1, 1 CIP. &DVH/DZ: The Nanterre Commercial Court decided that the qualitatively or quantitatively substantial character of the extraction is dependent on the utilisation that is made of the elements extracted. ,Q FDVX, extractions were made by a competitor and
153

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 the information extracted constituted the core business of both parties. The Court found that although the extractions were quantitatively limited (in view of the amount of information published daily on the plaintiff s database), they were nevertheless qualitatively substantial since they allowed the infringer to enhance his own database.18 On appeal, the Versailles Court of Appeal19 overturned the decision of the Nanterre Court and found that in the absence of any other particular circumstance (such as the strategic or topical character of the data in question), the extractions should not be regarded as qualitatively substantial, notwithstanding the fact that they have enhanced the defendant s rival database. In three recent decisions, the Court of Paris decided in favour of the claimant and qualified the litigious extractions as being substantial20. In a case involving two companies providing on-line job offers, the Court decided that although the entire contents of the offers were not reproduced on the defendant s web site, so that the volume of information extracted by the latter only amounted to 12% of the total volume of the plaintiff s database, the elements extracted were qualitatively substantial, since they related to so-called selection and reference information , which constitute the added value of the claimant s database. It is worth stressing that in the same dispute, although in summary proceedings, the Paris Court of appeal came to the opposite conclusion, pointing out that the defendant was only acting as a search engine on the internet, sending queries to various web sites open to the public and looking for information allowing to speed up and steer the users research. When selecting specific offer, the user was directed to the web site where the said offer was detailed. The defendant was thus not downloading the claimant s database in order to feed its own system, but only sending selective queries to the claimant s web site. This, according to the Court of appeal, could not be regarded as an extraction of a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial part of the contents of the claimant s database. A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b) has been transposed by Article L 342-1, 2 CIP. Unlike the Directive, however, this provision, does not list the prohibited forms of reutilisation (distribution of copies, renting, on-line or other forms of transmission). Article L 342-1, 2 CIP reads as follows: [ The producer has
Tribunal de Commerce Nanterre, 16 May 2000, 6$5/ 1HZV ,QYHVW Y 6$ 35 /LQH, decision found on the web site www.legalis.net 19 Cour d appel Versailles, 11 April 2002, 6$5/ 1HZV ,QYHVW Y 6$ 35 /LQH, decision found on the web site www.legalis.net 20 Tribunal Grande Instance Paris, 5 September 2001, op.cit.; Tribunal Grande Instance Paris, 31 January 2001, 0LOOHU )UHHPDQ Y 6$5/ 1HSWXQH 9HUODJ, decision found on the web site www.legalis.net; Tribunal Grande Instance Paris, 14 November 2001, 6$ (GLWLRQV 1HUHVVLV Y 6$ )UDQFH 7HOHFRP 0XOWLPHGLD 6HUYLFHV, decision found on the web site www.legalis.net: Even though the entire contents of the advertisement is not reproduced on [the defendant s] web site, the information on the real estate which are reproduced must nevertheless be regarded as a substantial part of the claimant s database.
18

154

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 the right to prohibit ] the re-utilisation, by any form of making available to the public, of the whole, or of a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial part, of the contents of the database . This is not problematic since the provisions of the CIP must be construed in accordance with the Directive. A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale The European exhaustion rule for copies contained in Article 7.2(b) LQ ILQH of the Directive has been properly transposed by Article L 342-4 CIP. This provision uses the words material copy and is completed by the transposition of recital 43 ( on-line transmission of a database does not exhaust the right of the producer to control the resale in the Member States of a material copy of the database or of a part thereof. ) A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 7.5 of the Directive has been transposed by Article L 342-2 CIP. However, this provision prohibits the repeated and systematic extraction and/or re-utilisation of unsubstantial parts of the database when such acts obviously exceed the normal conditions of use of the database . However, no mention is made of a conflict with the normal exploitation of the database or of the unreasonable prejudice to the legitimate interests of the maker (or producer). By making the right of the producer of a database to oppose such extraction and/or reutilisation dependent on the condition that those acts obviously exceed the database s normal conditions of use, the French draughtsman failed to respect the minimum level of protection provided for by the Directive. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art.7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the database (Art. 7.4) Article L 341-1, second indent CIP provides that the VXL JHQHULV protection is independent from and without prejudice to copyright or any other right subsisting in the database. A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art. 7.4) Article L 341-1, second indent CIP provides that the VXL JHQHULV protection is independent from and without prejudice to copyright or any other right subsisting in the constitutive elements of the database. A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art.7.4)
155

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 7.4 of the Directive was transposed by Article L 341-1 second indent CIP: This protection is independent and without prejudice to copyright protection or any other protection on the database or its constituent elements. As Andr LUCAS and Robert PLAISANT observe, the situation is analogous to that of a performer s or producer s neighbouring rights in a phonogram confronted with a composer s copyright in a musical work recorded on the phonogram. Conflicts of rights may well arise 21. A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) Article 8.1 of the Directive was transposed by Article L 342-3, 1 CIP. The precision that the extraction and/or re-utilisation can be made for whatever purpose is missing in the French provision. In addition, the lawful user of the Directive is not mentioned as such in the CIP but seems to be identified in the French transposition as the person who has a legitimate access to the database. The second part of Article 8.1 (where the lawful user is authorised to extract and/or re-utilise only part of the database) has not been transposed. Article 15 of the Directive was accurately transposed, as regards this exception, by Article L 342-3 LQ ILQH CIP. In other words, any contractual provision contrary to this exception is null and void. $JLL /LPLWV $UWLFOHV  

A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 8.2 has not been transposed. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) Article 8.3 has been transposed by Article L 341-1, second indent CIP, which provides that the VXL JHQHULV protection is independent from and without prejudice to copyright or any other right subsisting in the contents of the database. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 10.1 has been properly transposed by Article L 342-5, first indent CIP. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2)
21

A. LUCAS and R. PLAISANT, RSFLW., 9,1,b,iii.

156

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 10.2 has been properly transposed by Article L 342-5, second indent CIP. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 10.3 has not been literally transposed by Article L 342-5, third indent CIP which provides that when a protected database has been subjected to a new substantial investment, its protection expires 15 years from the 1st January following the date of said new investment . The French provision does not give a definition of the terms substantial new investment but seems to consider substantial change tantamount to substantial new investment . A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) Articles 14.3 and 14.5 have been properly transposed by Article 8 of the Law. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has been transposed by Article 8 LQ ILQH of the Law enshrining a general saving for acts and agreements made before entry into force of the Law, namely 1st January 1998. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) In accordance with Article 12 of the Directive, Articles L 343-1 to 343-4 CIP provide for remedies for infringement of the VXL JHQHULV rights. These provisions institute criminal sanctions comparable to those allowed for in the provisions of the CIP regarding copyright and neighbouring rights infringement (imprisonment and fine). In addition, Article L 332-4 CIP extends the specific descriptive seizure procedure instituted for software to databases. Remedies for copyright infringement are contained in Articles L 331-1 to 335-10 CIP. A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Nothing in the CIP seems to prejudice the various protections listed in Article 13. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1)
157

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Pursuant to Article 16.1 first indent of the Directive, France has brought into force the Law in order to comply with the Directive before 1st January 1998. Pursuant to Article 16.1 second indent of the Directive, due reference is made to the Directive in the heading of the Law. $ &RPPLVVLRQ HPSRZHUPHQW

A.5.a Third country databases (Article 11.3) Article 11.3 of the Directive has been transposed by Article L 341-2, LQ ILQH CIP, which extends the VXL JHQHULV protection to producers of databases which are not nationals of, or established within, the Community when an agreement is concluded between the EU Council and the country of which they are nationals.

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B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) Article 6.2 (a) of the Directive was accurately transposed: Article L 122-5, 2 CIP provides for an exception to the author s right to prohibit reproduction in case of copies or reproductions for the copyist s private use. Under the said provision this exception does not apply to copies or reproductions of electronic databases. No remuneration right as such exists to the benefit of authors, but a 3% tax is levied on copying devices. This amount is transferred to the &HQWUH QDWLRQDO GHV /HWWUHV rather than collected for the benefit of the authors. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) This exception has not been enshrined in the French transposition of the Directive. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) The exception provided for in Article 6.2 (c) of the Directive has been taken over in the Law and extended to all protected works, in order to avoid discrimination. Article L 331-4 CIP states that the rights provided for in the CIP cannot prejudice the acts necessary for the purposes of an administrative or judicial procedure legally provided for, or for the purposes of public security.
158

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) Pursuant to Article 6.2 (d) of the Directive, other traditional exceptions to the exclusive rights of the author have been maintained, provided the work has been made available to the public, without prejudice to the other optional exceptions: provided that the name of the author and the source are clearly indicated (Article L 122-5, 3 CIP): analysis and short quotations justified by the critical, polemical, pedagogical, scientific or informative character of the works in which they are included; press reviews; press or television broadcasting of speeches aimed for the public made in political, administrative, judicial or academic meetings, or in official ceremonies, for the purpose of news reporting;

parody, pastiche and caricature (Article L 122-5, 4 CIP); private and free of charge representations made exclusively within the family circle (FHUFOH GH IDPLOOH) (Article L 122-5, 1 CIP).

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B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) Article L 342-3, 2 CIP provides that, when a database has been made available to the public by the right holder, the latter may not prohibit the extraction for private purposes of a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial part of the contents of a nonelectronic database, provided that this is without prejudice to copyright or neighbouring rights on the works or elements contained in the database. The scope of this exception is thus not limited to lawful users. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) This exception has not been adopted in the French transposition. B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) This exception has been transposed by Article L 331-4 CIP (see above, B.1.a.iii). B.2.a.iv Other exceptions The French draughtsman did not provide for any exception in this respect.
159

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Article L 121-1 to 121-9 CIP provide for moral rights of the author, which comprise the right of disclosure, the right to withdraw, the paternity right and the right of integrity. A parallel can be drawn between the author s right to determine the way in which his work is exploited and by whom (Recital 30) and the right of disclosure (an attribute of the moral rights of the author) provided for in Article L 121-2 CIP. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases The Law, like the Directive, does not provide for any specific provision in relation to employees database. As a result, one must refer to the existing provisions of the CIP. Article L 111-1, third indent CIP sets out the principle that the existence of an employment contract does not prejudice the right of the author himself. As a result, even though the work was created in execution of an employment contract, the author-employee is the initial owner of the copyright. In most cases, however, the employer is granted ownership of the copyright by means of an explicit assignment. It is noteworthy that moral rights cannot be assigned and thus remain with the author. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons It is a general rule under French copyright law: in principle, only natural persons can be vested with the initial authorship. The only exception provided for by the CIP is contained in Article L 113-5 with regard to collective works. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Under Article L 113-2 CIP, a collective work is defined as a work created on the initiative of a natural or a legal person which edits it, publishes it and discloses it under his own responsibility and name, and in which the personal contribution of the various participating authors blends in with the work as a whole without it being possible to grant to each one of them a distinct right on the work created. In accordance with Article L 113-5 CIP, collective works are the property of the natural or legal person under whose name it was disclosed, unless proven otherwise. This person is the holder of the copyright in the work.

160

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.d Presumption of ownership Article L 113-1 CIP provides that the person(s) under whose name a work is disclosed is/are presumed to be the author(s) thereof. $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV

The patrimonial attributes of copyright can be assigned in writing and provided that each of the rights transferred, as well as the scope of exploitation, are clearly identified. French copyright law does not make any express reference to licensing of copyright. However, traditional doctrine tends to consider that the distinction between assignment and license is an artificial one since, beyond the semantic distinction, the principle of licensing exists in French copyright law22. The CIP sets out rules for the exploitation of rights (such as the prohibition of global assignment of future works; the necessity for each right assigned to be identified in writing, etc.). These are contained in Articles L 131-1 to L 131-8 CIP. Article L 121-1 CIP provides that moral rights are perpetual, inalienable and not subject to limitation of action by lapse of time. $ 2WKHUV

French Case law has recognised a so-called GURLW GH GHVWLQDWLRQ as being comprised within the reproduction right, so that the author can lay down conditions of use of copies by third parties (see above, I A 2 c iii 1)23. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases (Article 6.2) Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.b Collective investments Nothing is provided in this respect.

A. LUCAS and H.-J. LUCAS, RSFLW, p. 390-393, n 482-483. Cour de Cassation, 15 October 1985, 5,'$, 3/1986, 124; Cour de Cassation, 5 May 1976, 5,'$, 4/1976, 168; Cour d appel Paris, 18 March 1987, 5,'$, 4/1987, 208; Cour d appel Paris, 27 April 1945, *D]3DO 1945, 1, 192 (case-law cited by A. LUCAS and H.-J. LUCAS, RSFLW, p. 214, n 249).
22 23

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.1.c Presumption of ownership The CIP contains no presumption of ownership to the person whose name appears on the database. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV The CIP does not contain any provision regulating the conditions for contractual dealings (transfer, assignment, grant of rights) with respect to the VXL JHQHULV right.

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,QVWUXPHQW RI WUDQVSRVLWLRQ The Directive has been transposed into Greek law by the /DZ Q , relating to the Establishment of the Company Olympic Village 2004 S.A. , protection of Olympic Symbols and Marks and other Provisions. Article 7 of the Law n 2819/2000 is entitled Harmonisation with the Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1998 on the legal protection of databases and other provisions , and will further be referred to as the Transposition Act . This Transposition Act amends the Law n 2121/1993 on Copyright and Related Rights ( The Copyright Act or the GCA ). The Greek Ministry of Culture certified that the Directive entered into force on 15 March 2000.



6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV The following shortcomings are Greece s major ones as regards the transposition of the Directive: Article 11 of the Transposition Act does not confirm that the term of protection of databases completed up to 15 years prior to its date of entry into force, shall be extended with 15 years from 1 January 1998, as required by Article 14.5; The exception to copyright in case of reproduction for private purposes of Article 18 of the GCA is not limited to non-electronic databases, as required by Article 6.2 (a); The exception for extraction IRU SXUSRVHV of LOOXVWUDWLRQ IRU WHDFKLQJ of Article 9 (b) has been extended to extraction IRU DQ\ HGXFDWLRQDO SXUSRVHV.

Moreover, the following minor shortcomings must be mentioned: The limits of normal exploitation and unreasonable prejudice as regards the lawful user of a database protected by copyright have not been transposed into the GCA, as required by Article 6.3; Article 10 of the Transposition Act allows copyright protection to be granted to databases, which fulfil the requirements for copyright protection RQ WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, instead of allowing copyright protection to be granted to databases, which fulfil the requirements for copyright protection RQ  -DQXDU\ , as required by Article 14.1; Articles 10 and 11 of the Transposition Act safeguard the validity of acts concluded and rights acquired SULRU WR WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, instead of safeguarding the validity of acts concluded and rights acquired before 1 January 1998, as required by Article 14.4; The definitions of the extraction and re-utilisation rights in Article 45.A.2 of the GCA do not specify that the substantial part, which may not be extracted nor re-utilised, must be HYDOXDWHG TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\, as required by Article 7.1; Article 11 of the Transposition Act allows VXL JHQHULV protection to be granted to databases completed up to 15 years prior to the date RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW which is shorter than the term of 15 years prior to 1 January 1998, as required by Article 14.3.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) This definition is faithfully introduced into Greek copyright law by the second sentence of the new Article 2.a of the GCA. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusions are not expressly incorporated in the GCA. A.1.c Applications The applications are not expressly incorporated in the GCA. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) The definition is faithfully incorporated in the first sentence of the new Article 2.a of the GCA. It must be observed that, under Article 2.2 of the GCA, collections of works, collections of expressions of folklore, or collections of simple facts and data, such as encyclopaedias and anthologies, may be protected as works, provided the selection or the arrangement of their contents is original. Hence, the GCA has maintained a separate regime for the protection of collections, which do not qualify as databases. It will apply to collections whose selection or arrangement is original, but which do not meet the other criteria applying to databases (criteria of independence, systematic and methodical arrangement, and of individual accessibility). A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) The exclusions are not incorporated in the GCA. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2 The new Article 2.a of the GCA, end of the first sentence, confirms this principle.
167

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) Pursuant to Article 6 of the GCA, titled the Initial Right Holder, the initial author of the economic right and the moral right in a work shall be the author of the work . Pursuant to Article 7.1 of the GCA, the initial right holders in a work of joint authorship shall be the co-authors of that work. The GCA does not provide initial authorship for legal persons. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5 (a)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (a) and (e) faithfully transposes this right. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5 (b) and (e)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (b) and (e) faithfully transposes this right. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5 (c) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right (Article 5 (c)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (c), first sentence, and (e) faithfully transposes this right. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 5 (c)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (c), second sentence, and (e) faithfully transposes the principle of exhaustion. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5 (d)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (d) and (e) faithfully transposes this right. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2 (b)) These rights are granted to the author by Article 3.1 of the LCA, under (d); A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Article 6.1 and 15) The exception for lawful use has been faithfully transposed by Article 3.3, second sentence of the GCA. Application of the exception to a part of the database is specified in the third sentence of the new Article 3.3 of the GCA.
168

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The LXV FRJHQV nature of this provision is confirmed by the fourth sentence of this new Article 3.3 A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) The limits of normal exploitation and unreasonable prejudice have not been transposed into the GCA. A.2.e Term (Article 2 (c)) Articles 29 to 31 of the GCA regulate the term of protection. A.2.f Application over time (Article 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) This provision is transposed by Article 10 of the Transposition Act. It complies with the Directive, except that it applies to databases which fulfil the requirements for copyright protection RQ WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, and not on 1 January 1998 as required by the Directive. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) This provision has not been transposed into the GCA. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) This provision is transposed by Article 10 of the Transposition Act. Here also, it applies to acts concluded and rights acquired EHIRUH WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, instead of before 1 January 1998 as required by the Directive. As a result, the protection granted to prior rights in the GCA applies to a broader period of time than the one allowed under the Directive. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection (Article 7.1) $DL 0DQGDWRU\ FULWHULD (Article 7.1) The definition of the Directive is faithfully incorporated in the new Article 45.A.1 of the GCA. A.3.a.ii Exclusions The exclusions are not expressly incorporated in the GCA.
169

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Pursuant to Article 45.A.1 of the GCA, second sentence, the maker of the database is the individual or legal entity who takes the initiative and bears the risk of investment. The third sentence of the same Article further provides that a database contractor is not considered as maker. This provision fully complies with the Directive. A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) This provision is adequately transposed by the new Article 45.A.3 of the GCA, third sentence, which specifies that the VXL JHQHULV right may be transferred either with or without consideration. A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) These provisions are adequately transposed by the new Article 45.A.6 of the GCA, 2nd, 3rd and 4th sentences. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Public lending is excluded from the database maker s prerogatives by Article 45.A.2 of the GCA, 3rd sentence. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2 (a)) The definition of this right in Article 45.A.2 of the GCA, under (a), complies with the definition in the Directive, except it does not specify that the substantial part, which may not be extracted, must be evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively . $HLL 5HXWLOLVDWLRQ ULJKW A.3.e.ii.1 H[KDXVWLRQ (Article 7.2 (b))

Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b)) The definition of this right in Article 45.A.2 of the GCA, under (b), complies with the definition in the Directive, except it does not specify that the substantial part, which may not be extracted, must be evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively .

A.3.e.ii.2

Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 7.2 (b)) The principle of exhaustion is faithfully transposed in Article 45.A.2 of the GCA, second sentence.

A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) The new Article 45.A.4 of the GCA adequately transposes this provision.
170

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Article 7.4) $IL ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH GDWDEDVH $UWLFOH  The new Article 45.A.3 of the GCA, first sentence, adequately transposes this provision. $ILL ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UWLFOH  The new Article 45.A.3 of the GCA, first sentence, adequately transposes this provision. $ILLL &RH[LVWHQFH ZLWK FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UWLFOH  The new Article 45.A.3 of the GCA, second sentence, adequately transposes this provision. A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Article 8.1 and 15) This provision is adequately transposed by the new Article 45.A.5 of the GCA, 1st and 2nd sentence. The LXV FRJHQV nature of this provision is confirmed by the last sentence of Article 45.A.5 of the GCA. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) The new Article 45.A.5 of the GCA, 3rd sentence, under a), adequately transposes this provision. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Articles 8.3) The new Article 45.A.5 of the GCA, 3rd sentence, under b), adequately transposes this provision. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) The new Article 45.A.7 of the GCA, first sentence, adequately transposes this provision. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2)

171

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The new Article 45.A.7 of the GCA, second sentence, adequately transposes this provision. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) The new Article 45.A.7 of the GCA, third sentence, faithfully transposes this provision. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 & 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.3 & 14.5) This provision has been transposed by Article 11 of the Transposition Act. It contains two shortcomings. Firstly, the period to which it applies goes back to 15 years prior to the date RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW which is shorter than 15 years prior to 1 January 1998, as imposed by the Directive. Secondly, the provision does not confirm that the term of protection of these databases shall be extended with 15 years from 1 January 1998. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) This provision is transposed by Article 11 of the Transposition Act. Here also, it applies to acts concluded and rights acquired EHIRUH WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, instead of before 1 January 1998 as required by the Directive. As a result, the protection granted to prior rights in the GCA applies to a broader period of time than the one allowed under the Directive. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Seizure proceedings in case of presumed infringement are also applicable in case of infringements of the author s or the producer s rights on a database, pursuant to the new last sentence of Article 64 of the GCA. Pursuant to the new Article 65.6 of the GCA, the civil remedies also apply in case of infringement of the author s or the producer s rights on a database. Pursuant to the new paragraphs 9 and 10 of Article 66 of the GCA, appropriate criminals sanctions apply to infringements of the author s or the producer s rights on a database. As regards the latter, it does not apply to repeated and systematic extraction or reutilisation of unsubstantial parts of the contents of the database.

172

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) The new Article 72.8 of the GCA faithfully transposes this provision. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) The Greek Ministry of Culture certified that the Directive entered into force on 15 March 2000. % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) The exception for reproduction for private use of Article 18 applies to original databases. It is not limited to non-electronic databases, as required by the Directive. However, it does not apply if the act of reproduction is likely to conflict with normal exploitation of the work or to prejudice the author s legitimate interests. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) This exception has not been transposed into the GCA. The traditional exceptions of the GCA in this field are not likely to apply to databases. Article 20.1 of the GCA, allowing for reproduction in educational textbooks, is limited to lawfully published literally works of one or more writers and is therefore not likely to apply to databases. The exception of reproduction for teaching purposes of Article 21 of the GCA is limited to articles lawfully published in a newspaper or periodical, short extracts of a work or parts of short work or a lawfully published work of fine art, and is therefore not likely to apply to databases. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Pursuant to Article 24 of the GCA, the reproduction of a work for use in judicial or administrative procedures is authorised, to the extent justified for a particular purpose. B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) The other exceptions of Section 4 of the GCA most likely to apply to databases are: - quotation of short extracts (Article 19); - reproduction by libraries of an additional copy from a copy of a work already in their permanent collection (Article 22).
173

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B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) This exception has not been transposed into Greek copyright law. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) This exception has been adequately transposed by the new Article 45.A.6 of the GCA, under a), except for the fact that it is not limited to purposes for illustration for teaching, but applies to any educational purposes. B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) The new Article 45.A.6 of the GCA, under b) has adequately transposed this exception. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions No other exceptions apply to the VXL JHQHULV right. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV The moral rights, as provided in Article 4 of the GCA, equally apply to original databases. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases Pursuant to Article 8 of the GCA, the economic and moral rights on works created by employees remain with the employee, except for such economic rights as are necessary for the fulfilment of the purposes of the employment contract. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Nothing is provided in this respect. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Pursuant to Article 7.2 of the GCA, a collective work shall designate any work created through the independent contribution of several authors acting under the intellectual direction and co-ordination of one natural person. That natural person shall be the
174

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 initial rightholder of the economic and moral rights in the collective work. Each author of a contribution shall be the initial rightholder of the economic and moral rights in his own contribution, provided such contribution is capable of separate exploitation. A.2.d. Presumption of ownership Pursuant to Article 10.1 of the GCA, the person whose name appears on a copy of a work in the manner usually employed to indicate authorship, shall be presumed to be the author of that work. Pursuant to Article 10.2 of the GCA, the natural or legal person whose name or title appears on a copy of a collective work in the manner usually employed to indicate the rightholder shall be presumed to be the rightholder of the copyright in the particular work. A.3 Contractual modalities These modalities are regulated by Section 3, Articles 12 to 17 of the GCA. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.b Collective investments Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Nothing is provided in this respect. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Nothing is provided in this respect.

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,QVWUXPHQW RI WUDQVSRVLWLRQ The Directive has been transposed into Greek law by the /DZ Q , relating to the Establishment of the Company Olympic Village 2004 S.A. , protection of Olympic Symbols and Marks and other Provisions. Article 7 of the Law n 2819/2000 is entitled Harmonisation with the Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1998 on the legal protection of databases and other provisions , and will further be referred to as the Transposition Act . This Transposition Act amends the Law n 2121/1993 on Copyright and Related Rights ( The Copyright Act or the GCA ). The Greek Ministry of Culture certified that the Directive entered into force on 15 March 2000.



6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV The following shortcomings are Greece s major ones as regards the transposition of the Directive: Article 11 of the Transposition Act does not confirm that the term of protection of databases completed up to 15 years prior to its date of entry into force, shall be extended with 15 years from 1 January 1998, as required by Article 14.5; The exception to copyright in case of reproduction for private purposes of Article 18 of the GCA is not limited to non-electronic databases, as required by Article 6.2 (a); The exception for extraction IRU SXUSRVHV of LOOXVWUDWLRQ IRU WHDFKLQJ of Article 9 (b) has been extended to extraction IRU DQ\ HGXFDWLRQDO SXUSRVHV.

Moreover, the following minor shortcomings must be mentioned: The limits of normal exploitation and unreasonable prejudice as regards the lawful user of a database protected by copyright have not been transposed into the GCA, as required by Article 6.3; Article 10 of the Transposition Act allows copyright protection to be granted to databases, which fulfil the requirements for copyright protection RQ WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, instead of allowing copyright protection to be granted to databases, which fulfil the requirements for copyright protection RQ  -DQXDU\ , as required by Article 14.1; Articles 10 and 11 of the Transposition Act safeguard the validity of acts concluded and rights acquired SULRU WR WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH
178

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, instead of safeguarding the validity of acts concluded and rights acquired before 1 January 1998, as required by Article 14.4; The definitions of the extraction and re-utilisation rights in Article 45.A.2 of the GCA do not specify that the substantial part, which may not be extracted nor re-utilised, must be HYDOXDWHG TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\, as required by Article 7.1; Article 11 of the Transposition Act allows VXL JHQHULV protection to be granted to databases completed up to 15 years prior to the date RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW which is shorter than the term of 15 years prior to 1 January 1998, as required by Article 14.3.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) This definition is faithfully introduced into Greek copyright law by the second sentence of the new Article 2.a of the GCA. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusions are not expressly incorporated in the GCA. A.1.c Applications The applications are not expressly incorporated in the GCA. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) The definition is faithfully incorporated in the first sentence of the new Article 2.a of the GCA. It must be observed that, under Article 2.2 of the GCA, collections of works, collections of expressions of folklore, or collections of simple facts and data, such as encyclopaedias and anthologies, may be protected as works, provided the selection or the arrangement of their contents is original. Hence, the GCA has maintained a separate regime for the protection of collections, which do not qualify as databases. It will apply to collections whose selection or arrangement is original, but which do not meet the other criteria applying to databases (criteria of independence, systematic and methodical arrangement, and of individual accessibility). A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) The exclusions are not incorporated in the GCA. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2 The new Article 2.a of the GCA, end of the first sentence, confirms this principle.
180

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) Pursuant to Article 6 of the GCA, titled the Initial Right Holder, the initial author of the economic right and the moral right in a work shall be the author of the work . Pursuant to Article 7.1 of the GCA, the initial right holders in a work of joint authorship shall be the co-authors of that work. The GCA does not provide initial authorship for legal persons. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5 (a)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (a) and (e) faithfully transposes this right. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5 (b) and (e)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (b) and (e) faithfully transposes this right. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5 (c) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right (Article 5 (c)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (c), first sentence, and (e) faithfully transposes this right. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 5 (c)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (c), second sentence, and (e) faithfully transposes the principle of exhaustion. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5 (d)) The new Article 3.3 of the GCA, under (d) and (e) faithfully transposes this right. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2 (b)) These rights are granted to the author by Article 3.1 of the LCA, under (d); A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Article 6.1 and 15) The exception for lawful use has been faithfully transposed by Article 3.3, second sentence of the GCA. Application of the exception to a part of the database is specified in the third sentence of the new Article 3.3 of the GCA.
181

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The LXV FRJHQV nature of this provision is confirmed by the fourth sentence of this new Article 3.3 A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) The limits of normal exploitation and unreasonable prejudice have not been transposed into the GCA. A.2.e Term (Article 2 (c)) Articles 29 to 31 of the GCA regulate the term of protection. A.2.f Application over time (Article 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) This provision is transposed by Article 10 of the Transposition Act. It complies with the Directive, except that it applies to databases which fulfil the requirements for copyright protection RQ WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, and not on 1 January 1998 as required by the Directive. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) This provision has not been transposed into the GCA. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) This provision is transposed by Article 10 of the Transposition Act. Here also, it applies to acts concluded and rights acquired EHIRUH WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, instead of before 1 January 1998 as required by the Directive. As a result, the protection granted to prior rights in the GCA applies to a broader period of time than the one allowed under the Directive. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection (Article 7.1) $DL 0DQGDWRU\ FULWHULD (Article 7.1) The definition of the Directive is faithfully incorporated in the new Article 45.A.1 of the GCA. A.3.a.ii Exclusions The exclusions are not expressly incorporated in the GCA.
182

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Pursuant to Article 45.A.1 of the GCA, second sentence, the maker of the database is the individual or legal entity who takes the initiative and bears the risk of investment. The third sentence of the same Article further provides that a database contractor is not considered as maker. This provision fully complies with the Directive. A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) This provision is adequately transposed by the new Article 45.A.3 of the GCA, third sentence, which specifies that the VXL JHQHULV right may be transferred either with or without consideration. A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) These provisions are adequately transposed by the new Article 45.A.6 of the GCA, 2nd, 3rd and 4th sentences. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Public lending is excluded from the database maker s prerogatives by Article 45.A.2 of the GCA, 3rd sentence. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2 (a)) The definition of this right in Article 45.A.2 of the GCA, under (a), complies with the definition in the Directive, except it does not specify that the substantial part, which may not be extracted, must be evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively . $HLL 5HXWLOLVDWLRQ ULJKW A.3.e.ii.1 H[KDXVWLRQ (Article 7.2 (b))

Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b)) The definition of this right in Article 45.A.2 of the GCA, under (b), complies with the definition in the Directive, except it does not specify that the substantial part, which may not be extracted, must be evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively .

A.3.e.ii.2

Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 7.2 (b)) The principle of exhaustion is faithfully transposed in Article 45.A.2 of the GCA, second sentence.

A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) The new Article 45.A.4 of the GCA adequately transposes this provision.
183

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Article 7.4) $IL ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH GDWDEDVH $UWLFOH  The new Article 45.A.3 of the GCA, first sentence, adequately transposes this provision. $ILL ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UWLFOH  The new Article 45.A.3 of the GCA, first sentence, adequately transposes this provision. $ILLL &RH[LVWHQFH ZLWK FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UWLFOH  The new Article 45.A.3 of the GCA, second sentence, adequately transposes this provision. A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Article 8.1 and 15) This provision is adequately transposed by the new Article 45.A.5 of the GCA, 1st and 2nd sentence. The LXV FRJHQV nature of this provision is confirmed by the last sentence of Article 45.A.5 of the GCA. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) The new Article 45.A.5 of the GCA, 3rd sentence, under a), adequately transposes this provision. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Articles 8.3) The new Article 45.A.5 of the GCA, 3rd sentence, under b), adequately transposes this provision. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) The new Article 45.A.7 of the GCA, first sentence, adequately transposes this provision. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2)

184

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The new Article 45.A.7 of the GCA, second sentence, adequately transposes this provision. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) The new Article 45.A.7 of the GCA, third sentence, faithfully transposes this provision. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 & 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.3 & 14.5) This provision has been transposed by Article 11 of the Transposition Act. It contains two shortcomings. Firstly, the period to which it applies goes back to 15 years prior to the date RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW which is shorter than 15 years prior to 1 January 1998, as imposed by the Directive. Secondly, the provision does not confirm that the term of protection of these databases shall be extended with 15 years from 1 January 1998. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) This provision is transposed by Article 11 of the Transposition Act. Here also, it applies to acts concluded and rights acquired EHIRUH WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 7UDQVSRVLWLRQ $FW, instead of before 1 January 1998 as required by the Directive. As a result, the protection granted to prior rights in the GCA applies to a broader period of time than the one allowed under the Directive. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Seizure proceedings in case of presumed infringement are also applicable in case of infringements of the author s or the producer s rights on a database, pursuant to the new last sentence of Article 64 of the GCA. Pursuant to the new Article 65.6 of the GCA, the civil remedies also apply in case of infringement of the author s or the producer s rights on a database. Pursuant to the new paragraphs 9 and 10 of Article 66 of the GCA, appropriate criminals sanctions apply to infringements of the author s or the producer s rights on a database. As regards the latter, it does not apply to repeated and systematic extraction or reutilisation of unsubstantial parts of the contents of the database.

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) The new Article 72.8 of the GCA faithfully transposes this provision. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) The Greek Ministry of Culture certified that the Directive entered into force on 15 March 2000. % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) The exception for reproduction for private use of Article 18 applies to original databases. It is not limited to non-electronic databases, as required by the Directive. However, it does not apply if the act of reproduction is likely to conflict with normal exploitation of the work or to prejudice the author s legitimate interests. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) This exception has not been transposed into the GCA. The traditional exceptions of the GCA in this field are not likely to apply to databases. Article 20.1 of the GCA, allowing for reproduction in educational textbooks, is limited to lawfully published literally works of one or more writers and is therefore not likely to apply to databases. The exception of reproduction for teaching purposes of Article 21 of the GCA is limited to articles lawfully published in a newspaper or periodical, short extracts of a work or parts of short work or a lawfully published work of fine art, and is therefore not likely to apply to databases. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Pursuant to Article 24 of the GCA, the reproduction of a work for use in judicial or administrative procedures is authorised, to the extent justified for a particular purpose. B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) The other exceptions of Section 4 of the GCA most likely to apply to databases are: - quotation of short extracts (Article 19); - reproduction by libraries of an additional copy from a copy of a work already in their permanent collection (Article 22).
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B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) This exception has not been transposed into Greek copyright law. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) This exception has been adequately transposed by the new Article 45.A.6 of the GCA, under a), except for the fact that it is not limited to purposes for illustration for teaching, but applies to any educational purposes. B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) The new Article 45.A.6 of the GCA, under b) has adequately transposed this exception. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions No other exceptions apply to the VXL JHQHULV right. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV The moral rights, as provided in Article 4 of the GCA, equally apply to original databases. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases Pursuant to Article 8 of the GCA, the economic and moral rights on works created by employees remain with the employee, except for such economic rights as are necessary for the fulfilment of the purposes of the employment contract. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Nothing is provided in this respect. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Pursuant to Article 7.2 of the GCA, a collective work shall designate any work created through the independent contribution of several authors acting under the intellectual direction and co-ordination of one natural person. That natural person shall be the
187

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 initial rightholder of the economic and moral rights in the collective work. Each author of a contribution shall be the initial rightholder of the economic and moral rights in his own contribution, provided such contribution is capable of separate exploitation. A.2.d. Presumption of ownership Pursuant to Article 10.1 of the GCA, the person whose name appears on a copy of a work in the manner usually employed to indicate authorship, shall be presumed to be the author of that work. Pursuant to Article 10.2 of the GCA, the natural or legal person whose name or title appears on a copy of a collective work in the manner usually employed to indicate the rightholder shall be presumed to be the rightholder of the copyright in the particular work. A.3 Contractual modalities These modalities are regulated by Section 3, Articles 12 to 17 of the GCA. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.b Collective investments Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Nothing is provided in this respect. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Nothing is provided in this respect.

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The Directive has been transposed into Irish law by means of the &RS\ULJKW DQG 5HODWHG 5LJKWV $FW  ( CRRA or the Act ). That statutory instrument was enacted on 10th July 2000 and came into force on 1st January 2001. The Act is made up of seven parts : - Part I of the Act (Sections 1-16) contains preliminary and transitional provisions; - Part II of the Act (Sections 17-201) concerns copyright and in particular copyright in original databases; - Part III of the Act on rights in performances (Sections 202-308) is not relevant for our purposes; - Part IV of the Act on performer s moral rights (Sections 309-319) is not relevant for our purposes either; - Part V of the Act (Sections 320-361) introduces and regulates a new VXL JHQHULV database right; - Part VI of the Act (Sections 362-369) bestows jurisdiction on the Controller; - Part VII of the Act (Sections 370-376) on technological protection measures is not relevant for our purposes; - Within the First Schedule Part VI lays down transitional provisions and savings in respect of databases.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

By and large, Ireland has duly implemented the Directive. The major failures comprise the following : - Oddly, Article 15 Directive making the lawful use exception binding has not been transposed as regards copyright unless the wording it is not infringement in Section 83 CRRA entails the same effect whilst it has clearly been implemented as regards VXL JHQHULV right (A.2.d.i vs. A.3.g.i). - The limits to lawful use set out in Article 6.3 Directive have not been transposed. The wording anything in the exercise of the right in Section 83 CRRA seems to leave no room for a Berne-like three-step test or, at least, a fair dealing proviso (A.2.d.ii). - Article 14.4 Directive laying down a general saving for agreements made before commencement, has not been transposed (A.2.f.iii and A.3.i.ii). - Section 326 CRRA goes, at the same time, beyond and below Article 11 Directive. For one thing, the added wording or, where it was made jointly, one or more of its makers takes a stand on qualification in case of joint makership , a crucial issue totally, and perhaps purposely, overlooked by the Directive. That stand, if debatable in theory, in practice proves highly useful to SHU VH non-qualifying nationals or companies as those just need one co-investor, e.g. an EEA-based subsidiary, to overcome (equally debatable) EEA
191

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 protectionism. Yet or rightholders in Article 11.1 has not been transposed. This cut may prove terribly harmful to EEA successors in title of non-qualifying non-EEA makers. Where the former acquire databases from the latter, Article 11.1 Directive might be interpreted as qualifying them for VXL JHQHULV protection as rightholders, no matter the initial makers did not. Not so under Section 326 CRRA which focuses on EEA makers and excludes EEA rightholders acquiring databases from non-EEA makers here subsequent financial investment in purchasing rights is clearly disregarded. Just as under the Directive, however, whether or not Section 326 CRRA withdraws VXL JHQHULV protection from non-EEA successors in title of qualifying EEA makers remains unclear. Assuming it does not, Section 326 CRRA may, quite unjustifiably, lead to reverse discrimination against EEA, as opposed to non-EEA, successors in title. But the protectionism driving the Directive casts doubt on this interpretation (A.3.d). Contrary to Article 7.2 Directive, the re-utilisation right under Sections 320(1) and 324(1) CRRA does not cover on-line or other forms of transmission (A.3.e.ii). Because the definition of substantial laid down in Section 320(1) CRRA refers to quantity or quality solely in relation to any investment, extraction or reutilization , the wording quantitatively and/or qualitatively has not been transposed in respect of both insubstantial parts for lawful use under Article 8.1 Directive and substantial change for a new term of protection under Article 10.3 Directive. These omissions might be no more than the fruit of inadvertence (A.3.g.i and A.3.h.iii). The limit laid down in Article 8.2 Directive has not been transposed, though Article 8.3 has (A.3.g.ii and iii). Article 14.5 Directive has been transposed with excessive care, i.e. including its error, by Section 46, last sentence of the First Schedule CRRA so that VXL JHQHULV right shall elapse on 1st January 2014, not 2013. It is fair to emphasise that such discrepancy with other Member States is attributable to the Directive itself. Ireland has brought into force implementing amendments as late as on 1st January 2001. Thus Ireland has heavily failed to abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1 Directive (1st January 1998). The delay is apparently due to a full-scale restatement of Irish copyright law (A.4.c).

Further minor flaws include : - Article 4.1 Directive on authorship ( the natural person ) may be given a broader sense under Section 21 (J) CRRA ( the person ) (A.2.b). - Article 5(a) Directive may have needed a modicum of transposition by way of clarification (A.2.c.i). - Article 5(e) Directive in relation to further acts with the results of an adaptation is nowhere expressly reflected in the CDPA (A.2.c.ii). - The adjective normal qualifying the lawful use exception in Article 6.1 Directive has been omitted from Section 50D (1) CDPA (A.2.d.i). - The economic genuine link factor in Article 11.2 Directive has been relaxed as the phrase on an ongoing basis qualifying it has been omitted from Section 326(3)(c) CRRA. - The adverb unreasonably qualifying prejudice in Article 7.5 Directive on repeated and systematic use of insubstantial parts has been omitted from Section 324(3) CRRA. (A.3.e.iii). - As for copyright, the phrase as long as the source is indicated in Article 6.2(b) Directive is not reflected in Section 50 CRRA entitled Fair dealing: Research or private study (B.1.a.ii).
192

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - As for VXL JHQHULV right, the wording the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved in respect of education and research under Article 9(b) Directive is not adequately reflected by fair dealing in Section 330 CRRA (B.2.a.ii). It is worth mentioning that : - The phrase under a licence or otherwise defining the lawful user goes beyond a contractual licence and may encompass either the absence of any act restricted by law or an exception to such a restricted act (A.2.d.i and A.3.g.i). Pursuant to Article 249 (3) (ex-189 (3)) EC Treaty, a directive shall be binding, as to the results to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of forms and methods. The inconsistencies cropping up in the Irish Copyright and Related Rights Acts, 2000 mostly affect such forms and methods and scarcely thwart or threaten the results to be achieved under the Directive. It is nonetheless submitted that the Irish draughtsman should remedy the major failures pinpointed above.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) Article 1.1 ( in any form ) has been transposed into the definition of an original database set out in Section 2 (1) CRRA. Likewise the definition of a database in Article 1.2 has almost literally (compare other means in Article 1.2 with any means in Section 2 (1)) been transposed into Section 2 (1) CRRA. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusion for computer programs (Article 1.3 and recital 23) has been properly transposed by Section 2 (6) CRRA, which makes it clear that a computer program used in the making or operation of databases shall not be regarded as database , as well as Section 2 (1) CRRA which, after defining database , expressly excludes computer programs used in the making or operation of a database . The exclusion for recordings (recital 17) and CDs (recital 19) have not been expressly transposed. This is not problematic since Irish law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. A.1.c Applications The applications laid down in recitals 20 and 22 have not been mentioned. This is not problematic since Irish law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) First, a work as defined in Section 2 (1) CRRA means ( ) an original database . Thus databases are copyright subject matter. Unlike under UK law, literary work does not include ( ) an original database . Moreover, Section 17 (2) CRRA reads: &RS\ULJKW VXEVLVWV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKLV $FW LQ  G RULJLQDO GDWDEDVHV
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 In addition, Section 18 (1) CRRA reads: &RS\ULJKW VKDOO QRW VXEVLVW LQ  DQ RULJLQDO GDWDEDVH XQWLO WKDW ZRUN LV UHFRUGHG LQ ZULWLQJ RU RWKHUZLVH E\ RU ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU Secondly, the mandatory threshold for copyright protection ( the author s own intellectual creation by reason of the selection or arrangement of the database s contents ) has been almost properly transposed by Section 2 (1) CRRA defining original database as a database in any form which by reason of the selection or arrangement of its contents constitutes the original intellectual creation of the author . Interestingly, this definition expressly mentions the adjective original . However, why the adjective own has been omitted remains unclear. It should be noted that prior to the CRRA, 2000, the Copyright Act, 1963 protected the majority of databases, including non-original databases, as literary works. The definition of literary work contained in Section 2 of that Act provides that OLWHUDU\ ZRUN LQFOXGHV DQ\ ZULWWHQ WDEOH RU FRPSLODWLRQ A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Although recital 19 has not been transposed, nothing in the Regulations runs counter to its substance. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) The exclusion of the contents set out in Article 3.2 has been properly transposed into Article 18 (3) CRRA which, in relevant part, reads: &RS\ULJKW SURWHFWLRQ  LQ UHVSHFW RI RULJLQDO GDWDEDVHV VKDOO QRW H[WHQG WR WKHLU FRQWHQWV DQG LV ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR DQ\ ULJKWV VXEVLVWLQJ LQ WKRVH FRQWHQWV A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) Article 4 regarding authorship needed no transposition. Indeed, Section 21 (J) CRRA already provides, in part, that ,Q WKLV $FW DXWKRU PHDQV WKH SHUVRQ ZKR FUHDWHV D ZRUN DQG LQFOXGHV J LQ WKH FDVH RI DQ RULJLQDO GDWDEDVH WKH LQGLYLGXDO RU JURXS RI LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR PDGH WKH GDWDEDVH In addition, Section 22 (1) CRRA provides for joint authorship. Section 23 (1) CRRA makes clear that the author shall, in principle, be the first owner of the copyright.

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a)) Article 5(a) may have needed a modicum of transposition by way of clarification. Temporary or permanent reproduction is presumably reflected by existing Section 39(1)(D)(ii) CRRA providing (subject to Section 87) that 5HIHUHQFHV LQ WKLV 3DUW WR FRS\LQJ VKDOO EH FRQVWUXHG DV LQFOXGLQJ UHIHUHQFHV WR DOO RU DQ\ RI WKH IROORZLQJ QDPHO\ D LQ UHODWLRQ WR DQ\ ZRUN  LL WKH PDNLQJ RI FRSLHV ZKLFK DUH WUDQVLHQW RU DUH LQFLGHQWDO WR VRPH RWKHU XVH RI WKH ZRUN By any means and in any form is presumably reflected by existing Section 39(1)(D)(i) CRRA providing that 5HIHUHQFHV LQ WKLV 3DUW WR FRS\LQJ VKDOO EH FRQVWUXHG DV LQFOXGLQJ UHIHUHQFHV WR DOO RU DQ\ RI WKH IROORZLQJ QDPHO\ D LQ UHODWLRQ WR DQ\ ZRUN L VWRULQJ WKH ZRUN LQ DQ\ PHGLXP In whole or in part is presumably reflected by existing Section 37(3) CRRA providing, in relevant part, that 5HIHUHQFHV WR WKH XQGHUWDNLQJ RI DQ DFW UHVWULFWHG E\ WKH FRS\ULJKW LQ D ZRUN VKDOO UHODWH WR WKH ZRUN DV D ZKROH RU WR DQ\ VXEVWDQWLDO SDUW RI WKH ZRUN DQG WR ZKHWKHU WKH DFW LV XQGHUWDNHQ GLUHFWO\ RU LQGLUHFWO\ Although Article 5(a) Directive does not demand that the part be substantial , it is assumed that substantiality is required as a matter of infringement. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Article 5(b) has been properly transposed by mirroring Section 43(2)(H) CRRA which reads : :LWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH JHQHUDOLW\ RI 6HFWLRQ F LQ WKLV SDUW DGDSWDWLRQ LQ UHODWLRQ WR DQ RULJLQDO GDWDEDVH LQFOXGHV D WUDQVODWLRQ DUUDQJHPHQW RU RWKHU DOWHUDWLRQ RI WKH RULJLQDO GDWDEDVH Article 5(e) in relation to further acts with the results of such adaptation has not been transposed.

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right Article 5(c) needed no transposition. Indeed, Section 41(1) and 41(4) CRRA already provide for a right to issue copies of a work to the public. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale Article 5(c) needed no transposition. Indeed, Section 41(1)(D) CRRA already provides for EEA-wide exhaustion upon first sale of copies by or with the consent of the copyright owner whilst Section 41(1)(E) CRRA clearly rules out any worldwide exhaustion regime. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d)) Article 5(d) needed no transposition. Indeed, Section 40 CRRA already provides for a right to make a work available to the public. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) Article 2(b) required no transposition. Moreover, Section 42 CRRA already provides for a right to rent or lend a work. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) The lawful use exception of Article 6.1 has been implemented by Section 83 CRRA which reads: ,W LV QRW DQ LQIULQJHPHQW RI WKH FRS\ULJKW LQ DQ RULJLQDO GDWDEDVH IRU D SHUVRQ ZKR KDV WKH ULJKW WR XVH WKH GDWDEDVH RU DQ\ SDUW WKHUHRI ZKHWKHU XQGHU D OLFHQFH WR XQGHUWDNH DQ\ RI WKH DFWV UHVWULFWHG E\ WKH FRS\ULJKW LQ WKH RULJLQDO GDWDEDVH RU RWKHUZLVH WR XQGHUWDNH LQ WKH H[HUFLVH RI WKDW ULJKW DQ\WKLQJ ZKLFK LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI DFFHVV WR RU XVH RI WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH GDWDEDVH RU SDUW WKHUHRI Items 3 to 5 and 7 (see Framework for Analysis) have been literally transposed. Items 1, 2, 6 and 8 have undergone minor variations in their wording : 1. lawful user has been replaced by a person who has a right to use ; 2. any acts listed in Article 5 has been replaced by anything in the exercise of that right ; 6. normal use has been replaced by use ; and 8. or of a copy thereof has not been specified. Only the omission of the adjective normal in relation to use (item 6) warrants criticism.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The phrase under a licence or otherwise goes beyond a licence and may encompass either the absence of any act restricted by law or an exception to such a restricted act. Article 6.1, 2nd sentence has been properly transposed ( or part thereof ). Oddly, Article 15 making this exception binding has not been properly transposed unless the wording it is not infringement in Section 83 CRRA entails the same effect. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) The limits set out in Article 6.3 have not been transposed. The wording anything in the exercise of the right in Section 83 CRRA seems to leave no room for a Berne-like three-step test or, at least, a fair dealing proviso. A.2.e Term (Article 2(c)) Article 2(c) required no transposition. Moreover, Section 24(1) CRRA already provides that WKH FRS\ULJKW LQ  DQ RULJLQDO GDWDEDVH VKDOO H[SLUH  \HDUV DIWHU WKH GHDWK RI WKH DXWKRU LUUHVSHFWLYH RI WKH GDWH RQ ZKLFK WKH ZRUN LV ILUVW ODZIXOO\ PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Article 14.1 has not been transposed as such but Sections 45 and 46 of the First Schedule to the CRRA entail the same effect. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) Article 14.2, which is meant to keep sweat-of-the-brow compilations protected irrespective of eligibility for copyright as amended by the Directive, has been properly transposed by Section 45 of the First Schedule. The saving is confined to databases created on or before the 27th of March 1996, i.e. when the Directive was published. Copyright shall continue to subsist for the remainder of its term. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 laying down a general saving for agreements made before commencement, has not been transposed.

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A.3.a. Criteria for sui generis protection A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 has been properly transposed by both Sections 321(1) and 320 (1) CRRA. Items 1 and 2 (see Framework for Analysis) in relation to quality and quantity have been referred to in the definition of substantial laid down in Section 320(1) CRRA. Items 3 to 7 have been properly transposed by Sections 321(1) CRRA. Furthermore, the definition of investment embedded in Section 320(1) CRRA includes any investment, whether of financial, human or technical resources , thereby taking up such clarifications as made by recitals 7, 39 and 40. A.3.a.ii Exclusions Although recital 45 has not been transposed, nothing in the CRRA runs counter to its substance. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 has, to the relevant extent, been properly transposed by Section 322(1) CRRA. Furthermore, Section 322(1) takes up recital 41 referring to taking the initiative of obtaining, verifying or presenting and assuming the risk of investing in the same. Section 323 CRRA makes it clear that the maker is the first owner. The database maker may be contrasted with the author of a computer-generated work. By Section 21(I) CRRA the latter is WKH SHUVRQ E\ ZKRP WKH DUUDQJHPHQWV QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKH ZRUN DUH XQGHUWDNHQ A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 7.3 as such has not been transposed but Section 336 CRRA provides for the application of copyright provisions to database right, including Sections 120 to 123 CRRA (dealings with rights in copyright works) as well as Sections 145 and 146 CRRA (rights and remedies: exclusive licensee). A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) As regards natural persons, Article 11.1 has been transposed by Section 326(1) (a) CRRA providing that :

199

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257  6XEMHFW WR &KDSWHU  RI WKLV 3DUW WKH GDWDEDVH ULJKW VKDOO VXEVLVW LQ D GDWDEDVH ZKHUH DW WKH PDWHULDO WLPH LWV PDNHU RU ZKHUH LW ZDV PDGH MRLQWO\ RQH RU PRUH RI LWV PDNHUV LV D D FLWL]HQ RU VXEMHFW RI RU RWKHU LQGLYLGXDO GRPLFLOHG RU RUGLQDULO\ UHVLGHQW LQ D 0HPEHU 6WDWH RI WKH (($ As regards legal persons, Article 11.2 has been transposed by Section 326(1)(b) and (c) as well as Section 326(3)(a) to (c) CRRA.  6XEMHFW WR &KDSWHU  RI WKLV 3DUW WKH GDWDEDVH ULJKW VKDOO VXEVLVW LQ D GDWDEDVH ZKHUH DW WKH PDWHULDO WLPH LWV PDNHU RU ZKHUH LW ZDV PDGH MRLQWO\ RQH RU PRUH RI LWV PDNHUV LV E D ERG\ LQFRUSRUDWHG XQGHU WKH ODZ RI D 0HPEHU 6WDWH RI WKH (($ DQG ZKLFK DW WKH PDWHULDO WLPH VDWLVILHG RQH RI WKH FRQGLWLRQV VSHFLILHG LQ VXEVHFWLRQ  RU F D SDUWQHUVKLS RU XQLQFRUSRUDWHG ERG\ IRUPHG XQGHU WKH ODZ RI D 0HPEHU 6WDWH RI WKH (($ DQG ZKLFK DW WKH PDWHULDO WLPH VDWLVILHG WKH FRQGLWLRQ VSHFLILHG LQ VXEVHFWLRQ  D  7KH FRQGLWLRQV UHIHUUHG WR LQ SDUDJUDSKV E DQG F RI VXEVHFWLRQ  DUH D WKDW WKH ERG\ KDV LWV SULQFLSDO SODFH RI EXVLQHVV RU RSHUDWLRQV ZLWKLQ D 0HPEHU 6WDWH RI WKH (($ E WKDW WKH ERG\ KDV LWV UHJLVWHUHG RIILFH ZLWKLQ D 0HPEHU 6WDWH RI WKH (($ DQG RSHUDWHV LQ D 0HPEHU 6WDWH RI WKH (($ DQG F WKDW WKH ERG\ KDV D JHQXLQH OLQN ZLWK WKH HFRQRP\ RI WKH 6WDWH Section 326 CRRA goes, at the same time, beyond and below Article 11 Directive. For one thing, the added wording or, where it was made jointly, one or more of its makers takes a stand on qualification in case of joint makership , a crucial issue totally, and perhaps purposely, overlooked by the Directive. That stand, if debatable in theory, in practice proves highly useful to SHU VH non-qualifying nationals or companies as those just need one co-investor, e.g. an EEA-based subsidiary, to overcome (equally debatable) EEA protectionism. Yet or rightholders in Article 11.1 has not been transposed. This cut may prove terribly harmful to EEA successors in title of non-qualifying non-EEA makers. Where the former acquire databases from the latter, Article 11.1 Directive might be interpreted as qualifying them for VXL JHQHULV protection as rightholders, no matter the initial makers did not. Not so under Section 326 CRRA which focuses on EEA makers and excludes EEA rightholders acquiring databases from non-EEA makers here subsequent financial investment in purchasing rights is clearly disregarded. Just as under the Directive, however, whether or not Section 326 CRRA withdraws VXL JHQHULV protection from non-EEA successors in title of qualifying EEA makers remains unclear. Assuming it does not, Section 326 CRRA may, quite unjustifiably,
200

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 lead to reverse discrimination against EEA, as opposed to non-EEA, successors in title. But the protectionism driving the Directive casts doubt on this interpretation. Moreover, the entanglements of Sections 326(1)(b)-(c) and 326(3)(a) to (c) CRRA may not accurately reflect Article 11.2 Directive. And the economic genuine link factor has been relaxed as the phrase on an ongoing basis qualifying it has been omitted. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Ireland rightly steers clear of traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public and instead uses the autonomous extraction and re-utilisation terms. There is apparently no secondary infringement. Nowhere is public lending expressly excluded from the scope of VXL JHQHULV right although Section 320(2-4) seems to have this effect. However, Section 320(2) only applies to an establishment to which the public have access otherwise than for direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage and, by Section 320(4), does not apply to on-the-spot reference use . Nowhere is misappropriation under database right expressly extended beyond competitors although this seems to be clear in the Irish draughtsman s mind. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a)) Article 7.2 (a) has been properly transposed by both Sections 320(1) and 324(1)(D) CRRA. Items 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (see Framework for Analysis) have been transposed by the definition of extraction laid down in Section 320(1) CRRA. Items 5 and 6 ( qualitatively and/or quantitatively ) have been transposed by the definition of substantial laid down in Section 320(1). Items 3 and 4 ( all or a substantial part ) have been transposed by the definition of restricted acts set out in Section 324(1) CRRA. A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right Items 1 and 6 have been properly transposed by the definition of reutilisation laid down in Section 320(1) CRRA. Items 4 and 5 have been properly transposed by the definition of substantial laid down in Section 320(1) CRRA. Items 2 and 3 have been properly transposed by the definition of restricted act set out in Section 324 (1) CRRA. Yet items 7 to 10 ( by the distribution of copies, by renting, by on-line or other forms of transmission ) have not been transposed.
201

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale The Community (EEA) exhaustion rule for copies enshrined in Article 7.2(b), 2nd sentence has been properly transposed by Section 320 (5) CRRA. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 7.5 has almost been properly transposed by Section 324 (3) CRRA stating that  WKH UHSHDWHG DQG V\VWHPDWLF H[WUDFWLRQ RU UHXWLOLVDWLRQ RI LQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV RI WKH FRQWHQWV RI D GDWDEDVH ZKLFK FRQIOLFWV ZLWK WKH QRUPDO H[SORLWDWLRQ RI WKH GDWDEDVH RU ZKLFK SUHMXGLFHV WKH LQWHUHVWV RI WKH PDNHU RI WKH GDWDEDVH VKDOO EH GHHPHG WR EH H[WUDFWLRQ RU UHXWLOLVDWLRQ RI D VXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV RI WKRVH FRQWHQWV Unlike the UK, Ireland has transposed the Berne-like three-step test (see Article 9(2) Berne Convention). However, the adverb unreasonably , which qualifies the verb prejudices in Article 7.5, has not been transposed. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art. 7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the database (Art. 7.4) Section 321(3) CRRA makes it clear that database right subsistence is not dependent upon copyright subsisting in the database structure. A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art. 7.4) Section 321(3) CRRA makes it clear that database right subsistence is not dependent upon copyright subsisting in the database contents. A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art. 7.4) In addition, nothing within the CRRA seems to prejudice the existing copyrights on the contents. In particular, Section 327(3) CRRA provides that : D ODZIXO XVHU RI D GDWDEDVH VKDOO QRW SUHMXGLFH WKH RZQHU RI DQ\ ULJKWV FRQIHUUHG E\ WKLV $FW LQ UHVSHFW RI ZRUNV RU RWKHU VXEMHFW PDWWHU FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH GDWDEDVH A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) Article 15 making this exception binding has been properly transposed by Section 327(2) CRRA. Such clarity contrasts with an apparent uncertainty under copyright (see above A.2.d.i).
202

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 8.1 has almost been properly transposed by Section 327(1) CRRA. Items 1 to 4 and 7 (see Framework for Analysis) have been properly transposed. Yet items 5 and 6 ( quantitatively and/or qualitatively ) have not been properly transposed since the definition of substantial laid down in Section 320(1) refers to quantity or quality solely in relation to the investment, extraction or re-utilisation , thereby not including lawful use of insubstantial parts . This omission might be no more than the fruit of inadvertence. In addition, Section 320(1) CRRA defines a lawful user , in relation to a database, as DQ\ SHUVRQ ZKR ZKHWKHU XQGHU D OLFHQFH WR GR DQ\ RI WKH DFWV UHVWULFWHG E\ DQ\ GDWDEDVH ULJKW LQ WKH GDWDEDVH RU RWKHUZLVH KDV D ULJKW WR XVH WKH GDWDEDVH The phrase under a licence or otherwise goes beyond a licence and may encompass either the absence of any act restricted by law or an exception to such a restricted act. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) Unlike the UK, Ireland has transposed the limits set out in Article 8.3 Directive. A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 8.2 has not been transposed. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) Article 8.3 has been transposed by Section 327(3) providing that :KLOH H[HUFLVLQJ WKH HQWLWOHPHQW FRQIHUUHG E\ VXEVHFWLRQ  D ODZIXO XVHU RI D GDWDEDVH VKDOO QRW SUHMXGLFH WKH RZQHU RI DQ\ ULJKW FRQIHUUHG E\ WKLV $FW LQ UHVSHFW RI ZRUNV RU RWKHU VXEMHFW PDWWHU FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH GDWDEDVH A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 10.1 has been properly transposed by Section 325(1) CRRA. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 10.2 has been properly transposed by Section 325(2) CRRA except that the wording make available in the Directive has been replaced by re-utilised . Here the zealous Irish draughtsman has slightly overdone it and this eventually proves more confusing that illuminating. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3)
203

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 10.3 has almost been properly transposed by Section 325(3) CRRA. Items 1 and 4 to 10 (see Framework for Analysis) have been properly transposed. Yet items 2 and 3 ( quantitatively and/or qualitatively ) have not been properly transposed since the definition of substantial laid down in Section 320(1) refers to quantity or quality solely in relation to any investment, extraction or re-utilisation , thereby not including change . This omission might be no more than the fruit of inadvertence. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) Articles 14.3 has been properly transposed by Section 46(a) of the First Schedule. However, Article 14.5 has been transposed with excessive care, i.e. including its mistake, by Section 46, last sentence of the First Schedule CRRA which reads: 7KH GDWDEDVH ULJKW VKDOO VXEVLVW LQ WKH GDWDEDVH IRU WKH SHULRG RI  \HDUV FRPPHQFLQJ RQ WKH ILUVW GD\ RI -DQXDU\  Consequently, database right shall elapse on 1st January 2014, not 2013. It is fair to emphasise that such discrepancy with other Member States is attributable to the Directive itself. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has not been transposed. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Article 12 has been properly transposed by Section 338 CRRA which provides for the application of copyright provisions to database right, including Sections 127, 128, 130, 131, 132 and 133 CRRA (remedies: copyright owner) as well as Sections 135 and 136 CRRA (rights and remedies: exclusive licensee). In particular, Section 127(2) makes available to the plaintiff all relief by way of damages, injunction, accounts or otherwise and Section 128 provides for flagrancy damages. Unlike the UK, Sections 131, 132 and 133 CRRA regarding delivery up and seizure of infringing copies have been made to apply to sui generis right. A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Nothing in the CRRA seems to prejudice the various protections listed in Article 13. Note in particular Section 327(3) CRRA set out above (A.3 g.ii.2).

204

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Ireland only brought into force the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 in order to comply with the Directive well after 1st January 1998. Pursuant to Section 1(2) CRRA, the Act only came into operation on 1st January 2001. Thus Ireland has failed to abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1. Pursuant to Article 16.1 2, due reference has been made to the Directive within the long title of the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 . % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) The Act provides for no such exception allowing reproduction for private purposes of a non-electronic database as set out in Article 6.2(a). This is because there are no levies on blank media or recording equipment in Ireland which could offset such an exception. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) As for research, not education, Article 6.2(b) is reflected by Section 50 CRRA entitled Fair dealing: Research or private study . Items 1 and 3 (see Framework for Analysis) are more or less reflected in Section 50(1) CRRA : )DLU GHDOLQJ ZLWK D  QRQHOHFWURQLF GDWDEDVH IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI UHVHDUFK RU SULYDWH VWXG\ VKDOO QRW LQIULQJH DQ\ FRS\ULJKW LQ WKH ZRUN Item 5 ( to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved ) has more or less been transposed into Section 50(4) CRRA : ,Q WKLV 3DUW IDLU GHDOLQJ PHDQV WKH PDNLQJ XVH RI D  QRQHOHFWURQLF GDWDEDVH  IRU D SXUSRVH DQG WR DQ H[WHQW ZKLFK ZLOO QRW XQUHDVRQDEO\ SUHMXGLFH WKH LQWHUHVWV RI WKH RZQHU RI WKH FRS\ULJKW However, item 4 ( as long as the source is indicated ) has not been transposed. As for education, Sections 53 to 58 CRRA laying down traditional exceptions have somewhat been amended. See in particular Sections 53(3)-(4) and 54(1) CRRA. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c))

205

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Section 71 CRRA already sets out an exception for parliamentary and judicial proceedings similar to that of Article 6.2(c). B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) Pursuant to Article 6.2(d), other traditional exceptions have been maintained. The following exceptions are of particular relevance to databases : - Fair dealing: Research or private study, to the extent not harmonised as above (Section 50 CRRA); - Fair dealing: Criticism or review (Section 51 CRRA); - Incidental inclusion of copyright material (Section 52 CRRA); - Education (Sections 53 to 58 CRRA); - Libraries and archives (Sections 59 to 70 CRRA); - Public administration (Sections 71 to 77 CRRA); - Typefaces (Sections 84 and 85 CRRA); - Works in electronic forms (Section 86 CRRA); - Adaptation (Section 106 CRRA); and - Anonymous or pseudonymous database: acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright or death of the author (Section 139(8) CRRA). % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) Chapter 8 of Part V of the Act (Sections 328 to 337 CRRA) provides for fewer exceptions to infringement of sui generis right than the equivalent provisions of the CRRA relating to copyright works. For example, there is no equivalent of fair dealing for the purpose of criticism or review, nor is there any library exception. B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) The Act provides for no such exception allowing extraction for private purposes of the contents of a non-electronic database as set out in Article 9(a). B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) Article 9(b) has been transposed by Section 330 CRRA. Just as a substantial part , items 1 to 4 ( extraction for the purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research, as long as the source is indicated ) have been properly transposed. Item 5 has hardly been transposed it is indeed highly questionable whether fair dealing in Section 330 CRRA is equivalent to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved in Article 9(b). B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Article 9(c) has been transposed by Sections 331 to 336 CRRA covering in particular parliamentary or judicial proceedings, or reporting such proceedings.
206

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.2.a.iv Other exceptions Although the list of optional exceptions appears to be exhaustive, Section 337 CRRA entitled Anonymous or pseudonymous database provides for another exception (similar to Section 139(8) CRRA for copyright) permitting acts on reasonable assumption as to expiry of database right and impossibility by reasonable inquiry to ascertain the maker s identity. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV Chapter VII (Sections 107-119) CRRA provides for the following rights : $ paternity right (Section 107 CDPA); integrity right (Section 109 CDPA); right to object to false attribution of work (Section 113 CDPA).

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A.2.a Employees databases Pursuant to Section 23 (1) (a) CRRA, the employer is the first owner subject to any agreement to the contrary. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons This is not expressly provided for in the CRRA. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) This is not expressly provided for in the CRRA. $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Chapter VIII (Sections 120 to 126) CRRA regulates dealings with rights in copyright works. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Section 322(2) CRRA reads:

207

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 :KHUH D GDWDEDVH LV PDGH E\ DQ HPSOR\HH LQ WKH FRXUVH RI HPSOR\PHQW KLV RU KHU HPSOR\HU VKDOO EH UHJDUGHG DV WKH PDNHU RI WKH GDWDEDVH VXEMHFW WR DQ\ DJUHHPHQW WR WKH FRQWUDU\ Sections 322(3) and 322(4) CRRA respectively provide for Government and Oireachtas (Parliament) database right. B.1.b Collective investments Section 322(5) CRRA provides, in part, that )RU WKH SXUSRVHV RI WKLV 3DUW D GDWDEDVH LV PDGH MRLQWO\ ZKHUH WZR RU PRUH SHUVRQV DFWLQJ WRJHWKHU LQ FROODERUDWLRQ WDNH WKH LQLWLDWLYH LQ REWDLQLQJ YHULI\LQJ RU SUHVHQWLQJ WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH GDWDEDVH DQG DVVXPH WKH ULVN RI LQYHVWLQJ LQ WKDW  What if one person takes the initiative whilst another, not acting in collaboration, assumes the risk of investing? Shall there be no maker capable of owning the sui generis right ? This would be awkward and unfortunate. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Broadly, Section 339(3) CRRA provides for statutory presumptions of ownership of database right in favour of the person whose name (only if this purports to be that of the maker) appears on copies of the database. Moreover, a label or a mark are admissible as evidence for the purposes of proving ownership or other facts. Those presumptions are rebuttable i.e. apply unless the contrary is proved. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Chapter 11 of Part V of the Act (Sections 340 to 361 CRRA) have effect with respect to the (collective) licensing of sui generis database right. Part VI bestows jurisdiction on the Controller in such respect. Licensing bodies are to operate licensing schemes as defined in Section 340 CRRA.

208

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The Irish Roinn Fiontar Trdla agus Fostaocha (Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment) have assured us that they were not aware of any reported decision under the new law.

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7+( ,03/(0(17$7,21 $1' $33/,&$7,21 2) ',5(&7,9( (& 21 7+( /(*$/ 3527(&7,21 2) '$7$%$6(6 678'< &2175$&7 (7'%( , ,03/(0(17$7,21 ,7$/<

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The Directive has been transposed into the Italian Act for the Protection of Copyright and other Neighbouring Rights Related to its Exercise /HJJH VXOOD SURWH]LRQH GHO GLULWWR GDXWRUH H GL DOWUL GLULWWL FRQQHVVL DO VXR HVHUFL]LR of 22 April 1941, no. 633 (hereafter the Italian Copyright Act or the ICA ), by means of the Legislative Decree dated 6 May 1999, hereafter the Decree . Said Decree transposes the provisions on copyright by means of the addition of Section VII (Articles 64-quinquies and 64-sexies) under Chapter IV (Special provisions relating to the economic rights of certain categories of works). Further, the provisions on VXL JHQHULV protection have been transposed by the Decree by addition of a new Title II-bis (Provisions relating to the rights of the producer of databases), after Title I on copyright and Title II on neighbouring rights. Therefore, the VXL JHQHULV rights are not included in the neighbouring rights. Title II-bis comprises a Chapter I (Rights of the producer of databases), made up of Article 102-bis, and a Chapter II (Rights and obligations of the user), made up of Article 102-ter. Pursuant to Article 8.1 of the Decree, the relevant amendments to the ICA entered into force on the day after the day of publication into the Official Journal of the Italian Republic, respectively 15 and 16 June 1999. The Directive was thus transposed with a delay of ca. one year and six months.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

Italy has transposed the Directive in a very dedicated manner. Only the following inaccuracies may be seized on: Article 7 (1) of the Decree, which states that copyright protection applies to databases which satisfy the conditions for copyright protection RQ WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 'HFUHH (16 June 1999), and not on 1 January 1998, violates Article 14.1 of the Directive; Article 102-bis (1) (a) of the ICA does not limit VXL JHQHULV protection to databases whose substantial investment is quantitative or qualitative ; The extraction and re-utilisation rights of Articles 102-bis, (1) and (3) of the ICA apply to any substantial parts of the database, regardless whether they are quantitative or qualitative ;

212

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The substantial new investment is of Article 102-bis (8) of the ICA is not required to be qualitative or quantitative .

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$ 0DQGDWRU\ 3URYLVLRQV $ 'HILQLWLRQ RI D GDWDEDVH A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The ICA under Article 2, point 9, literally quotes the definition of database given in the Directive. The fact that the database may be in any form is not mentioned in the ICA. The broad definition given in both the Directive and the ICA should also include non-electronic databases1. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) 1. The situation of computer programs used in the making or operation of electronic databases is not expressly dealt with in the ICA. Anyhow, the specific protection granted to databases, on one side, and computer programs, on the other side, within the ICA, is located, for each of the subjects, under a specific Section (respectively Section VII, Chapter IV, Title I for databases and Section VI, Chapter IV, Title I for computer programs) which derogate from the common provisions. The specific protection applicable to databases is thus not applicable to computer programs. The same principle applies for what concerns the VXL JHQHULV right regarding databases. This particular right is dealt with in specific provisions which derogate from the common provisions. These specific provisions, therefore, do not apply to computer programs. 2. What is stated under point 1 above, applies also to the recording of an audiovisual, cinematographic, literary or musical work as such. Due to the positioning, wording and lay-out of the ICA, the protection granted to databases does not apply to these works.

See P. Cerina and L. P. Brosio, Italy implements directive 96/9 on the legal protection of databases , &7/5, 2000, no. 17.
213

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 3. The specific hypothesis of the compilation of several recordings of musical performances on a CD is not foreseen within the ICA.

A.1.c Applications The applications are not expressly mentioned or listed in the ICA. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) (O.J. Article 2, 9) $DL 0DQGDWRU\ FULWHULD $UWLFOH  Article 1, second paragraph, last sentence, defines databases subject to copyright protection, in identically the same way as in Article 3.1 of the Directive. It therefore fully complies with the criteria given in the Directive. It must be observed that other provisions protect types of works akin to databases. Pursuant to Article 3 of the ICA, collective works, constituted by the assembling of works or parts of works, which have an autonomous creative nature, resulting from the choice and co-ordination for determined literary, scientific, didactic, religious, political or artistic purposes, such as encyclopaedias, dictionaries, anthologies, reviews or newspapers, are protected as original works, independently and without prejudice to the copyright on the works or parts of works composing them . Pursuant to Article 4 of the ICA, without prejudice to rights existing on the original work, works derived from it and presenting a creative character, such as translations in other languages, transformations from a literary or artistic form into another, modifications and additions which constitute a substantial recasting of the original work, adaptations, reductions, summaries, variations which do not constitute original works, shall also be protected . Compilations, which are not expressly mentioned in the ICA, undoubtedly fall under such protected derivative works2. The protections on databases, collective works and derivative works coexist with each other. According to Fabiani3, these solutions are not fully satisfactory. It will not be always easy to establish whether a compilation constitutes a collective work or a database . This it will not always be clear when to apply
Fabiani, M., Italy , ITA 15, in NIMMER, M.B.- GELLER, P.E., ,QWHUQDWLRQDO FRS\ULJKW ODZ DQG SUDFWLFH, New York, Matthew Bender, November 2001. 3 Fabiani, M., Italy , ORF FLW, ITA 16.
2

214

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 distinct provisions, for example, concerning terms of protection or the initial vesting of rights, applicable to one type of work or the other . It must be noted that some Italian scholars4 question the extension of copyright into the realm of industry as distorting competition. They consider that, as regards databases and computer programs, the producers are armed with broad rights that have long terms, but without obligating them to meet the burdens of the patent and design system that normally applies to industrial products. $DLL ([FOXVLRQV $UWLFOH  Article 2, paragraph 9, of ICA, expressly foresees that the protection of databases does not extend to the contents of the database. Pursuant to its Article 5, the ICA does not apply to texts of official acts of the State or of public administrations, whether Italian or foreign , without prejudice to the protection of non-official works by State administrations and the like under Article 11 (see under A.2.b LQIUD). A.2.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) Article 2, paragraph 9, of ICA expressly foresees that the protection of databases shall not prejudice the rights on the contents of the database. A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) Article 6 of the ICA provides that the author shall be the person who creates the work, as a particular expression of an intellectual work. Pursuant to Article 7 of the ACA, the person organising and directing the creation of a collective work (as defined in Article 3 of the ICA) is considered as its author. The possibility to attribute initial authorship to a legal person is foreseen in Article 11 of the ICA. However, this is limited to works created and published by State administrations and to collections of facts and publications edited by nonprofit organisations, academies and public institutions with a cultural social object. Pursuant to Article 10 of the ACA, when the work has been created by different contributions which cannot be distinguished or separated, the copyright belongs in joint ownership to these persons. The indivisible parts are presumed to be of equal value, in absence of written proof of a different agreement A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5)
4

See Fabiani, M., Italy , ORF FLW, ITA 21, and the scholars cited.
215

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 5 of the Directive was transposed literally by Article 64-quinquies of the ICA. $FL 5HSURGXFWLRQ ULJKW $UWLFOH D Article 64-quinquies (a) describes the reproduction right in the same manner as the Directive does: The exclusive right to carry out or authorise the permanent or temporary reproduction, by any means and in any form, in whole or in part. The reproduction right includes the right to carry out or authorise any reproduction of the results through translations, adaptations, arrangements and any other alterations of the database (Article 64-quinquies (e)). $FLL $GDSWDWLRQ ULJKW $UWLFOHV E DQG H Article 64-quinquies (b) describes the adaptation right in the same manner as the Directive: The exclusive right to carry out or authorise the translation, the adaptation, the arrangement and any other alteration. Under Article 64-quinquies (e), the rights to authorise or carry out any reproduction, distribution, communication, display or performance to the public of the results of the operations mentioned under letter (b) are included in the author s rights. $FLLL 'LVWULEXWLRQ ULJKW $FLLL H[KDXVWLRQ $UWLFOH  F

'LVWULEXWLRQ ULJKW $UWLFOH  F

Article 64-quinquies (c) describes the distribution right in the same manner as the Directive does: The exclusive right to carry out or authorise any form of distribution to the public of the original database or copies thereof. The reproduction right includes the right to carry out or authorise any reproduction of the results of translations, adaptations, arrangements and any other alterations of the database (Article 64-quinquies (e)). $FLLL ([KDXVWLRQ RI WKH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH UHVDOH $UWLFOH  F

Article 64-quinquies (c) describes exhaustion as follows: the first sale in the territory of the Community of a copy of the database by the right-holder or with his consent, exhausts the right to control the resale of that copy within the Community . This description is perfectly in line with the provisions in the Directive. $FLY &RPPXQLFDWLRQ ULJKW $UWLFOH  G

216

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 64-quinquies (d) describes the communication right as follows: any display, performance or communication to the public, including the transmission by any means and in any form. This description is perfectly in line with the provisions in the Directive. The communication right includes the right to carry out or authorise any reproduction of the results of translations, adaptations, arrangements and any other alterations of the database (Article 64-quinquies (e)). $FY 5HQWDO DQG OHQGLQJ $UWLFOH  E In the ICA the rental and lending rights are regulated under Article 18-bis in conformity with Directive 92/100/EC. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) The exception for lawful use has been transposed by Article 64-sexies (2) of the ICA. The text of said Article reproduces precisely the description of the relevant provision of the Directive. Article 64-sexies (3) disposes, in conformity with Article 15 of the Directive, that all contractual clauses agreed upon in violation of Article 64-sexies (2), shall be null and void in the sense of Article 1418 of the Italian Civil Code. Article 1418 of the Italian Civil Code disposes as follows: The contract is null when it is in violation of imperative provisions, and if the law does not dispose differently. The causes of nullity are the absence of one of the elements of the contract foreseen in Article 1325: the illegality of the cause, illegality of the motives in the cases foreseen in Article 1345 and the absence, in the object, of the elements indicated in Article 1346 [WKH REMHFW RI WKH FRQWUDFW PXVW EH SRVVLEOH OHJDO GHWHUPLQHG RU GHWHUPLQDEOH]. The contract is also null and void in the cases foreseen in the law. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) Article 6.3 has been literally transposed by the ICA by Article 64-sexies (4). In conformity with the Directive, it applies as well to the exception for lawful use as to the exceptions foreseen for the use of databases for educational and research purposes and with regard to public security, administration and justice. A.2.e Term (Article 2 (c))

217

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The duration of copyright is regulated under Section III of Chapter III of Title I, Articles 25.

218

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) $IL 'DWDEDVHV FUHDWHG EHIRUH  -DQXDU\  $UWLFOH  Article 7 (1) of the Decree states that the provisions under Title I of the ICA also apply to databases created before 1 January 1998, which, RQ WKH GDWH RI HQWU\ LQWR IRUFH RI WKH 'HFUHH, satisfy the conditions for copyright protection. As far as this provision is limited to databases which satisfy the conditions for copyright protection on the date of entry into force of the Decree (16 June 1999), and not on 1 January 1998, this provision violates Article 14.1 of the Directive. $ILL 6DYLQJ IRU FRS\ULJKW LQ H[LVWLQJ GDWDEDVHV $UWLFOH  The ICA does not provide for a regime allowing copyright to subsist in old databases which, upon transposition of the Directive, would no longer satisfy the conditions for copyright protection. $ILLL $FTXLUHG ULJKWV DQG FRQFOXGHG DFWV $UWLFOH  In conformity with Article 14.4 of the Directive, the copyright protection on databases shall be without prejudice to any acts concluded and rights acquired before 1 January 1998 (Article 7 (1) of the Decree). $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a Criteria for the VXL JHQHULV protection (Article 7.1) $DL 0DQGDWRU\ FULWHULD $UWLFOH  The definition of a database in Articles 1.2 and 2.9 of the ICA only applies to original databases. The ICA does not, therefore, contain a specific definition of a non-original database. However, Article 102-bis (1) (a) defines the producer of a database as WKH RQH ZKR PDNHV VXEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQWV IRU WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKH GDWDEDVV RU IRU KLV YHULILFDWLRQ RU SUHVHQWDWLRQ XVLQJ WR WKLV HQG ILQDQFLDO PHDQV WLPH DQG HIIRUW . The definition contains the elements given in the Directive, except that it does not specify that the investment must be qualitative or quantitative . $DLL([FOXVLRQV The exclusions are not expressly mentioned in the ICA.

219

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) 6XL JHQHULV rights are granted to the producer of a database. in conformity with the Directive. The description of Article 102-bis (1) (a) is in conformity with Article 7.1 and recital 40 of the Directive. A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Following Article 102-bis (10) of the ICA, the VXL JHQHULV rights may be assigned or transferred by all means and in any form in conformity with the law. This provision complies with Article 7.3 of the Directive. A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) 1DWXUDO SHUVRQV Following Article 102-bis (4) of the ICA, the VXL JHQHULV rights shall apply to databases created by natural persons who are citizens of a Member State or have their habitual residence in the territory of the European Union. This provision fully complies with Article 11.1 of the Directive. /HJDO SHUVRQV Article 102-bis (5) of the ICA fully complies with Article 11.2 of the Directive. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Articles 102-bis (b) and (c), last sentences, of the ICA, cross referring to Article 69, expressly provide that extraction or re-utilization acts do not include public lending. $HL ([WUDFWLRQ ULJKW $UWLFOH  D Articles 102-bis (1) (b) and (3) of the ICA comply with the Directive, except for the requirement of a quantitative and qualitative nature of the protected substantial parts. $HLL 5HXWLOLVDWLRQ ULJKW $HLL H[KDXVWLRQ $UWLFOH  E

5HXWLOLVDWLRQ ULJKW $UWLFOH  E

Articles 102-bis (1) (b) and (3) exactly reproduce the wording of Article 7.2 (b) of the Directive, except for the same requirement as with the extraction right. $HLL ([KDXVWLRQ RI WKH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH UHVDOH $UWLFOH  E

Article 102-bis (2) of the ICA exactly reproduces the definition of exhaustion of the right to control the resale given in Article 7.2 (b) of the Directive.

220

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 $HLLL 5LJKWV UHODWLQJ WR LQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV $UWLFOH 

Also Article 102-bis (9) of the ICA reproduces the exact wording of the Directive. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art. 7.4) A.3.f.i ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH GDWDEDVH $UW In conformity with the relevant provision of the Directive, the VXL JHQHULV protection shall apply irrespective of the eligibility of the database for protection by copyright or by other rights ex Article 102-bis (3) of the ICA. A.3.f.ii ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UW In conformity with the relevant provision of the Directive, the VXL JHQHULV protection shall apply irrespective of the eligibility of the contents of the database for protection by copyright or by other rights ex Article 102-bis (3) of the ICA. A.3.f.iii &RH[LVWHQFH ZLWK FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UW In conformity with the relevant provision of the Directive, Article 102-bis (3) of the ICA provides that the VXL JHQHULV protection shall not prejudice the rights on the database contents or on parts thereof. Article 2.9 confirms that protection of databases (thus including VXL JHQHULV protection) shall not prejudice the rights on the contents of database. A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) Article 102-ter, under point 3, of the ICA, provides that the maker of a database made available to the public in whatever manner, may not prevent a lawful user from extracting or re-utilizing insubstantial parts of the contents, evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively for any purposes whatsoever. This provision is the exact reproduction of Article 8.1 of the Directive. Following Article 102-ter, under point 4, of the ICA, any contractual clause stipulated in violation with the forgoing provision is null and void. Also this provision complies with the relevant provision of the Directive (i.e. Article 15). $JLL /LPLWV $UWLFOHV  $JLL 

1RUPDO H[SORLWDWLRQ DQG OHJLWLPDWH LQWHUHVWV $UWLFOH 

Article 102-ter (2) of the ICA disposes that the lawful user of a database which is made available to the public in any manner, may not perform acts which conflict with normal exploitation of the database or unreasonably prejudice the legitimate

221

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 interests of the maker of the database. Thus also this provision fully complies with the the Directive. $JLL 3URWHFWLRQ RI WKH RZQHUV RI ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UWLFOH 

Also this provision is transposed literally under Article 102-ter (1) of the ICA. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) $KL  \HDUV IURP FRPSOHWLRQ $UWLFOH  Following Article 102-bis (6) of the ICA, and in conformity with the Directive, the term of protection starts with the date of completion of the creation of the database and expires 15 years from the 1st of January of the year following the date of aforementioned completion. $KLL  \HDUV IURP PDNLQJ DYDLODEOH $UWLFOH  Article 102-bis (7) of the ICA accurately reflects the Directive. $KLLL 6XEVWDQWLDO QHZ LQYHVWPHQW $UWLFOH 

Article 102-bis (8) of the ICA foresees substantially the same provision as Article 10.3 of the Directive, except the substantial new investment is not required to be qualitative or quantitative . It applies to modifications or additions to the contents of the database, not expressly to deletions. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5)

$LL 'DWDEDVHV FRPSOHWHG XS WR  \HDUV EHIRUH  -DQXDU\  $UW  DQG  Article 7 (2) of the final and transitional provisions of the Decree states as follows: the provisions [ ] apply also to databases completed within 15 years before 1 January 1998 and that satisfy, on the date of the entry into force of the present Decree, the criteria mentioned in Article 5 of the Decree, without prejudice to eventual acts concluded and other existing rights. The same provision applies to the databases created between 1 January 1998 and the entry into force of the present Decree Article 7 (3) of the Decree provides that for databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998, the term of protection will start on 1 January 1998. These provisions are in compliance with the provisions of the Directive.

222

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 $LLL $FTXLUHG ULJKWV DQG FRQFOXGHG DFWV$UWLFOH  The provision foreseen under Article 7 (2), first sentence, LQ ILQH, of the final and transitional provisions of the Decree, complies with the Directive. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) The Directive disposes that each Member State shall provide appropriate remedies. Article 171-bis (1-bis) of the ICA provides as follows: Whoever reproduces, transfers on a different support, distributes, communicates, presents or demonstrates in public the contents of a database, with the aim of gaining profit, in violation with the provisions ex Articles 64-quinquies and 64sexies, or extracts or re-utilises the database in violation with the provisions ex Articles 102-bis and 102-ter, will be subject to punishment by imprisonment between three months and three years and by a fine of one million to ten million Lire. The punishment will not be inferior to six months of imprisonment and a fine of three million Lire in case the act is of relevant gravity or if the database, subject to the abusive reproduction, transfer on a different support, distribution, communication, presentation or demonstration in public, extraction or reutilisation, has been distributed, sold or rented on supports which are marked by the Societ italiana degli autori ed editori (Italian Administrative Authority dealing with copyright) [ ] Article 171-bis (2) of the ICA furthermore provides that the condemnation for the offences foreseen in paragraph 1-bis includes publication of the judgement in one or more journals and one or more specialised periodicals. A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Article 13 of the Directive has been literally transposed by means of Article 7.4 of the Decree. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Pursuant to Article 8.1 of the Decree, the relevant amendments to the ICA entered into force on the day after the day of publication into the Official Journal of the Italian Republic. The decree was published in the Official Journal of the Italian Republic number 138 of 15 June 1999. The Directive was thus transposed with a delay of ca. one year and six months. Reference to the Directive is duly made in the title of the Decree.

223

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A.5.a Third country databases (Article 11.3) Article 186 of Section VI of the ICA (Scope of application of the ICA) provides as follows: The international agreements for the protection of the intellectual works determine the scope of application of this act with regard to the works of foreign authors. % 2SWLRQDO SURYLVLRQV % &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) No exception for private use is provided. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) Following Article 64-sexies (1) (a) of the ICA, only the access or consultation of databases for educational or research purposes is permitted without the consent of the author. The source must always be indicated and the access and consultation is permitted only in the measure justified by the non-commercial purpose for which it is accessed or consulted. Even when such access or consultation are authorised, the eventual permanent reproductions on another support of the entirety or of a substantial part of the contents of the database remain subject to the authorisation of author. Since this exception is narrower than the exception as laid down in the Directive, it does not violate the Directive. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c))

Following Article 64-sexies (1) (b) of the ICA, the use of databases for purposes of public security, administration and justice is permitted without the consent of the author.

224

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d))

The ICA does not indicate whether the traditional exceptions to copyright also apply as regards databases. Since the specific regime for databases is included in Chapter IV concerning Specific provisions relating to the economic rights of certain categories of works , this does not seem to be the case (by virtue of the principle OH[ VSHFLDOLV GHURJDW OH[ FRPPXQLV ) % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) The ICA did not implement any of the optional exceptions relating to the VXL JHQHULV right. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV The author of a database may benefit from the moral rights traditionally granted by Articles 20 to 24 of the ICA. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases Article 12-bis of the ICA disposes that, in absence of contrary agreements, the employer is exclusively entitled to exercise all the economic rights in the computer programs or databases so created by the employee in the execution of his duties or following the instructions given by his employer. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons (Article 4.1) Italian law permits the initial authorship for certain legal persons (Article 11 of the ICA, see under A.2.b above). A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Pursuant to Article 7 of the ACA, the person organising and directing the creation of a collective work (as defined in Article 3 of the ICA) is considered as its author.

225

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV The common rules on contracts will, PXWDWLV PXWDQGLV, apply to databases. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases The presumption of transfer of rights to the employer or Article 12-bis of the ICA does not apply to VXL JHQHULV rights, since this provision is part of the Chapter III (Scope and term of copyright) of the ICA. B.1.b Collective investment Nothing is provided in this respect. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Article 102-bis (10) of the ICA, provides that the VXL JHQHULV rights may be assigned or transferred by all means and in any form in conformity with the law.

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,QVWUXPHQW RI WUDQVSRVLWLRQ The Directive has been transposed into Luxembourg law by the Act of 18 April 2001 on copyright, neighbouring rights and databases ( WKH &RS\ULJKW $FW , or the LCA ). The LCA repeals the previous Copyright Act of 29 March 1972, as last amended, and the Act on Neighbouring Rights of 23 September 1975, as last amended (Article 101 of the LCA). The LCA was published in the Luxembourg Official Journal (OH 0HPRULDO) on 30 April 2001 and came into force three days upon such publication, namely on 3 May 2001 (Article 102 of the LCA).

2.

6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV First of all, it must be noticed that Luxembourg has been late in transposing the Directive since the LCA only entered into force on 3 May 2001 (Article 102 of the LCA). Though Luxembourg apparently intended to faithfully transpose the Directive, the LCA nevertheless contains many shortcomings, some on major issues, due to either partial or inaccurate transposition or to unfortunate wording or structure. The major shortcomings of the LCA are: The criteria required in the common definition of a database in Article 1.2 (such as independence of its elements, systematic or methodical arrangement, individual accessibility) do not apply to non original databases under the LCA (see the scope of application of Article 1.2, 1 of the LCA), thus allowing the scope of protection of non original databases to be much wider than allowed under the Directive; The LCA (Article 1.2, 1) wrongly requires a substantial investment as a condition for copyright protection (contrary to Article 3.1); The LCA does not provide for a distribution right to the author, nor, as a consequence, for exhaustion of copyright (as required by Article 5(c)); Article 70 of the LCA completely ignores Article 11.3 of the Directive, which reserves the privilege of concluding agreements relating to third country database producers to the Commission; Article 69, 1 of the LCA violates Article 10.2 since it does not require the term of 15 years following the date of the first making available of the database to start within a term of fifteen years following the date of completion of the database;

229

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 96.3, 1 and 2 of the LCA does not state that the term of protection relating to databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 shall be extended to 15 years from 1 January 1998 (as required by Article 14.5); Articles 11.1 and 11.2 on qualification have not been transposed in the LCA, and The private use exception as regards original databases is not limited to non electronic databases.

The remaining minor shortcomings of the LCA are: The unconditional exclusion of phonograms from copyright protection in Article 1.2, 3 of the LCA appears to be excessive compared to the Directive s requirement (recital 19) to exclude, as a rule, the compilation of several recordings of musical performances on the CD; The exclusion from protection to computer programs in Article 1.2, 3 of the LCA only applies to copyright, not to VXL JHQHULV protection (as equally required by Article 1.3); The definition of a database (Article 1.2, 2 of the LCA) does not expressly require its elements to be individually accessible (as in Article 1.2) ; Furthermore, Article 1.2, 2 of the LCA requires a structured instead of a systematic or methodical arrangement (as in Article 1.2); The lawful use exception to copyright of Article 10.12 of the LCA has not been made LXV FRJHQV (as required by Article 15); Application of the limits of unreasonable prejudice and normal exploitation to either the lawful use exception of Article 10.12 (copyright) or the optional exceptions of Article 10 (copyright) and Article 68 (VXL JHQHULV) is not expressly provided in the LCA (as required by Articles 6.3 and 8.2); Application of copyright protection to databases created before 1 January 1998 is not expressly provided in the LCA (as required by Article 14.1) The preservation of acquired rights and concluded acts by Articles 96.2 (for copyright) and 96.3, 3 of the LCA (for VXL JHQHULV rights) is limited to the same acquired or concluded prior to the entry into force of the LCA, namely 3 May 2001, instead of going back to 1 January 1998, as required by Article 14.4 of the Directive; Nothing is provided with respect to the transfer of the VXL JHQHULV rights, as required by Article 7.3; As regards the VXL JHQHULV rights, the lawful use exception has not been transposed into the LCA (as required by Article 8.1). Hence, the requirements of LXV FRJHQV (Article 15) and of normal exploitation and unreasonable prejudice (of Article 8.2) have not been met; Article 68 of the LCA, opening line, confirming that the exceptions to the VXL JHQHULV rights apply without prejudice to the provisions relating to copyright or neighbouring rights, has not been made LXV FRJHQV (as required by Article 15) ; Articles 67.3, 2 and 69, 2 of the LCA on substantial new investments do not expressly indicate that the required substantial change must be evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively, nor that such change may result for the accumulation of successive editions, deletions or alterations (as required by Article 10.3); The principle of coexistence with other rights of Article 13 is not confirmed in the LCA;
230

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 As regards copyright, the exception of illustration for teaching or scientific research of Article 10.2 of the LCA is not submitted to the condition of mention of the source, neither limited to non commercial uses, as required by Article 6.2(b), and As regards the VXL JHQHULV rights, the exceptions of private use and public security of Articles 68 (a) and (c) of the LCA are not limited to non commercial purposes as required by Article 8.2.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The LCA does not give a definition of a database common to copyright and VXL JHQHULV right. Indeed, since Article 1.2, 1 of the LCA, which transposes this definition, figures under Part 1 of the LCA relating to copyright, it does not apply to Part 6 of the LCA relating to the VXL JHQHULV right. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) Pursuant to Article 1.2, 3 of the LCA, copyright protection of databases does not extend to computer programs used in the creation, the functioning, or the consultation of databases, without prejudice to these programs own protection. For the same reason as above, this exclusion only applies to copyright protection of databases. Pursuant to Article 1.2, 2 of the LCA, phonograms and audio-visual works do not constitute original databases. The unconditional exclusion of phonograms appears to be excessive compared to the Directive s requirement to exclude, as a rule, the compilation of several recordings of musical performances on the CD. A.1.c Applications The applications are not expressly provided in the LCA. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) Pursuant to Article 1 of the LCA: - copyright protects databases, whatever there kind, form or expression (Article 1.1, 1); - copyright does not protect information as such (Article 1.1, 2); - databases are collections or compilations of works or other independent elements arranged in a structured manner requiring a substantial investment (Article 1.2, 1);
232

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - databases whose structure, by the choice or disposition of the elements they contain, constitutes the author s own creation, are protected as an original database, whether they are accessible by electronic or other means (Article 1.2, 2). This definition departs from the definition in the Directive on the following aspects : - it wrongly requires a VXEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQW for copyright protection; - it does not expressly state that the elements must be LQGLYLGXDOO\ accessible; - it requires a VWUXFWXUHG instead of a V\VWHPDWLF RU PHWKRGLFDO arrangement. Whereas the two latter flaws are not essential, the first one is in flagrant contradiction with the Directive, whose Article 3.1 expressly stipulates that no other criteria shall determine their eligibility for that protection . It severely restricts the scope of copyright protection of databases, by submitting it to the substantial investment requirement meant to delimit only the scope of application of VXL JHQHULV protection. A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Copyright protection does not extend to the contents of a database (Article 1.2, 3). The broader category of SKRQRJUDPV, rather than the specific cases of FRPSLODWLRQV are excluded from copyright protection (see above). A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2 Pursuant to Article 1.2, 3, database protection does not prejudice its contents own protection. A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) The initial author is not defined in the LCA. In case of joint ownership, the exercise of the rights must be regulated by agreement. In the absence of such agreement, the co-authors may not exercise these rights separately without prior authorisation by the courts (Article 5.1). Infringement proceedings may be conducted separately, provided the other co-authors are being joined to the case (Article 5.2). Initial authorship for legal persons is possible in case of supervised works . The LCA distinguishes supervised works from works of collaboration in Article 5.3. When a work is created by several authors at the initiative and under supervision of a natural or legal person who edits it, produces it and discloses it under its own name, and when the contributions of the participating authors to such work are conceived to be integrated into the larger whole, such natural or legal person is vested with the initial economic and moral rights on such work (Article 6).

233

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5 (a)) The reproduction right is defined in Article 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 of the LCA. It covers reproduction by any means and in any form (Article 3.1 of the LCA). Temporary reproduction is not expressly mentioned in the provision, but, since the LCA contains an exception for temporary stockage (Article 10.5 of the LCA), the reproduction right must be understood as including temporary reproductions. Adaptation, arrangement and translation are included in the reproduction right by Article 3.2 of the LCA. Article 3.3 of the LCA makes clear that authorisation of the author must be required before integrating, or extracting, a work in or from a database. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5 (b) and (e)) The adaptation right is included in the reproduction right by Article 3.2 of the LCA. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5 (c) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right (Article 5 (c)) The LCA does not grant a distribution right to the author. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 5 (c)) As a result, the LCA does not contain a rule for exhaustion of the distribution right as regards databases (though the distribution right and exhaustion have duly been provided as regards computer programs, see Article 33(c) of the LCA). A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5 (d)) The communication right has been adequately transposed in Article 4 of the LCA. Furthermore, Article 4, 2 the LCA already includes the making available of works in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, as required by the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the Directive 2001/29 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyrights and related rights in the Information Society of 22 May 2001. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2 (b)) These rights are granted to the author by Article 3.4 of the LCA.
234

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Article 6.1 and 15) The exception for lawful use has been faithfully transposed by Article 10.12 of the LCA, except that this provision has not been made LXV FRJHQV. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) Application of the limits of unreasonable prejudice and normal exploitation to the lawful use exception is not expressly provided in the LCA. A.2.e Term (Article 2 (c)) Term is regulated by Article 9 of the LCA. A.2.f Application over time (Article 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Application of copyright protection to databases created before 1 January 1998 is not expressly provided in the LCA. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) This derogation has not been implemented into the LCA. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) The validity of prior rights and acts is guaranteed by Article 96.2 of the LCA. Its application is however limited to rights acquired and acts concluded prior to the entry into force of the LCA, namely 3 May 2001, instead of going back to 1 January 1998, as required by Article 14.4 of the Directive. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection (Article 7.1) $DL 0DQGDWRU\ FULWHULD (Article 7.1) Part 6 of the LCA regulates the VXL JHQHULV protection of databases. Article 67.3 states that this Part 6 applies to databases, for which the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents shows that there has been a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial investment.

235

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 As mentioned above, the other criteria required by the common definition of a database (independence of its elements, systematic or methodical arrangement, individual accessibility) do not apply to non original databases under the LCA. This a serious shortcoming of the Luxembourg legislator, allowing the scope of protection of non original databases to be much wider than allowed under the Directive. A.3.a.ii Exclusions The exclusions are not expressly provided for in the LCA. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Pursuant to Article 67.2, the producer of a database is the natural or legal person, which takes the initiative and is the principal person assuming the risk of the investments necessary for the creation of a database. This definition complies with the Directive. A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Nothing is provided in this respect. A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) Nothing is provided in this respect. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Public lending is excluded from the VXL JHQHULV rightholder s prerogatives by Article 67.1, 3 LQ ILQH of the LCA. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2 (a)) Pursuant to Article 67.1, 1 of the LCA, the producer of a database may prohibit the transfer, whether permanent or temporary, on any other support, of all or a substantial part of a database, whether in a permanent or a temporary manner, by any means and in whatever form. This definition complies with the definition of the Directive, except it uses the term transfer instead of extraction . $HLL 5HXWLOLVDWLRQ ULJKW A.3.e.ii.1 H[KDXVWLRQ (Article 7.2 (b))

Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b)) Pursuant to Article 67.1, 1 of the LCA, the producer of a database may prohibit any form of making available to the public, of all or a substantial part of the database, whether in a permanent or temporary manner, by any means and in whatever form.
236

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Pursuant to Article 67.1, 3 of the LCA, the making available of the database to the public includes the distribution of copies, location, transmission on-line or in other forms of all or a substantial part of the contents of the database, whether permanent or temporary. This definition complies with the definition of the Directive, except it uses the term making available instead of reutilization . A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 7.2 (b)) Pursuant to Article 67.1, 4 of the LCA, the first sale of a copy of a database within the Community by the rightholder, or with his consent, exhausts the right to control the resale of such copy within the Community. This definition complies with the Directive. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Pursuant to Article 67.1, 2 of the LCA, the producer of a database may prohibit the repeated and systematic use of non substantial parts of the contents of its database, which would conflict with the normal exploitation of this database or which would unreasonably prejudice its legitimate interests. This definition complies with the definition of the Directive, except it refers to use instead of extraction and/or reutilization . A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Article 7.4) $IL ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH GDWDEDVH $UWLFOH  Such independence is not expressly confirmed by the LCA. $ILL ,QGHSHQGHQFH IURP FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UWLFOH  Such independence is not expressly confirmed in the LCA. $ILLL &RH[LVWHQFH ZLWK FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV RQ WKH FRQWHQWV $UWLFOH  Such coexistence is reflected in Article 3.3 of the LCA, confirming that the author has the exclusive right to authorise the integration, or the extraction, of his work in, respectively from, a database. A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Article 8.1 and 15) This exception has not been transposed into the LCA.

237

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 It is, however, fair to say that, despite such shortcoming, the Luxembourg legislator will not fail to meet the Directive s objective. Indeed, the lawful user s right to use unsubstantial parts of a database may be derived from the limitation of the database producer s right to the right to prohibit the transfer or the making available of all or D VXEVWDQWLDO SDUW of this database. The shortcoming results more from the fact that such users right has not been made LXV FRJHQV. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) No such limits have been incorporated into the LCA, although such limit was defined as LXV FRJHQV by the Directive. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Articles 8.3) As regards the optional exceptions for use of substantial parts (see below), Article 68 of the LCA, opening line, confirms that they apply without prejudice to the provisions relating to copyright or neighbouring rights. Again, the LXV FRJHQV nature of this provision has not been confirmed by the LCA. A.3.h Term of protection (Article 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) This provision is correctly transposed by Article 69, 1 of the LCA. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 69, 1 of the LCA provides that the VXL JHQHULV protection expires after 15 years upon the first January of the year in which it was completed, RU of the year following the date when the database has been made available for the first time. This provision violates the Directive, since it does not require the term of 15 years following the date of the first making available of the database to start within a term of fifteen years following the date of completion of the database. In other words, pursuant to Article 69, 1 of the LCA, a database which is made available for the first time may benefit from a 15 years term of protection, regardless whether this database has been completed since more than 15 years. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 67.3, 2 of the LCA provides that a database, whose content has been the object of a substantial change attesting from a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial investment, may also be protected by VXL JHQHULV rights.

238

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 69, 2 of the LCA provides that any substantial modification to the contents of a database may lead to a new term of protection granted to the database resulting from this investment. These provisions comply with the Directive, except they do not expressly indicate that the required substantial change must be HYDOXDWHG TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\, nor that such change may UHVXOW IRU WKH DFFXPXODWLRQ RI VXFFHVVLYH HGLWLRQV GHOHWLRQV RU DOWHUDWLRQV. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 & 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.3 & 14.5) Article 96.3, 1 of the LCA provides that the LCA applies to databases created before its entry into force, provided they fulfil the conditions to be protected by VXL JHQHULV rights, and provided they did not fall in the public domain on 1 January 1998. Article 96.3, 2 of the LCA provides that the protection of databases applies to such databases on condition that their making has been completed during the 15 years proceedings 1 January 1998 and that they fulfil the conditions laid down in Article 67 on that date. Both these provisions, though different in wording, confirm one and the same principle, namely the one laid down in Article 14.3 of the Directive. Unfortunately, the LCA does not state that the term of protection relating to such databases shall be extended to 15 years from 1 January 1998. By omitting to do so, the LCA falls short of Article 14.5 of the Directive. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) This provision is transposed by Article 96.3, 3 of the LCA. It is however limited to acquired rights and acts concluded prior to the entry into force of the LCA, namely 3 May 2001, instead of going back to 1 January 1998, as required by Article 14.4 of the Directive. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Appropriate civil and criminal remedies are provided in Articles 72 to 87 of the LCA. Particularly noteworthy are the unilateral action to seize and have the counterfeits described by an expert (Articles 72 to 78), and the action to obtain an order to cease infringement as in summary proceedings (Article 81). All these civil and criminal remedies having been made available to producers of databases (see Articles 752 and 81).
239

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Only Article 68, opening line, of the LCA states that the optional exceptions for substantial use of a database do not prejudice the provisions relating to copyright and neighbouring rights. No other confirmation of this principle of coexistence can be found in the LCA. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Luxembourg has been late in transposing the Directive since the LCA only entered into force on 3 May 2001 (see Article 102 of the LCA). No express reference was made to the Directive. $ &RPPLVVLRQ HPSRZHUPHQW

A.5.a Third country databases (Article 11.3) Article 70 of the LCA establishes a reciprocity rule with third country rightholders. Pursuant to this provision, producers established in a third country, and which do not have their principal place of business or habitual residency within a Member State of the European Union, may only benefit from VXL JHQHULV protection if such third country grants a similar protection to databases produced by a national of the European Union or any person having there its principal place of business or habitual residency. This provision completely ignores Article 11.3 of the Directive, which reserves the privilege of concluding agreements relating to third country database producers to the Commission. % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) Pursuant to Article 10.4 of the LCA, the author may not prohibit the reproduction of a work, when such copy is made for free by the copyist and for his strictly private use, and provided it is not intended for public use or communication and does not prejudice the edition of the original work. As it appears, the Luxembourg private use exception is not limited to non electronic databases. The requirement that it may not prejudice the edition of the original may, though debatable, be considered as complying with the requirement of Article 6.3 that the
240

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 exception may not prejudice the legitimate interest of the author nor conflict with the normal exploitation of the work. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) Pursuant to Article 10.2 of the LCA, the reproduction and public communication of works for purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research is allowed, to the extend they are justified by the purpose to be achieved and provided such use is in conformity with normal practice. Firstly, this exception does not require that the source be indicated. This may however be derived from the requirement of conformity with normal practice. Secondly, the exception is not limited to non commercial purposes. Such non commercial nature may however result from the purposes of teaching and scientific research themselves. Thirdly, the exception is not submitted to the conditions of normal exploitation and respect of the author s legitimate interest. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Article 10.8 of the LCA allows for a free use of official acts of the authorities, including their translations, as well as of speeches pronounced in deliberative assemblies, in public court hearings or in political meetings. The right to edit a collection of his speeches is reserved to the sole author though. This exception, narrower than the one allowed under the Directive, complies with the Directive, except it is not limited by the requirements of normal exploitation and respect of the author s legitimate interests. B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) All other exceptions of Article 10 of the LCA virtually apply to original databases. From these numerous exceptions, the most relevant with respect to databases are: - short quotations (Article 10.1); - the temporary stockage, including the download on an electronic support for the sole purpose of rendering the work perceptible by the one using it or when such stockage is accessory to a technological process (Article 10.5); - news of the day and short news items, which have the character of simple press information (Article 10.9); - the reproduction of a publicly accessible work made by a library for purposes of patrimony preservation (Article 10.11), and - the reproduction for the visually or auditory impaired (Article 10.14). Noteworthy is the exception in Article 10.13 of the LCA for the reproduction of all or a part of a database belonging to the State (provided it has been lawfully made public). Conditions for such reproduction are to be fixed by governmental decision.
241

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Except for the exceptions in favour of libraries, none of these exceptions are submitted to the conditions of normal exploitation of the work or respect of the author s legitimate interest. % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) It must be noted that non of the optional exceptions is submitted to the conditions of normal exploitation of the work or respect of the author s legitimate interest imposed by Article 8.2. B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) This exception has been correctly transposed by Article 68, opening line and under (a), except it does not impose the purpose to be non commercial. Awkwardly enough, whereas the Luxembourg legislator did not use the terms extraction and reutilization when referring to the producer s exclusive rights, these terms are used when referring to the exceptions. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) This exception has been correctly transposed by Article 68, opening line and under (b). B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) This exception has correctly been transposed by Article 68, opening line and under (c), except it does not impose the purpose to be non commercial. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions The LCA provides for one additional exception to the producer s exclusive rights, when such producer is the State. Pursuant to Article 67.3, 3 of the LCA, databases belonging to the state may be copied in whole, provided they have been made available to the public and pursuant to the conditions to be determined by decision of the Luxembourg executive. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV The moral rights are confirmed by Articles 2 and 11 of the LCA, whereby Article 2, 1 is repeated in Article 11, 1.
242

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A.2.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons As mentioned above, initial copyright may vest in a legal person when such person has supervised the creation of a supervised work , as defined in Article 6 of the LCA. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Pursuant to Article 5.3 of the LCA, when the contribution of co-authors in a work of collaboration may be individualised, each of them may, except agreement to the contrary, exploit its personal contribution separately, provided such contribution is not exploited together with the contribution of another co-author and does not prejudice the collective work. A.2.d. Presumption of ownership Pursuant to Article 7 of the LCA, the person under whose name the work has been disclosed, is presumed to be the author, save prove to the contrary. A.3 Contractual modalities These modalities are regulated by Articles 8, 11, 12, 13, by Articles 14 to 18 as regards edition agreements, and by Article 19 of the LCA as regards performance agreements. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.b Collective investments Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Nothing is provided in this respect. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Nothing is provided in this respect.
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,QVWUXPHQW RI WUDQVSRVLWLRQ The Directive has been transposed into Dutch law by the $FW RI  -XO\  : Article I introduces the VXL JHQHULV protection for the producers of databases, hereafter Database Act ; Article II contains modifications to the Dutch Copyright Act 1912, hereafter "Copyright Act"; Articles III and IV contain common provisions. The Act entered into force on 21 July 1999 (Article IV).

2.

6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV The major failures are as follows : Article 1, al. 1, b of the Database Act mentions the producer instead of the maker and defines him as the person who assumes the risk for investment, thus apparently rejecting the "initiative" criterion as set forth in recital 45 of the Database Directive; Article 3.1 of the Directive has not been transposed, which according to some authors could lead to the maintaining of a more stringent originality requirement than the European standard for databases; Article 5 (c) of the Directive concerning the exhaustion rule has been transposed by using different wordings which could give rise to a broader application of this exhaustion rule and thus violate the minimum protection for original databases according to the Directive (excepted for the consideration of the European Economic Area, which is, under European law, justified). See also Article 2, alinea 3 of the Database Act; Article 6.1 of the Database Directive has not been exactly transposed in Article 24 (a) of the Copyright Act. Furthermore, Article 6.3 of the Directive has not been transposed; The Database Act does not provide remedies against infringement of the VXL JHQHULV protection of databases.

The minor failures are as follows : Article 1.1. of the Directive has not been transposed; Article 14.1 LQ ILQH, of the Database Directive has not been transposed and Article 14.3 of the Database Directive has been incompletely transposed.

Finally, are worth mentioning the following aspects:

246

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Moral rights apply on original databases; General rules on authorship apply to original databases (LD a work-for-hire rule, but also some contractual modalities); The existing exceptions in copyright law apply to original databases; the exception for reprography, however, has been correctly limited to nonelectronic databases; The Dutch JHVFKULIWHQEHVFKHUPLQJ continues to apply in certain cases; As to the qualification for VXL JHQHULV protection, the Database Act broadens its application to the nationals of EEA-countries; Article 2, alinea 2 of the Database Act requires a written document for the assignment of the VXL JHQHULV protection; The Dutch legislator has inserted a rebuttable presumption of waiver to exercise copyright by public authorities where the content of their databases consists of official documents, such as laws and judicial decisions, making reference to Article 13 of the Directive.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The definition of a database given in Article 1.2 of the Directive has been expressly and correctly transposed both in Article 10, alinea 3 of the Copyright Act and Article 1, 1, a of the Database Act. The provision that a database may be in any form has not been transposed. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) Pursuant to Article 1.3 and recital 23 of the Directive, the Dutch legislator introduced Article 1, alinea 3 of the Database Act. This states that the copyright protection does apply to computer programs used in the making or operation of electronic databases, thereby translating the real purpose of the European legislator with Article 1.3 of the Directive. Accordingly, Article 10, alinea 5 of the Copyright Act adds that computer programs do not belong to the category of JHVFKULIWHQ as protected works under Article 10, alinea 1, 1 (but do belong to the category of protected works mentioned under Article 10, alinea 1, 12). The exclusions of recordings of audiovisual, cinematographic, literary or musical works as such or compilations of several recordings of musical performances on a CD, according to recitals 17 and 19 of the Directive, were not expressly transposed into Dutch law. A.1.c Applications The application of the Directive to materials necessary for the operation or consultation of certain databases such as thesaurus and indexation systems, according to recital 20 of the Directive, has not been expressly transposed into Dutch law. The recognition that electronic databases within the meaning of Directive also include devices such as CD-rom and CD-I, according to recital 22 of the Directive, has not been expressly transposed into Dutch law. &DVH ODZ: The Dutch Supreme Court stated in its decision of 22 March 2002 (NVM YV Telegraaf, the so-called El Cheapo case) that the fact that elements who are not part of the database, but are necessary for the operation or consultation of the database
248

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 (such as thesaurus and indexation systems) can be protected by the Database Directive, does not imply that separate elements of the database (LQ FDVX, real estate for sale in specific places instead of the Netherlands as a whole) cannot be considered as databases themselves1. In a ruling of 18 July 2002, the District Court of Groningen, in summary proceedings, held that the copying in exerpt form, by the on-line job-searchsite provider Hunter, and the posting upon its website of job advertisements published in the newspapers of Wegener and PCM, does not constitute an infringement of any database right in respect of the newspapers, because a newspaper cannot be considered a database in the sense of the Dutch Database Act, implementing the Directive, by lack of a systematic or methodical arrangement of the data allowing the public to consult quickly and efficiently the stored data2. In its decision of 4 September 2002, the District Court of Amsterdam confirmed this point of view, stating that a newspaper (primarily aimed to provide information) does not or not sufficiently fulfils the criterion of individual accessible data 3 $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) Although Article 10, alinea 4 of the Copyright Act recognizes that databases (though not mentioning this concept but only giving its definition as provided for in Article 1, alinea 2 of the Directive) are protected as independent works, Article 3.1 of the Directive has not been expressly transposed in Dutch law. This could be questionable in the light of the 1991 Van Dale vs. Romme4 case. The Hoge Raad ruled that according to which a collection of works will only qualify for copyright protection if it results from a selection process expressing the author s personal views . According to Hugenholtz, this originality requirement is arguably more stringent than the European standard.5 &DVH ODZ: The President of the District Court of Haarlem held in its decision of 21 April 2000 that the IMS Health database containing pharmaceutical data is not original and therefor not protected by copyright because the selection of the concerned data is as exhaustive as possible (and thus not original ) and the criteria used for their presentation are determined by their functionality6. The President of the District Court of Amsterdam, in its decision of 16 December 1999, held, without clear motivation, that a selection of +/- 50 hyperlinks to (erotic) websites can be a copyright protected database.7
Hoge Raad, 22 March 2002, $0,, 2002, 89 with obs. D. VISSER. Pres. Tb. Groningen, 18 July 2002, .RUW JHGLQJ, 2002, 517. 3 Tb. Groningen, 4 September 2002, available on website www.rechtspraak.nl 4 Hoge Raad, 4 January 1991, 1- 1991, 608. 5 B. HUGENHOLTZ, Chronicle of the Netherlands Dutch copyright law, 1995-2000, 5,'$., 2001 (January). 6 Pres. Tb. Haarlem, 21 April 2000, ,(5, 2000, 196. 7 Pres. Tb. Amsterdam, 16 December 1999, 0HGLDIRUXP, 2000, 63 with obs.D. VISSER.
1 2

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 That no other (a esthetic or qualitative) criteria are allowed according to Article 3.1 and recital 16 of the Directive, has not been transposed expressly into Dutch law. A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Article 3.2 of the Directive has not been expressly transposed in Dutch law. Nor has the exclusion of compilations of several recordings of musical performances on a CD pursuant to recital 19 of the Directive. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2 Article 3.2, second part of the Directive has been expressly transposed in Article 10, alinea 3 of the Copyright Act. A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) According to Dutch copyright literature the author shall be the natural person who created the database8. The rule as such has not been expressly transposed. In the case of a creation by a group of natural persons, exclusive rights shall be owned jointly (FIU Article 26 of the Copyright Act9). The rule as such has not been expressly transposed. Other general rules of Dutch copyright law concerning authorship may of course apply to original databases, such as the presumption of ownership provided for in Article 4, alinea 1 of the Copyright Act. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) The author s prerogatives are not expressly transposed into Dutch copyright law. A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5 (a)) The exclusive reproduction right for the author of original databases laid down in Article 5 (a) of the Directive, corresponds to the exclusive reproduction right for authors of works mentioned in Article 13 of the Copyright Act10.

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J. SPOOR and D. VERKADE, $XWHXUVUHFKW, Kluwer, Deventer, 1993, p. 21, n 18. ,ELG, p. 398, n 68. 10 J. SPOOR and D. VERKADE, RS FLW., p. 153, n 109.
250

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5 (b) and (e)) The exclusive adaptation right for the author of original databases laid down in Article 5 (b) of the Directive, corresponds to the exclusive reproduction right for authors of works mentioned in Article 13 of the Copyright Act. Article 5 (e) of the Directive has not expressly been transposed into Dutch law. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5 (c) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right (Article 5 (c)) The exclusive distribution right of authors of original databases laid down in Article 5 (c) of the Directive, corresponds to the exclusive right of communication to the public, mentioned in Article 12, alinea 1, 1 of the Copyright Act (and completed by Article 12, alinea 1, 3 concerning the rental and lending right see further under A 2 c v). A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 5 (c)) However, article 12 (b) of the Copyright Act has been modified and goes as follows: if a copy of a compilation as meant in Article 10 alinea 3 has been brought by or with the consent of the maker or his right holder for the first time into commerce of one of the Member States of the European Union or European Economic Area, the bringing into commerce in another way of that copy is not a violation of the copyright . The wordings of this Article are slightly different of the wordings of the Directive: the Directive does only mention the first sale in the community (in the Copyright law the general wordings bring into commerce are used), the Directive concerns only the exhaustion of the right to control the resale (the Copyright Act however uses again the general wordings of bringing into commerce , completing it with the wordings in another way ) and finally the Directive points out that the exhaustion is only applicable within the Community (not transposed into Dutch law). On the other hand, according to the Copyright Act the exhaustion rule also applies in case of bringing into commerce in a Member State of the European Economic Area. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5 (d)) The exclusive communication right for the author of original databases laid down in Article 5 (d) of the Directive, corresponds to the exclusive communication right for authors of works mentioned in Article 12, alinea 1, 4 (and 5) of the Copyright Act.

251

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2 (b)) The exclusive rental and lending rights referred to Article 2 (b) of the Directive is laid down in Article 12, alinea 1, 3 of the Copyright Act and applies also to original databases. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Article 6.1 and 15) The exception of Article 6.1 of the Directive has been expressly transposed in Article 24 (a) of the Copyright Act. The lawful user has not been defined in the Copyright Act. Two differences with the wording of the Directive can be pointed out: the exception in the Copyright Act does only apply to acts of reproduction (the Directive refers to any of the acts listed in its Article 5); the Copyright Act does not specify that it concerns acts necessary to access to and use of the contents of the database.

Article 24 (a), pursuant to Article 15 of the Directive, stipulates that no contractual provision can withdraw its benefit to the detriment of the lawful user. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) Article 6.3 of the Directive has not been transposed into Dutch law. A.2.e Term (Article 2 (c)) The general rules concerning the term of protection of copyright, provided in Article 37 - 42 of the Copyright Act, equally apply to original databases. A.2.f Application over time (Article 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Article 14.1 of the Directive has been transposed into Dutch law by Article III B of the Act of Transposition. However, the ending of Article 14.1 LQ ILQH of the Directive is not restated in Dutch law.

252

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases The rule that the Directive may not result in any curtailing of the protection afforded under copyright arrangements to databases who do not fulfil the eligibility criteria for copyright protection laid down in Article 3, alinea 1 of the Directive, has been transposed into Dutch law by Article III , C of the Transposition Act. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 of the Directive, concerning copyright protection, has been expressly transposed into Dutch law by Article III, B, LQ ILQH, of the Transposition Act. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for sui generis protection (Article 7.1) $DL 0DQGDWRU\ FULWHULD (Article 7.1) Article 1, alinea 1, a, LQ ILQH, of the Database Act expressly transposes the mandatory criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection as set out in Article 7.1 of the Directive. &DVH /DZ: The President of the District Court of The Hague in its decision of 14 January 2000 (KPN YV. XSO) stated that, even if KPN must have the data contained in its telephone directories for its principal activities, it can be assumed that considerable investment have been made in the presentation of this database for consultation by the public at large and the fact that this investment should have been made without the Database protection, was held not to be relevant11. In another case, opposing KPN to Denda, the District Court of Almelo decided on 6 December 2000 that a derived database (i.e. the telephone directory) can not exist without a substantial investment in the database from which it is derived. Therefore, to obtain the derived database a substantial investment had been made12. The Dutch Supreme Court stated in its El Cheapo decision of 22 March 200213 - this decision was merely an interim decision, not on the merits, and must therefore be interpreted reservedly - that the fact that the data in the concerned database were already used for the principal activities of the plaintiff does not prevent the database from being protected when it is made available for the public on the internet. Investments made for the collection and organisation of data in a first phase (for internal use) and not in the second phase (when external use on the internet has been made possible) can be taken in consideration when evaluating the substantial investment . If a database can be used for several purposes, there is no need to indicate

12

Pres. Tb. The Hague, 14 January 2000, 0HGLDIRUXP, 2000, 66 with obs. B. HUGENHOLTZ Tb. Almelo, 6 December 2000, $0,, 2001, 69 with obs. H. COHEN JEHORAM. 13 See footnote 1.
11

253

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 a separate substantial investment for all the possible usages of the database, considered seperately. On the other hand, the President of the District Court of Rotterdam, in its judgement of 22 August 2000 (Algemeen Dagblad YV. Eureka Internetdiensten), held that the selection of articles from newspapers who will be posted on the website newspapers and the making of a list of the headlines is only a matter of detail and does not prove any qualitative substantial investment. Nor does the fact that +/- 7 persons are working on this website prove any quantitative substantial investment, given the total number of persons working for the newspaper14. The Court of Appeal of The Hague in its decision of 30 January 2001 (Telegraaf YV. NOS) also had a restrictive approach of the substantial investment , even though this decision must be interpreted cautiously because it did not decide on the merits and only conducted a SULPD IDFLH assessment. In this case, the Court found that a substantial investment can be missing if the broadcasting program listings are a mere spin-off of the broadcasters main activities; the Court pointed out that the plaintiff did not prove that the bad made any particular substantial investment. A.3.a.ii Exclusions That this right does not constitute an extension of copyright protection to mere facts or data, pursuant to recital 45 of the Directive, was been not been expressly transposed into Dutch law. The exclusion of compilations of several recordings of musical performances on a CD, pursuant to recital 19 of the Directive, was not expressly transposed into Dutch law. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Instead of mentioning the maker of the database, the Database Act mentions the producer of the database. Article 1, alinea 1, b of the Database Act provides a definition of the producer of a database, as being the person who assumes the risk for investment, thus limiting the criterian for a producer to the risk for investment and no longer retaining the initiative"15. A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 2, 4 of the Database Act transposes Article 7, alinea 3 of the Directive.

Tb. Rotterdam, 22 August 2000, $0,, 2000, 207 with obs. K. KOELMAN. See A. QUAEDVLIEG, Het begrip producent in de databankrichtlijn en in het wetsvoorstel sui generis databankenbescherming, %,(, 1998, 404.
14 15

254

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) Article 7 of the Database Act transposes Article 11 of the Directive and broadens its application to the European Economic Area. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) The Database Act transposes the right accorded in Article 7.1 of the Directive into its Article 2, alinea 1 (a). According to Article 7.2 of the Directive, the producer s prerogatives do not include public lending, as is stipulated expressly in Article 1, alinea 2 of the Database Act. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2 (a)) According to Article 2, alinea 1 (a) of the Database Act, the producer has the exclusive right to authorise the extraction of a substantial part of the content of the database. The extraction is defined in Article 1, alinea 1, c of the Database Act in line with Article 7.2 (a) of the Directive. The definition does not contain any reference to a substantial part, but this condition appears in the description of the exclusive extraction right as such. A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2 (b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b)) Article 2, alinea 1 (a) of the Database Act recognises the exclusive right of reutilisation of the producers of the database. The re-utilisation is defined in Article 1, alinea 1 (d) of the Database Act, in line with Article 7.2 (b) of the Directive. Here too, the reference to a substantial part is missing in the definition but appears in the description of the exclusive right as such. A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 7.2 (b)) Article 2, alinea 3 of the Database Act transposes the exhaustion rule contained in Article 7.2 (b) of the Directive. The remarks made above concerning the copyright exhaustion can be restated for the VXL JHQHULV right (except the remark that for copyright, the exhaustion rule should only be valid in the EU (or EEA) Member States since for VXL JHQHULV this restriction is expressly mentioned by article 2 alinea 3).
255

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 2, alinea 1 (b) of the Database Act is the express and correct transposition of Article 7.5 of the Directive. &DVH /DZ: In its decision of 14 January 2000, the President of the District court of The Hague (KPN YV XSO) held that by using a special browser that sends the searching results directly from the KPN-database to the user, XSO does not extract data from the database, but "re-utilises data from the database, both substantial and insubstantial, but repeated and systematic without referring users of its service to the KPN-database and thereby denying KPN advertising revenues16. On the other hand, the President of the District Court of Rotterdam, in his decision of 22 August 2000 (Algemeen Dagblad vs. Eurekainternetdiensten) stated that the plaintiff had failed to show that it had lost advertising revenues due to the defendant' s 17 deep linking to his underlying web pages . The question whether the offering of a search engine at another s on-line database is an infringement to the VXL JHQHULV protection of databases remains open after the decision of the Dutch Supreme Court of 22 March 200218. See, however, D FRQWUDULR: Pres. Tb. Rotterdam, 22 August 2000, OF. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Article 7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the database Article 7.4) Article 2, alinea 2 of the Database Act confirms that the VXL JHQHULV protection shall not prejudice the protection of the database (FIU. Article 7.4 of the Directive). It must be mentioned, however, that the Copyright Act, in its Article 10, alinea 5, excludes databases which fulfil the criteria for a VXL JHQHULV protection, from the copyright protection as vested in the so-called JHVFKULIWHQ . If the criteria are not fulfilled, it seems that the database can continue to claim the JHVFKULIWHQEHVFKHUPLQJ 19. A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Article 7.4) That the VXL JHQHULV protection shall apply irrespective of the possible protection of the contents of the database, has not been transposed. A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Article 7.4)

See footnote 11. See footnote 14. 18 See footnote 1. 19 B. HUGENHOLTZ, Het wetsvoorstel implementatie databankrichtlijn, ,(5, 1997, 246; T. BOSBOOM, De rechtshandhaving van databankrechten, ,(5, 2001, 266.
17

16

256

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The same Article 2, alinea 2 of the Database Act confirms that the VXL JHQHULV protection shall not prejudice the rights existing in the contents, according to Article 7.4 of the Directive.

257

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Article 8.1 and 15) Article 8.1 of the Directive has been expressly transposed in Article 3, alinea 1 of the Database Act. The notion of lawful user has not been defined in the Database Act. Pursuant to Article 15 of the Directive, Article 3, alinea 2 of the Database Act stipulates that one can not derogate from this rule by contractual provision to the detriment of the lawful user. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 4 of the Database Act correctly transposes Article 8.2 of the Directive. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Articles 8.3) Apart from Article 2, alinea 2 of the Database Act, no explicit transposition of Article 8, alinea 3 of the Directive has been made. A.3.h Term of protection (Article 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 6, alinea 1 of the Database Act expressly transposes Article 10.1 of the Directive. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 6, alinea 2 of the Database Act transposes Article 10.2 of the Directive. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 6, alinea 3 of the Database Act transposes Article 10.3 of the Directive. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 & 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.3 & 14.5)
258

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article III, A, 1 of the Database Act transposes Article 14.3 of the Directive (expliciting the date referred to in the Directive), without mentioning, however, that these databases must on that date fulfil the requirements laid down in Article 7. Article III, A, 2 of the Database Act does the same with Article 14.5 of the Directive (maintaining 1st January 2014 as expiration date). A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article III, A, 1, LQ ILQH of the Database Act transposes Article 14.4 of the Directive. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) As for the copyright protection of databases, the same remedies as against the infringement of any other artistic or literary work apply, such as : penal sanctions (fine, imprisonment ) and civil sanctions (injunction, publication of the judgement, ) (Article 26-36b of the Copyright Act). As for the VXL JHQHULV protection of databases, no specific remedies are explicitly provided for in the Database Act20. A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Article 13 of the Directive has not been expressly transposed into Dutch law, but Article 2, alinea 2 of the Database Act and Article 10, alinea 3 of the Copyright Act, which confirm some aspects of Article 13 of the Directive, can be mentioned. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Pursuant to Article IV of the Database Act, this Act came into force on 21 July 1999, the modifications to the Copyright Act as the autonomous Articles of the Database Act. $ &RPPLVVLRQ HPSRZHUPHQW

A.5.a Third country databases (Article 11.3) Article 7 (c) of the Database Act expressly transposes Article 11.3 of the Directive.

20

T. BOSBOOM, De rechtshandhaving van databankenrechten, ,(5, 2001, 266.

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B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) Article 16 b of the Copyright Act stipulates that the author cannot prevent the reproduction of works if the following conditions are fulfilled : - the database is not accessible by electronic means ; - the reproduction is solely intended for private exercise, study or use; - the reproduction is limited to a few copies. To compensate this loss of the exclusive right, the Dutch legislator recognizes a right to remuneration for the authors, according to the following rules : - the remuneration is determined by a so-called Stichting appointed by the Minister of Justice; - the remuneration has to be collected by a so-called representative collecting society of all concerned rightholders; (Articles 16c 16g of the Copyright Act). B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) Article 16 of the Copyright Act stipulates that the author cannot prevent the reproduction of works for the illustration of teaching (see also Article 15c of the Copyright Act). B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Article 16 b, alinea 5 of the Copyright Act stipulates that the author cannot prevent the reproduction of works to be used in an administrative or judicial procedure. Article 22 of the Copyright Act stipulates that the author can not prevent the reproduction and communication to the public of work to preserve the public security. B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) Article 16, a of the Copyright Act concerns the reproduction and communication for press reporting on current topics. See also Article 15 of the Copyright Act for press releases as such21. Article 15 a concerns the exception for short quotations for critical, polemical, educational or scientific purposes.

21

Applied: Pres. Tb. Rotterdam, 22 August 2000, OF.

260

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 15 c concerns the exception for public lending (but with a right of remuneration). More exceptions of minor importance provided for in the Copyright Act will also apply to original databases (Articles 15-24a). % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) Article 5 (a) of the Database Act expressly transposes the wordings of Article 9 (a) of the Directive, but does not go any further. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) Article 5 (b) of the Database Act expressly transposes the wording of Article 9 (b) of the Directive, but does not go any further. B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Article 5 (c) of the Database Act expressly transposes the wording of Article 9 (b) of the Directive, but does not go any further. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions The Database Act does not provide any other exception, except for the database whose producer is a public authority and when its content consists of laws, decrees and regulations, judicial and administrative decisions, unless that public authority has reserved its rights on the database explicitly (whether by law or by a communication on the database or at making it available to the public). One might wonder if this exclusion is in conformity with the Directive ? Therefore, the Dutch legislator corrected this exclusion by allowing the explicit reservation of rights, thus creating a rebuttable presumption of waiver to exercise its rights. We want to point out that this rebuttable presumption does only apply to public authorities (not to private companies marketing databases with a similar content)22 and has not been foreseen for the databases produced by public authorities that can be protected by copyright.

See according by, prior to the Dutch Transpostion Act: Pres. Tb. The Hague, 20 March 1998, %,(, 1998, 390 with obs. A. QUAEDVLIEG.
22

261

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV As the Directive does not harmonise the moral rights on databases, general rules of Dutch law will continue to apply to original databases. The moral rights for authors the right of disclosure, the paternity right, the right to integrity and the right of retainment (Article 25). $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases Article 7 of the Copyright Act provides a general rule for work-for-hire . It states that, unless otherwise provided by contract, copyright in works created by an employee in the execution of his duties is vested in the employer. This general rule, though discussed in Dutch legal literature, is of course also applies to databases protected by copyright. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Besides the above mentioned provision concerning employers, the Copyright Act lays down another similar rule for public institutions, associations or companies which make a work available to the public under their name, without mentioning any natural person as the author. In this case, according to Article 8 of the Copyright Act, initial authorship shall, unless it is proved that this making available to the public was illegal, be vested in the legal person. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) The concept of collective works does not exist as such in Dutch copyright law. We nevertheless refer to the above mentioned rules concerning the initial authorship for legal persons. A.3 Contractual modalities As regards databases protected by copyright, the general rules of Dutch copyright law concerning contractual modalities shall apply (Article 2, alinea 2).

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B.1.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.b Collective investments Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Nothing is provided in this respect. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV The Database Act contains in its Article 2, alinea 2, second sentence that the (whole or partly) assignment needs a written document, in conformity with the rule existing for copyright

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The Directive has been transposed into Portuguese law by means of the 'HFUHH/DZ 1R  on the legal protection of databases WKH 'HFUHH/DZ. That statutory instrument was enacted on 4 July 2000 and presumably came into force shortly thereafter. Since the Portuguese Copyright Office proved unable to provide us an English translation of the Decree-Law, the following analysis is based on our own translation. The Decree-Law is made up of five chapters comprising 22 articles. - Chapter I of the Decree-Law (Articles 1-3) deals with subject matter and scope of application; - Chapter II of the Decree-Law (Articles 4-11) indirectly amends the Code of Copyright and Related Rights No. 45/85 of 17 September 1985 ( the Copyright Code ) as regards copyright; - Chapter III of the Decree-Law (Articles 12-17) introduces and regulates a new special protection of the database maker, elsewhere named VXL JHQHULV right; - Chapter IV of the Decree-Law (Articles 18 and 19) lays down common provisions; - Chapter V of the Decree-Law (Articles 20-22) sets out final and transitional provisions. Thus it is worth noting that, unlike most of the EU Member States, Portugal did not include the legal protection of creative databases within its general copyright law, more specifically its Copyright Code. Although the Decree-Law, where applicable, clearly supersedes the Copyright Code, whether it precludes compilation copyright out of its scope remains doubtful since no amendments were brought about to the Copyright Code.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

By and large, Portugal has duly implemented the Directive. The major failures comprise the following : - Article 3 (1) (b) of the Copyright Code has not been repealed and its status remains unclear. Summaries and collections of works whether protected or not, which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creation, were already protected by that Article as original works; - Article 5 (c) as to exhaustion of copyright has been transposed by Article 7.2 of the Decree-Law. This roughly states that acts of legitimate disposal exhaust the right to distribute a database within the European Community but do not affect the subsistence of copyright in the database. This wording is not expressly limited to the sale of copies of the database, whereas under the Directive it is only with respect to such material copies (as goods) that exhaustion occurs. The offer on-line of electronic copies of the database (as provisions of services) can arguably lead to exhaustion under Article 7.2 of the Portuguese Decree-Law, though not so under the Directive. This conflicts with recital 33 of the
267

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Directive which makes it clear that the question of exhaustion of the right of distribution does not arise in the case of on-line databases; The limits to lawful use set out in Article 6.3 have not been transposed. And the wording any acts listed in Article 5 in Article 9.1 of the Decree-Law seems to leave no room for a Berne-like three-step test; The wording or right holders in Article 11.1 as to qualification has not been transposed. The harm caused by such omission to EEA successors in title of non-qualifying non-EEA makers is set forth in greater detail within the Ireland and UK sections. Moreover, just as under the Directive, the issue of joint makership has been overlooked ; As for VXL JHQHULV ULJKW, the Community (EEA) exhaustion rule for copies enshrined in Article 7.2 (b), 2nd sentence has been incorrectly transposed by Article 12.3 of the DecreeLaw. This roughly states that the first sale of a copy of a database shall exhaust the right of distribution within the European Community. Just as for copyright (see above A.2.c.iii.2), the Portuguese exhaustion rule here applies not only to the first sale of a copy as under Article 7.2 (b) of the Directive but further to on-line distribution and other forms of transmission. This contravenes recital 43 of the Directive, which makes it clear that in the case of on-line transmission, the right to prohibit re-utilisation is not exhausted either as regards the database or as regards a material copy of the database or of part thereof made by the addressee of the transmission with the consent of the rightholder; Portugal only passed its Decree-Law No. 122/2000 in order to comply with the Directive on 4 July 2000, well after 1st January 1998. As for copyright, such delay is mitigated by Article 21.1 of the Decree-Law whereby database copyright applies as early as of 1st January 1998. Yet as for VXL JHQHULV right, Portugal failed to abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1; Articles 14.3 has been incorrectly transposed by Article 21.4 of the Decree-Law as the latter provides that the VXL JHQHULV protection applies to databases completed up to 15 years before the FRPPHQFHPHQW GDWH RI WKH 'HFUHH/DZ as distinct from 15 years before 1st January 1998 under Article 14.3 of the Directive. This inconsistency is, of course, due to the Portuguese belated implementation of the Directive.

Further minor flaws include : - Why the wording author s own has been omitted from Article 3.1 of the Decree-Law as to originality, remains unclear; - The lawful use exception to copyright enshrined in Article 6.1 has been implemented by Article 9.1 of the Decree-Law, which roughly states that a legitimate user may, without authorisation from the owner of the database and the owner of the computer program, engage in any acts listed in Article 5 of the Decree-Law with a view to accessing the database and using it. The adjectives necessary (in relation to the purposes see item 3 of the Framework for Analysis) and normal (in relation to use of the contents see item 6) in Article 6.1 have not been transposed into the Decree-Law. As a result, the lawful exception is more easily available under the Portuguese Decree-Law than it is under the Directive. Article 6.1, 2nd sentence ( only a part ) has not been expressly transposed but may probably be implied; - Article 11.2 regarding international qualification by legal persons, has almost been properly transposed by Article 3.2 of the Decree-Law. A minor flaw is the fact that the effective and permanent link with one of the Member States is meant to apply not only to
268

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 the seat, as under the Directive, but also to the central administration or the principal establishment; - The lawful use exception to VXL JHQHULV right enshrined in Article 8.1 has been broadly transposed by Article 14.1 of the Decree-Law. However, the latter has a wider scope than the former since it permits all acts necessary for the lawful use, including, but not limited to, the extraction and re-utilisation of insubstantial parts of the contents. Pursuant to Article 249 (3) (ex-189 (3)) EC Treaty, a directive shall be binding, as to the results to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of forms and methods. The inconsistencies cropping up in the Portuguese copyright law, whether the Decree-Law No. 122/2000 or the Copyright Code No. 45/85, mostly affect such forms and methods and scarcely thwart or threaten the results to be achieved under the Directive. It is nonetheless submitted that the Portuguese draughtsman should remedy the major failures pinpointed above.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) Whilst Article 1.1 ( in any form ) has not been transposed, the definition of a database in Article 1.2 Directive has been so into Article 1.2 of the Decree-Law, which rightly applies to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV right. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusion for computer programs (Article 1.3 and recital 23) has been properly transposed into Article 1.4 of the Decree-Law. The exclusion for recordings (recital 17) and CDs (recital 19) have not been expressly transposed. This is not problematic since Portuguese law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. A.1.c Applications The applications laid down in recitals 20 and 22 have not been mentioned. This is not problematic since Portuguese law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) The threshold for copyright protection ( the author s own intellectual creation by reason of the selection or arrangement of the database s contents ) has almost been properly transposed by Article 4.1 of the Decree-Law. However, why the wording author s own has been omitted remains unclear. Article 4.2 confirms that this is the sole criterion to be applied. In addition, Article 3 (1) (b) of the Copyright Code has not been repealed and its status remains unclear. Summaries and collections of works whether protected or not, which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creation, were already protected by that Article as original works. A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Although recital 19 has not been transposed, nothing in the Decree-Law runs counter to its substance.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) The exclusion of the contents set out in Article 3.2 has been properly transposed into Article 4.3 of the Decree-Law. A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) By virtue of Article 5.1 of the Decree-Law, as a rule the general provisions governing authorship and copyright ownership apply to databases. Article 5.2 of the Decree-Law as to collective works reflects Article 19 of the Copyright Code. Article 5.3 of the Decree-Law as to works made under an employment contract or works made for hire creates a presumption in favour of the employer or commissioner as opposed to the employee, thereby differing from Article 14.2 of the Copyright Code. Article 5.4 of the Decree-Law vests the employee with a right to special remuneration and cross-refers to Article 14.4 of the Copyright Code. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a)) Article 5 (a) has been perfectly transposed by Article 7.1 (a) of the Decree-Law, including temporary or permanent reproduction . A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Article 5 (b) has been perfectly transposed by Article 7.1 (b) of the Decree-Law. Article 5 (e) in relation to further acts with the results of such adaptation has been perfectly transposed by Article 7.1 (e) of the Decree-Law. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right Article 5 (c) has, to the relevant extent, been perfectly transposed by Article 7.1 (c) of the Decree-Law. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale Article 5 (c) has, to the relevant extent, been transposed by Article 7.2 of the Decree-Law. This roughly states that acts of legitimate disposal exhaust the right to distribute a database within the European Community but do not affect the subsistence of copyright in the database. This wording is not expressly limited to the sale of copies of the database, whereas under the Directive it is
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 only with respect to such material copies (as goods) that exhaustion occurs. The offer on-line of electronic copies of the database (as provisions of services) can arguably lead to exhaustion under Article 7.2 of the Portuguese Decree-Law, though not so under the Directive. This conflicts with recital 33 of the Directive which makes it clear that the question of exhaustion of the right of distribution does not arise in the case of on-line databases. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d)) Article 5 (d) has been perfectly transposed by Article 7.1 (d) of the Decree-Law. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) Article 2 (b) required no transposition. Moreover, Article 68 (2) (f) of the Copyright Code already provides for rights to rent or lend a work. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) The lawful use exception enshrined in Article 6.1 has been implemented by Article 9.1 of the Decree-Law, which roughly states that a legitimate user may, without authorisation from the owner of the database and the owner of the computer program, engage in any acts listed in Article 5 of the Decree-Law with a view to accessing the database and using it. The adjectives necessary (in relation to the purposes see item 3 of the Framework for Analysis) and normal (in relation to use of the contents see item 6) in Article 6.1 have not been transposed into the Decree-Law. As a result, the lawful exception is more easily available under the Portuguese Decree-Law than it is under the Directive. The wording without authorisation from the author of the database seems to indicate that lawfulness extends beyond a licence and may encompass either the absence of any act restricted by law or an exception to such a restricted act. Article 6.1, 2nd sentence ( only a part ) has not been expressly transposed but may probably be implied. Finally, Article 15 making the lawful use exception binding has been properly transposed by Article 9.2 of the Decree-Law. A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) The limits to lawful use set out in Article 6.3 have not been transposed. And the wording any acts listed in Article 5 in Article 9.1 of the Decree-Law seems to leave no room for a Berne-like three-step test. A.2.e Term (Article 2(c)) Article 2 (c) has been properly transposed by Article 6 of the Decree-Law.
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A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Article 14.1 has been properly transposed by Article 21.2 of the Decree-Law. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) Article 14.2 has been properly transposed by Article 21.3 of the Decree-Law . A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has been properly transposed by Article 22 of the Decree-Law. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 has been properly transposed by Article 12.1 of the Decree-Law. A.3.a.ii Exclusions Although recital 45 has not been transposed, nothing in the Decree-Law runs counter to its substance. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 has, to the relevant extent, been properly transposed by Article 12.1 of the Decree-Law. Yet the maker has not been defined. A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 7.3 has been properly transposed by Article 13 of the Decree-Law. A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) As regards natural persons, Article 11.1 has been properly transposed by Article 3.1 of the Decree-Law. As regards legal persons, Article 11.2 has almost been properly transposed by Article 3.2 of the Decree-Law. A minor flaw is the fact that the effective and permanent link with one of the Member States is meant to apply not only to the seat, as under the Directive, but also to the central administration or the principal establishment.
273

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The wording or right holders in Article 11.1 has not been transposed. The harm caused by such omission to EEA successors in title of non-qualifying non-EEA makers is set forth in greater detail within the Ireland and UK sections. Moreover, just as under the Directive, the issue of joint makership has been overlooked. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Portugal rightly steers clear of traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public and instead uses the autonomous extraction and re-utilisation terms. Article 12.4 of the Decree-Law goes as far as expressly excluding public lending from the scope of VXL JHQHULV right. Nowhere is misappropriation under VXL JHQHULV right expressly extended beyond competitors although this seems to be clear in the Portuguese draughtsman s mind. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a)) Article 7.2 (a) has been perfectly transposed by Article 12.2 (a) of the Decree-Law. A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b) has been perfectly transposed by Article 12.2 (b) of the DecreeLaw. A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale The Community (EEA) exhaustion rule for copies enshrined in Article 7.2 (b), 2nd sentence has been incorrectly transposed by Article 12.3 of the DecreeLaw. This roughly states that the first sale of a copy of a database shall exhaust the right of distribution within the European Community. Just as for copyright (see above A.2.c.iii.2), the Portuguese exhaustion rule here applies not only to the first sale of a copy as under Article 7.2 (b) of the Directive but further to on-line distribution and other forms of transmission. This contravenes recital 43 of the Directive, which makes it clear that in the case of on-line transmission, the right to prohibit re-utilisation is not exhausted either as regards the database or as regards a material copy of the database or of part thereof made by the addressee of the transmission with the consent of the rightholder. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 7.5 has been properly transposed by Article 12.6 of the Decree-Law, except for item 1 ( repeated ) but including the Berne-like three-step test.
274

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art. 7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the database (Art. 7.4) Article 12.5 makes it clear that database right subsistence is not dependent upon copyright subsisting in the database structure. A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art. 7.4) Article 12.5 makes it clear that database right subsistence is not dependent upon copyright subsisting in the database contents. A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art. 7.4) Article 20 of the Decree-Law, in relevant part, makes it clear that the Decree-Law does not prejudice the existing copyrights on the content. A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) The lawful use exception to VXL JHQHULV right enshrined in Article 8.1 has been broadly transposed by Article 14.1 of the Decree-Law. However, the latter has a wider scope than the former since it permits all acts necessary for the lawful use, including, but not limited to, the extraction and re-utilisation of insubstantial parts of the contents. Article 15 making this exception binding has been properly transposed by Article 14.3 of the Decree-Law. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 8.2 has been properly transposed by Article 14.2 of the Decree-Law. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) Article 8.3 has been properly transposed by Article 14.2 of the Decree-Law. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 10.1 has been properly transposed by Article 16.1 of the Decree-Law. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 10.2 has been properly transposed by Article 16.2 of the Decree-Law.
275

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 10.3 has been literally transposed by Article 17 of the Decree-Law. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) Articles 14.3 has been incorrectly transposed by Article 21.4 of the Decree-Law as the latter provides that the VXL JHQHULV protection applies to databases completed up to 15 years before the FRPPHQFHPHQW GDWH RI WKH 'HFUHH/DZ as distinct from 15 years before 1st January 1998 under Article 14.3 of the Directive. This inconsistency is, of course, due to the Portuguese belated implementation of the Directive. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has been properly transposed by Article 22 of the Decree-Law. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) The system of remedies for database infringement is four-layered. (i) As for database copyright only, Article 9 of the Decree-Law provides for criminal penalties up to three-year imprisonment or a fine. Those criminal penalties only apply where the infringement is committed for commercial purposes. As for both database copyright and VXL JHQHULV right, Article 19 of the DecreeLaw offers precautionary measures for the confiscation of unlawful copies of databases (as well as of the devices intended solely for the purposes of facilitating the removal or re-utilisation of technical protections. Title IV of the Copyright Code (comprising Articles 197 to 212) only provides for criminal remedies but does not prejudice the civil remedies offered by the unfair competition or civil liability rules. The unfair competition and civil liability rules provide for basic civil remedies. It is assumed that these include compensation but not injunctions.

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A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Article 13 has been properly transposed by Article 20 of the Decree-Law. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Portugal only passed its Decree-Law No. 122/2000 in order to comply with the Directive on 4 July 2000, well after 1st January 1998. As for copyright, such delay is mitigated by Article 21.1 of the Decree-Law whereby database copyright applies as early as of 1st January 1998. Yet as for VXL JHQHULV right, Portugal failed to abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1.
276

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Pursuant to Article 16.1 2, due reference has been made to the Directive within Article 1.1 of the Decree-Law. % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) Pursuant to Article 10.2 of the Decree-Law, the exceptions of Article 10.1 may not prejudice the normal exploitation of the database nor cause unreasonable prejudice to the legitimate interests of the author. B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) Article 6.2 (a) has been properly transposed by Article 10.1 (a) of the Decree-Law. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) Article 6.2 (b) has been properly transposed by Article 10.1 (b) of the Decree-Law. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Article 6.2 (c) has been properly transposed by Article 10.1 (c) of the Decree-Law. B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) Pursuant to Article 6.2 (d), other traditional exceptions under Article 75 of the Copyright Code have been maintained where compatible. Those traditional exceptions include: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) % speeches, statements and lectures; press reviews; news stories; public libraries or scientific institutions; educational establishments; criticism, discussion or teaching; works used for teaching; patriotism or religion; news articles and economic, political or religious articles.

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B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) Article 15 of the Decree-Law provides for fewer exceptions to infringement of VXL JHQHULV right than the equivalent provision of Article 10, including its cross-reference
277

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 to Article 75 of the Copyright Code. For example, there is no equivalent of the exception for news stories, nor is there a library exception. The chapeau of Article 9 of the Directive has been properly transposed by Article 15 of the Decree-Law. B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) Article 9 (a) has been properly transposed by Article 15 (a) of the Decree-Law. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) Article 9 (b) has been properly transposed by Article 15 (b) of the Decree-Law. B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Article 9 (c) has been properly transposed by Article 15 (c) of the Decree-Law. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions No other exceptions are provided for. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV See Articles 56 to 62 of the Copyright Code. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases See Article 5.3 of the Decree-Law (dealt with above under I.A.2.b). A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Nothing is provided in this respect. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) See Article 5.2 of the Decree-Law, which cross-refers to Article 19 of the Copyright Code. $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV

278

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 See Article 16 of the Decree-Law, which cross-refers to Articles 40, 45 to 51 and 55 of the Copyright Code. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.b Collective investments Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Nothing is provided in this respect. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Nothing is provided in this respect.



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The Portuguese Copyright Office could not tell us about any reported decision under the new Law.

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The Directive has been transposed into Spanish law by means of the /DZ  incorporating Directive 96/9/EC into the &RS\ULJKW /DZ as consolidated on 12 April 1996 WKH /DZ That statutory instrument was enacted on 6 March 1998 and came into force on 1st April 1998. The Law is subdivided into books, titles and chapters. Of particular relevance are: - Book I (authors rights), Title II (ownership, subject matter and content), Chapter II (subject matter), in particular Article 12; - Book II (other intellectual property rights and VXL JHQHULV protection of databases), Title VIII (VXL JHQHULV rights in databases), comprising Articles 133 to 137.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

Spain has implemented the Directive very dedicatedly. Minor flaws include : - Whilst Article 1.1 ( in any form ) has not been transposed, the definition of a database in Article 1.2 has been so into Article 12 (2) of the Law. Given its location in Book I ( Authors rights ), it is unclear whether Article 12 (2) only applies to authors rights or also applies to VXL JHQHULV right; - Why the wording author s own has been omitted from Article 12 (1), para. 1 of the Law as to originality, remains unclear; - Article 5 (a) of the Directive may have needed a modicum of transposition by way of clarification since temporary or permanent reproduction is not reflected by the Law ; - Just as under the Directive, the issue of joint makership has been overlooked; - Spain brought into force the Law 5/1998 amending its copyright law in order to comply with the Directive on 1st April 1998. Thus Spain slightly failed to abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1. Yet Transitional Provision 18 renders this failure inconsequential. Pursuant to Article 249 (3) (ex-189 (3)) EC Treaty, a directive shall be binding, as to the results to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of forms and methods. The rare inconsistencies cropping up in the Spanish Copyright Law 1996 mostly affect such forms and methods and do not thwart or threaten the results to be achieved under the Directive. It is nonetheless submitted that the Spanish draughtsman might remedy the minor flaws pinpointed above.
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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) Whilst Article 1.1 ( in any form ) has not been transposed, the definition of a database in Article 1.2 has been so into Article 12 (2) of the Law. Given its location in Book I ( Authors rights ), it is unclear whether Article 12 (2) only applies to authors rights or also applies to VXL JHQHULV right. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusion for computer programs (Article 1.3 and recital 23) has been properly transposed by Article 12 (3) of the Law, which makes it clear that the protection accorded to databases under this Article shall not apply to the computer programs used for the making or operation of electronically-accessible databases . The exclusion for recordings (recital 17) and CDs (recital 19) have not been expressly transposed. This is not problematic since Spanish law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. A.1.c Applications The applications laid down in recitals 20 and 22 have not been mentioned. This is not problematic since Spanish law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) Article 12 (1) para. 1 reads: ,QWHOOHFWXDO SURSHUW\ VKDOO OLNHZLVH VXEVLVW DV SURYLGHG LQ %RRN , RI WKLV /DZ LQ FROOHFWLRQV RI WKH ZRUNV RI RWKHUV RU RI GDWD RU RWKHU LQGHSHQGHQW HOHPHQWV VXFK DV DQWKRORJLHV DQG GDWDEDVHV ZKLFK E\ UHDVRQ RI WKH VHOHFWLRQ RU DUUDQJHPHQW RI WKHLU FRQWHQWV FRQVWLWXWH LQWHOOHFWXDO FUHDWLRQV ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR DQ\ ULJKWV WKDW PLJKW VXEVLVW LQ WKH VDLG FRQWHQWV First, it is made clear that databases are copyright subject matter.

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Secondly, the threshold for copyright protection ( the author s own intellectual creation by reason of the selection or arrangement of the database s contents ) has almost been properly transposed by Article 12 (1), para. 1 of the Law. However, why the wording author s own has been omitted remains unclear. A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Although recital 19 has not been transposed, nothing in the Law runs counter to its substance. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) The exclusion of the contents set out in Article 3.2 has been properly transposed into Article 12 (1), para. 2 of the Law which reads: 7KH SURWHFWLRQ DFFRUGHG WR VXFK FROOHFWLRQV XQGHU WKLV $UWLFOH VKDOO UHODWH VROHO\ WR WKHLU VWUXFWXUH PHDQLQJ WKH IRUP RI H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKH VHOHFWLRQ RU DUUDQJHPHQW RI WKHLU FRQWHQWV EXW VKDOO QRW H[WHQG WR WKRVH FRQWHQWV A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) Article 4 regarding authorship needed no transposition. Indeed, Article 1 of the Law entitled Originating fact provides that: 7KH LQWHOOHFWXDO SURSHUW\ LQ D OLWHUDU\ DUWLVWLF RU VFLHQWLILF ZRUN VKDOO EHORQJ WR WKH DXWKRU WKHUHRI E\ YLUWXH RI WKH VROH IDFW RI LWV FUHDWLRQ And Article 5 of the Law, entitled Authors and other beneficiaries reads:  7KH QDWXUDO SHUVRQ ZKR FUHDWHV DQ\ OLWHUDU\ DUWLVWLF RU VFLHQWLILF ZRUN VKDOO EH FRQVLGHUHG WKH DXWKRU WKHUHRI  1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH SURWHFWLRQ WKDW WKLV /DZ FRQIHUV RQ WKH DXWKRU PD\ EH HQMR\HG E\ OHJDO HQWLWLHV XQGHU WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV H[SUHVVO\ SURYLGHG IRU WKHUHLQ Article 6 of the Law provides for a presumption of authorship. In addition, Articles 7, 8 and 9 of the Law respectively provide for works of joint authorship, collective works as well as composite works and independent works. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a)) Article 5 (a) may have needed a modicum of transposition by way of clarification. Temporary or permanent reproduction is not reflected by the Law.

285

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 By any means and in any form is reflected by existing Article 17 of the Law providing that: 7KH DXWKRU LV LQYHVWHG ZLWK WKH H[FOXVLYH H[HUFLVH RI WKH ULJKWV SHUWDLQLQJ WR WKH H[SORLWDWLRQ RI KLV ZRUN LQ ZKDWHYHU IRUP DQG HVSHFLDOO\ WKH >ULJKW@ RI UHSURGXFWLRQ  In whole or in part is reflected by existing Article 18 of the Law providing that: 5HSURGXFWLRQ PHDQV WKH LQFRUSRUDWLRQ RI WKH ZRUN LQ D PHGLXP WKDW HQDEOHV LW WR EH FRPPXQLFDWHG DQG FRSLHV RI DOO RU SDUW RI LW WR EH PDGH A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Article 5 (b) has been properly transposed by Article 21 (1) of the Law, which reads: 7KH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI ZRUN VKDOO LQFOXGH LWV WUDQVODWLRQ DGDSWDWLRQ DQG DQ\ RWKHU DOWHUDWLRQ RI LWV IRUP IURP ZKLFK D GLIIHUHQW ZRUN LV GHULYHG ,Q WKH FDVH RI GDWDEDVHV DV UHIHUUHG WR LQ $UWLFOH  RI WKLV /DZ WKH DUUDQJHPHQW WKHUHRI VKDOO OLNHZLVH EH FRQVLGHUHG WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ Article 5 (e) in relation to further acts with the results of such adaptation has been transposed by Article 21 (2) of the Law. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right Article 5 (c) needed no transposition. Indeed, Article 19 (1) of the Law already provides for a right to make available to the public the original or copies of the work by means of sale, rental or lending or in any other manner. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale Article 5 (c) needed no transposition. Indeed, Article 19 (2) of the Law already provides that: :KHUH GLVWULEXWLRQ LV HIIHFWHG E\ PHDQV RI VDOH ZLWKLQ WKH DUHD RI WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ WKH ULJKWV VKDOO ODSVH RQ WKH ILUVW VXFK VDOH EXW RQO\ LQ UHODWLRQ WR VXFFHVVLYH VDOHV HIIHFWHG ZLWKLQ WKH VDLG DUHD E\ WKH RZQHU RI WKH ULJKWV RU ZLWK KLV FRQVHQW A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d)) Article 5 (d) needed no transposition. Moreover, Article 20 (2) of the Law already provides that: 7KH IROORZLQJ LQ SDUWLFXODU VKDOO EH FRQVLGHUHG DFWV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WR WKH SXEOLF 
286

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 L DQ\ NLQG RI SXEOLF DFFHVV WR ZRUNV LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ D GDWDEDVH HYHQ ZKHUH WKH VDLG GDWDEDVH LV QRW SURWHFWHG E\ WKH SURYLVLRQV RI %RRN , RI WKLV /DZ M WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI DQ\ RI WKH DERYH DFWV LQ UHODWLRQ WR D GDWDEDVH SURWHFWHG E\ %RRN , RI WKLV /DZ Note that item (i) also relates to the VXL JHQHULV right. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) Article 2 (b) required no transposition. Moreover, Article 19 (3) and (4) of the Law already provides for rights to rent or lend a work. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) The lawful use exception of Article 6.1 has been implemented by Article 34 (1) of the Law, which reads: 7KH OHJLWLPDWH XVHU RI D GDWDEDVH SURWHFWHG XQGHU $UWLFOH  RI WKLV /DZ RU FRSLHV WKHUHRI PD\ ZLWKRXW DXWKRULVDWLRQ IURP WKH DXWKRU RI WKH GDWDEDVH HQJDJH LQ ZKDWHYHU DFWV PD\ EH QHFHVVDU\ IRU DFFHVV WR EH KDG WR WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH GDWDEDVH DQG IRU LWV QRUPDO XVH E\ WKH XVHU KLPVHOI HYHQ ZKHUH WKH\ DUH VXEMHFW WR DQ H[FOXVLYH ULJKW RI WKH DXWKRU ,QVRIDU DV WKH ODZIXO XVHU LV DXWKRULVHG WR XVH RQO\ D SDUW RI WKH GDWDEDVH WKLV SURYLVLRQ VKDOO EH DSSOLFDEOH RQO\ WR WKDW SDUW The wording without authorisation from the author of the database seems to indicate that lawfulness extends beyond a licence and may encompass either the absence of any act restricted by law or an exception to such a restricted act. Article 6.1, 2nd sentence ( only a part ) has been properly transposed by Article 34 (1), 2nd sentence. Finally, Article 15 making the lawful use exception binding has been properly transposed by Article 34 (2) of the Law providing that: $Q\ DJUHHPHQW FRQWUDU\ WR WKH WHUPV RI WKLV SURYLVLRQ VKDOO EH QXOO DQG YRLG DV RI ULJKW A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) The limits set out in Article 6.3 have been properly transposed by Article 40ELV of the Law, which reads: 7KH $UWLFOHV RI WKLV &KDSWHU PD\ QRW EH VR LQWHUSUHWHG WKDW WKH\ FRXOG EH DSSOLHG LQ D PDQQHU FDSDEOH RI XQUHDVRQDEO\ SUHMXGLFLQJ WKH OHJLWLPDWH LQWHUHVWV RI WKH DXWKRU RU DGYHUVHO\ DIIHFWLQJ WKH QRUPDO H[SORLWDWLRQ RI WKH ZRUNV WR ZKLFK WKH\ UHIHU
287

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 The wording whatever acts may be necessary in Article 34 (1) of the Law must be read in combination with Article 40ELV. A.2.e Term (Article 2(c)) Article 2 (c) required no transposition. Moreover, Article 26 of the Law already provides that: 7KH H[SORLWDWLRQ ULJKWV LQ WKH ZRUN VKDOO ODVW IRU WKH OLIHWLPH RI WKH DXWKRU DQG  \HDUV IROORZLQJ KLV QDWXUDO RU GHFODUHG GHDWK A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Article 14.1 has been properly transposed by Transitional Provision 15 entitled Application of the protection provided for in Book I to databases completed before 1st January 1998 . A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) Article 14.2 was not designed for Spain, but rather for the United Kingdom, Ireland or the Netherlands. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has been properly transposed by Transitional Provision 17 entitled Acts completed and rights acquired before 1st January 1998 in relation to the protection of databases . $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 has been properly transposed by Article 133 (1) of the Law, which reads: 6XL JHQHULV ULJKWV LQ D GDWDEDVH SURWHFW WKH VXEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQW DVVHVVHG HLWKHU TXDOLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ PDGH E\ LWV PDQXIDFWXUHU LQ WKH IRUP RI ILQDQFH WLPH HIIRUW RU HQHUJ\ RU RWKHU PHDQV RI VLPLODU QDWXUH H[SHQGHG LQ HLWKHU WKH REWDLQLQJ WKH YHULILFDWLRQ RU WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI LWV FRQWHQWV Thus, even the clarifications made by recitals 7, 39 and 40 have been included.

288

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.a.ii Exclusions Although recital 45 has not been transposed, nothing in the Law runs counter to its substance. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 has, to the relevant extent, been properly transposed by Article 133 (1) of the Law. Furthermore, Article 133 (3) (a) takes up recital 41 and defines the maker of the database as the person, whether natural person or legal entity, who takes the initiative and risk of making the substantial investments for the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents thereof . A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 7.3 has been properly transposed by Article 133 (1) para.1, 2nd sentence. A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) As regards natural persons, Article 11.1 has been properly transposed by Article 164 (1) of the Law providing that : 7KH ULJKWV SURYLGHG IRU LQ $UWLFOH  VKDOO EH DSSOLFDEOH WR GDWDEDVHV ZKRVH PDNHUV RU WKHLU VXFFHVVRUV LQ WLWOH DUH QDWLRQDOV RI D 0HPEHU 6WDWH RI WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ RU KDYH WKHLU RUGLQDU\ UHVLGHQFH RQ WKH WHUULWRU\ RI D (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ FRXQWU\ As regards legal persons, Article 11.2 has been properly transposed by Article 164 (2) providing that: 3DUDJUDSK  RI WKLV $UWLFOH LV OLNHZLVH DSSOLFDEOH WR FRPSDQLHV DQG EXVLQHVVHV FRQVWLWXWHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH OHJLVODWLRQ RI D 0HPEHU 6WDWH RI WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ DQG KDYLQJ WKHLU RIILFLDO KHDGTXDUWHUV FHQWUDO DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RU PDLQ FHQWUH RI DFWLYLW\ LQ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ QHYHUWKHOHVV LI WKH FRPSDQ\ RU EXVLQHVV KDV RQO\ LWV UHJLVWHUHG RIILFH RQ WKH VDLG WHUULWRU\ LWV RSHUDWLRQV PXVW EH HIIHFWLYHO\ DQG FRQWLQXRXVO\ OLQNHG WR WKH HFRQRP\ RI D 0HPEHU 6WDWH The wording or right holders in Article 11.1 has been properly transposed by or the successors in title . However, just as under the Directive, the issue of joint makership has been overlooked. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Spain rightly steers clear of traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public and instead uses the autonomous extraction and re-utilisation terms.
289

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Nowhere is public lending expressly excluded from the scope of VXL JHQHULV right. Nowhere is misappropriation under VXL JHQHULV right expressly extended beyond competitors although this seems to be clear in the Spanish draughtsman s mind. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a)) Article 7.2 (a) has been perfectly transposed by both Article 133 (1) para.2 and Article 133 (3) (b). A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b) has been perfectly transposed by both Articles 133 (1) para.2 and Article 133 (3) (c). A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale The Community (EEA) exhaustion rule for copies enshrined in Article 7.2 (b), 2nd sentence has been properly transposed by Article 133 (3) (c), 2nd sentence. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 7.5 has been perfectly transposed by Article 133 (2) of the Law, including the Berne-like three-step test. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art. 7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the database (Art. 7.4) Article 133 (4) of the Law, in relevant part, makes it clear that: 7KH ULJKWV SURYLGHG IRU LQ WKH VHFRQG SDUDJUDSK RI >$UWLFOH  @ VKDOO DSSO\ UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU RU QRW WKH VDLG GDWDEDVH  >LV@ SURWHFWHG E\ FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art. 7.4) Article 133 (4) of the Law, in relevant part, makes it clear that: 7KH ULJKWV SURYLGHG IRU LQ WKH VHFRQG SDUDJUDSK RI >$UWLFOH  @ VKDOO DSSO\ UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU RU QRW WKH  FRQWHQWV >RI WKH GDWDEDVH@ DUH SURWHFWHG E\ FRS\ULJKW RU RWKHU ULJKWV A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Art. 7.4) Article 133 (4), 2nd sentence makes it clear that:
290

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 7KH SURWHFWLRQ RI GDWDEDVHV SURYLGHG IRU LQ WKH VHFRQG SDUDJUDSK RI >$UWLFOH  @ VKDOO EH XQGHUVWRRG DV EHLQJ ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR DQ\ ULJKW VXEVLVWLQJ LQ WKHLU FRQWHQWV A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) Article 8.1 has been properly transposed by Article 134 (1) of the Law. Article 15 making this exception binding has been properly transposed by Article 134 (3) providing that any agreement conflicting with the terms of this provision shall be null and void as of right. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 8.2 has been properly transposed by Article 134 (2) (a) of the Law. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) Article 8.3 has been properly transposed by Article 134 (2) (b) of the Law. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 10.1 has been properly transposed by Article 136 (1) of the Law. A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 10.2 has been properly transposed by Article 136 (2) of the Law. A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 10.3 has been properly transposed by Article 136 (3) of the Law. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) Articles 14.3 has been properly transposed by Transitional Provision 16 entitled Application of the protection provided for in Book II, concerning VXL JHQHULV right, to databases completed within the 50 years before 1 January 1998 . In addition, Article 14.5 has been properly transposed by Transitional Provision 16 (2) stating that the 50year period of protection of databases referred to in [TP 16 (1)] shall be counted from 1 January 1998.
291

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Note that the slight delay in implementing the Directive is inconsequential as Transitional Provision 18 provides for the application to databases completed between 1 January and 1 April 1998 of the protection provided for in Book I and Book II with respect to VXL JHQHULV right. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has been properly transposed by Transitional Provision 17 entitled Acts completed and right acquired before 1 January 1998 in relation to the protection of databases . $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Book III ( protection of the rights recognised in this Law ), Title I of the Law entitled actions and procedures provides for the following remedies: injunctions restraining the unlawful activity (Article 139); indemnification for material and moral damages (Article 140); and urgent precautionary measures (Article 141 HW VHT).

A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Article 13 has been properly transposed by Article 40WHU of the Law as for copyright and Article 137 as for VXL JHQHULV right. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Spain brought into force the Law 5/1998 amending its copyright law in order to comply with the Directive on 1st April 1998. Thus Spain slightly failed to abide by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1. Yet Transitional Provision 18 renders this failure inconsequential. Pursuant to Article 16.1 2, due reference has been made to the Directive within the title of the amending Law. % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) Pursuant to Article 40ELV of the Law, the articles of Chapter II ( Limitations ) may not be so interpreted that they could be applied in a manner capable of unreasonably prejudicing the legitimate interests of the author or adversely affecting the normal exploitation of the works to which they refer.

292

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) Article 6.2 (a) has been properly transposed by Article 34 (2) (a) of the Law providing that :  :LWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH SURYLVLRQV RI $UWLFOH  DXWKRULVDWLRQ IURP WKH DXWKRU RI D GDWDEDVH WKDW LV SURWHFWHG XQGHU $UWLFOH  RI WKLV /DZ DQG KDV EHHQ GLVFORVHG LV QRW QHFHVVDU\ D ZKHUH LQ WKH FDVH RI D QRQHOHFWURQLF GDWDEDVH D FRS\ LV PDGH IRU SULYDWH SXUSRVHV And Article 31 (1) provides that: :RUNV DOUHDG\ GLVFORVHG PD\ EH UHSURGXFHG ZLWKRXW DXWKRULVDWLRQ IURP WKH DXWKRU DQG ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH ZKHUH DSSOLFDEOH WR WKH SURYLVLRQV RI $UWLFOH  RI WKLV /DZ LQ WKH IROORZLQJ FDVHV   IRU WKH SULYDWH XVH RI WKH FRSLHU ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH SURYLVLRQV RI $UWLFOHV  DQG  D RI WKLV /DZ SURYLGHG WKDW WKH FRS\ LV QRW SXW WR HLWKHU FROOHFWLYH RU SURILWPDNLQJ XVH  IRU WKH SULYDWH XVH RI WKH EOLQG SURYLGHG WKDW WKH UHSURGXFWLRQ LV GRQH XVLQJ WKH %UDLOOH V\VWHP RU DQRWKHU VSHFLILF PHWKRG DQG WKDW WKH FRSLHV DUH QRW SXW WR SURILWPDNLQJ XVH B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) Article 6.2 (b) has been properly transposed by Article 34 (2) (b) which provides, in relevant part, that:  $XWKRULVDWLRQ IURP WKH DXWKRU RI D GDWDEDVH WKDW LV SURWHFWHG XQGHU $UWLFOH  RI WKLV /DZ DQG KDV EHHQ GLVFORVHG LV QRW QHFHVVDU\  E ZKHUH WKH XVH LV PDGH IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI LOOXVWUDWLRQ LQ WHDFKLQJ RU VFLHQWLILF UHVHDUFK SURYLGHG WKDW LW LV PDGH WR WKH H[WHQW MXVWLILHG E\ WKH QRQFRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVH SXUVXHG DQG WKDW LQ DOO FDVHV WKH VRXUFH LV PHQWLRQHG B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Article 6.2 (c) has been properly transposed by Article 34 (2) (c) which provides, in relevant part that: :LWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH SURYLVLRQV RI $UWLFOH  DXWKRULVDWLRQ IURP WKH DXWKRU RI WKH GDWDEDVH WKDW LV SURWHFWHG XQGHU $UWLFOH  RI WKLV /DZ DQG KDV EHHQ GLVFORVHG LV QRW QHFHVVDU\  F ZKHQ WKH XVH LV IRU SXUSRVHV RI SXEOLF VHFXULW\ RU IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RU MXGLFLDO SURFHGXUH
293

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 31 (1) provides that works already disclosed may be reproduced without authorisation from the author and without prejudice, where applicable, to the provisions of Article 34 of this Law in the following case:  DV D FRQVHTXHQFH RI RU IRU WKH UHFRUG LQ WKH MXGLFLDO RU DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SURFHHGLQJ B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) Pursuant to Article 6.2 (d), other traditional exceptions have been maintained: - quotations and summaries (Article 32); - articles on topical subjects (Article 33); - use of works in the reporting of current events and of works located on public thoroughfares (Article 35); - cable, satellite and recording for technical purposes (Article 36); - free reproduction and lending in specific establishments such as libraries (Article 37); - official acts and religious ceremonies (Article 38); - parodies (Article 39); - protection of the right of access to culture (Article 40). % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) Article 135 provides for fewer exceptions to infringement of VXL JHQHULV right than the equivalent provision of the Law relating to copyright works. For example, there is no equivalent of the exception for the purposes of reporting current events, nor is there a library exception. Article 135 (2) makes it clear that the provisions of Article 135 (1) may not be so interpreted that they could be applied in a manner capable of unreasonably prejudicing the legitimate interests of the owner of the right or adversely affecting the normal exploitation of the protected subject matter. The following exceptions of Article 135 (1) all apply to the lawful user of a database, regardless of the form in which databases been made available to the public and provide that he or she may, without authorisation from the maker, extract and/or reutilize a substantial part of the contents thereof in the cases set out hereunder. B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) Article 9 (a) has been literally transposed by Article 135 (1) (a) of the Law. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) Article 9 (b) has been properly transposed by Article 135 (1) (b) of the Law.
294

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Article 9 (c) has been properly transposed by Article 135 (1) (c) of the Law. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions No other exceptions are provided for. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV See Articles 14 to 16 of the Law. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases See Article 51 of the Law. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons See Article 5 (2) of the Law. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) See Article 8 of the Law. $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV See Article 43 to 57 of the Law. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Nothing is provided in this respect. B.1.b Collective investments Nothing is provided in this respect.
295

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.1.c Presumption of ownership Nothing is provided in this respect. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Nothing is provided in this respect.



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The Directive has been transposed into Swedish law by means of an amendment to the $FW RQ &RS\ULJKW LQ /LWHUDU\ DQG $UWLVWLF :RUNV (Act 1960 : 729 of 30 December 1960, SCA or the Act ). The implementing Government Bill 1996/1997:111 was enacted on 15 May 1997 and came into force on 1st January 1998. The Swedish Ministry of Justice has kindly provided us with an unofficial English translation of the Act as amended up to 1st April 2000. The Act is made up of nine chapters : - Chapter I : Subject matter and scope (Articles 1 to 10) ; - Chapter II : Limitations on copyright (Articles 11 to 26 i) ; - Chapter II a : Right to special remuneration (Articles 26 j and 26 k), which is not relevant for our purposes ; - Chapter III : Transfer of copyright (Articles 27 to 42) ; - Chapter IV : Duration of copyright (Articles 43 to 44 a) ; - Chapter V : Certain rights neighbouring to copyright (Articles 45 to 49 a), of which Article 49 is particularly relevant for our purposes ; - Chapter VI : Special provisions (Articles 50 to 52 a), which is not relevant for our purposes ; - Chapter VII : Penal and civil liability (Articles 53 to 59) ; - Chapter VIII : Applicability of the Act (Articles 60 to 62); - Chapter IX : Provisions governing the entry into force and transitional provisions (Article 63), which is only relevant for old works.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

To put it bluntly, Sweden has implemented the Directive extremely sketchily. To stigmatise but one thing, the Swedish legislator has tragically overlooked that the catalogue right (Article 49 SCA), albeit a forerunner of the VXL JHQHULV right, is no adequate implementation for the latter (general remark under I.A.3 in B. Assessing compliance). The major failures comprise the following : - The all-embracing definition of a database enshrined in Article 1.2 Directive has not been transposed. The originality of the Directive s binding definition, which applies to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV right, has been totally overlooked by the Swedish draughtsman. None of the requirements that the materials contained in the database should be arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means and, in connection to this, independent have been transposed (A.1.a);
300

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 - Article 3.1 Directive defining copyright subject matter and originality has not been transposed. Furthermore, under Article 5 SCA (as under Article 2(5) Berne Convention), only works or parts of works can make up a composite work whereas under Article 3.1 Directive, the contents of a database may include works, data or other materials (A.2.a.i); - Temporary reproduction in Article 5(a) Directive and temporary transfer in Article 7.2(a) Directive have not been transposed (A.2.c.i and A.3.e.i); - Article 6.1 Directive on access and normal use by the lawful user has not been properly transposed by Article 26 g, 5 SCA (A.2.d.i); - The Berne-like three-step test set out in Article 6.3 Directive has not been transposed (A.2.d.ii); - The Swedish legislator has felt no need to enact savings and transitional provisions (A.2.f and A.3.i); - Article 7.1 Directive on VXL JHQHULV right subsistence has been rather poorly transposed into Article 49, 1 SCA. Only the substantial investment requirement has been transposed. Nevertheless, it is undermined by the conjunction or implying that a large number of information items suffices to qualify a catalogue for Article 49 protection, even if it shows no substantial investment. Actually, this was even the Swedish legislator s downright intent. In addition, qualitatively and/or quantitatively has not been transposed. Although the large number of information items requirement mirrors the quantitative criterion, nothing reflects the qualitative criterion. And in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents of the database qualifying that substantial investment has not been transposed, either (A.3.a.i); - Article 61 2 SCA on qualification for catalogue right largely falls short of Article 11 Directive as being centred around Sweden and thus discriminating against other EU nationals. Yet Sweden s protectionism shall probably be curbed by the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence (A.3.d); - As for the acts restricted under catalogue right, Sweden wrongly takes up traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public instead of using the autonomous extraction and reutilisation terms in Article 7.2 Directive. As a result, the wordings a substantial part and evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively in respect of both rights have not been transposed, nor have to another medium for extraction and by on-line or other forms of transmission for re-utilisation. Thus digital transmission does not fall within the ambit of the re-utilisation right (A.3.e.i and ii); - Article 7.5 Directive on the repeated and systematic use of insubstantial parts has not been transposed (A.3.e.iii); - Article 8.1 Directive vesting the lawful user with a right to extract and re-utilise insubstantial parts has not been properly transposed. Notably, this right under the Directive only applies to insubstantial parts , evaluated quantitatively and/or qualitatively, as opposed to the whole catalogue under the SCA (A.3.g.i); - The limits laid down in Article 8.2 and 8.3 Directive have not been transposed (A.3.g.ii and iii); - Article 10.3 Directive on substantial new investment has not been transposed (A.3.h.iii).

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Further minor flaws include : - The exclusion for computer programs set out in Article 1.3 Directive is nowhere clearly reflected in the SCA (A.1.b); - Article 4.1 Directive on authorship ( the natural person ) is given a broader ambit in Article 1 SCA ( anyone ) (A.2.b); - Article 5(e) Directive in relation to further acts with the results of an adaptation is nowhere expressly reflected in the SCA (A.2.c.ii); - Article 12 SCA D FRQWUDULR permits to make copies in analogous form of compilations in digital form whereas Articles 6.2(a) and 9(a) Directive only allow the reproduction (both in digital and analogous forms) of a non-electronic database (B.1.a.i and B.2.a.i); - The wording to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved in Articles 6.2(b) and 9(b) Directive is nowhere reflected in Article 13 SCA entitled Reproduction in the Course of Educational Activities (B.1.a..ii and B.2.a.ii); - By cloning its copyright exceptions, the Swedish legislator has totally overlooked that the exceptions to VXL JHQHULV right set out in Article 9 Directive are not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents (B.2.a); Pursuant to Article 249 (3) (ex-189 (3)) EC Treaty, a directive shall be binding, as to the results to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of forms and methods. As is confirmed by Karnell1, the flaws in the Swedish Copyright Act are not confined to such forms and methods but thwart and threaten the results to be achieved under the Directive.

Karnell, 1999 GRUR Int. 335.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) The all-embracing definition of a database enshrined in Article 1.2 Directive has not been transposed. Nor has the in any form qualification of Article 1.1 been transposed. The originality of the Directive s binding definition, which applies to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV right, has been totally overlooked by the Swedish draughtsman. Delving into the Act we found traces of what a database could be under Swedish law : as for copyright, Article 5 SCA hints at a composite literary or artistic work ; and as for VXL JHQHULV right, Article 49 SCA refers to a catalogue, a table or another similar product in which a large number of information items have been compiled, or which is the result of a substantial investment . To this we return below.

Arguably, the word collection of the Directive is reflected by composite in Article 5 SCA or in which a large number of information items have been compiled in Article 49 SCA. However, this is not even true in view of the conjunction or preceding which is the result of a substantial investment in Article 49 SCA. In any case, none of the requirements that the materials contained in the database should be arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means and, in connection to this, independent have been transposed. A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusion for computer programs set out in Article 1.3 Directive is nowhere clearly reflected in the Swedish Copyright Act. This may not prove problematic since the Act is to be construed consistently with the Directive. A.1.c Applications The applications laid down in recitals 20 and 22 have not been mentioned. This is not problematic since the Act is to be construed consistently with the Directive. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3)

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) Article 3.1 Directive defining copyright subject matter and originality has not been transposed. Article 1 SCA reads : $Q\RQH ZKR KDV FUHDWHG D OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF ZRUN VKDOO KDYH FRS\ULJKW LQ WKDW ZRUN UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU LW LV   D ILFWLRQDO RU GHVFULSWLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LQ ZULWLQJ RU VSHHFK   RU D ZRUN H[SUHVVHG LQ VRPH RWKHU PDQQHU First, it arguably stems from Article 1 SCA that a database is copyright subject matter as a fictional or descriptive representation in writing or speech . Thus databases seem to be protected as literary works. Secondly, the author s own intellectual creation, by reason of the selection or arrangement of the contents criterion has not been transposed. Admittedly, Swedish case-law already applies a similar originality criterion yet this should now be embedded in legislation. In addition, Article 5 SCA reads : $ SHUVRQ ZKR E\ FRPELQLQJ ZRUNV RU SDUWV RI ZRUNV FUHDWHV D FRPSRVLWH OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF ZRUN VKDOO KDYH FRS\ULJKW WKHUHLQ EXW KLV ULJKW VKDOO EH ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH ULJKWV LQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO ZRUNV Although hinting at original selection or arrangement , the wording combining lacks precision. Furthermore, under Article 5 SCA (as under Article 2(5) Berne Convention), only works or parts of works can make up such a composite work whereas under Article 3.1 Directive, the contents of a database may include works, data or other materials . A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Article 3.2 LQLWLR Directive has not been transposed. Albeit a provision on coexistence rather than an exclusion as such, the proviso without prejudice to the rights in the individual works in Article 5 SCA (see above) may have an equivalent side-effect. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) Article 3.2 LQ ILQH Directive has been properly transposed by Article 5 SCA (see above) stating : EXW KLV >FRS\@ULJKW VKDOO EH ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH ULJKWV LQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO ZRUNV

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.b Authorship (Article 4.1) Article 4.1 Directive ( the natural person who created the database ) is given a broader ambit in Article 1 SCA ( anyone who has created ). However, it seems that Swedish case-law already applies a natural person qualifying test. Article 6 SCA provides for joint authorship. Article 7 SCA sets out a rebuttable presumption of authorship in favour of, roughly, the person whose name appears on copies of the work. A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a)) Article 2.1 SCA provides, in relevant part, that : &RS\ULJKW VKDOO LQFOXGH WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH ZRUN E\ UHSURGXFLQJ LW  EH LW LQ WKH RULJLQDO RU DQ DOWHUHG IRUP LQ WUDQVODWLRQ RU DGDSWDWLRQ LQ DQRWKHU OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF IRUP RU E\ RWKHU WHFKQLFDO PHDQV Article 2.2 SCA further reads: $V D SURGXFWLRQ RI FRSLHV VKDOO DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG WKH UHFRUGLQJ RI D ZRUN RQ D PDWHULDO VXSSRUW E\ PHDQV RI ZKLFK LW FDQ EH UHSURGXFHG Temporary or permanent reproduction in Article 5(a) Directive has not been transposed. Mr. Thomas Johansson on behalf of the Swedish Ministry of Justice has expressed his concern that there was no counterbalancing exception to the temporary reproduction right in the following terms :
$UWLFOH  RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH (& RI WKH (XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW DQG RI WKH &RXQFLO RI  0D\  RQ WKH KDUPRQLVDWLRQ RI FHUWDLQ DVSHFWV RI FRS\ULJKW LQ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ VRFLHW\ SURYLGHV WKDW WHPSRUDU\ DFWV RI UHSURGXFWLRQ DUH XQGHU FHUWDLQ FRQGLWLRQV H[HPSWHG IURP WKH UHSURGXFWLRQ ULJKW SURYLGHG IRU LQ $UWLFOH  7KLV H[HPSWLRQ KRZHYHU GRHV QRW H[LVW LQ UHVSHFW RI GDWDEDVHV 7KLV LV D SUREOHP WKDW QHHGV WR EH UHPHGLHG DV VRRQ DV SRVVLEOH

It is submitted, though, that the lawful use exemption under Article 6.1 Directive aims precisely to counterbalance the temporary reproduction right. By any means and in any form is reflected by in another literary or artistic form, or by other technical means . In whole or in part is not reflected in the Act but is presumably so in case-law on infringement.

305

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Article 2.1 SCA provides, in relevant part, that : &RS\ULJKW VKDOO LQFOXGH WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH ZRUN E\ UHSURGXFLQJ LW  EH LW LQ WKH RULJLQDO RU DQ DOWHUHG IRUP LQ WUDQVODWLRQ RU DGDSWDWLRQ LQ DQRWKHU OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF IRUP RU E\ RWKHU WHFKQLFDO PHDQV Items 1 to 4 (see Framework for Analysis) are reflected in Article 2.1 SCA. However, item 5 (Article 5(e) Directive) in relation to further acts with the results of such adaptation is nowhere reflected in the Swedish Copyright Act. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right Article 5(c) is reflected in Article 2.3 SCA stating that : $ ZRUN LV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF E\ SXEOLF SHUIRUPDQFH RU E\ KDYLQJ FRSLHV RI LW SODFHG RQ VDOH OHDVHG OHQW RU RWKHUZLVH GLVWULEXWHG WR WKH SXEOLF RU SXEOLFO\ H[KLELWHG  (our emphasis) A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale Article 19 SCA, entitled Distribution of Copies , reads : :KHQ D FRS\ RI D OLWHUDU\ RU PXVLFDO ZRUN RU D ZRUN RI ILQH DUWV KDV EHHQ WUDQVIHUUHG ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU WKDW FRS\ PD\ EH IXUWKHU GLVWULEXWHG 7KH SURYLVLRQV LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK GR QRW FRQIHU D ULJKW WR PDNH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF   FRSLHV RI ZRUNV ZLWK WKH H[FHSWLRQ RI EXLOGLQJV DQG ZRUNV RI DSSOLHG DUW WKURXJK UHQWDO RU VLPLODU OHJDO DFWV RU  FRSLHV RI FRPSXWHU SURJUDPV LQ PDFKLQHUHDGDEOH IRUP WKURXJK OHQGLQJ Although Article 19 SCA does not expressly provide for Community (EEA)wide exhaustion, it is not problematic as it is to be construed consistently with the ECJ jurisprudence. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d)) Article 5(d) Directive presumably needed no transposition. Indeed, Article 2.1 SCA provides, in relevant part, that &RS\ULJKW VKDOO LQFOXGH WKH H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR FRQWURO WKH ZRUN  E\ PDNLQJ LW DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF EH LW LQ WKH RULJLQDO RU LQ DOWHUHG IRUP LQ WUDQVODWLRQ
306

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 RU DGDSWDWLRQ LQ DQRWKHU OLWHUDU\ RU DUWLVWLF IRUP RU E\ RWKHU WHFKQLFDO PHDQV Article 2.3 SCA further reads: $ ZRUN LV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF E\ SXEOLF SHUIRUPDQFH RU E\ KDYLQJ FRSLHV RI LW SODFHG RQ VDOH OHDVHG OHQW RU RWKHUZLVH GLVWULEXWHG WR WKH SXEOLF RU SXEOLFO\ H[KLELWHG $V D SXEOLF SHUIRUPDQFH VKDOO DOVR EH GHHPHG D SHUIRUPDQFH ZKLFK WDNHV SODFH ZLWKLQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI FRPPHUFLDO DFWLYLWLHV IRU D FRPSDUDWLYHO\ ODUJH FORVHG JURXS RI SHUVRQV A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) Article 2(b) Directive required no transposition. See Article 2.3 SCA above. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) Article 6.1 and 15 Directive on access and normal use by the lawful user have not been properly transposed. Odd though as it may seem, Article 26 g SCA entitled Special provisions on computer programs, etc. contains a paragraph on compilations. Article 26 g, 5 SCA reads : $Q\RQH ZKR KDV WKH ULJKW WR XVH D FRPSLODWLRQ LV HQWLWOHG WR GLVSRVH RI LW LQ DQ\ ZD\ WKDW LV QHFHVVDU\ LQ RUGHU IRU KLP WR EH DEOH WR XVH WKH FRPSLODWLRQ IRU LWV LQWHQGHG SXUSRVH Article 26 g, 6 SCA further provides that : &RQWUDFWXDO VWLSXODWLRQV ZKLFK OLPLW ULJKWV RI WKH XVHU XQGHU WKH VHFRQG IRXUWK RU ILIWK SDUDJUDSK DUH QXOO DQG YRLG In accordance with Article 15 Directive, Article 26 g, 6 SCA thus makes the lawful use exception LXV FRJHQV. At first glance, Article 26 g, 5 SCA reflects Article 6.1 Directive. This is misleading. First, the entitlement to dispose of it in any way under the SCA exceeds merely accessing and normally using the database as under the Directive. Secondly, the wording for its intended purpose does not reflect the adjective normal in Article 6.1 Directive. For a subjectively intended purpose does not necessarily amount to an objectively normal use. The wording anyone who has a right to use and for him , reflecting lawful user , seems to extend to any such user, whether authorised by contract or by law.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) The limits set out in Article 6.3 have not been transposed. The wording in any way that is necessary ( ) for its intended purpose in Article 26 g, 5 SCA does not properly reflect the Berne-like three-step test under Article 6.3 Directive. A.2.e Term (Article 2(c)) Article 2(c) required no transposition. Moreover, Article 43 SCA provides, in relevant part, that &RS\ULJKW LQ D ZRUN VKDOO VXEVLVW XQWLO WKH HQG RI WKH VHYHQWLHWK \HDU DIWHU WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH DXWKRU GHFHDVHG RU LQ WKH FDVH RI D ZRUN UHIHUUHG WR LQ $UWLFOH  DIWHU WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH ODVW VXUYLYLQJ DXWKRU GHFHDVHG A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) The Swedish legislator has so scarcely implemented the Directive that it felt no need to enact savings and transitional provisions. A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Although Article 14.1 Directive has not been transposed into Swedish law, nothing in the latter seems to run counter to its substance. A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) Article 14.2 Directive was not designed for Sweden, but rather for the United Kingdom, Ireland or the Netherlands. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights and concluded acts(Article 14.4) Article 14.4 Directive has not been transposed. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW Prior to the Directive, Sweden already had a catalogue right (Article 49 SCA) among its rights neighbouring to copyright (in Chapter V). In implementing the Directive, the Swedish legislator has tragically overlooked that the catalogue right, albeit a forerunner of the VXL JHQHULV right, should now be fully superseded by the latter. As a result, the barely amended Article 49 SCA has been depicted as an odd animal which trespasses in the Community s meadow 2.
2

Karnell, 1999 GRUR Int. 329.

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 Directive has been rather poorly transposed. Article 49, 1 SCA entitled Producers of Catalogues, etc. indeed reads : $Q\RQH ZKR KDV SURGXFHG D FDWDORJXH D WDEOH RU DQRWKHU VLPLODU SURGXFW LQ ZKLFK D ODUJH QXPEHU RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LWHPV KDYH EHHQ FRPSLOHG RU ZKLFK LV WKH UHVXOW RI D VXEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQW KDV DQ H[FOXVLYH ULJKW WR PDNH FRSLHV RI WKH SURGXFW DQG WR PDNH LW DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF Thus only item 3 (the substantial investment requirement) has been transposed. Nevertheless, it is undermined by the conjunction or implying that a large number of information items suffices to qualify a catalogue for Article 49 protection, even if it shows no substantial investment3. Quite remarkably , Gaster notes, 49 SCA went beyond the scope of the Directive by affording 49 protection to compilations which did not require substantial investment but contain a substantial amount of data 4. Actually, this was even the Swedish legislator s downright intent5. In addition, items 1 and 2 ( qualitatively and/or quantitatively ) have not been transposed. Although the large number of information items requirement mirrors the quantitative criterion, nothing reflects the qualitative criterion. And items 4 to 7 ( in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents of the database ) qualifying that substantial investment have not been transposed, either. A.3.a.ii Exclusions Although recital 45 has not been transposed, nothing in the Act runs counter to its substance. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Article 7.1, to the relevant extent, is presumably reflected by the wording anyone who has produced in Article 49 1 SCA (see above).

Thus, Karnell says, it is not even clear whether Article 49 concerns VXL JHQHULV protection only or both copyright and VXL JHQHULV (Karnell, 1999 GRUR Int. 330). 4 Gaster, 2000 Tolley s. 5 Karnell, 1999 GRUR Int. 331.
3

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 49 3 SCA provides for the application of certain copyright provisions to catalogue right. However, those do not include Article 27 SCA on transfer of copyright. As a result, it would seem that catalogue right either cannot be assigned or can be so under the common rules of civil law. In connection to lawful use (see below), note Article 49 4 SCA : &RQWUDFWXDO VWLSXODWLRQV H[WHQGLQJ WKH SURGXFHU ULJKWV XQGHU WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK LQ UHVSHFW RI D SURGXFW ZKLFK KDV EHHQ PDGH SXEOLF DUH QXOO DQG YRLG A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) Article 61 2 SCA reads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irst and foremost, without prejudice to the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence, Article 61 2 SCA largely falls short of Article 11 Directive as being centred around Sweden and thus discriminating against other EU nationals. Indeed, all criteria of nationality, habitual residence, incorporation, registered office, central administration or principal place of business apply with regard to Sweden rather than the European Community. Less importantly, it is questionable whether the phrasing the production forms part of an economic activity established in [Sweden] accurately reflects the phrasing the operations are genuinely linked on an ongoing basis with the economy of a Member State . In any event, Sweden s protectionism shall probably be curbed by the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) Sweden wrongly takes up traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public instead of using the autonomous extraction and re-utilisation terms in Article 7.2 Directive. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a))

310

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 7.2 (a) Directive is poorly reflected by the exclusive right to make copies of the product set out in Article 49 1 SCA (see above). Worse still, Article 49 3 unduly cross-refers to Article 2, 2 SCA defining the production of copies in respect of copyright. Likewise then, temporary transfer is not covered by VXL JHQHULV (see A.2.c.i above). Furthermore, the following wordings have not been transposed into Swedish law : - a substantial part , - evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively , and - to another medium . As a result, protection against unauthorised extraction of substantial portions of databases is only granted in part 6. A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right Article 7.2 (b) Directive is poorly reflected by the exclusive right ( ) to make [the product] available to the public laid down in Article 49 1 SCA (see above). Worse still, Article 49 3 unduly cross-refers to Article 2, 3 SCA defining the making available to the public in respect of copyright. Furthermore, the following wordings have not been transposed : - a substantial part , - evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively , and - by on-line transmission or other forms of transmission . The Swedish regulation also covers the mere display whereas 7 (2) of the Directive did not bring display within the scope of the catalogue of restricted acts 7. A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale By virtue of Article 49 3 SCA, Article 19 SCA applies to catalogue right as well. Article 19 SCA, entitled Distribution of Copies reads : :KHQ D FRS\ RI D OLWHUDU\ RU PXVLFDO ZRUN RU D ZRUN RI ILQH DUWV KDV EHHQ WUDQVIHUUHG ZLWK WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRU WKDW FRS\ PD\ EH IXUWKHU GLVWULEXWHG 7KH SURYLVLRQV LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK GR QRW FRQIHU D ULJKW WR PDNH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF 
6 7

Gaster, 2000 Tolley s. Gaster, 2000 Tolley s.

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257  FRSLHV RI ZRUNV ZLWK WKH H[FHSWLRQ RI EXLOGLQJV DQG ZRUNV RI DSSOLHG DUW WKURXJK UHQWDO RU VLPLODU OHJDO DFWV RU  FRSLHV RI FRPSXWHU SURJUDPV LQ PDFKLQHUHDGDEOH IRUP WKURXJK OHQGLQJ Although Article 19 SCA does not expressly provide for Community (EEA)wide exhaustion, it is not problematic since it is to be construed consistently with the ECJ jurisprudence. Note that exhaustion here is not limited to the right to control the resale but applies to any further distribution. A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 7.5 Directive on the repeated and systematic use of insubstantial parts has not been transposed. This is a major flaw in the Swedish transposition . The Swedish lawmaker apparently equated the systematic use of non-substantial parts to the use of a substantial part. Needless to say, such mix-up deserves blunt criticism8. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Art. 7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other) rights on the database (Art. 7.4) It may be inferred from the location of Article 49 in Chapter V (Certain Rights Neighbouring to Copyright) that catalogue protection applies irrespective of whether the catalogue (or database) structure is eligible for copyright protection. In any event, this arguably stems from Article 49 3 SCA providing, in relevant part, that ,I D SURGXFW RI WKLV NLQG RU D SDUW WKHUHRI LV VXEMHFW WR FRS\ULJKW DOVR FRS\ULJKW SURWHFWLRQ PD\ EH FODLPHG (our emphasis). A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other) rights on the contents (Art. 7.4) It may be inferred from the location of Article 49 in Chapter V (Certain Rights Neighbouring to Copyright) that catalogue protection applies irrespective of whether the catalogue (or database) contents are eligible for copyright protection. In any event, this arguably stems from Article 49 3 SCA providing, in relevant part, that ,I D SURGXFW RI WKLV NLQG RU D SDUW WKHUHRI LV VXEMHFW WR FRS\ULJKW DOVR FRS\ULJKW SURWHFWLRQ PD\ EH FODLPHG (our emphasis). A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other) rights on the contents (Art. 7.4)

See Karnell, 1999 GRUR Int. 332.

312

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 7.4 in fine is reflected by Article 49 3 SCA providing, in relevant part, that ,I D SURGXFW RI WKLV NLQG RU D SDUW WKHUHRI LV VXEMHFW WR FRS\ULJKW DOVR FRS\ULJKW SURWHFWLRQ PD\ EH FODLPHG A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) Article 8.1 Directive vesting the lawful user with a right to extract and re-utilise insubstantial parts has not been transposed. By virtue of Article 49 3 SCA, Article 26 g SCA applies to catalogue right. Article 26 g, 5 SCA reads : $Q\RQH ZKR KDV WKH ULJKW WR XVH D FRPSLODWLRQ >FDWDORJXH KHUH@ LV HQWLWOHG WR GLVSRVH RI LW LQ DQ\ ZD\ WKDW LV QHFHVVDU\ LQ RUGHU IRU KLP WR EH DEOH WR XVH WKH FRPSLODWLRQ IRU LWV LQWHQGHG SXUSRVH Article 26 g, 6 SCA further provides that : &RQWUDFWXDO VWLSXODWLRQV ZKLFK OLPLW ULJKWV RI WKH XVHU XQGHU WKH VHFRQG IRXUWK RU ILIWK SDUDJUDSK DUH QXOO DQG YRLG In accordance with Article 15 Directive, Article 26 g, 6 SCA thus makes the lawful use exception LXV FRJHQV. Therefore, we cannot fathom why the Swedish legislator has deemed necessary to duplicate this in Article 49 4 SCA awkwardly providing that &RQWUDFWXDO VWLSXODWLRQV H[WHQGLQJ WKH SURGXFHU ULJKWV XQGHU WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK LQ UHVSHFW RI D SURGXFW ZKLFK KDV EHHQ PDGH SXEOLF DUH QXOO DQG YRLG At first glance, Article 26 g, 5 SCA reflects Article 8.1 Directive. Quite misleadingly so. First and foremost, this right under the Directive only applies to insubstantial parts , evaluated quantitatively and/or qualitatively, as opposed to the whole catalogue under the SCA. Secondly, the entitlement to dispose of it in any way under the SCA exceeds merely extracting and/or re-utilising the database as under the Directive. By contrast, the wording for its intended purpose arguably reflects for any purposes whatsoever . The wording anyone who has a right to use and for him , reflecting lawful user , seems to extend to any such user, whether authorised by contract or by law. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) The limits have not been transposed.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 8.2 has not been transposed. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) Article 8.3 has not been transposed. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 10.1 is reflected by Article 49 2, first sentence SCA, which reads: 7KH ULJKW XQGHU WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK ODVWV XQWLO ILIWHHQ \HDUV KDYH HODSVHG IURP WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH SURGXFWLRQ ZDV FRPSOHWHG A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 10.2 is reflected by Article 49 2, second sentence SCA, which reads: :KHUH WKH SURGXFWV KDV EHHQ PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF ZLWKLQ ILIWHHQ \HDUV IRUP WKH FRPSLODWLRQ RI WKH SURGXFWLRQ WKH ULJKW VKDOO KRZHYHU ODVWV XQWLO ILIWHHQ \HDUV KDYH HODSVHG IURP WKH \HDU LQ ZKLFK WKH SURGXFWLRQ ZDV ILUVW PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3) Article 10.3 has not been transposed. This is yet another major flaw in the Swedish transposition . A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) Since the Swedish legislator apparently felt that its former catalogue right constituted an unsurpassable model for the VXL JHQHULV database right, it felt under no obligation to implement the Directive and inevitably felt no need to enact savings and transitional provisions. A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) Articles 14.3 and 14.5 could not possibly be transposed as, failing any implementation, the issue they address was bound not to crop up. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 could not possibly be transposed as, failing any implementation, the issue it addresses was bound not to crop up.

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A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Chapter VII of the Swedish Copyright Act, entitled Penal and civil liability and comprising Articles 53 to 59, provides for the following remedies: - Fines or imprisonment for not more than 2 years (Article 53); - Prohibitory injunctions, under penalty of a fine (Article 53 a); - Compensatory damages equivalent to reasonable remuneration or even compensation for losses, mental suffering or other injuries (Article 54); - Surrender or delivery up of infringing items, moulds or devices (Article 55); and - Infringement investigation (akin to Anton Piller order under UK law or descriptive seizure under French law) (Article 56 a). A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Nothing in the Swedish Copyright Act seems to prejudice the various protections listed in Article 13. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Sweden has brought into force a few amendments in order to comply with the Directive before 1st January 1998. Thus at least, Sweden abided by the Directive implementation deadline laid down in Article 16.1 1. Pursuant to Article 16.1 2, due reference has been made to the Directive in the implementing Act. % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) Article 6.2(a) Directive is oddly reflected in Article 12 SCA, which is entitled Reproduction for Private Purposes and reads : $Q\RQH LV HQWLWOHG WR PDNH IRU SULYDWH SXUSRVHV VLQJOH FRSLHV RI ZRUNV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ PDGH SXEOLF 6XFK FRSLHV PD\ QRW EH XVHG IRU RWKHU SXUSRVHV 7KH SURYLVLRQV LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK GR QRW FRQIHU D ULJKW WR   PDNH FRSLHV LQ GLJLWDO IRUP RI FRPSLODWLRQV LQ GLJLWDO IRUP  Item 1 ( reproduction , see Framework for Analysis) goes beyond single copies . Item 2 ( for private purposes ) appears in both texts. Article 12 2 SCA reflects item 3 ( of a non-electronic database ) except that it D FRQWUDULR permits to make copies in
315

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 analogous form of compilations in digital form whereas Article 6.2(a) Directive only allows the reproduction (both in digital and analogous forms) of a non-electronic database. In addition to Article 12 SCA, a seemingly innocuous provision has been tucked away in Chapter VII (Penal an civil liability). Article 53 2, in fine SCA reads: $Q\RQH ZKR IRU KLV SULYDWH XVH KDV PDGH D FRS\ LQ GLJLWDO IRUP RI D FRPSLODWLRQ LQ GLJLWDO IRUP ZKLFK KDV EHHQ DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF VKDOO XQGHU WKH VDPH FRQGLWLRQV QRW EHDU FULPLQDO OLDELOLW\ IRU WKH DFW This is an exemption from criminal, not civil, liability. Yet Article 53 must be read in connection with Article 53a et seq. which empower Swedish Courts to grant plaintiffs civil remedies against persons who infringe Article 53, including prohibitory injunctions, compensation for losses etc. (see above). From this muddle it emerges that the Swedish Act is mostly in line with Article 6.2 (a) Directive. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) As for education, not research, three separate provisions are of relevance. First, Article 13 SCA entitled Reproduction in the Course of Educational Activities permits copies of published works ( ) [to] be prepared ( ) and recordings [to] be made ( ) . Article 6.2(b) Directive is only roughly implemented : 1. for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching is mirrored by for the purpose of educational activities ; 2. scientific research is not at issue here; 3. as long as the source is indicated is reflected by the source shall be stated to the extent and in the manner required by proper usage in Article 11 2; 4. the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved is nowhere reflected as such. Note also the opening requirement of a compensating collective licence : where an extended collective licence applies under Article 26 i . Secondly, Article 21 SCA entitled Public performances provides that $Q\RQH PD\ SXEOLFO\ SHUIRUP SXEOLVKHG ZRUNV   LQ WKH FRXUVH RI HGXFDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV DQG IRU GLYLQH VHUYLFHV  7KH SURYLVLRQV RI WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK LWHP  GR QRW FRQIHU D ULJKW WR SHUIRUP IRU FRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVHV FRPSLODWLRQV LQ WKH FRXUVH RI HGXFDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV
316

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Thirdly, Article 18 SCA exempts, against remuneration, composite works for use in educational activities of minor portions of literary ( ) works ( ) provided that five years have elapsed from the publication of those works . B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Articles 26 to 26 b SCA already set out exceptions for public debates, public documents, etc. similar to that of Article 6.2(c). In particular, Article 26 b 2 SCA states that : &RS\ULJKW GRHV QRW SUHYHQW WKH XVH RI D ZRUN LQ WKH LQWHUHVW RI WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI MXVWLFH RU RI SXEOLF VHFXULW\ B.1.a.iv Other exceptions Pursuant to Article 6.2(d), other traditional exceptions have been maintained. The following exceptions are of particular relevance to databases : - Reproduction within certain archives and libraries (Article 16 SCA); - Reproduction for visually handicapped persons, etc. (Article 17 SCA); - Quotations of works made available to the public in accordance with proper usage and to the extent necessary for the purpose (Article 22 SCA); - Information on current events (Article 25 SCA); - Special provisions on computer programs (Article 26 g SCA), of which paragraphs 5 and 6 are dealt with above under A.2.d.i : Lawful use; and - Extended collective licences (Article 26 i SCA). Note that the Swedish draughtsman has added a third paragraph to Article 21 SCA on Public performances to the effect that this exception does not confer a right to perform, for commercial purposes, compilations in the course of educational activities . As this amendment removes an exception, it is authorised under the Directive. % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) By virtue of Article 49 3 SCA WKH SURYLVLRQV RI $UWLFOHV             E  G   I  J  DQG  L VKDOO DSSO\ DOVR WR SURGXFW VLF UHIHUUHG WR LQ >$UWLFOH @ Thus catalogue right exceptions are clones from copyright ones which are engineered by way of cross-references. Since Article 53 2 in fine SCA does not appear in Article 49 3 SCA, it has presumably not been grafted onto catalogue right, unlike Article 56a 2 FCA in Finland.
317

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) Article 9(a) Directive is oddly reflected in Article 12 SCA, which is entitled Reproduction for Private Purposes and reads : $Q\RQH LV HQWLWOHG WR PDNH IRU SULYDWH SXUSRVHV VLQJOH FRSLHV RI ZRUNV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ PDGH SXEOLF 6XFK FRSLHV PD\ QRW EH XVHG IRU RWKHU SXUSRVHV 7KH SURYLVLRQV LQ WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK GR QRW FRQIHU D ULJKW WR   PDNH FRSLHV LQ GLJLWDO IRUP RI FRPSLODWLRQV LQ GLJLWDO IRUP  Item 1 ( extraction , see Framework for Analysis) goes beyond single copies ( ) in digital form . Item 2 ( for private purposes ) appears in both texts. Article 122 SCA reflects item 3 ( of a non-electronic database ) except that it D FRQWUDULR permits to make copies in analogous form of compilations in digital form whereas Article 9(a) Directive only allows the extraction (both in digital and analogous form) of the contents a non-electronic database. More importantly, the Swedish legislator has totally overlooked that this exception is not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . Note that Article 53 2, in fine SCA (see B.1.a.1 above) presumably concerns compilation copyright, not catalogue right. B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) As for education, not research, three separate provisions are of relevance. First, Article 13 SCA entitled Reproduction in the Course of Educational Activities permits copies of published works ( ) [to] be prepared ( ) and recordings [to] be made ( ) without referring to extraction. Article 9(b) Directive is only roughly implemented : 1. for purposes of illustration for teaching is mirrored by for the purpose of educational activities ; 2. scientific research is not at issue here; 3. as long as the source is indicated is reflected by the source shall be stated to the extent and in the manner required by proper usage in Article 11, al.2; 4. the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved is nowhere reflected as such. Note also the opening requirement of a compensating collective licence : where an extended collective licence applies under Article 26 i . Secondly, Article 21 SCA provides that $Q\RQH PD\ SXEOLFO\ SHUIRUP SXEOLVKHG ZRUNV   LQ WKH FRXUVH RI HGXFDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV DQG IRU GLYLQH VHUYLFHV
318

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257  7KH SURYLVLRQV RI WKH ILUVW SDUDJUDSK LWHP  GR QRW FRQIHU D ULJKW WR SHUIRUP IRU FRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVHV FRPSLODWLRQV LQ WKH FRXUVH RI HGXFDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV Thirdly, Article 18 SCA exempts, against remuneration, composite works for use in educational activities of minor portions of literary ( ) works ( ) provided that five years have elapsed from the publication of those works . All the way through those articles the Swedish legislator has totally overlooked that this exception is not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Articles 26 to 26 b SCA already set out exceptions for public debates, public documents, etc. similar to that of Article 9(c). The Swedish legislator has overlooked that this exception is not meant to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . B.2.a.iv Other exceptions Recital 52 of the Directive permits Member States which have specific rules providing for a right comparable to the VXL JHQHULV right to retain the exceptions traditionally specified by such rules. The traditional exceptions which have accordingly been maintained include Articles 9, 112, 121, 13, 16-18, 22, 26, 26 b and 26 e limited to the reproduction right. The following exceptions are of particular relevance to databases : - Reproduction within certain archives and libraries (Article 16 SCA); - Reproduction for visually handicapped persons, etc. (Article 17 SCA); and - Quotations of works made available to the public in accordance with proper usage and to the extent necessary for the purpose (Article 22 SCA). While extending the communication right to catalogue right, the implementing Act has added further cross-references to Articles 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 26 d, 26 f SCA as well as more importantly to - Information on current events (Article 25 SCA); and - Extended Collective Licences (Article 26 i SCA). This extension runs counter to the Directive9.

This view is shared by Karnell, 1999 GRUR Int. 333.

319

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV Article 3 SCA, which lays down paternity and integrity rights and recognises limited waivers, presumably applies to databases as literary works. $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases Article 40a SCA in respect of copyright in a computer program created in employment relations provides for a presumption of transfer to the employer unless otherwise agreed in contract. $ FRQWUDULR such a rebuttable presumption of transfer would seem to apply neither to database copyright nor to catalogue right. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons Nothing is provided in this respect. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) Article 6 SCA provides for joint authorship. $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV See Chapter III SCA on Transfer of Copyright. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Article 40a SCA in respect of copyright in a computer program created in employment relations provides for a presumption of transfer to the employer unless otherwise agreed in contract. $ FRQWUDULR such a rebuttable presumption of transfer would seem to apply neither to database copyright nor to catalogue right. B.1.b Collective investments By virtue of Article 49 3 SCA
320

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 WKH SURYLVLRQV RI $UWLFOHV   VKDOO DSSO\ DOVR WR SURGXFW VLF UHIHUUHG WR LQ >$UWLFOH @ Article 6 SCA provides for joint authorship. B.1.c Presumption of ownership By virtue of Article 49 3 SCA WKH SURYLVLRQV RI $UWLFOHV   VKDOO DSSO\ DOVR WR SURGXFW VLF UHIHUUHG WR LQ >$UWLFOH @ Article 7 SCA sets out a rebuttable presumption of authorship in favour of, roughly, the person whose name appears on copies of the work. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Article 49 3 SCA provides for the application of certain copyright provisions to catalogue right. However, those do not include Article 27 SCA on transfer of copyright. As a result, it would seem that catalogue right either may not be assigned or may be so under the common rules of civil law.



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This grim saga may interestingly be compared with the British Horseracing Board case in the United Kingdom. The plaintiff, Fixtures Marketing Limited ( FM ), maintained a database of fixture lists for several British football leagues. The defendant, Svenska Spel AB ( SS ), ran betting games. SS borrowed up to 90% of FM s match schedules for its coupons. FM asserted protection under Article 49 of the Swedish Copyright Act.. The Gotland District Court held that the football fixture lists contained a large amount of data and showed a substantial investment and accordingly enjoyed protection under Article 49 SCA. It rejected SS argument that the database constituted a mere spin-off from FM s planning activities. The Court, however, found no infringement of catalogue right. Article 49 protection for catalogues was narrow and did not extend to the underlying information. It was confined to copying the whole or large parts of the data in a similar compilation and thinly-disguised plagiarisms, i.e. unfair parasitism or misappropriation. The claim was therefore dismissed. The Svea Court of Appeal confirmed the sentence and Fixtures Marketing appealed to the Supreme Court. The Swedish Supreme Court has just referred questions to the ECJ for preliminary ruling. The questions were received at the ECJ' s Registry on 24 September 2002 and are awaiting translation and publication in the Official Journal.

10

Gotland District Court, 11 April 2000 and Svea Court of Appeal.

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The Directive has been transposed into United Kingdom law by means of the &RS\ULJKW DQG 5LJKWV LQ 'DWDEDVHV 5HJXODWLRQV  ( the Regulations ). That statutory instrument was enacted on 18th December 1997 and came into force on 1st January 1998 (S.I. 1997 No. 3032). The UK Copyright Directorate circulated to interested parties a consultative paper in August 1997. The Regulations are made up of five parts and two schedules : - Part I of the Regulations (Regulations 1-4) contains introductory provisions; - Part II of the Regulations (Regulations 5-11) aims to amend the Copyright, Design and Patent Act 1988 ( CDPA ) as regards copyright protection of databases; - Stand-alone Part III of the Regulations (Regulations 12-25) introduces and regulates a new VXL JHQHULV database right; - Part IV of the Regulations (Regulations 26-30) sets out savings and transitional provisions; - Schedule 1 attached to Regulation 20(2) lays down exceptions to database right for public administration; - Schedule 2 attached to Regulation 24 provides for the licensing of database right.  6XPPDU\ RI ILQGLQJV

By and large, the United Kingdom has duly implemented the Directive. The major failures comprise the following : - The limits to lawful use set out in Article 6.3 Directive have not been transposed. The wording anything in the exercise of the right in Section 50D(1) CDPA seems to leave no room for a Berne-like three-step test or, at least, a fair dealing proviso (A.2.d.ii); - Regulation 18 on qualification goes, at the same time, beyond and below Article 11 Directive. For one thing, the added wording or, if it was made jointly, one or more of its makers takes a stand on qualification in case of joint makership a crucial issue totally, and perhaps purposely, overlooked by the Directive. That stand, if debatable in theory, in practice proves highly useful to SHU VH non-qualifying nationals or companies as those just need one co-investor, e.g. an EEA-based subsidiary, to overcome such (equally debatable) EEA protectionism. Yet or rightholders in Article 11.1 has not been transposed. This cut may prove terribly harmful to EEA successors in title of nonqualifying non-EEA makers. Where the former acquire databases from the latter, Article 11.1 Directive might be interpreted as qualifying them for VXL JHQHULV protection as rightholders, no matter the initial makers did not. Not so under Regulation 18 which focuses on EEA makers and excludes EEA rightholders acquiring databases from nonEEA makers here subsequent financial investment in purchasing rights is clearly disregarded. Just as under the Directive, however, whether or not Regulation 18
325

withdraws VXL JHQHULV protection from non-EEA successors in title of qualifying EEA makers remains unclear. Assuming it does not, Regulation 18 may, quite unjustifiably, lead to reverse discrimination against EEA, as opposed to non-EEA, successors in title. But the protectionism driving the Directive casts doubt on this interpretation (A.3.d); Contrary to Article 7.2 Directive, the re-utilisation right under Regulations 12(1) and 16(1) does not cover on-line or other forms of transmission (A.3.e.ii); Falling short of Article 7.5 Directive, Regulation 16(2) on repeated and systematic use of insubstantial parts has rather poorly transposed the additional condition of implying acts which conflict with a normal exploitation of that database or which unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of its maker by the modal verb may (A.3.e.iii); Because the definition of substantial laid down in Regulation 12(1) refers to quantity or quality solely in relation to any investment, extraction or reutilization , the wording quantitatively and/or qualitatively has not been transposed in respect of both insubstantial parts for lawful use under Article 8.1 Directive and substantial change for a new term of protection under Article 10.3 Directive. These omissions might be no more than the fruit of inadvertence (A.3.g.i and A.3.h.iii); The limits laid down in Articles 8.2 and 8.3 Directive have not been transposed (A.3.g.ii and iii).

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Further minor flaws include : - The exclusion for computer programs set out in Article 1.3 Directive is nowhere clearly reflected in the Regulations (A.1.b). - Section 3 (1) (a) CDPA keeps a table or compilation other than database protected under traditional UK copyright and its lower skill, judgement and labour threshold. But what are such compilations other than databases? And does the Directive allow for alternative protections? Moreover, since Section 3 (1) (a) CDPA protects databases as literary works, database copyright arguably requires fixation in a material form, which conflicts with the Directive.(A.2.a.i) . - Article 3.2 excluding the database contents from copyright has not been expressly transposed (A.2.a.iii). - Article 4.1 Directive on authorship ( the natural person ) may be given a broader sense under Section 9(1) CDPA ( the person ) (A.2.b). - Article 5(a) Directive may have needed a modicum of transposition by way of clarification (A.2.c.i). - Article 5(e) Directive in relation to further acts with the results of an adaptation is nowhere expressly reflected in the CDPA (A.2.c.ii). - The adjective normal qualifying the lawful use exception in Article 6.1 Directive has been omitted from Section 50D (1) CDPA (A.2.d.i). - The wording extent in connection to the non-commercial purpose of research under Article 6.2(b) Directive is not adequately reflected in Section 29 (5) CDPA. What then if the purpose is dual, both commercial and non-commercial? (B.1.a..ii). It is worth mentioning that : - The phrase whether under a licence or otherwise defining a lawful user goes beyond a licence and may encompass either the absence of any restricted act or an exception to such a restricted act (A.2.d.i and A.3.g.i).
326

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Pursuant to Article 249 (3) (ex-189 (3)) EC Treaty, a directive shall be binding, as to the results to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of forms and methods. The inconsistencies cropping up in the United Kingdom Regulations mostly affect such forms and methods and scarcely thwart or threaten the overall results to be achieved under the Directive. It is nonetheless submitted that the UK draughtsman should remedy the major failures pinpointed above.

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A.1.a Mandatory criteria (Articles 1.1 & 1.2) Although Article 1.1 ( in any form ) has not been transposed, the definition of a database in Article 1.2 has been literally transposed by Regulation 6 inserting a new Section 3A (1) in the CDPA. In %ULWLVK +RUVHUDFLQJ %RDUG Y :LOOLDP +LOO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ1 Laddie J observed from the outset that this definition was very broad . After citing Article 1 and various recitals, he concluded that the expression database had D YHU\ ZLGH PHDQLQJ FRYHULQJ YLUWXDOO\ DOO FROOHFWLRQV RI GDWD LQ VHDUFKDEOH IRUP (para 30). A.1.b Exclusions (Article 1.3) The exclusions for computer programs (Article 1.3 and recital 23), recordings (recital 17) and CDs (recital 19) have not been expressly transposed. This is not problematic since UK law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. A.1.c Applications The applications laid down in recitals 20 and 22 have not been mentioned. This is not problematic since UK law is to be construed consistently with the Directive. $ &RS\ULJKW

A.2.a. Criteria for copyright protection (Article 3) A.2.a.i.Mandatory criteria (Article 3.1) First, Regulation 5 has so amended Section 3(1) CDPA as to make clear that databases are copyright subject-matter as literary works. Pursuant to Section 3(1) CDPA, in relevant part, OLWHUDU\ ZRUN  DFFRUGLQJO\ LQFOXGHV  D D WDEOH RU FRPSLODWLRQ RWKHU WKDQ D GDWDEDVH  DQG G D GDWDEDVH This is quite intriguing. We are told that the distinction between a compilation and a database is to be an hermetic one, excluding any overlap, but we are not told where to
1

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328

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 draw it. Yet that distinction matters as compilation copyright, unlike database copyright, is left unaffected by the Directive. And does this allow for alternative protections? Moreover, since Section 3(1)(d) CDPA protects databases as literary works, database copyright arguably requires fixation in a material form, which conflicts with the Directive. Firmly relying on the assumption that the Directive sought to harmonise the law regarding all compilations of information, Derclaye2 advocates removing copyright protection for tables and compilations (i.e. deleting S. 3(1)(a)). She further suggests that Section 3(1)(d) and the words a literary words consisting of in Section 3A (2) CDPA (see below) should be deleted as well. Secondly, the mandatory threshold for database copyright ( the author s own intellectual creation by reason of the selection or arrangement of the database s contents) has been properly transposed by Regulation 6 which inserts a new Section 3A (2) in the CDPA. In addition, Section 3A (2) expressly mentions the adjective original . This is significant and revealing of the British draughtsman s goodwill. Indeed, prior to the Regulations, a mere display of own skill, knowledge, labour, taste or judgement or expenditure of sweat of the brow sufficed to bring about UK compilation copyright. Cornish3 recalls that
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Cornish further refers to the House of Lords taking account, in the /DGEURNH )RRWEDOO Y :LOOLDP +LOO )RRWEDOO5 1964 case
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Lord Devlin7 went so far as to draw an analogy with a selection of poetry. Cornish suggests that such copyright at cheap rate was used to compensate for lack of a roving concept of unfair competition 8. The /DGEURNH Y :LOOLDP +LOO authority was cited in the currently pending %ULWLVK +RUVHUDFLQJ %RDUG cases (in which Laddie J subtly alludes to a database of poems), ironically involving either William Hill or Ladbroke as defendants.
E. Derclaye, "Do sections 3 and 3A CDPA violate the Database Directive? A closer look at the definition of a database in the UK and its compatibility with European law", EIPR, 2002, forthcoming. 3 W. R. Cornish, Intellectual Property, 4th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1999. 4 See p. 383 and references in footnotes. 5 1 WLR 273 or 1 All ER 465, HL. 6 p. 384. 7 at 290. 8 p. 385.
329

 Originality had been defined by Peterson J in the 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /RQGRQ 3UHVV Y 8QLYHUVLW\ 7XWRULDO 3UHVV9 1916 case as a mere requirement that WKH ZRUN PXVW QRW EH FRSLHG IURP DQRWKHU ZRUN WKDW LW VKRXOG RULJLQDWH IURP WKH DXWKRU The author s own intellectual creation test only applies to databases. The old, (probably) lower skill, judgment and labour test still applies to any other works, including tables or compilations other than databases but also cable programmes, broadcasts and computer programs. (Retrospectively, this casts doubt on the transposition of the Software Directive, for which the UK legislator felt that no implementation of the author s own intellectual creation criterion was needed). Insidiously then, the Directive raises the threshold for protection as far as UK databases are concerned. Consequently, Regulation 29, with the blessing of Article 14.2, lays down a saving for copyright in existing UK databases (see below A.2.f.ii). As for future databases, some UK commentators apparently cried out that copyright protection would be dramatically reduced. Cook responds:
7KLV PD\ KRZHYHU EH D P\WK DQG WKH SUDFWLFDO HIIHFW RI WKH 5HJXODWLRQV RQ FRS\ULJKW OHVV VLJQLILFDQW WKDQ VRPH FRPPHQWDWRUV PD\ WKLQN10

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A.2.a.ii Exclusions (Article 3.2) Although recital 19 has not been transposed, nothing in the Regulations runs counter to its substance. A.2.a.iii Coexistence with rights on the contents (Article 3.2) The exclusion of the contents set out in Article 3.2 has not been expressly transposed. Nevertheless, this exclusion seems to be clear in the UK draughtsman s mind. A.2.b Authorship (Article 4) Article 4.1 Directive ( the natural person who created the database ) is awkwardly mirrored in Section 9(1) CDPA providing, in part, that DXWKRU LQ UHODWLRQ WR D ZRUN PHDQV WKH SHUVRQ ZKR FUHDWHV LW However, it seems that first ownership under Section 9(1) CDPA (regardless of computer-generation and employment contracts) always vests in an individual. Section 10(1) CDPA provides for joint authorship.

10

2 Ch. 601 at 608. Cook, T., Implementation of the database directive in the UK, Copyright World, 1998, 35, at 37.
330

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.c Restricted acts (Article 5) A.2.c.i Reproduction right (Article 5(a)) Article 5(a) may have needed a modicum of transposition by way of clarification. Temporary or permanent reproduction is presumably covered by existing Section 17(6) CDPA providing that copying in relation to any description of a work includes the making of copies which are transient or are incidental to some other use of the work . By any means and in any form is presumably covered by existing Section 17(2) CDPA providing, in relevant part, that copying in relation to a literary ( ) works means reproducing the work in any material form. This includes storing the work in any medium by electronic means . In whole or in part is presumably covered by existing Section 16(3)(a) CDPA providing, in relevant part, that references ( ) to the doing of an act restricted by the copyright in a work are the doing of it in relation to the work as a whole or any substantial part of it . Although Article 5(a) does not demand that the part be substantial , it is assumed that substantiality is required as a matter of infringement. A.2.c.ii Adaptation right (Article 5(b) and 5(e)) Article 5(b) has been properly transposed by Regulation 7 inserting a new Section 21 (3) (ac) in the CDPA which mirrors Article 5(b) and reads : DGDSWDWLRQ  LQ UHODWLRQ WR D GDWDEDVH PHDQV DQ DUUDQJHPHQW RU DOWHUHG YHUVLRQ RI WKH GDWDEDVH RU D WUDQVODWLRQ RI LW Article 5(e) in relation to further acts with the results of such adaptation has not been transposed. A.2.c.iii Distribution right & exhaustion (Article 5(c)) A.2.c.iii.1 Distribution right (Article 5 (c))

Article 5(c) needed no transposition. Indeed, Section 18(1) and 18(4) CDPA already provide for a right to issue copies (or the original) of the work to the public. A.2.c.iii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 5 (c))

Article 5(c) needed no transposition. Indeed, Section 18(2)(a) CDPA already provides for EEA-wide exhaustion upon first sale of copies by or with the consent of the copyright owner whilst Section 18(2)(b) CDPA clearly rules out any world-wide exhaustion regime. A.2.c.iv Communication right (Article 5(d))
331

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 5(d) needed no transposition. Indeed, Section 19 CDPA already provides for a right to perform, show or play the work in public. A.2.c.v Rental and lending (Article 2(b)) Article 2(b) required no transposition. Moreover, Section 18A CDPA already provides for a right to rent or lend the work to the public. A.2.d Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 6) A.2.d.i Lawful use (Articles 6.1 and 15) Article 15 making this exception binding is properly transposed by Regulation 9 inserting a new Section 50D (2), as well as Regulation 10 inserting a new Section 296B entitled Databases , in the CDPA. The lawful use exception of Article 6.1 has been implemented by Regulation 9 which inserts a new Section 50D (1) entitled Databases: permitted acts in the CDPA. Items 3 to 5 and 7 (see Framework for Analysis) have been literally transposed. Items 1, 2, 6 and 8 have undergone minor variations in their wording : 1. lawful user has been replaced by a person who has a right to use ; 2. any acts listed in Article 5 has been replaced by anything in the exercise of the right ; 6. normal use has been replaced by use ; 8. or of a copy thereof has not been specified. Only the omission of the adjective normal in relation to use (item 6) warrants criticism. Article 6.1, 2nd sentence has been properly transposed ( or of that part ). A.2.d.ii Limits (Article 6.3) The limits set out in Article 6.3 Directive have not been transposed. The wording anything in the exercise of the right in Section 50D(1) CDPA seems to leave no room for a Berne-like three-step test or, at least, a fair dealing proviso. A.2.e Term (Article 2(c) Article 2(c) required no transposition. Moreover, Section 12(2) CDPA already provides that copyright expires at the end of the period of 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author dies, subject as follows .

332

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.2.f Application over time (Articles 14.1, 14.2 and 14.4) A.2.f.i Databases created before 1 January 1998 (Article 14.1) Article 14.1 has been properly transposed by Regulation 27 which provides, as a general rule, that subject to Regulations 28 and 29, these Regulations apply to databases made before or after commencement . A.2.f.ii Saving for copyright in existing databases (Article 14.2) Article 14.2, which is meant to keep sweat-of-the-brow compilations protected irrespective of eligibility for copyright as amended by the Directive, has been properly transposed by Regulation 29. This saving is confined to databases created on or before the 27th March 1996, i.e. when the Directive was published. Copyright shall continue to subsist for the remainder of its term. A.2.f.iii Acquired rights (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has been properly transposed by Regulation 28 laying down a general saving for agreements made before commencement. The further saving ruling out infringement in respect of acts done before commencement (or after commencement, in pursuance of an agreement made before commencement) only applies to VXL JHQHULV right. $ 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

A.3.a. Criteria for VXL JHQHULV protection (Article 7.1) A.3.a.i Mandatory criteria (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 has been properly transposed by both Regulations 13 and 12 (1). Items 1 and 2 (see Framework for Analysis) in relation to quality and quantity have been referred to in the definition of substantial laid down in Regulation 12 (1). Items 3 to 7 have been properly transposed by Regulation 13 (1). Furthermore, the definition of investment embedded in Regulation 12 (1) includes any investment, whether of financial, human or technical resources , thereby taking up such clarifications as made by recitals 7, 39 and 40. In %ULWLVK +RUVHUDFLQJ %RDUG Y :LOOLDP +LOO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ11 Laddie J inferred from no less than 11 recitals that the objective behind the creation of database right was protecting investment. He also inferred from recital 19 that the substantiality requirement for database right to subsist in an investment was fairly low . Laddie J then turned to the protected types of investment as clarified by recital 40 and Article 7(1). He made clear that effort put into creating the actual data which is subsequently collected together in the database is irrelevant , finding confirmation for this in Article
11

High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Mr Justice Laddie, 9 February 2001, [2001] R.P.C. 612-639.
333

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 7(4). For this reason, the costs and effort involved in BHB fixing the date of a racing fixture did not count towards the relevant investment. On the other hand, though possibly hard to distinguish in practice, the effort going into gathering all the data together was relevant as constituting obtaining the data. Equally relevant was verification consisting of ensuring the accuracy, or continuing accuracy, of a collection of data, even if the content or form of that collection was substantially unchanged this important point was reinforced by recital 55. Finally, investment in presentation counted, covering at least the effort put into making the data more readily accessible to the user, such as the design of the layout. Yet Laddie J found unclear the borderline between the latter type of investment and the exclusion of computer programs laid down in Article 1(3). Realising that this was obiter dictum, he went no further and sighed with relief (paras 31-37). A.3.a.ii Exclusions Although recital 45 has not been transposed, nothing in the Regulations runs counter to its substance. A.3.b Makership (Article 7.1) Article 7.1 has, to the relevant extent, been properly transposed by Regulation 14 (1). Furthermore, Regulation 14 (1) takes up recital 41 referring to taking the initiative of obtaining, verifying or presenting and assuming the risk of investing in the same. In addition, Regulation 15 makes it clear that the maker is the first owner. The database maker may be contrasted with the author of a computer-generated work. By Section 9(3) CDPA the latter is taken to be the person by whom the arrangements necessary for the creation of the work are undertaken . A.3.c Contractual dealings (Article 7.3) Article 7.3 as such has not been transposed but Regulation 23 provides for the application of copyright provisions to database right, including Sections 90 to 93 CDPA (dealing with rights in copyright works) as well as Sections 101 and 102 CDPA (rights and remedies of exclusive licensee). A.3.d Qualification (Articles 11.1 and 11.2) As regards natural persons, Article 11.1 has been transposed by Regulation 18 (1) (a), which reads :  'DWDEDVH ULJKW GRHV QRW VXEVLVW LQ D GDWDEDVH XQOHVV DW WKH PDWHULDO WLPH LWV PDNHU RU LI LW ZDV PDGH MRLQWO\ RQH RU PRUH RI LWV PDNHUV ZDV D DQ LQGLYLGXDO ZKR ZDV D QDWLRQDO RI DQ (($ VWDWH RU KDELWXDOO\ UHVLGHQW ZLWKLQ WKH (($ As regards legal persons, Article 11.2. has been transposed by Regulation 18 (1) (b)(c) as well as Regulation 18 (2) (a)-(b). Regulation 18 (1) (b)-(c) reads :
334

 'DWDEDVH ULJKW GRHV QRW VXEVLVW LQ D GDWDEDVH XQOHVV DW WKH PDWHULDO WLPH LWV PDNHU RU LI LW ZDV PDGH MRLQWO\ RQH RU PRUH RI LWV PDNHUV ZDV E D ERG\ ZKLFK ZDV LQFRUSRUDWHG XQGHU WKH ODZ RI DQ (($ VWDWH DQG ZKLFK DW WKDW WLPH VDWLVILHG RQH RI WKH FRQGLWLRQV LQ SDUDJUDSK  RU F D SDUWQHUVKLS RU RWKHU XQLQFRUSRUDWHG ERG\ ZKLFK ZDV IRUPHG XQGHU WKH ODZ RI DQ (($ VWDWH DQG ZKLFK DW WKDW WLPH VDWLVILHG WKH FRQGLWLRQ LQ SDUDJUDSK D  7KH FRQGLWLRQV PHQWLRQHG LQ SDUDJUDSKV E DQG F DUH D WKDW WKH ERG\ KDV LWV FHQWUDO DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RU SULQFLSDO SODFH RI EXVLQHVV ZLWKLQ WKH (($ E WKDW WKH ERG\ KDV LWV UHJLVWHUHG RIILFH ZLWKLQ WKH (($ DQG WKH ERG\V RSHUDWLRQV DUH OLQNHG RQ DQ RQJRLQJ EDVLV ZLWK WKH HFRQRP\ RI DQ (($ VWDWH Regulation 18 goes, at the same time, beyond and below Article 11 Directive. For one thing, the added wording or, if it was made jointly, one or more of its makers takes a stand on qualification in case of joint makership a crucial issue totally, and perhaps purposely, overlooked by the Directive. That stand, if debatable in theory, in practice proves highly useful to SHU VH non-qualifying nationals or companies as those just need one co-investor, e.g. an EEA-based subsidiary, to overcome such (equally debatable) EEA protectionism. Yet or rightholders in Article 11.1 has not been transposed. This cut may prove terribly harmful to EEA successors in title of non-qualifying non-EEA makers. Where the former acquire databases from the latter, Article 11.1 Directive might be interpreted as qualifying them for VXL JHQHULV protection as rightholders, no matter the initial makers did not. Not so under Regulation 18 which focuses on EEA makers and excludes EEA rightholders acquiring databases from non-EEA makers here subsequent financial investment in purchasing rights is clearly disregarded. Just as under the Directive, however, whether or not Regulation 18 withdraws VXL JHQHULV protection from non-EEA successors in title of qualifying EEA makers remains unclear. Assuming it does not, Regulation 18 may, quite unjustifiably, lead to reverse discrimination against EEA, as opposed to non-EEA, successors in title. But the protectionism driving the Directive casts doubt on this interpretation Moreover, the entanglements of Regulation 18 (1)(b)-(c) and (2)(a)-(b) may not accurately reflect Article 11.2 Directive. A.3.e Restricted acts (Article 7.2) The United Kingdom rightly steers clear of traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public and instead uses the autonomous extraction and re-utilisation Directive terms. There is apparently no secondary infringement.
335

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Nowhere is public lending expressly excluded from the scope of VXL JHQHULV right although Regulation 12(2-4) seems to have this effect. However, Regulation 12(2) only applies to an establishment which is accessible to the public otherwise than for direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage and, by Regulation 12(4), does not apply to on-the-spot reference use . Nowhere is misappropriation under database right expressly extended beyond competitors although this seems to be clear in the UK draughtsman s mind. A.3.e.i Extraction right (Article 7.2(a)) Article 7.2 (a) has been properly transposed by both Regulation 12 (1) and 16 (1). Items 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (see Framework for Analysis) have been transposed by the definition of extraction laid down in Regulation 12 (1). Items 5 and 6 ( qualitatively and/or quantitatively ) have been transposed by the definition of substantial laid down in Regulation 12 (1). Items 3 and 4 ( all or a substantial part ) have been transposed by the definition of infringement set out in Regulation 16 (1). Obviously the wording extraction is a metaphor. In %ULWLVK +RUVHUDFLQJ %RDUG Y :LOOLDP +LOO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ12 Laddie J held :
7KH 'LUHFWLYH GRHV QRW UHTXLUH WKDW H[WUDFWLRQ VKRXOG EH GLUHFW UDWKHU WKDQ LQGLUHFW QRU GRHV WKH GHILQLWLRQ LQYROYH WKH FRQFHSW RI WDNLQJ DZD\ $OO WKDW LV UHTXLUHG LV WKDW D VXEVWDQWLDO SDUW RI WKH FRQWHQWV EH WUDQVIHUUHG WR D QHZ PHGLXP (para. 57)

A.3.e.ii Re-utilisation right & exhaustion (Article 7.2(b)) A.3.e.ii.1 Re-utilisation right (Article 7.2(b)) Items 1 and 6 have been properly transposed by the definition of reutilisation laid down in Regulation 12 (1). Items 4 and 5 have been properly transposed by the definition of substantial laid down in Regulation 12 (1). Items 2 and 3 have been properly transposed by the definition of infringement set out in Regulation 16 (1). Yet items 7 to 10 ( by the distribution of copies, by renting, by on-line or other forms of transmission ) have not been transposed. This flaw has been hinted at by Gibson L.J. on appeal in the British Horseracing Board case. A.3.e.ii.2 Exhaustion of the right to control the resale (Article 7.2(b)) The Community (EEA) exhaustion rule for copies enshrined in Article 7.2(b), 2nd sentence has been properly transposed by Regulation 12 (5). A.3.e.iii Rights relating to insubstantial parts (Article 7.5) Article 7.5 has been transposed by Regulation 16 (2) stating that:
12

High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Mr Justice Laddie, 9 February 2001, [2001] R.P.C. 612-639.
336

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257  WKH UHSHDWHG DQG V\VWHPDWLF H[WUDFWLRQ RU UHXWLOLVDWLRQ RI LQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV RI WKH FRQWHQWV RI D GDWDEDVH PD\ DPRXQW WR WKH H[WUDFWLRQ RU UH XWLOLVDWLRQ RI D VXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV RI WKRVH FRQWHQWV Items 1 to 4 (see Framework for Analysis) have been properly transposed. However, items 5 and 6 setting out the additional condition of: LPSO\LQJ DFWV ZKLFK FRQIOLFW ZLWK D QRUPDO H[SORLWDWLRQ RI WKDW GDWDEDVH RU ZKLFK XQUHDVRQDEO\ SUHMXGLFH WKH OHJLWLPDWH LQWHUHVWV RI LWV PDNHU have been rather poorly transposed by the modal verb may . This quite vague wording begs the question : in which circumstances ? Indeed those are somewhat clarified in the Directive by way of the above Berne-like three-step test (see Article 9(2) Berne Convention). Dropping that safety valve may bring about a great deal of legal uncertainty. In %ULWLVK +RUVHUDFLQJ %RDUG Y :LOOLDP +LOO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ13 Laddie J only paid attention to the Directive and so correctly applied the test. He held that the BHB database constituted one single dynamic database in a state of constant revision and refinement. A.3.f Independence/coexistence of VXL JHQHULV from/with other rights (Article 7.4) A.3.f.i Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the database (Article 7.4) Regulation 13 (2) makes it clear that database right subsistence is not dependent upon copyright subsisting in the database structure. In %ULWLVK +RUVHUDFLQJ %RDUG Y :LOOLDP +LOO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ14 Laddie J categorically rejected the database-ness argument put forward by William Hill. This, so it was held, [ran] together two entirely distinct concepts, namely the features of form which have to exist before a database will be recognised a existing and the features of content or investment which are protected once a database is held to exist . A number of recitals made clear that infringement of the new right [was] not avoided by the taking the contents and rearranging them as what it protected was not the form but the investment (paras 44-49). A.3.f.ii Independence from copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Article 7.4) Regulation 13 (2) makes it clear that database right subsistence is not dependent upon copyright subsisting in the database contents. A.3.f.iii Coexistence with copyright (or other rights) on the contents (Article 7.4) Nothing within the Regulations seems to prejudice the existing rights on the contents.

13 14

High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Mr Justice Laddie, 9 February 2001, [2001] R.P.C. 612-639. High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Mr Justice Laddie, 9 February 2001, [2001] R.P.C. 612-639.
337

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 A.3.g Exceptions: lawful use and limits (Article 8) A.3.g.i Lawful use of insubstantial parts (Articles 8.1 and 15) Article 15 making this exception binding has been properly transposed by Regulation 19(2). Article 8.1 has almost been properly transposed by Regulation 19(1). Items 1 to 4 and 7 (see Framework for Analysis) have been properly transposed. Yet items 5 and 6 ( quantitatively and/or qualitatively ) have not been properly transposed since the definition of substantial laid down in Regulation 12(1) refers to quantity or quality solely in relation to any investment, extraction or reutilization , thereby not including lawful use of insubstantial parts . This omission might be no more than the fruit of inadvertence. In addition, Regulation 12(1) defines a lawful user , in relation to a database, as DQ\ SHUVRQ ZKR ZKHWKHU XQGHU D OLFHQFH WR GR DQ\ RI WKH DFWV UHVWULFWHG E\ DQ\ GDWDEDVH ULJKW LQ WKH GDWDEDVH RU RWKHUZLVH KDV D ULJKW WR XVH WKH GDWDEDVH The wording whether under a licence or otherwise , which was not contemplated in the Directive, goes beyond a licence and may encompass either the absence of any restricted act or an exception to such a restricted act. A.3.g.ii Limits (Articles 8.2 & 8.3) The limits have not been transposed. A.3.g.ii.1 Normal exploitation and legitimate interests (Article 8.2) Article 8.2. has not been transposed. A.3.g.ii.2 Protection of the owners of rights on the contents (Article 8.3) Article 8.3 has not been transposed. A.3.h Term of protection (Articles 10.1, 10.2 & 10.3) A.3.h.i 15 years from completion (Article 10.1) Article 10.1 has been properly transposed by Regulation 17(1). A.3.h.ii 15 years from making available (Article 10.2) Article 10.2 has been properly transposed by Regulation 17(2). A.3.h.iii Substantial new investment (Article 10.3)

338

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Article 10.3 has almost been properly transposed by Regulation 17(3). Items 1 and 4 to 10 (see Framework for Analysis) have been properly transposed. Yet items 2 and 3 ( quantitatively and/or qualitatively ) have not been properly transposed since the definition of substantial laid down in Regulation 12(1) refers to quantity or quality solely in relation to any investment, extraction or reutilization , thereby not including change . This omission might be no more than the fruit of inadvertence. A.3.i Application over time (Article 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5) A.3.i.i Databases completed up to 15 years before 1 January 1998 (Articles 14.3 and 14.5) Articles 14.3 and 14.5 have been properly transposed by Regulation 30. A.3.i.ii Acquired rights and concluded acts (Article 14.4) Article 14.4 has been properly transposed by Regulation 28 laying down a general saving for agreements made before commencement. A further saving ruling out infringement in respect of acts done before commencement (or after commencement, in pursuance of an agreement made before commencement) applies to VXL JHQHULV right. $ &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV

A.4.a Remedies (Article 12) Article 12 has been properly transposed by Regulation 23 which provides for the application of copyright provisions to database right, including Sections 96 to 98 CDPA (rights and remedies of copyright owner) as well as Sections 101 and 102 CDPA (rights and remedies of exclusive licensee). In particular, Section 96 makes available to the plaintiff all such relief by way of damages, injunctions, accounts or otherwise and Section 97 provides for flagrancy damages. It follows D FRQWUDULR that Sections 99 and 100 CDPA regarding delivery up and seizure of infringing copies have not been extended to VXL JHQHULV right. A.4.b Coexistence with other rights (Article 13) Nothing in the Regulations seems to prejudice the various protections listed in Article 13. A.4.c Transposition (Article 16.1) Pursuant to Article 16.1 para 1, the United Kingdom has brought into force the Regulations in order to comply with the Directive as of 1st January 1998. Regulation 1 (2) indeed provides that these Regulations come into force on 1st January 1998.
339

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Pursuant to Article 16.1 para 2, due reference has been made to the Directive by Regulation 2 (1) (a). % % 2SWLRQDO 3URYLVLRQV &RS\ULJKW

B.1.a Exceptions (Article 6.2) B.1.a.i Reprography (Article 6.2 (a)) The Regulations provide for no such exception allowing reproduction for private purposes of a non-electronic database as set out in Article 6.2(a). This is because there are no levies on blank media or recording equipment in the United Kingdom which could offset such an exception. B.1.a.ii Education and research (Article 6.2 (b)) As for research, not education, Article 6.2(b) has been transposed by Regulation 8 which inserts subsections (1A) and (5) in Section 29 CDPA entitled Research and private study . Items 1 to 4 (see Framework for Analysis) have been transposed into Section 29(1A) CDPA which reads : )DLU GHDOLQJ ZLWK D GDWDEDVH IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI UHVHDUFK RU SULYDWH VWXG\ GRHV QRW LQIULQJH DQ\ FRS\ULJKW LQ WKH GDWDEDVH SURYLGHG WKDW WKH VRXUFH LV LQGLFDWHG That classic exception is, as regards databases, tightened up. Indeed, Item 5 ( to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved ) has been more or less transposed into Section 29 (5) CDPA which reads : 7KH GRLQJ RI DQ\WKLQJ LQ UHODWLRQ WR D GDWDEDVH IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI UHVHDUFK IRU D FRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVH LV QRW IDLU GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH GDWDEDVH What then if the purpose is dual, both commercial and non-commercial? The wording extent is not adequately reflected. It is noteworthy that the phrase fair dealing still appears in both subsections (1A) and (5). As long as that idiosyncratic phrasing bears no independent meaning, Section 29 CDPA is in line with Article 6.2(b). As for education, Sections 32 to 36A CDPA laying down traditional exceptions have not been amended. B.1.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 6.2 (c)) Section 45 CDPA already sets out an exception for parliamentary and judicial proceedings similar to that of Article 6.2(c).

340

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 B.1.a.iv Other exceptions (Article 6.2 (d)) Pursuant to Article 6.2(d), other traditional exceptions have been maintained. The following exceptions are of particular relevance to databases : - Research and private study, to the extent not harmonised as above (Section 29 CDPA); - Criticism, review and news reporting (Section 30 CDPA); - Incidental inclusion of copyright material (Section 31 CDPA); - Education (Sections 32 to 36A CDPA); - Libraries and archives (Sections 37 to 44 CDPA); - Public administration (Sections 45 to 50 CDPA); - Typefaces (Sections 54 and 55 CDPA); - Works in electronic forms (Section 56 CDPA); - Anonymous or pseudonymous works: acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright or death of the author (Section 57 CDPA); and - Adaptations (Section 76 CDPA). % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW

B.2.a Exceptions (Article 9) Regulation 20 provides for fewer exceptions to infringement of VXL JHQHULV right than their copyright counterparts in the CDPA. For example, there is no equivalent of fair dealing for the purpose of criticism, review and news reporting, nor is there any library exception. B.2.a.i Reprography (Article 9 (a)) The Regulations provide for no such exception allowing extraction for private purposes of the contents of a non-electronic database as set out in Article 9(a). B.2.a.ii Education and research (Article 9 (b)) Article 9(b) has been transposed by Regulation 20(1). Items 1 to 4 ( extraction for the purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research, as long as the source is indicated ) have been properly transposed. Item 5 has hardly been transposed it is indeed highly questionable whether fair dealing in Regulation 20 (1) is equivalent to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved in Article 9(b). B.2.a.iii Public security, administration and justice (Article 9 (c)) Article 9(c) has been transposed by Regulation 20(2) and the attached Schedule 1 entitled Exception to database right for public administration . Schedule 1 is made up of 6 provisions covering in particular parliamentary and judicial proceedings, or reporting such proceedings. B.2.a.iv Other exceptions
341

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Although the list of optional exceptions appears to be exhaustive, Regulation 21 provides for another exception (similar to Section 57 CDPA for copyright) permitting acts on reasonable assumption as to expiry of database right and impossibility by reasonable inquiry to ascertain the maker s identity. ,, $ $ 0DWWHUV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH VFRSH RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH &RS\ULJKW 0RUDO ULJKWV Chapter IV of the CDPA provides for the following rights : - right to be identified as author or director (Section 77 CDPA), which must be asserted (Section 78 CDPA); - right to object to derogatory treatment of work (Section 80 CDPA); - right to object to false attribution of work (Section 84 CDPA). $ $XWKRUVKLS

A.2.a Employees databases Pursuant to Section 11 (2) CDPA, the employer is the first owner subject to any agreement to the contrary. A.2.b Initial authorship for legal persons This is not expressly provided for in the CDPA. A.2.c Collective works (Article 4.2) This is not expressly provided for in the CDPA. $ &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Chapter V (Sections 90 to 95) CDPA regulates dealings with rights in copyright works. % % 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DNHUVKLS

B.1.a Employees databases Regulation 14 (2) provides that ZKHUH D GDWDEDVH LV PDGH E\ DQ HPSOR\HH LQ WKH FRXUVH RI KLV HPSOR\PHQW KLV HPSOR\HU VKDOO EH UHJDUGHG DV WKH PDNHU RI WKH GDWDEDVH VXEMHFW WR DQ\ DJUHHPHQW WR WKH FRQWUDU\
342

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Regulations 14 (3) and 14 (4) respectively provide for Crown and Parliamentary database right. B.1.b Collective investments Regulation 14 (5) provides, in part, that: D GDWDEDVH LV PDGH MRLQWO\ LI WZR RU PRUH SHUVRQV DFWLQJ WRJHWKHU LQ FROODERUDWLRQ WDNH WKH LQLWLDWLYH LQ REWDLQLQJ YHULI\LQJ RU SUHVHQWLQJ WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH GDWDEDVH DQG DVVXPH WKH ULVN RI LQYHVWLQJ LQ WKDW  What if one person takes the initiative whilst another, not acting in collaboration, assumes the risk of investing? Shall there be no maker capable of owning the VXL JHQHULV right ? This would be awkward and unfortunate. B.1.c Presumption of ownership Broadly, Regulation 22 provides for statutory presumptions of ownership of database right in favour of the person whose name (only if this purports to be that of the maker) appears on copies of the database as published or on the database when it was made. Moreover, a label or a mark are admissible as evidence for the purposes of proving ownership and year of publication. Those presumptions are rebuttable i.e. apply unless the contrary is proved. % &RQWUDFWXDO PRGDOLWLHV Regulation 24 and Schedule 2 attached thereto have effect with respect to the (collective) licensing of VXL JHQHULV database right. Regulation 25 bestows jurisdiction on the Copyright Tribunal in such respect. Licensing bodies are to operate licensing schemes as carefully set out in Schedule 2, which is made up of no less than 15 provisions.

343



&

&$6(/$:

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257

 0$56 8. Y 7(.12:/('*(15 Only aspects that are relevant for our purposes will be tackled here. The claimant had designed a new coin discriminator for vending machines called Cashflow, for which it had developed a data layout, a serial communication protocol and an encryption system. The Cashflow could be re-calibrated, i.e. reprogrammed. The defendant succeeded in reverse engineering. Jacob J remarkably applied a skill, labour and judgement , rather than the author s own intellectual creation , test to find that the vast collections of sets of coins were protected presumably by database copyright rather than compilation copyright. Although he did not deign to inquire about whether this was a database , nor whether there had been a substantial investment into it, he implicitly upheld a database right in it. At trial, the defendant readily admitted infringement of copyright and database right in the coin set data (as well as copyright in several computer programs). But it put forward a common law right to repair and spare parts defence drawing its inspiration from the %ULWLVK /H\ODQG House of Lords case under the 1956 Act. Jacob J considered Article 6(2)(d) of the Directive allowing traditional copyright exceptions to be retained but this was a matter for Parliament, not judges. Accordingly he concluded that there was no spare parts or analogous defence here. Even if that were wrong, he further concluded that the re-calibration activities here were not within the scope of any such defence. Indeed, there was no overwhelming public policy reason entitling those who purchase machines with discriminators to use Mars copyright and database rights to convert those machines for new coins . Jacob J also dismissed a claim of breach of confidence and ordered a two-third interim payment of recoverable costs.



%5,7,6+ +256(5$&,1* %2$5' Y :,//,$0 +,// 25*$1,=$7,2116 This has been the first UK decision genuinely addressing a claim of database right infringement. Copyright was not asserted. Mr Justice Laddie rendered a well-reasoned judgement, of which here is but a summary.

15 16

High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Mr Justice Jacob, 11 June 1999, [1999] IP & T 26. High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Mr Justice Laddie, 9 February 2001, [2001] R.P.C. 612-639.
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 %DFNJURXQG The plaintiff, British Horseracing Board ( BHB ), is the governing authority for the British horseracing industry. BHB, amongst other functions, creates the fixture list for each year s racing. In support of its functions, BHB (in fact Weatherbys on behalf of the Jockey Club from 1985 to 1993 and of BHB since 1993) maintains and develops a computerised collection of information ( the database ). This comprises pre-race information including fixture lists set by BHB as well as details supplied by third parties, which have been accumulated over years into a collection of details of over one million horses ( information ). Maintaining the database involves a painstaking process of constantly updating and verifying the accuracy and reliability of the data. The cost of continuing to obtain, verify and present the database contents is approximately 4 million per annum. By contrast, the licence fees charged by BHB to a wide variety of third parties, including bookmakers, for use of pre-race information contained in the database currently yield an annual income of 1.2 million. Thus the fees charged are far from offsetting the costs incurred. Such racing information is made available in electronic form either by a declarations feed from Racing Pages or by a raw data feed from Satellite Information Services ( SIS ) (paras 2-11). The defendant, William Hill ( WH ) is a leading UK bookmaker taking fixed-odds bets on a wide array of events, chiefly horse racing. WH holds sub-licences from SIS on use of raw data feed, together with its own betting odds, for its licensed betting offices and telephone betting services, to which BHB agrees. Since 2000 (following limited trial in 1999) WH has embarked on comprehensive internet betting services using the same information without any licence, to which BHB soon objected. BHB claimed that WH infringed its database rights in two ways. First, each day s use by WH of data taken from the SIS RDF was an extraction or re-utilisation of a substantial part of the contents of the database contrary to Article 7(1) of the Directive. Secondly, even if the individual extracts were not substantial, the totality of WH s actions amounted to repeated and systematic extraction or re-utilisation of insubstantial parts of the contents of the database contrary to Article 7(5) of the Directive (paras 12-21). 6XEVLVWHQFH RI VXL JHQHULV ULJKW As the parties agreed that the Regulations had to be construed consistently with the Directive, accordingly attention was only paid to the provisions of the latter (para 1). Moreover, as copyright was not asserted by the plaintiff, Mr Justice Laddie did not deal with it save for saying, obiter dictum, that copyright required a quantitative baseline of originality (para 28). In addition, Laddie J warned that database right should not be looked at through copyright eyes and that courts should guard against the assumption that principles which have become familiar in the copyright field automatically apply to the new right (paras 22-23). First, Laddie J tackled the definition of a database, observing from the outset that this was very broad . After citing Article 1 and recitals 14, 17, 15, 16, 19 and 21, he concluded that the expression database had a very wide meaning covering virtually all collections of data in searchable form (paras 24-30). This appears to cover websites.
345

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Secondly, inquiring about the objective behind the creation of database right, Laddie J inferred from 11 recitals that this was protecting investment. He also inferred from recital 19 that the substantiality requirement for database right to subsist in an investment was fairly low . Laddie J then turned to the protected types of investment as clarified by recital 40 and Article 7(1). He made clear that effort put into creating the actual data which is subsequently collected together in the database is irrelevant , finding confirmation for this in Article 7(4). For this reason, the costs and effort involved in BHB fixing the date of a racing fixture did not count towards the relevant investment. On the other hand, though possibly hard to distinguish in practice, the effort going into gathering all the data together was relevant as constituting obtaining the data. Equally relevant was verification consisting of ensuring the accuracy, or continuing accuracy, of a collection of data, even if the content or form of that collection was substantially unchanged this important point was reinforced by recital 55. Finally, investment in presentation counted, covering at least the effort put into making the data more readily accessible to the user, such as the design of the layout. Yet Laddie J found unclear the borderline between the latter type of investment and the exclusion of computer programs laid down in Article 1(3). Realising that this was obiter dictum, he went no further and sighed with relief (paras 31-37). Thirdly, before addressing infringement as such, Laddie J held, on the facts, that derivation by WH of information from BHB s database had been proved by BHB (paras 38-41). ,QIULQJHPHQW The key issue was infringement. BHB was relying on either Article 7(1) or 7(5) and Mr Justice Laddie dealt with them separately. 6XEVWDQWLDO SDUW As for infringement by extraction or re-utilisation of a substantial part (Article 7(1)), BHB argued that WH was taking from the raw data feed the most vital and core data, i.e. the lists of running horses, and that WH was free-riding on BHB s investment in update and accuracy. In defence, WH submitted four interrelated arguments : (1) what WH had used was not a part, in the relevant sense, of the database ; (2) even if a part, it was not a substantial part ; (3) the use did not amount to an extraction ; and (4) it was not a re-utilisation (paras 42-43). All four were firmly thrust aside by Laddie J. 1. WH contended that database right did not protect the information (either works, data or other materials) in a database per se (thus far being supported by Article 13 and recitals 27, 45, 46 and 58) but rather the somewhat inelegantly coined database-ness of the collection of information. The database-ness , so it was argued, must lie in the fact that the independent materials are arranged in a systematic or methodical way, and are individually accessible and infringement must in some way take unfair advantage of this database-ness . This was akin to form or structure and it was in this sense that data were alleged not to be part of the database for infringement purposes. WH cited the Ladbroke (Football) v. William Hill(Football) 1964 case (1 WLR 273 or 1 All ER 465, HL) and made up that database right was to be construed so as to be narrower than the protection which used to be afforded to compilations under English copyright law . However,
346

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Laddie J categorically rejected this database-ness argument. This, so it was held, [ran] together two entirely distinct concepts, namely the features of form which have to exist before a database will be recognised a existing and the features of content or investment which are protected once a database is held to exist . Laddie J paralleled this with the written, spoken or sung (fixation in a form) requirement defining copyright subsistence yet not copyright infringing acts. Indeed recitals 38, 39 and 58 were quite explicit that the form of a database was copyright, not VXL JHQHULV right, subject-matter. Those recitals made clear that infringement of the new right [was] not avoided by the taking the contents and rearranging them as what it protected was not the form but the investment as clarified in article 7(1) and recital 40 (see above). It was for that reason that substantial investment in verification (where the form is substantially unchanged) still qualified for database right in accordance with recital 55 (see above). Hence the VXL JHQHULV nature of the infringement : in such a case, the infringer takes advantage of the relevant investment if he makes use of the accuracy of the data in the database, not because he takes it in a particular form . Furthermore, recital 42 made clear that infringement was related not only to the manufacture of a parasitical competing database but also to any user who causes significant detriment to the investment. Laddie J added that the database-ness argument led to surprising or unattractive results and was unhelpful and meaningless. He found altogether more simple to state that what are prohibited are certain kinds of use or manipulation of parts of the contents of the database (paras 44-49). 2. Next came substantiality (in respect of extraction or re-utilisation). Laddie J accepted WH s submission that this had to assessed primarily by comparing what has be taken or used with what is in the claimant s database . However, Laddie J further held that the importance [or significance] of the information to the alleged infringer [was] not irrelevant , especially for competing products. Moreover, pursuant to Article 7(1), quantity and quantity were to be looked at in combination, not separately, bearing in mind that the Directive aimed to protect investment. Here BHB was, at its heart, dedicated to horse racing. The database s ultimate purpose was to ensure that all the data relating to horse racing [was] accurately stored and available. It [was] the data relating to the races themselves which [represented] the ultimate and crucial information within the database. Here what the defendant [was] doing was making use of the most recent and core information in the database relating to racing. Laddie J accordingly made a finding of substantiality (paras 50-53). According to Gaster17, this finding is perfectly in line with the theory of the golden nugget , paying attention to the (potential) market value of the database part appropriated by the defendant. In our view, for this reason alone, not to mention Article 7(5) (see below), the substantiality test may well be more generous for VXL JHQHULV right than copyright infringement. 3. Article 7(2) defines extraction as an infringing activity. For BHB it simply meant copying . For WH, more restrictively, extraction meant taking away hence only the first removal of the data (unless the data was first put back) so that subsequent use could only amount to re-utilisation . Laddie J found WH s
17

Gaster, J., European sui generis rights for databases, C.R.I., 2001, 74, at 77.
347

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 submission inconsistent and had no doubt that it was wrong. Thus he held : The Directive does not require that extraction should be direct rather than indirect, nor does the definition involve the concept of taking away. All that is required is that a substantial part of the contents be transferred to a new medium . It is worth noting that indirect extraction is covered, provided there is a transfer to another medium (paras 54-57). 4. Article 7(2) also defines re-utilisation as an infringing activity. For BHB it simply meant making available to the public in any form . For WH, more restrictively, re-utilisation involved telling the public something it [did] not already know hence it only covered first publication . Now, all the information posted on WH s website was but a repetition of data published e.g. in the Racing Post Laddie J found WH s submission incorrect. If it were otherwise, that would lead to bizarre results as the right to prevent re-utilisation would be restricted to secret data. There was nothing in the Directive which suggested so. The fact that data were already available to the public from another source was held irrelevant (paras 58-59). It followed that WH s actions of taking information from the raw data feed and loading it onto its own computers for the purpose of making it available on its website was an unlicensed act of extracting a substantial part of the database and the subsequent transmission of that data onto its website for access by members of the public was a re-utilisation. WH infringed BHB s database rights in both ways (para 60). ,QVXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV Alternatively, BHB claimed infringement by repeated and systematic use of insubstantial parts (Article 7(5)). WH advanced two new arguments in defence (paras 61-63). 1. WH argued that it was not repeatedly taking insubstantial parts of one single database but rather taking one single insubstantial part of a series of different, though interrelated, databases over time. Indeed, so the argument went, updating and continuous verification meant that from week to week or, perhaps, day to day new databases came into existence each of which was protected by its own new term. Laddie J found this argument attractive yet not right since it relied on a false assumption that all databases were discrete frozen products and led to splitting dynamic and hence most valuable databases into a myriad of databases. This would not reflect reality and nothing in the Directive suggested so. Worse still, WH s reasoning made it virtually impossible to determine when a new database came into existence instead, the Directive had to be construed to make sense. The better view was that the BHB database constituted one single dynamic database in a state of constant revision and refinement. As new data were added, so the database s term of protection was constantly being renewed. This would be so even if the maker of the additions was not the same as the initial maker (paras 6473). Article 7(5) certainly makes the substantiality test more generous for VXL JHQHULV right than copyright infringement.
348

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 2. Moreover, Laddie J agreed with BHB that WH s unlicensed internet activities unreasonably prejudiced BHB s legitimate interests by (potentially) undermining the value of the licences granted to bookmakers for use of data in betting offices and telephone betting operations (paras 74-75). Therefore Laddie J concluded that WH was also in breach of Article 7(5). Finally, WH proposed two modifications to its website : first, stating race numbers instead of race times and secondly, identifying running horses numbers instead of running horses names. Mr Justice Laddie remained unmoved. In his opinion, this change only involved the manipulation of the same information but its presentation in a different manner and infringement would not be so avoided (e.g. merely by translating data into another language, whether French, German, Chinese or binary ). This applied as long as substantially the same essential information would have to be extracted and re-utilised (paras 77-78). In a subsequent order, Laddie J granted to BHB a permanent injunction against WH. He also directed an inquiry as to damages. $EXVH RI D 'RPLQDQW 3RVLWLRQ An interim decision of 19 July 2000 dealt with competition issues. WH argued that, as BHB were the sole source of information relating to horse racing in the UK, they had a dominant position in that market. WH further contended that BHB were abusing that position by refusing to grant them a licence on reasonable terms. In fact, BHB appeared anxious to recoup their investment through licensing whilst WH refused to negotiate their offer. Laddie J accordingly found there was no abuse of a dominant position by BHB. For a critical review, see Colston18 (2001). It is noteworthy that WH have also filed a complaint to the Office of Fair Trading for abuse of a dominant position by BHB.

18

Colston, C., Sui generis database right : ripe for review ?, http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/01-3/colston.html.
349



%5,7,6+ +256(5$&,1* %2$5' Y :,//,$0 +,// 25*$1,=$7,2119 This case is currently pending before the Court of Appeal on appeal from Laddie J s above judgment. Lord Justice Gibson handed down the judgment of the Court which partly upheld the first instance decision whilst partly ordering a reference to the ECJ. The appellant, William Hill ( WH ), complained about the far-reaching effect of the first judgment, which was alleged to be capable of application to commercial activities far removed from the horse racing betting context . In our view, this effect clearly stems from recital 42 as rightly applied by Laddie J. WH also criticised that information which might have been thought to have entered the public domain and to be freely usable might prove to be derived from a database the right in which was protected ( ) even though the user was unaware of that ultimate source and right . If secondary infringement does not lie within the ambit of VXL JHQHULV right, this might prove a more cogent argument. In our view, this comes as no surprise since the Directive has created a fully-fledged intellectual property right. WH also contended that the Directive was not acte clair in several respects and urged the Court to refer its interpretation to the ECJ under Article 234 of the EC Treaty. As evidence for the Directive s lack of clarity, the appellant cited the Swedish decisions in Fixtures Marketing Ltd. v. AB Svenska Spel as well as the Dutch decision in NV Holdingsmaaschappij de Telegraaf v. Nederlandse Omproep Stichting, adopting a narrower approach to VXL JHQHULV right than Laddie J s and dismissing a database right claim on similar facts. In our view, that inconsistency within European case-law may be primarily, though not fully, attributable to the Swedish legislator, who has failed to properly transpose the Directive as stigmatised above. The substance of the questions WH suggested to refer is as follows : - Whether database-ness is an essential quality for any part of the contents of the database ? - Whether information in the form of the list of runners created at the same time as they are published can be relevant part of the contents of the database ? - Does extraction or re-utilisation involve having access to the database or a copy of it ? - Does extraction or re-utilisation extend to a person who is a subscriber to a service provided by a licensee of the database right owner and who thereby receives part of the contents of the database, and who makes available that part of those contents to the public in the course of business ? - Where there is a constantly updated database, is there a new database separate from the previous database whenever any substantial change has occurred ? Whilst regarding a reference as a luxury , the appellate judges [could] not say that [they could] resolve the issues with complete confidence nor that there [was] no scope for reasonable doubt, still less that the matter [was] equally obvious to the courts of other member states . The Court of Appeal was thus prepared to refer to the ECJ questions which were to be drawn up by Counsel and settled at a further hearing.

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257

19

Court of Appeal, Lords Justices Gibson, Clark and Kay, 31 July 2001.
350

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Finally, the Court discharged the permanent injunction as being unnecessary since WH had taken a conditional licence and accordingly did no longer threat to infringe. Subsequently, reference20 has been made to the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Case C-203/02) by an order of the Court of Appeal (England and Wales) (Civil Division) dated 24 May 2002, which was received at the Court Registry on 31 May 2002, for a preliminary ruling in the case of 1) The British Horseracing Board Limited, 2) The Jockey Club and 3) Weatherbys Group Limited against William Hill Organization Limited, on the following questions: (1) May either of the expressions: (a) substantial part of the contents of the database ; or (b) insubstantial parts of the contents of the database in Article 7 of the Directive include works, data or other materials derived from the database but which do not have the same systematic or methodical arrangement of and individual accessibility to be found in the database? (2) What is meant by obtaining in Article 7(1) of the Directive? In particular, are the facts and matters in paragraphs 24-31 above capable of amounting to such obtaining? (3) Is verification in Article 7(1) of the Directive limited to ensuring from time to time that information contained in a database is or remains correct? (4) What is meant in Article 7(1) of the Directive, by the expressions: (a) a substantial part, evaluated qualitatively ... of the contents of that database ? and (b) a substantial part, evaluated quantitatively ... of the contents of that database ? (5) What is meant in Article 7(5) of the Directive, by the expression insubstantial parts of the database ? (6) In particular, in each case: (a) does substantial mean something more than insignificant and, if so, what? (b) does insubstantial part simply mean that it is not ` substantial' ? (7) Is extraction in Article 7 of the Directive limited to the transfer of the contents of the database directly from the database to another medium, or does it also include the transfer of works, data or other materials, which are derived indirectly from the database, without having direct access to the database? (8) Is re-utilisation in Article 7 of the Directive limited to the making available to the public of the contents of the database directly from the database, or does it also include the making available to the public of works, data or other materials which are derived indirectly from the database, without having direct access to the database? (9) Is re-utilisation in Article 7 of the Directive limited to the first making available to the public of the contents of the database? (10) In Article 7(5) of the Directive what is meant by acts which conflict with a normal exploitation of that database or unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests
20

OJ 27.7.2002, Case C-203/02.

351

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 of the maker of the database ? In particular, are the facts and matters in paragraphs 4047 above in the context of the facts and matters in paragraphs 32-35 above capable of amounting to such acts? (11) Does Article 10(3) of the Directive mean that, whenever there is a substantial change to the contents of a database, qualifying the resulting database for its own term of protection, the resulting database must be considered to be a new, separate database, including for the purposes of Article 7(5)?



%5,7,6+ +256(5$&,1* %2$5' Y (852%(7 8. DQG /$'%52.(6 (*$0,1* The facts are similar to the above BHB v. William Hill case. The defendants have been granted leave to apply for a stay of proceedings pending the ECJ s preliminary ruling in the BHB v. William Hill case.



&28175<:,'( Y +20(029(56 Countrywide (C) is the UK s leading estate agency whilst Homemovers (H) is an internet property portal. H was using on its website property particulars collected by C from third parties. C asserted both copyright and database right infringement. Quite frustratingly for our purposes, this case has been settled out of Court before trial. H has notably undertaken not to use C s property data nor to set up any hypertext link between its own site and C s rightmove.co.uk website.

352

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11, al.1

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1 + 6-7 1 + 6-7

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46 to 60 (53(5)) 19 + 22 50-86 + 106 + 139 (8) * 10.13

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12, al. 1, 12, 1, 1 4 and 5 + 12 b CA 7.1 (c) + 7.2 7.1 (d)

16 b+c CA

16 CA

15 - 24a CA

Portugal

4.3

5.1

5.2

7.1 (a)

7.1 (b)

7.1 (e)

9.1

10

10.1 (a) + 10.2

10.1 (b) + 10.2

75 Code

Spain

12 (1) 12 (1) 1 2

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1+5

17-21

17-18

21 (1)

19

20

21 (2)

34 (1)

31 + 34 + 40
 

34 (2)(a) + 31 (1)

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32-40

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2.1 +2.2

2.1

2.3 + 19 2.1 + 2.3

26 g,

12 + 53 2 13 + 18 +21 3

11-26i

NAUTADUTILH FINAL REPORT $UWLFOH  3.1 United Kingdom

q = R 5 + S 3(1) +R6+S 3A(2) quinquies

$UWLFOH  5(a) 4.1 4.2 4.3 4 5

$UWLFOH  6.2 (a) 5 (d) 5 (c) 5(b) 5(e) 6.1 6.2

$UWLFOH  6.2 (b) 6.2 (d) 6.2 (c) 6.3

3.2
*

S 9-10

S 9 (1)

S 10 (1) Regulation

S 17 (6) + 17 (2) + 16 (3) (a) S=

R7+ S21 (3)(ac) Section

S 18

S 19

R9+S 50D(1)

R 8 + S 29(1A)S 45 29(5) + S 32-36A

S 29-57 + 76

s =

sexies

R=

354

NAUTADUTILH FINAL REPORT

        

68, *(1(5,6 5,*+7

                

7.2 1 (a)

7.2 1 (b)

7.2 2

9 (a)

9 (b)

9 (c)

10.1

10.2

10.3

11.1

11.2

11.3

7.1

7.2

7.3

Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany

76 c (1) 2,5+3,al.1+ 4,al.1 71 (1)

76 d (1) 76 d (2) 2,2 71

76 d (2) + (5) 2,3

76 d (2) 4,al.3 *

76 d (5) 5 *

76 c (3) + 76 d (i) (4) 3,al.2 71 (3) 4,al.2 71 (2)

7.4

7.5

2,4+8 71 (5) + 36 (2) +(4) 49 3-4 + 25 j, 45 342-3,1 87(e)

8.1
76 e

8.2
76 c 9 *

71 (1) + 71 (1) + (5) + 19 (1-2) (5)

49 1 341-1 87 (a)

49 1 + 49 1 + 49 1 + 3 + 19 3 3 34211,1 87 (b) (1) 87 (b) (1) 342-11,2 87 (b) (1)+(2)

* 342-13 *

49 3

* 342-2 87 (b) (1)

* * 87 (e)

76 d (3) 76 d (5) (2) 7,2+in 10+3,al.2 7,1 7,3 fine 71 (5) + 71 (5) + * 71 (5) + 12 13 + 18 + 26-28 21 49 3 + 12 49 3 + 49 3 + * + 60 + 56a 13 + 18 26-26b 2 * 76 d (3) (1) 341-12 * 342-3,2 87 (c) (1.1) * 87 (c) (1.2 + 1.3) 331-4 87 (c) (2)

8.3

76 d (4) 6,al.1+4 71 (4)

76 d (4) 6,al.2 71 (4)

76 c (2) 6,al.3+4 *

99 c (1) 12,al.1 86 (6)

99 c (2) 12,al.2 86 (6)

99 c (3) 12,al.3 *

49 2 342-51 87 (d)

49 2 342-52 87(d)

* 342-5

64 7 341-21,1

64 7 341-21,2 127 (a) (1)+(2)

* 341-22 127 (a) (3)

342-12 341-12 * *

87 (a) (1) 127 (a) (1)

Greece
355

45 A.1

45 A.2

45 A.2, 45 A.2, 1st sent. 1st sent. under b) + 2nd under a) sent.

45 A.2, 3rd sentence

45 A.3, 45 A.3, 1st & 2nd 3rd sentence sentence

45 A.4

45 A.5, 45 A.5, 45 A.5, 1st 2nd 2nd & 2nd sent. sentence, sentence, under a) under b)

45 A.6, 45 A.6, 1st 45 A.7, 1st 1st sentence, sentence sentence, under b) under a)

45 A.7, 2nd sentence

45 A.7, 45 A.6, 2nd 45 A.6, 3rd & 3rd sentence 4th sentence sentence

Ireland

320 (1) + 321 (1) + 322 (1) + 323 102-bis (1)(a)

320 + 324

320 (1) + 320 (1) + 324 (1) 324 (1) + 320 (5) (a)

320 (2-4)

336

321 (3) + 327 (3)

324 (3)

320 (1) + 327 (1)

327 (3)

330

331-336

325 (1)

325 (2)

325 (3) 326 (1) (a)

326 (1) (b)(c) + 326 (3)

Italy

102-bis 102-ter 102-bis (1) (c) + 102-bis (1) (b) 102-bis 2.9 + 102- 102-bis 102-ter (3) (1) (b) + + (c) (10) bis (3) (9) (2) (2) + (3) (3) 67.1, al 1 67.1, al 1, 3 + 4 67.1, al 3 * 3.3 67.1, al 2 * *

102-ter (1)

102-bis (6) 102-bis (7)

102-bis 102-bis (4) (8) 67.3, al 2 + 69, al 2 6, 3 DA 16.3

102-bis (5)

Luxembourg

67.2 + 3

67.1

68

68 (a)

68 (b)

68 (c)

69, al 1

69, al 1

70

Netherlands Portugal Spain

1, 1 (a+b) + 2, 1, a DA 12.1 133 (1) + 133 (3)(a)

1, 1, c DA 12

1, 1, d DA 12.2 (a)

2, 3 DA 12.2 (b) + 12.3

1, 2 DA 12.4

2, 4 DA 13 133 (1) 1, 2sent

2, 2 DA + 2, 1, b 10, al. 5 DA 12.5 + 20 12.6

3, 1 DA 14.1

4 DA 14.2 134 (2)(a)

2, 2 DA 14.3 134 (2)(b)

8, 5, a DA 15 (a)

5, b DA 15 (b)

5, c DA 15 (c)

6, 1 DA 16.1

6, 2 DA 16.2

7, a DA 3.1

7, b DA 3.2

7, c DA *

133

133 (1) 133 (1) 2 + 133 2 + 133 (3)(c) (3)(b)

133 (4)

133 (2)

134 (1)

135 135 (1)(a) + 135 (1)(c) (1)(b) + 135 (2) + 135 (2) 135 (2) 49 3 + 49 3 + 49 3 +12 13 + 18 + 26-26 b 21 3

136 (1)

136 (2)

136 (3)

164 (1)

164 (2)

Sweden

49 1

49 1 + 49 1 + 49 1 + 3 + 19 3 3

49 3

49 3-4 + 26 g 56

49 2

49 2

61 2

61 2

NAUTADUTILH FINAL REPORT United Kingdom 13 + 14 + 15

R = Regulation
R 12 (1) + * R 12(1) R 12 (1) + 16 (1) + 12 (5) + 16(1) R 12 (2-4) R 23 R 13 (2) R 16 (2) R 19 (1) + 12 (1) * * * R 20 (1) R 20 (2) R 17 (1) R 17 (2) R 18 (1) (b-c) R 17 (3) R 18 (1) (a) + R 18 (2) (ab) *

356

NAUTADUTILH FINAL REPORT $UWLFOH  2 (a) 2 (b) 1.1 1.2 1.3 $UWLFOH  2 (c) $UWLFOH  14.3 14.4 14.5 14.1 14.2 $UWLFOH  $UWLFOH  $UWLFOH  $UWLFOH 

Austria Belgium

40 f (1) 20 bis, al.3 CA+2,1 DA

40 f (1) 3, al.3 DA

* 11,al. 3 CA

81 to 93 (86(1)) 80-87+91 CA+1317+33 DA

76 c (3)

IV (1)

IV (2)

IV (3)

IV (2)

76 c + 40 h (3) 20 quater,al.3 CA+11 DA

II + III (1.1.1998) 34 (14.11.1998) 2 Act 407/1998 (1/07/1998) Act 250/1998 (15/04/1998)

3 DA

2 CA

881,al.2 CA

181,al.1 DA

*
* CIFP 2 * CIFP 2

883 181,al.2 DA CA+34 DA

Denmark

76-84

CIFP 3

CIFP 2

36 (4) + 71 (5) + (6)

Finland

56-58 + Act n251 331-1 to 335-10 +343-1 to 343-4 97 to 111 (a) 64, last sent., 65.6, 66.9 & 10 338 + 127-136

IP 2

IP 3

IP 4 + 5-6

IP 3

25 j, 4 + 49 4

France
357

* * *

112-3 * 2 (a) 2 (1) + 2 (6) 2.9 1.2, al 1

* 4.2 *

* * * 2 (1) + 2 (6) *

* * *

* * *

* * 72.8

* 137 (g) (1) 10 TA

* * *

Art.82 137 (g) (2) 11 TA

Art.84 137 (g) (3) 10 TA

Art.83 137 (g) (2) *

*+342-3 55 a + 87 e 3.3, 4th sent. + 45 A.5, last sent. * + 327 (2)

* (1/07/1998) 9 IuKDG (1.1.1998)

Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg

2 (1)

45-46 FS

45 FS

46 (a) FS

46 FS

1 (2) (1/01/2001)

* *

* * 12, al 1, 30 CA 68 (2)(f) Code

* *

171-bis (1bis) 72 to 87

7.4 D * 10, al 3 + 2, 2 DA

7.1 D *

* *

7.2 D 96.3, al 1 + 2

7.1 + 7.2 D 96.2 + 96.3, al 3 III, B + III A,1

7.3 D *

64-s (3) + 102 ter 8.1 D (15 (4) +16.06.1998) * 102

1.2, al 3 1.2, al 3

Netherlands

10, al. 5 10, al. 3 CA + CA + 1, art.1, al. al.1, a DA 3 DA 1.2 1.4

1, al. 3 DA

37-42 CA

26 - 36b CA

CA III, B

III, C

III, A, 1

III, A.2

24 a, al. 3 CA + art. I, 3, 2 DA

Portugal

9 + 19 + Code 197212

20

21.2

21.3

21.4

22

9.2 + 14.3

21.1 + ?

NAUTADUTILH FINAL REPORT Spain Sweden

* 12 (2) 12 (3) * 19 (34) * 26 139-143 40 + 137
 

TP 15

TP 16 + TP 18

TP 17

TP 16 (2)

34 (2) + 26 g, 6 + 49 4?

TP 18 Prop.1996/97 : 111 (1/01/1998)

53-59

United Kingdom
D =

R6 + S 3A (1)

R 23 + 102

S 96-

R 27

R 29

R 30

R 28

R 30

R9+ S 50D R & (2) (2) + R 10 + S 296 B + R 19 (1/01/1998) (2)

Decree

FS =

First Schedule

R =

Regulation

S=

Section

s =

sexies

CA = Copyright Act

DA = Database Act

TA = Transposition Act

358

NAUTADUTILH - FINAL REPORT 3URFHHGLQJV 3DUWLHV

Database Contents

)DFWV
Defendants Database Form Plaintiffs Database Form

Defendant(s)

Plaintiff(s)

Degree

Stage

Court

Date

$X  $X  $X  $X  %H  %H  %H  %H  %H  %H  'N 

Oberste Gerichtshof Oberste Gerichtshof Oberste Gerichtshof Oberste Gerichtshof Tb. Brussels (Prs) Tb. Brussels (Prs)

28/11/2000

INT

SC, setting aside OLG Wien, 29/08/00 SC, setting aside OLG Wien, 04/04/01 SC, upholding OLG Linz, 4/09/01 SC, partly setting aside OLG Wien, 05/11/01 FI

Geographical & thematic info Website

On-line

10/07/2001

INT

On-line

On-line

27/11/2001

INT

www.gelbenseiten.at

www.baukompass.at

Telephone Directory

On-line

On-line

9/04/2002

INT

Minsitry of Justice Union nationale des mutualits socialistes Syllepsis NV

Compass Verlag GmbH Company information adresses of self-help groups in French Community summaries and key words of judicial decisions data concerning 530 open air sculpture in Brussels data concerning 530 open air sculpture in Brussels cinema programs in Belgium painting colours for interior text collections of headlines and articles

On-line

On-line

359

16/03/1999

OM

SA Belpharma

Off-line

Off-line Off-line & Online

28/07/2000

OM

FI, A pending

Wolters Kluwer NV Derom, Everaerts De Velp and Art Research NV & Contact NV Boas S. Canal Numedia Home Boutiques

Off-line

CA Brussels

3/05/2000

OM

A, setting aside

Boas S.

Off-line

Off-line

SC (1st. Ch.) Tb. Brussels (Prs) CA Brussels

11/05/2001 18/01/2001 7/12/2001

OM OM OM

SC, upholding FI A (upheld)

Art Research & Contact NV Spot Noir d' Ivoire Danish Newspaper Publisher' s Association (DDF)

Off-line On-line Off-line

Off-line On-line Off-line On-line (search service & electronic newsletters)

Bailiff' s Court of Copenhagen

5/07/2002

FI (not appealed INT but other litigation forthcoming)

Newsbooster

On-line

NAUTADUTILH - FINAL REPORT 3URFHHGLQJV 3DUWLHV

Database Contents

)DFWV
Defendants Database Form Plaintiffs Database Form

Defendant(s)

Plaintiff(s)

Degree

Stage

Court

Date

)L 

District Court, Vantaa

1/02/2002

FI (referring 3 questions to the INT ECJ for preliminary ruling)

Fixtures Marketing Ltd.

Oy Veikkaus Ab

Fixture list

Off-line

Off-line (weekly pool coupons)

)U  )U  )U  )U  )U  )U  )U  )U  )U  )U  )U  )U 

Tb. Comm.Paris

18/06/1999

OM

FI

SA France Telecom

inverted directory (tracing back the MA Editions & Fermic identity and address of s.o. from his/her phone n ) SA France Tlcom Multimedia Services SARL Ofir France SA Keljob SA Cadremploi SA Keljob Conex & Agence Fiscale Global Market Network Classified ads Job offers Job offers Job offers Job offers French Customs Tariffs Computer equipment and software

On-line

On-line

TGI Paris Tb. Comm. Nanterre TGI Paris CA Paris TGI Paris Tb. Comm. Valenciennes Tb. Comm. Nanterre CA Douai

14/11/2001 8/11/2000 8/01/2001 25/05/2001 5/09/2001 20/01/1998 27/01/1998 22/10/1998

OM INT

FI FI

SA Editions Nressis SARL Stepstone France SA Cadremploi SA Keljob SA Cadremploi Editions Encyclopdie Douanire Ediron Conex & Agence Fiscale

On-line + Offline On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line & OffLine On-line, OffLine On-line

On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line

360

INT FI, set aside by Fr5 INT A, setting aside Fr4 OM OM OM OM FI FI, upheld by Fr9 FI A, upholding Fr7

Editions Encyclopdie French Customs Tariffs Douanire Mr. T. Erhmann, SA France Tlcom, SA Le Serveur Administratif & others SARL Editions Lgislatives & Others SARL T.I. Communication & SARL Maxotex Collective Labour Agreements Collective Labour Agreements Nomenclature of all works published in France

TGI Lyon

28/12/1998

OM FI, upheld by Fr11

Editions Lgislatives Le Serveur Administratif & Others SA Electre

On-line

CA Lyon Tb. Comm. Paris

22/06/2000 7/05/1999

OM A, upholding Fr10 OM FI

On-line On-line

NAUTADUTILH - FINAL REPORT 3URFHHGLQJV 3DUWLHV

Database Contents

)DFWV
Defendants Database Form Plaintiffs Database Form

Defendant(s)

Plaintiff(s)

Degree

Stage

Court

Date

)U  )U  )U 
361

CA Paris

18/06/1999

OM

Groupe Moniteur

Observatoire des Marchs Publics

Information on planning permissions & public works contracts Catalogue of companies organizing fairs and exhibitions Financial information Catalogue of companies organizing fairs and exhibitions Dogs breeds and breeders Financial information Telephone Directory Website Collection of hyperlinks

Off-line

Off-line

TGI Paris

31/01/2001

OM FI, upheld by Fr16

Groupe Miller Freeman & SARL Neptune Verlag SA Safi SA Communication & Sales, SARL Newsinvest Reed Expositions France (formerly "Groupe Miller Freeman") Multimedia Assistance Internet SA PR Line "Tele-Info-CD" PW Internet Service GmbH www.babynet.de www.ruegenworld.be www.medizinforum.de www.medizinforum.de * Search Engine

Off-line

On-line

Tb. Comm. Nanterre

16/05/2000

OM

FI, set aside by Fr18

SA PR Line

On-line

On-line

)U  )U  )U  *H  *H  *H  *H  *H  *H  *H  *H 

CA Paris

12/09/2001

OM A, upholding Fr14

Tigest

On-line

Off-line

TGI Lille CA Versailles BGH OLG Dusseldorf LG Kln LG Dusseldrf LG Hamburg OLG Hamburg OLG Karlsruhe LG Kln

11/07/2000 11/04/2002 6/05/1999 29/06/1999 25/08/1999 7/02/2001 12/07/2000 22/02/2001 11/11/1998 2/12/1998

INT OM OM * OM INT

FI A, setting aside Fr15 SC A, upholding LG Dsseldorf 29/04/98 FI FI

Webvisio.com SARL News Invest Deutsche Telekom AG www.bau-markt.de www.kidnet.de www.inselruegen.com

On-line On-line Off-line On-line On-line

On-line On-line Off-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line * On-line

Professional Inventory On & Off-line Lexicon Lexicon Telephone Directory Real estate ads On-line On-line Off-line On-line

INT FI, upheld by Ge 6 "Roche Lexikon Medizin" INT A, upholding Ge 5 "Roche Lexikon Medizin" * INT A FI * Verlag SD-Zeitung

NAUTADUTILH - FINAL REPORT 3URFHHGLQJV 3DUWLHV

Database Contents

)DFWV
Defendants Database Form Plaintiffs Database Form

Defendant(s)

Plaintiff(s)

Degree

Stage

Court

Date

*H  *H  *H  *H  *H  1O  1O 
362

LG Kln LG Mnchen OLG Berlin LG Mnchen LG Mnchen DC Almelo Competition Authority CA The Hague setting aside Nl2 DC The Hague Pres. DC. Haarlem Pres. DC. Amsterdam DC Rotterdam DC The Hague CA The Hague SC Gotland District Court HC, Laddie J

28/02/2001 30/03/2000 9/06/2000 18/09/2001 1/03/2002 6/12/2000 10/09/1998 30/01/2001 14/01/2000 21/04/2000 16/12/1999 22/08/2000 12/09/2000 21/12/2000 22/03/2002 11/04/2000 9/02/2001

INT * INT * * OM OM INT INT INT INT OM INT

FI FI A FI FI FI FI set aside NL3 A setting aside NL 2 FI FI FI FI

Stepstone * * Mainpost S. Zeitung GmbH KPN Telegraaf Telegraaf KPN IMS Health Ter Wee Computerssystems Algemeen Dagblad NVM Telegraaf NVM Fixtures Marketing Ltd. British Horceracing Board Ltd & Co

Search Engine * * Newsclub * Denda NOS NOS XSO Pharma Vision M. Van den Haar Eureka Internetdiensten Telegraaf NVM Telegraaf Svenska Spel AB William Hill Organization Ltd

Job ads MIDI-Files Event Tickets Deeplinks to news articles Deeplinks to news articles Telephone Directory broadcasting programs broadcasting programs Telephone Directory Pharmaceutical data hyperlinks to websites deeplinks to news articles real estate for sale real estate for sale real estate for sale English football league fixture lists Horseracing fixture lists

On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On & Off-line Off-line Off-line On & Off-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line Off-line Off-line

On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line * Off-line Off-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line On-line * On-line

1O  1O  1O  1O  1O  1O  1O  1O  6Z  8. 

FI, set aside by Nl 9 A, setting aside Nl INT 8 SC setting aside Nl INT 9 OM OM FI upheld by Svea CA FI

NAUTADUTILH - FINAL REPORT 3URFHHGLQJV 3DUWLHV

Database Contents

)DFWV
Defendants Database Form Plaintiffs Database Form

Defendant(s)

Plaintiff(s)

Degree

Stage

Court

Date

8.  8. 
SC FI A OM INT BGH HC CA TGI
363

CA, Gibson LJ

31/07/2001

A (upholding UK1 and referring to the British Horceracing Board OM ECJ for preliminary Ltd & Co ruling) INT FI Mars UK Ltd

William Hill Organization Ltd

Horseracing fixture lists Coin set data for Cashflow discriminators

Off-line

On-line

HC, Jacob J Supreme Court First Instance Appeal On the merits Interim

11/06/1999

Teknowledge Ltd

Off-line

Off-line

Bundesgerichtshof High Court of Justice Court of Appeal Tribunal de grande instance

&RS\ULJKW
Applion over time

NAUTADUTILH - FINAL REPORT 30 September 2002 Substantial investment

6XL *HQHULV ULJKW

Substantial change Appion over time

Infringement

Infringement

Makership

Exception

Authorship

Originality

Exception

Other

*( *+

*,

Term

Other

Term

Database / software used in its making ? Y

!

-%

N, adaptation Y reproduct + distribut

N, lawful use

Art. 5(2) ACA: adaptation or new work? Art. 11 ACA on joint authorship



Joint

Joint



Y, but no Sole "new work" Legal as in Art. Person 5(2) ACA * Legal Person * * * * * *

Y, one-off & N, reprography, Hyperlink substantial, contributes to teaching & reproduct , distribut infringement research & communicat * Y, one-off & substantial + extraction * * N, official work N * * * * * *



"

* Y * Y

* * N Y

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * Y

Y, official work * * *

* * * * only structure, not content is protected + "partly" reproduction

* Y * *

* * * *

* * * *

 %$ %$ %$

"

%$

%$

&

%$

'

()

364

Y, reproduction

Y, insubstantial, repeated, extraction

Y, catalogue Sole right under the Legal guise of Person "copyright"

Repeated, insubstantial, extraction and reutilisation: Deep linking

N (quotation)

&RS\ULJKW
Applion over time

NAUTADUTILH - FINAL REPORT 30 September 2002 Substantial investment

6XL *HQHULV ULJKW

Substantial change Appion over time

Infringement

Infringement

Makership

Exception

Authorship

Originality

Exception

Other

*( *+

*,

Term

Other

Term

-%

Referred

Referred

./

Y Y * Y Y Y * * * Y
!

* * * * * * * Y * Y

* * * * * * * Legal person * Joint, legal person Joint, legal person * * * *

* * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * *

* * N * N * * Y, reproduction, distribution, communication * N

* * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * *

Y Y * Y * Y * * * * *

Legal person Legal Person * * Legal person * Legal person * * * *

* * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * *

Y, repeated, extraction Y, substantial extraction N Y N, insubstantial Y, repeated, substantial, extraction and reutilization * * * *

* * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * *

0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 4 3 0. 2 1 ' & #

0. "

0.

0.

0.

0.

"

0.

0.

&

365

* Y, One-Off, insubstantial, reutilization * Y, substantial, extraction and reutilization Y, substantial, extraction

Y Y Y Y

* N * *

* * * *

* * * *

* N * *

* * * *

* * * *

* N Y Y

Legal person * Joint legal person Legal person

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

&RS\ULJKW
Applion over time

NAUTADUTILH - FINAL REPORT 30 September 2002 Substantial investment

6XL *HQHULV ULJKW

Substantial change Appion over time

Infringement

Infringement

Makership

Exception

Authorship

Originality

Exception

Other

*( *+

*,

Term

Other

Term

-%

Legal person * Legal person

Y, repeated substantial extraction and reutilization * N, qualitatively and quantitatively unsubstantial extraction

0.

'

Y, reproduction

0.

0.

Sole Legal Person * Sole Legal Person * * * * *

DB complete d before 01/01/98 * * * * * * *

Y, repeated & substantial

Official works (N)

%5

%5

%5

"

%5

%5

&

%5

'

%5

%5

%5

%5

%5

%5

%5

"

366

* Y * Y Y * *

N * N * Y * *

* * * * * * *

* * * * * * *

* * * * * * *

* * * Y Y, reproduction * *

* * * N Private use (N) * *

* * * * * * *

N Y N * * * Y

* * * * * * *

* * * * * * *

* Y, one-off & substantial + repeated & insubstantial * * * N, one-off & insubstantial Y, repeated & insubstantial, "distribution" Y, repeated & insubstantial,"distrib ution" * No, one-off & unsubstantial *Y, repeated insubstantial *N

* * * * * * *

* * * * * * *

* No Y * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

Y * Y Y *

* * Sole Legal Person * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

&RS\ULJKW
Applion over time

NAUTADUTILH - FINAL REPORT 30 September 2002 Substantial investment

6XL *HQHULV ULJKW

Substantial change Appion over time

Infringement

Infringement

Makership

Exception

Authorship

Originality

Exception

Other

*( *+

*,

Term

Other

Term

-%

Y * * *
!

N N * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

Y N N Y

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

Y, one-off, substantial, reutilization * * Y, repeated, insubstantial, reutilization Y, one-off, substantial, extraction and reutilization * N Y, one-off, substantial, extraction and reutilization * * N, though repeated & substantial Y, repeated substantial & insubstantial Y, repeated substantial & insubstantial

* * * *

* * * *

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A country-based overall summary would be relatively easy to draw up. By and large, the Directive has been implemented : - Very dedicatedly by ,WDO\ and 6SDLQ; - Quite dedicatedly by %HOJLXP and *UHHFH; - Mostly satisfactorily, though not flawlessly, by $XVWULD, )UDQFH, ,UHODQG, WKH 1HWKHUODQGV, 3RUWXJDO and WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP; - More or less satisfactorily, though far from flawlessly, by *HUPDQ\ and /X[HPERXUJ; - Overly sketchily by 'HQPDUN and )LQODQG; and - Extremely sketchily by 6ZHGHQ. The overall summary below conflates in a more horizontal, provision-based fashion the findings of inconsistency which were made within the fifteen national assessments. 6FRSH 'HILQLWLRQ RI D GDWDEDVH The definition of a database enshrined in $UWLFOH  Directive applies to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV right. Certain Member States have totally overlooked the ELQGLQJ character of this definition. 'HQPDUN )LQODQG and 6ZHGHQ ( the Scandinavian countries ) have purely and simply felt that they could do without any definition. None of the requirements that the materials contained in the database should be independent , arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means have accordingly been transposed by those countries. /X[HPERXUJ has enacted its own definition, which ignores the above criteria and revolves around structure. Other Member States have overlooked the DOOHPEUDFLQJ character of this definition. *HUPDQ\ has enacted three different definitions for collection copyright, database copyright and database VXL JHQHULV right. /X[HPERXUJ has only applied its definition to copyright, not to VXL JHQHULV right, thereby extending the scope of protection far beyond the Directive. )UDQFH and 6SDLQ have inadvertently suggested a similar extension by locating the definition within their Section or Book on copyright, not including VXL JHQHULV right. Yet other Member States have unduly retained their compilation copyright, which may overlap with database copyright or even VXL JHQHULV right. This third layer of protection protects collections (6DPPHOZHUNHQ) in $XVWULD and *HUPDQ\, summaries and collections of works in 3RUWXJDO or tables or compilations other than a database (with what possible subject-matter?) in the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP

371

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Although the exclusion for computer programs set out in $UWLFOH  Directive has not been expressly transposed in half Member States (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg as for VXL JHQHULV right, Sweden and the United Kingdom), this does not seem problematical since their national laws are to be construed consistently with the Directive. &RS\ULJKW 6XEVLVWHQFH 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG the 1HWKHUODQGV and 6ZHGHQ have not transposed at all $UWLFOH  Directive defining copyright subject matter and originality. Although some Dutch authors have argued that this could lead to retain a more stringent originality test, such effect seems unlikely in view of the Dutch ethos. Furthermore, under the 6FDQGLQDYLDQ laws (as under Article 2(5) Berne Convention), only works or parts of works can make up a composite work whereas under Article 3.1 Directive, the contents of a database may include works, data or other materials . /X[HPERXUJ got mixed up with VXL JHQHULV right and wrongly requires a substantial investment. Moreover, Articles 34.2 and 38 of the *HUPDQ Copyright Act contravene $UWLFOH  Directive which commands to leave the rights on the database contents unaffected. &RS\ULJKW 2ZQHUVKLS $UWLFOH  Directive on authorship ( the natural person ) is given a potentially broader ambit in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom ( the person or anyone ). &RS\ULJKW 5HVWULFWHG DFWV Temporary reproduction in $UWLFOH D Directive has not been expressly reflected in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Spain and Sweden. It may, however, be implied under certain laws. %HOJLXP )UDQFH and /X[HPERXUJ have not expressly mentioned the right of distribution and its exhaustion regime as provided by $UWLFOH  F Directive. Yet %HOJLDQ case-law and literature include the right of distribution within the right of reproduction and willingly accept its exhaustion rule. By contrast, the right of destination devised by the )UHQFK courts is no adequate palliative for implementation as it is not subject to exhaustion. *HUPDQ\, the 1HWKHUODQGV and 3RUWXJDO have mentioned the right of distribution, but they have not limited its exhaustion to the right to control the resale of material copies of the database. As a result, the offer on-line of electronic copies of the database may arguably lead to exhaustion. This conflicts with UHFLWDO  of the Directive which makes it clear that the question of exhaustion of the right of distribution does not arise in the case of on-line databases.

372

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 $UWLFOH H Directive in relation to further acts with the results of an adaptation is nowhere expressly reflected in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. &RS\ULJKW 0DQGDWRU\ H[FHSWLRQ $UWLFOH  Directive does not define the lawful user. This concept refers at least to the user DXWKRULVHG E\ FRQWUDFW to access and use the database. But the Directive does not indicate whether it also refers to the user DXWKRULVHG E\ ODZ (in particular by an exception under Article 6.2) to access and use the database. The Explanatory Memorandum on the Proposal for the Database Directive and the Commission report on the implementation and effects of the Software Directive arguably make it clear that the lawful user is only the one authorised by contract. Quite understandably, a few countries have expressly taken another stand. Thus, the %HOJLDQ Copyright Act and Database Act both define the lawful user as anyone who performs acts authorised by the author or by law. And in ,UHODQG and the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP the phrase under a licence or otherwise defining the lawful user goes beyond a contractual licence and may encompass either the absence of any act restricted by law or an exception to such a restricted act. 8QOLNH 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG and 6ZHGHQ have failed to implement Article 6.1 Directive. Yet this failure may not excessively harm lawful users as the exclusive rights offered by those two countries are not as far-reaching as under the Directive. )UDQFH has only transposed the wording necessary for the purposes of access to the contents , but not and normal use of the contents , thereby giving the lawful use exception a narrower scope than under Article 6.1 Directive. The adjective normal , in relation to use of the contents, does not appear in $XVWULD (stating in accordance with the intended purpose ), ,UHODQG, 3RUWXJDO and the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP. Nor does the adjective necessary , in relation to the purposes, in 3RUWXJDO. Finally, in *HUPDQ\ a lawful user could perform acts for the benefit of a third party, contrary to the Directive. /X[HPERXUJ and as for copyright, )UDQFH and ,UHODQG have not expressly implemented $UWLFOH  Directive, which makes the lawful use exception binding. This has given rise to controversies in France. &RS\ULJKW 2SWLRQDO H[FHSWLRQV $UWLFOH  Directive lists RSWLRQDO exceptions, for which no implementation was required. $UWLFOH  D Directive sets out an exception to copyright in the case of reproduction for private purposes of a non-electronic database. This has not been transposed by $XVWULD, ,WDO\ ,UHODQG and the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP. The latter two countries have no levies on blank media or recording equipment which could offset such an exception. *UHHFH and /X[HPERXUJ have not limited their exception to non-electronic databases. Whereas Articles 6.2(a) Directive only allows the reproduction (both in digital and analogous forms) of a non-electronic database, 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG and 6ZHGHQ D
373

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 FRQWUDULR permit to make copies in analogous form of databases in digital form. $UWLFOH  E Directive lays down an exception to copyright for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching and scientific research. This has not been transposed by )UDQFH and *UHHFH. The requirement that the source should be indicated does not appear in ,UHODQG and /X[HPERXUJ. The wording to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved is nowhere reflected in 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG, /X[HPERXUJ and 6ZHGHQ. *HUPDQ\ allows the scientific use of non-electronic databases even for commercial purposes. And extent is not reflected in the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP what then if the purpose is dual, both commercial and non-commercial ? All EU Member States provide an exception for public security and administrative and judicial procedures along the lines of $UWLFOH  F Directive. The Berne-like two-step test (legitimate interests and normal exploitation) set out in $UWLFOH  Directive has only been transposed in ,WDO\ and 6SDLQ. The %HOJLDQ Act of 25 March 1999 permits copyright holders to invoke Article 9 of the Berne Convention but only as for the reproduction right. $OO WZHOYH RWKHU FRXQWULHV may erroneously believe that the Berne Convention has direct effect. 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 6XEVLVWHQFH $UWLFOH  Directive on VXL JHQHULV right subsistence has been implemented rather poorly by 'HQPDUN and 6ZHGHQ, and DOPRVW properly by )LQODQG. The substantial investment requirement has been transposed by the WKUHH 6FDQGLQDYLDQ FRXQWULHV. Nevertheless, it is undermined by the conjunction or implying that a large number of information items suffices to qualify a catalogue for protection, even if it shows no substantial investment. Actually, this might be the Danish, Finnish and Swedish legislators downright intent. 8QOLNH )LQODQG, 'HQPDUN and 6ZHGHQ have not implemented qualitatively and/or quantitatively . Although the large number of information items requirement mirrors the quantitative criterion, nothing reflects the qualitative criterion. And in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents of the database qualifying that substantial investment has not been transposed, either. ,WDO\ has not made clear that the substantial investment may be quantitative or qualitative . 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 2ZQHUVKLS DQG 4XDOLILFDWLRQ The 1HWKHUODQGV define the maker as the person who assumes the risk for investment, thus apparently rejecting the initiative criterion as set forth in UHFLWDO  As for qualification, /X[HPERXUJ has purely and simply failed to transpose $UWLFOH  Directive The 'DQLVK and 6ZHGLVK provisions on qualification for catalogue right largely fall short of Article 11 Directive as being centred around either Denmark or Sweden and thus discriminating against other EU nationals. Yet Denmark and Sweden s protectionism shall probably be curbed by the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence. The )LQQLVK provision as to qualification for FDWDORJXH right has first publication in Finland
374

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 as its sole criterion. Without prejudice to the ECJ s Phil Collins jurisprudence, this also largely falls short of Article 11 Directive as being centred around Finland and thus discriminating against productions which were first published in another EU (EEA) Member State. But as to qualification for GDWDEDVH right, Finland has DOPRVW (see below) properly transposed Article 11 Directive. ,UHODQG and the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP have gone, at the same time, beneath, alongside and beyond $UWLFOH  Directive. - Beneath : The wording or rightholders in Article 11.1 has not been transposed. This cut may prove terribly harmful to EEA successors in title of non-qualifying non-EEA makers. Where the former acquire databases from the latter, Article 11.1 Directive might be interpreted as qualifying them for VXL JHQHULV protection as rightholders, no matter the initial makers did not. Instead, Ireland and the United Kingdom focus on EEA makers and so exclude EEA rightholders acquiring databases from non-EEA makers. - Alongside : Just as under the Directive, whether or not Ireland and the United Kingdom withdraw VXL JHQHULV protection from non-EEA successors in title of qualifying EEA makers remains unclear. Assuming it does not, this may, quite unjustifiably, lead to reverse discrimination against the above-mentioned EEA successors in title. - Beyond : The added wording or, if it was made jointly, one or more of its makers takes a stand on qualification in case of joint makership an issue not dealt within the Directive. 3RUWXJDO, too, has not transposed the wording or rightholders . *HUPDQ\ has only retained the nationality, not the habitual residence, criterion. Turning to $UWLFOH  Directive, )LQODQG has not transposed the words central administration or principal place of business following registered office and 'HQPDUN s use of headquarters does not accurately mirror registered office, central administration or principal place of business . Further, 'HQPDUN and *HUPDQ\ have not imposed the genuine link requirement on legal persons with a registered office in their territory. By contrast, 3RUWXJDO has imposed its effective and permanent link requirement not only to the registered office, as under the Directive, but also to the central administration or the principal place of business. Finally, /X[HPERXUJ has ignored $UWLFOH  Directive, which reserves the right to conclude agreements on third-country databases to the Council. 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 5HVWULFWHG DFWV 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG *HUPDQ\ and 6ZHGHQ wrongly take up traditional copyright terminology such as reproduction, copying, communication to the public or making available to the public instead of using the autonomous extraction and re-utilisation terms in $UWLFOH  Directive. In those three 6FDQGLQDYLDQ countries, the wording

375

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively in respect of both rights and to another medium for extraction have not been transposed. In $XVWULD and *HUPDQ\, the extraction right does not cover the temporary transfer as provided by $UWLFOH  D Directive. Further, in $XVWULD 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG *HUPDQ\ ,UHODQG 6ZHGHQ and the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP, the re-utilisation right does not cover on-line or other forms of transmission as under $UWLFOH  E Directive. Exhaustion in 3RUWXJDO applies not only to the first sale of a copy but further to on-line distribution and other forms of transmission, while in *HUPDQ\ exhaustion also applies to lending. This contravenes UHFLWDO  of the Directive, which makes it clear that in the case of on-line transmission, the right to prohibit re-utilisation is not exhausted either as regards the database or as regards a material copy of the database or of part thereof made by the addressee of the transmission with the consent of the rightholder. Falling short of $UWLFOH  Directive, /X[HPERXUJ has not provided for the transfer of VXL JHQHULV right. 8QOLNH 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG and 6ZHGHQ have not transposed $UWLFOH  Directive on the repeated and systematic use of insubstantial parts of the contents of a database. Contrary to that Article, )UDQFH has made the right to oppose extraction and/or re-utilisation dependent on the condition that those acts obviously exceed the database s normal conditions of use. The 8QLWHG .LQJGRP has rather poorly transposed the additional condition of implying acts which conflict with a normal exploitation of that database or which unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of its maker by the modal verb may . ,UHODQG has omitted the adverb unreasonably which qualifies prejudice in $UWLFOH  Directive. 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 0DQGDWRU\ H[FHSWLRQ $UWLFOH  Directive does not define the lawful user. This concept refers at least to the user DXWKRULVHG E\ FRQWUDFW to access and use the database. But the Directive does not indicate whether it also refers to the user DXWKRULVHG E\ ODZ (in particular by an exception under Article 9) to access and use the database. The Explanatory Memorandum on the Proposal for the Database Directive and the Commission report on the implementation and effects of the Software Directive arguably make it clear that the lawful user is only the one authorised by contract. Quite understandably, a few countries have expressly taken another stand. Thus, the %HOJLDQ Copyright Act and Database Act both define the lawful user the anyone who performs acts authorised by the author or by law. And in ,UHODQG and the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP the phrase under a licence or otherwise defining the lawful user goes beyond a contractual licence and may encompass either the absence of any act restricted by law or an exception to such a restricted act. $UWLFOH  Directive vesting the lawful user with a right to extract and re-utilise insubstantial parts has not been transposed in /X[HPERXUJ. By contrast, 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG and 6ZHGHQ have applied this right to the whole catalogue, further than insubstantial parts , evaluated quantitatively and/or qualitatively. Similarly, the lawful use exception in 3RUWXJDO has a wider scope than Article 8.1 since it permits all acts
376

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 necessary for the lawful use, including, but not limited to, the extraction and re-utilisation of insubstantial parts of the contents. Finally, in *HUPDQ\ a lawful user could perform acts for the benefit of a third party, contrary to the Directive. The Berne-like two-step test (legitimate interests and normal exploitation) set out in $UWLFOH  Directive has not been transposed in 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG, )UDQFH, ,UHODQG, /X[HPERXUJ, 6ZHGHQ and the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP. The limit laid down in $UWLFOH  has not been transposed in 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG, /X[HPERXUJ, 6ZHGHQ and the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP. 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 2SWLRQDO H[FHSWLRQV $UWLFOH  Directive sets out a list of RSWLRQDO exceptions to VXL JHQHULV right, for which no implementation was required. That list is exhaustive. By cloning their copyright exceptions, 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG and 6ZHGHQ have totally overlooked that these exceptions are not intended to apply to the database contents as a whole but only to a substantial part of its contents . Moreover, while extending the communication right to catalogue and database rights, 'HQPDUN and )LQODQG have added further crossreferences to a number of copyright exceptions, thus denying to Article 9 its exhaustive character. $UWLFOH  D Directive sets out an exception to VXL JHQHULV right in the case of extraction for private purposes of the contents of a non-electronic database. This has not been transposed by $XVWULD, ,WDO\ ,UHODQG and the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP. The latter two countries have no levies on blank media or recording equipment which could offset such an exception. Whereas Articles 9 (a) Directive only allows the reproduction (both in digital and analogous forms) of a non-electronic database, 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG and 6ZHGHQ D FRQWUDULR permit to make copies in analogous form of databases in digital form. $UWLFOH  E Directive lays down an exception to VXL JHQHULV right in the case of extraction for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching and scientific research. This has not been transposed by )UDQFH and ,WDO\ *UHHFH has extended this exception to extraction for any educational purposes. In ,UHODQG the wording the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved is not adequately reflected by fair dealing . 6XL JHQHULV ULJKW 7HUP Contrary to $UWLFOH  Directive, /X[HPERXUJ does not require that the term of 15 years following the date of the first making available to the public start within 15 years following the date of completion of the database. $UWLFOH  Directive on substantial new investment has not been transposed at all by 'HQPDUN, )LQODQG and 6ZHGHQ

377

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV 5HPHGLHV $UWLFOH  Directive does not require anything more than appropriate remedies for copyright and VXL JHQHULV right. The 1HWKHUODQGV have not provided for specific remedies against infringement of VXL JHQHULV rights. Prohibitory injunctions and infringement investigations (akin to Anton Piller orders under UK law or descriptive seizures under French law) do not seem to be provided for in 'HQPDUN and )LQODQG. &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV 7UDQVLWLRQDO SURYLVLRQV 6ZHGHQ has so scarcely implemented the Directive that it felt no need to enact savings and transitional provisions. As for copyright, $UWLFOH  Directive has not been transposed by )UDQFH and /X[HPERXUJ. $XVWULD and the 1HWKHUODQGV have not expressly stated that this Article only applies to databases which fulfil the requirements for copyright protection on 1 January 1998. In *UHHFH and ,WDO\, the reference date on which the requirements for copyright protection must be fulfilled is the date of entry into force of the implementing act instead of 1 January 1998.$UWLFOH  which is meant to keep sweat-of-the-brow compilations protected irrespective of eligibility for copyright as amended by the Directive, was mainly designed for Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Accordingly, it required no implementation by the remaining EU Member States. As for VXL JHQHULV right, The 1HWKHUODQGV have not expressly stated that $UWLFOH  Directive only applies to databases which fulfil the requirements for VXL JHQHULV protection on 1 January 1983. In *UHHFH and 3RUWXJDO, the VXL JHQHULV protection applies to databases completed up to 15 years before the commencement date of the implementing act as distinct from 15 years before 1 January 1998. $UWLFOH  Directive has not been transposed by *UHHFH /X[HPERXUJ and 3RUWXJDO ,UHODQG has transposed this Article in a way that the VXL JHQHULV right shall elapse on 1 January 2014, not 2013. As for both rights, $UWLFOH  Directive has not been transposed by ,UHODQG In *UHHFH and /X[HPERXUJ, this general saving for prior agreements is the date of entry into force of the implementing act instead of 1 January 1998. In $XVWULD and *HUPDQ\, only the lawful use exceptions to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV right will not affect contracts concluded prior to 1 January 1998. &RPPRQ SURYLVLRQV ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ GHDGOLQH Pursuant to $UWLFOH  Directive, the deadline for implementing the Directive was 1 January 1998. Yet only 6ZHGHQ *HUPDQ\, the 8QLWHG .LQJGRP $XVWULD and, in part, )UDQFH met the deadline. Please see the following table in chronological order.

378

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 0(0%(5 67$7( Sweden Germany United Kingdom Austria France Spain Finland Denmark Belgium Italy Netherlands Greece Portugal Ireland Luxembourg (175< ,172 )25&( 1 January 1998 1 January 1998 1 January 1998 1 January 1998 1 January 1998 and 1 July 1998 1 April 1998 15 April 1998 1 July 1998 14 November 1998 15 and 16 June 1999 21 July 1999 15 March 2000 Probably shortly after 4 July 2000 1 January 2001 3 May 2001 5()(5(1&( Implementing Government Bill 1996/1997:111 of 15 May 1997 Article 7 of the ,QIRUPDWLRQV XQG .RPPXQLNDWLRQVGLHQVWH*H]HW] ,X.'* of 30 June 1997 Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997 of 18 December 1997 (S.I. 1997 No. 3032) 8UKHEHUUHFKWVJHVHW]1RYHOOH 1997 of 9 January 1998 Law n 98-536 of 1 July 1998 Law 5/1998 of 6 March 1998 Implementing Amendment of 3 April 1998 Implementing Act No. 407 of 26 June 1998 Acts of 10 and 31 August 1998 Legislative Decree of 6 May 1999 Act of 8 July 1999 Article 7 of Law n 2819/2000 Decree-Law No. 122/2000 of 4 July 2000 Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000 Act of 18 April 2001

379

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In a second stage, Nauta'XWLOK was required to consult national authorities and interested parties about their practical experiences with the Directive, in particular with the application of the VXL JHQHULV right. Our methodology included the consultation of the national authorities and interested parties by means of a questionnaire, in order to gather opinion and findings. The answers to the questionnaire were used as input into our report. On 17 June 2002, the questionnaire was sent to the national authorities in charge of implementing the Directive within the fifteen Member States as well as a number of interested parties from all horizons. The initial deadline was set on 28 June 2002. After extension of the deadline with the Commission s approval, the same questionnaire was sent again on 8 July 2002 to the same addressees and a few other interested parties of which we had become aware. The final deadline was set on 30 August 2002. The documents hereafter comprise our questionnaire, the responses from Italy and the United Kingdom and the compilation of the answers received.  352&((',1*6 2) 7+( 35,9$7( +($5,1*6 :,7+ '$7$%$6( 5,*+7 +2/'(56 $1' 86(56

Our methodology also included the holding of two hearings on 1st July 2002, where the opinions and concerns of right holders and users were collected separately. You will find hereafter the proceedings of those two private hearings.  29(5$// 6800$5< 2) 23,1,216 )520 7+( &2168/7$7,21 2) ,17(5(67(' 3$57,(6

Finally, a crosswise summary of the opinions gathered from our consultation process closes the implementation part of the study.

381

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Nauta'XWLOK has been appointed by the European Commission (Directorate General for the Internal Market) to draw up a report on the implementation and application of the Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases (hereafter the Directive ), in preparation of the report on the application of the Directive to be submitted by the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the Economic and Social Committee pursuant to Article 16.3 of the Directive. During the first stage, Nauta'XWLOK carried out a full-scale analysis of the transposition of the Directive in all Member States, indicating to the Commission which parts of the Directive were either not or wrongly transposed and how the Directive s principles were applied by national courts. During the present second stage, Nauta'XWLOK is required to consult national authorities and interested parties about their practical experiences with the Directive, in particular with the application of the VXL JHQHULV right, its impact on free competition, the resulting risks for abuses of a dominant position and its impact on the development of the Information Society. Nauta'XWLOK is also required to assess if, and to what extent, the purposes of the Directive, including the intended balance of rights and interests, have been achieved and to identify issues which should be the subject of further harmonisation. In this respect, Nauta'XWLOK is required, especially with regard to non-voluntary licences, to indicate to the Commission whether the Directive should be amended. Our methodology includes the holding of two hearings on 26 June 2002, where the opinions and concerns of rightholders and users were collected separately, and the consultation of the national authorities and interested parties by means of the present questionnaire, in order to gather expert opinion and validate some findings. Your answers to this questionnaire will be used as input to our report and therefore represent a unique opportunity for you to express key opinions or concerns to be heard by the regulatory authorities. We very much value your opinion and will be honoured if you accept to take part in this process. Please note that your reply to this questionnaire must be submitted QRW ODWHU WKDQ  $XJXVW , should you wish your opinion to be taken into consideration in our final report of 30 September 2002. If you have further queries or remarks or wish to receive the questionnaire in paper or electronic version, please call or e-mail us using the following contact details. We thank you in advance for answering this questionnaire and providing us with your opinion.

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The Nauta'XWLOK Team Nauta Dutilh Chausse de la Hulpe 177/6 B-1170 Brussels Fax : + 32 2 663 29 93 Fabienne Brison, off counsel, project manager e-mail : fabienne.brison@nautadutilh.com phone : + 32 2 678 18 93 Nicolas Ide, senior associate e-mail : nicolas.ide@nautadutilh.com phone : + 32 2 663 26 95 Charles-Henry Massa, junior associate e-mail : charleshenry.massa@nautadutilh.com phone : + 32 2 678 18 96 Isabelle Segers, management assistant e-mail : isabelle.segers@nautadutilh.com phone : + 32 2 678 18 90

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First name: Last name: Address: Email address: Phone number: Fax number:

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35,9$&< 32/,&< NAUTA'87,/+ will not use the information provided except for the purposes of this study. Only data which are reasonably necessary for the indicated purposes will be processed and stored for the time necessary. NAUTA'87,/+ does not provide or sell any of this information to third parties. If you have any questions about this privacy statement, the practices of NAUTA'87,/+ or any other aspect, or wish to use your access right to your data and the right to correct your data, please contact Charles-Henry Massa (see above for contact details). Belgian law applies to this privacy statement.

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You would describe your company/organisation as a : < Private rightholder (of database rights) < Public rightholder (of database rights) < Private user (of a database) < Public user (of a database) < National authority < Other (please specify): _________________________
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In your opinion, your company/organisation belongs to (choose the closest, or specify another, sector): < Database publishers < Service providers < Consumer protection groups < The scientific community or the education sector < Public libraries < Public authorities < Other (please specify): _________________________ % 0DUNHW

The market for which your database is used / you use a database is that of: < Telephone directories < Catalogues < Television programs < Classified ads (jobs, real estate, ) < News and journal data < Educational and scientific data < Sport data < Medical or pharmaceutical data < Collections of legal materials < Other (please specify): _________________________ % 7\SH RI GDWDEDVH

The database you own (as a rightholder) or use (as a user) exists: < On line < Off line < Both on- and off-line % 7XUQRYHU

The turnover of your company/organisation in 2001 was in between: < < 1 million EUR < 1-10 million EUR < 10-50 million EUR < 50-200 million EUR < > 200 million EUR < Please specify if you wish

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The size of your company/organisation in 2001 was in between: < < 50 employees < 50-100 employees < 100-500 employees < 500-2000 employees < > 2000 employees < Please specify if you wish

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For each of the following goals pursued by the Directive, please specify whether in your opinion they have been achieved or not. If not, please specify why. $ )XQFWLRQLQJ RI WKH ,QWHUQDO 0DUNHW

By eliminating the differences existing between the Member States legislation as regards the legal protection of databases, the Directive has (had) a positive effect on the free movement of database-related goods or services within the Community: < I agree < I disagree because (please specify and give any suggestions): ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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The Directive has (had) positive effects on the unbalance, as between Member States, in the levels of investment in the database sector: < I agree < I disagree because (please specify and give any suggestions): _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ B.2 As between the Community and third countries

The Directive has (had) positive effects on the unbalance, as between the European Community and the world s largest database producers in third countries, in the levels of investment in the database sector: < I agree < I disagree because (please specify and give any suggestions): _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

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By creating the new VXL JHQHULV right, the Directive sufficiently protects the investments (whether human, technical or financial) made for the creation, updating or maintenance of a database: < I agree < I disagree because (please specify and give any suggestions): _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ' ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6RFLHW\

By securing protection to investments, the Directive encourages the making of new investments in advanced information processing systems related to databases: < I agree < I disagree because (please specify and give any suggestions): _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ( %DODQFH RI ULJKWV DQG LQWHUHVWV

The directive achieves a satisfactory balance between the rights and interests of the rightholders and users: < I agree < I disagree because (please specify and give any suggestions): _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

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In this chapter, we solicit your opinion on the legal means proposed by the Directive in order to achieve the goals referred to above. The questions will be briefly explained, and reference will be made to the relevant provision of the Directive. If you wish to consult the Directive, it is available on the Commission s website, at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/intprop/docs/index.htm. Except where indicated otherwise, the questions relate to both copyright and VXL JHQHULV protection of databases. $ 'HILQLWLRQ RI D GDWDEDVH

In your opinion, the definition of a database, whether original or not, see Articles 1 and 2) is: < Too broad < Satisfactory < Too narrow < Too uncertain Please explain your opinion, give an example or provide any comments: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ % B.1 5HTXLUHPHQWV IRU SURWHFWLRQ Copyright

In your opinion, the originality threshold for database copyright (see Article 3.1) is: < Too high < Satisfactory < Too low < Too uncertain Please explain your opinion, give an example or provide any comments: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

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B.2

Sui generis right

In your opinion, the substantial investment criterion for database sui generis right (see Article 7.1) is: < Too high < Satisfactory < Too low < Too uncertain Please explain your opinion, give an example or provide any comments: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ & C.1 2ZQHUVKLS RI ULJKWV Copyright

The vesting of copyright ownership in the author (see Article 4) is : < Satisfactory < Unsatisfactory (please explain your opinion) : _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ C.2 Sui generis right

The vesting of sui generis ownership in the database maker (see Article 7) is : < Satisfactory < Unsatisfactory (please explain your opinion) : _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ' D.1 6FRSH RI ULJKWV Copyright

The scope of the author s rights (see Article 5) is : < Too broad < Satisfactory < Too narrow < Too uncertain Please explain your opinion: _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
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D.2

Sui generis right

a) The scope of the database maker s rights (see Article 7) is : < Too broad < Satisfactory < Too narrow < Too uncertain Please explain your opinion: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ b) Database makers may prohibit the repeated and systematic use of insubstantial parts of the database (see Article 7.5). In your opinion, this prerogative: < Insufficiently protects the rightholder < Sufficiently protects the rightholder < Excessively protects the rightholder Please explain your opinion: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ( /DZIXO XVH

The lawful user of the database may perform acts necessary for the purposes of access and normal use of the database (see Articles 6.1 and 8). In your opinion, these exceptions are: < Too broad < Satisfactory < Too narrow Please explain your opinion: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

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The Member States have the option to exempt the reproduction for private purposes of nonelectronic databases. In your opinion, this exception is: < Too broad < Satisfactory < Too narrow < No opinion, since this exception has not been transposed by my Member State. Please explain your opinion: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ F.2 Education and science

The Member States have the option to exempt the use of databases for purposes of teaching or scientific research. In your opinion, this exception is: < Too broad < Satisfactory < Too narrow < No opinion, since this exception has not been transposed by my Member State. Please explain your opinion: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ F.3 Administration and justice

The Member States have the option to exempt the use of databases for purposes of public security, administrative or judicial procedure. In your opinion, this exception is: < Too broad < Satisfactory < Too narrow < No opinion, since this exception has not been transposed by my Member State. Please explain your opinion: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

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Other traditional exceptions

The Member States have the option to maintain traditional copyright exceptions. In your opinion, this exception is: < Too broad < Satisfactory < Too narrow < No opinion, since my Member State has not taken advantage of this provision. Please explain your opinion : ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ * ,QLWLDO WHUP RI WKH VXL JHQHULV ULJKW DQG VXEVWDQWLDO QHZ LQYHVWPHQWV

1. 6XL JHQHULV protection lasts for 15 years as from completion (or making available within this term) of the database (see Article 10.1-2). In your opinion, this term is: < Too long < Satisfactory < Too short Please explain, and if too long or too short, propose the term you would deem adequate: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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2. If a substantial new investment is made in an existing database, the database resulting from this new investment may benefit from a new term of protection of 15 years (see Article 10.3). In your opinion, this provision: < Insufficiently protects the rightholder < Sufficiently protects the rightholder < Excessively protects the rightholder. Please explain your opinion: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ + %HQHILFLDULHV RI WKH VXL JHQHULV ULJKW

Broadly, VXL JHQHULV protection is limited to companies and firms having their registered office (provided that its operations are genuinely linked with a Member State), central administration or principal place of business within the Community as well as Community nationals or habitual residents (see Article 11). In your opinion, such limitation is : < Satisfactory < Unsatisfactory (please explain your opinion) : _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ , &RH[LVWHQFH ZLWK RWKHU ULJKWV

The possible coexistence of other protections on the contents of database (such as protection of personal data, patents, trademarks and designs, national treasures) with copyright or VXL JHQHULV protection (see Article 13): < Is an obstacle to the exploitation of your database < Is not an obstacle to the exploitation of your database < Is an obstacle to my use of others database < Is not an obstacle to my use of others database Please explain and, if applicable, refer to your own database and market: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ - 7UDQVLWLRQDO SURYLVLRQV

The transitional provisions of Article 14 are : < Satisfactory < Unsatisfactory (please explain your opinion) : _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
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Has the Directive influenced the status of protection of a database you were using?
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The burden of proof as to the date of completion of a non-original database lies with the maker of the database. Has this obligation influenced or will it influence your behaviour as regards your database in any way? Please comment and illustrate: _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ' (YLGHQFH RI VXEVWDQWLDO QHZ LQYHVWPHQWV

The burden of proof that the criteria are met for a substantial modification of the contents of a database to be regarded as a substantial new investment, lies with the maker of the database resulting from such investment. Do you take or plan to take measures in other to secure evidence of new substantial investments you have made or will make in your database? Please comment and illustrate : _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ( (YLGHQFH RI LQIULQJHPHQW E\ VXEVWDQWLDO RU UHSHDWHG LQVXEVWDQWLDO WDNLQJ

In case of non-original databases, a competitor may offer the same contents as those in your own database, provided this competitor has not derived its contents from your database. Infringement will only be recognised if the database maker can prove that the competitor has copied contents of his database, in particular by systematic and repeated taking. Has the Directive influenced or will it influence your behaviour in this respect in any way ? Please comment and illustrate: _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ) 6XEVHTXHQW QHZ WHUPV

When a database is constantly updated by means of new substantial investments, subsequent new terms of protection might apply for an indefinite period of time. In your opinion, this possibility: < Insufficiently protects the rightholder < Sufficiently protects the rightholder < Excessively protects the rightholder Please explain your opinion: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

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Which provisions of the Directive have had the strongest impact on your business? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

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What have proved the most influential trends on your database-related business in the past? Explain briefly.

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What will be, in your opinion, the most influential trends on your database-related business in the near future (say, over the next 3 years)? What could be their impact? Explain briefly.

_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ A.3 What will be, in your opinion, the most influential trends on your database-related business in the long run ? What could be their impact? Explain briefly.

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Where/from whom do/will you get the contents of your database? You (will) < Produce it yourself < Buy it < Build partnerships Other (please specify): ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
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If your preference goes to partnerships, please specify which types of partners and from which country: _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ & (YROXWLRQ RI LQYHVWPHQW FRVWV

Which are the main costs involved with the creation, update or maintenance of your database today and what do you expect them to be in the near future (say, over the next 3 years) and in the long run? Please answer according to importance (1 = most important). Today
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How do you expect your income to perform in the near future (say, over the next 3 years) ? It will: < Increase dramatically < Increase < Stabilise < Decrease How do you expect your income to perform in the long run ? It will: < Increase dramatically < Increase < Stabilise < Decrease

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What could be the impact of such increase/decrease ? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ( 6LGHHIIHFWV RQ DFFHVV WR LQIRUPDWLRQ

Has the Directive had side-effects on access to information ? And is the Directive likely to have side-effects on access to information in the near future or the long run? If so, please describe them. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

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Which provisions of the Directive will need further adjustment as the database market goes developing ?

_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ F.4 Which provisions of the Directive raises difficulties when applied or interpreted in combination with the Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society (available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/intprop/docs/index.htm)? Exclusive rights Exceptions < Technological measures Please explain your opinion: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
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$ )UHH FRPSHWLWLRQ Has the Directive, and in particular the creation of the VXL JHQHULV right, had negative effects on free competition? < I disagree < I agree (please indicate reasons and give examples if applicable, refer to your own market): _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ % B.1 $EXVH RI D GRPLQDQW SRVLWLRQ Strengthening of the market leader s position

The Directive has strengthened the position of the market leader in my sector. < I disagree (please specify and refer to your market): < I agree (please specify and refer to your market): _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ If you agree, do you think a non-voluntary licence would have the effect of re-establishing the market leader into its earlier position? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ B.2 Abuse

The Directive has caused or enabled the market leader in my sector to abuse its dominant position. < I disagree (please specify and refer to your market): < I agree (please specify and refer to your market): _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
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If you agree, do you think a non-voluntary licence would have the effect of disabling the market leader to abuse its dominant position? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

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Do you think a non-voluntary licence should be introduced in respect of databases? If so, in what cases and under what conditions? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

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Sector-related

If you agree with C.1, do you think such a non-voluntary licence should be limited to certain sectors ? Please indicate what sectors. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ C.3 Use-related

If you agree with C.1, do you think such a non-voluntary licence should be limited to certain kinds of uses ? Please indicate what uses. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

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What regulatory measures will be most effective in order to stimulate local production of databases? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ & $OORZLQJ ORFDO XVH

What regulatory measures with be most effective in order to allow local use of databases? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

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This document compiles the answers obtained to the questionnaire as sent to the national authorities and interested parties on 17 June 2002 initially, and on 8 July 2002 after extension of the time allotted for replying. 0HWKRG RI SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH DQVZHUV All answers to each question are quoted literally under that question. As for multiple-choice questions, the number of persons choosing each particular option is stated alongside and the names of those persons are mentioned underneath. 4XRWLQJ PHWKRG The parties who authorised NautaDutilh to quote their remarks and name are identified at the end of the quote. The parties who authorised NautaDutilh to quote their remarks but not their name are kept anonymous. A number at the end of each quote refers to each anonymous party. Four parties did not authorise NautaDutilh to quote their remarks, and their answers are therefore not included in this compilation.

Please note that most parties only answered certain parts of the questionnaire.

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By eliminating the differences existing between the Member States legislation as regards the legal protection of databases, the Directive has (had) a positive effect on the free movement of databaserelated goods or services within the Community: 10 4 I agree (,'4 +HUROG %XVLQHVV 'DWD $* DQRQ\PRXV=  DQRQ\PRXV?  (%',  *5$= DQRQ\PRXV J  ,WDOLDQ 0LQLVWU\ &UHGLWUHIRUP .XELFNL .* )(3 I disagree because (please specify and give any suggestions): % +XJHQKROW] DQRQ\PRXVH  DQRQ\PRXV=A@ (XURSHDQ /RWWHULHV ,W KDV QRW HOLPLQDWHG GLIIHUHQFHV LW KDV KLJKOLJKWHG WKHP (DQRQ\PRXVH ). 7KH SULRULW\ RI OLFHQVH WHUPV FRXOG EH PRUH UHVWULFWLYH WKDQ OHJDO FRQGLWLRQV ((%',  *5$=). :H KDYH QR H[SHULHQFH LQ WKLV VSHFLILF ILHOG DQG WKHUHIRUH ZH FDQQRW FRPPHQW WKH TXHVWLRQ $XVWULDQ 3DWHQW 2IILFH). 'DWDEDVHUHODWHG JRRGV DUH EHWWHU SURWHFWHG E\ WKHLU RZQHUV HLWKHU E\ WHFKQLFDO PHDVXUHV RU E\ UHVWULFWHG OLFHQVHV (DQRQ\PRXVG ). 'LIIHUHQFHV ZHUH QRW HOLPLQDWHG ([DPSOH $XVWULDQ WHOHFRP LV ELOOLQJ KLJKHU SULFHV WKDQ RWKHU FRXQWULHV (DQRQ\PRXV> ). , GR QRW NQRZ ZKDW HIIHFW LI DQ\ WKH 'LUHFWLYH KDV KDG +RZHYHU , XQGHUVWDQG IURP LQGXVWU\ UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV WKDW WKH PDUNHW FRQWLQXHV WR JURZ (8. 3DWHQW 2IILFH). ,QWURGXFWLRQ RI GDWDEDVH ULJKW KDV OHG WR VXEVWDQWLDOO\ KLJKHU WUDQVDFWLRQ FRVWV LQFUHDVLQJ FRVW DQG FRPSOH[LW\ RI SURGXFLQJ GDWDEDVHV. /HJDO XQFHUWDLQWLHV UHJDUGLQJ VFRSH RI GDWDEDVH ULJKW KLQGHU LQWUD FRPPXQLW\ WUDGH % +XJHQKROW]). 1RW DEOH WR H[SUHVV DQ RSLQLRQ (+ 5LVKEHWK). 7KH 'LUHFWLYH KDV KDG D SRVLWLYH HIIHFW RQ WKH IXQFWLRQLQJ RI WKH ,QWHUQDO 0DUNHW ILUVWO\ EHFDXVH WKH VHFXULW\ RI WKH VXL JHQHULV ULJKW KDV LPSURYHG WKH LQYHVWPHQWV LQ WKH GDWDEDVH VHFWRU ( ($'3). :H DUH RQO\ ZRUNLQJ RQ QDWLRQDO OHYHO (&RPSDVV9HUODJ *PE+).
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Other traditional exceptions

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Which provisions of the Directive will need further adjustment to usefully apply to Digital databases? (%',  *5$= $//($ DQRQ\PRXVGA@ 5R\DO 6RFLHW\ 6&218/ On-line digital databases? 516

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F.3

Which provisions of the Directive will need further adjustment as the database market goes developing?
Better definitions, especially of lawful user, commercial purpose, and insubstantial part. Clearer exceptions for education and research. Provide exceptions for those with physical or learning disabilities (DQRQ\PRXVH ).

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Which provisions of the Directive raises difficulties when applied or interpreted in combination with the Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. Exclusive rights % +XJHQKROW] 8. 3DWHQW 2IILFH Exceptions $//($ % +XJHQKROW] 8. 3DWHQW 2IILFH DQRQ\PRXVG  DQRQ\PRXV?A@ 5R\DO 6RFLHW\ Technological measures (%',  *5$= 8. 3DWHQW 2IILFH DQRQ\PRXVH  DQRQ\PRXVG  DQRQ\PRXV? 

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If you agree, do you think a non-voluntary licence would have the effect of re-establishing the market leader into its earlier position? <HV (%',  *5$= <HV DQRQ\PRXV>  <HV DQRQ\PRXVG 
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C.2

Sector-related

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Use-related

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The hearing starts at 10.45. $77(1'$176 Anne Joseph (Reed Elsevier); Teresa Arnesen (UK Copyright Directorate); Anna Von Oldenburg (Dumrath & Fassnacht); Annabella Coldrick replacing Angela Mills (European Publishers Council); Anne Bergman-Tahon (FEE); Cristina Vela (Telefonica TPI).

Observer: - Gerhard Laga (EU Commission). *(1(5$/ 5(0$5.6 Anne Joseph: One should compare to the US, where access to information is restricted by contract because no other protection is available. Thus, the Directive FUHDWHV DFFHVV to information. The market share of European producers has risen from 22% to 34% (see Elsevier s answer to the questionnaire). Anna Von Oldenburg: As a rightholder, we are satisfied with the Directive. Anne Bergman-Tahon: Case law arises EHWZHHQ FRPSHWLWRUV, not with users. It is deeply misunderstood that only the investment is protected, not the contents, facts or elements. (1) Structure, (2) investment and (3) content are not to be confused. Christina Vela: The protection afforded is satisfactory.

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'(),1,7,21 6KRXOG D GLVWLQFWLRQ EH PDGH EHWZHHQ HOHFWURQLF DQG RWKHU GDWDEDVHV" Anne Joseph: Hard copy investors and electronic investors may not be distinguished. Both types of databases must be protected. 6KRXOG SXEOLF GDWDEDVHV EH H[FOXGHG " Anna Von Oldenburg: Databases producers need trade registers as public information but the administration set about competing with value-added services. Austrian courts solved the problem but with arguments external to the Directive. 6KRXOG D FHQWUDO UHJLVWHU EH FUHDWHG IRU WKH VDNH RI WKH XVHUV FHUWDLQW\ " Anne Bergman-Tahon: Protection by copyright is automatic. A registry at what level ? national, EU, international ? Teresa Arnesen: It would be unworkable, bureaucratic. Anne Joseph: A simple notice should be enough to claim rights in the database. +RZ DERXW VHDUFK HQJLQHV DQG WKH XQGHUO\LQJ VRIWZDUH" Anne Joseph: Software helps in the compilation also, not just the search engines. But what is the investment? Everything that is part of the investment needs to be included within the protection. ,17(51$7,21$/ %(1(),&,$5,(6 Anne Joseph: Why should the Directive be limited to EU investors ? Databases are increasingly global.

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(;&(37,216 ([FHSWLRQ IRU SULYDWH XVH +RZ DERXW ZLGHQLQJ WKH H[FHSWLRQ WR HOHFWURQLF GDWDEDVHV " Anne Bergman-Tahon: As for non electronic databases, one should make sure that reproduction is analogue. Scanning is a potential danger. Anne Joseph: Two clicks and it is gone. Reproduction is far ease than printouts. Digitisation complicates things it is very uneasy to establish whether the purpose is private. ([FHSWLRQ IRU HGXFDWLRQ DQG VFLHQFH +RZ DERXW WKH ZRUGLQJ LOOXVWUDWLRQ LQ $UWLFOH  E DQG  E" Anne Bergman-Tahon: That depends on the language version of the Directive. It is clear from the French version that illustration applies to both research and teaching. Anne Joseph: Think of e-learning material. Why to invest in new products if there is an exception anyway ? :KDW LI DFFHVV LV VRXJKW RQO\ WR D SDUW RI D GDWDEDVH " Anne Bergman-Tahon: No need to extend the exception to re-utilisation for the OLFHQFH takes into account the needs of users, e.g. re-utilisation. :KDW DERXW QRQ FRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVHV " :KDW LI WKHUH LV DQ LQGLUHFW FRPPHUFLDO DGYDQWDJH " Anne Joseph: There is no clear line between university and commercial publishers. Scientific bodies are more and more involved in commercial publishing.
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Universities are becoming commercial organisations (at least in the UK) and are competing with US. Anne Bergman-Tahon: Reproduction rights organisations OLFHQFH to schools, e.g. CLA in the UK ([FHSWLRQ IRU DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ DQG MXVWLFH Anne Bergman-Tahon: The purpose may not be commercial pursuant to recital 50. 7UDGLWLRQDO H[FHSWLRQV Teresa Arnesen: The UK bill introducing a new exception for visually impaired people is apparently not allowed under Article 6.2 (d). We sent a letter to the EU Commission in this respect. /DZIXO XVHU :KDW LV D ODZIXO XVHU " ,V WKDW RQO\ D SHUVRQ DXWKRULVHG E\ FRQWUDFW RU DOVR D SHUVRQ DXWKRULVHG E\ ODZ " Anne Bergman-Tahon: It is not enough just to claim an exception. You need to be authorised by contract. )RU H[DPSOH XQGHU )UHQFK ODZ D ODZIXO XVHU PD\ RQO\ EH DXWKRULVHG E\ FRQWUDFW ZKLOVW XQGHU %HOJLDQ ODZ KH RU VKH PD\ EH DXWKRULVHG HLWKHU E\ FRQWUDFW RU E\ ODZ &DQ D FRQWUDFW RYHUULGH WKH H[FHSWLRQ LQ VSLWH RI $UWLFOH  'LUHFWLYH "

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Anne Bergman Tahon: All libraries have acquired a licence for their users in the first place. :K\ VKRXOG XVH RI LQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV QHHG DXWKRULVDWLRQ D ODZIXO XVHU" 'RHVQW WKDW FRQIOLFW ZLWK $UWLFOH " Anne Bergman Tahon: First access needs a license in the first place. Users have a right to get a licence on reasonable terms so the lawful use exception only sets out minimum terms. Anne Joseph: It is like with a book: you can only copy a book if you have it in your lawful possession, not if you stole it. Article 7.5 applies to lawful users as well. %XW GR \RX RQO\ JUDQW OLFHQFHV IRU LQVXEVWDQWLDO SDUWV" Anne Joseph: Publishers want people to access their products. Their licences are immensely broad except for selling or competing, e.g. a licence to the whole of Island. *HQHUDO 6KRXOG RQH KDUPRQLVH H[FHSWLRQV  - as between Article 6 of Directive 96/9 and Article 9 of Directive 96/9 and/or - as between Article 5 of Directive 2001/29 and Article 6 of Directive 96/9. Anne Joseph: They are different products. So you have to think differently. It makes no sense to provide lots of exceptions to the protection of investment. 7(50 Anna Von Oldenburg: The term is satisfactory as it is. Anne Joseph:

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It is unclear whether every new investment triggers off new protection. Otherwise, people will not update anymore, e.g. white or yellow pages. The date of completion isn t really an issue. If the database keeps being updated it is protected in perpetuity. Teresa Arnesen: The term is both too short and too long depending on the product. It can be too short for high value but low sales products such as the 3DWULFLD /RJLFD CD-rom of latin texts. In contrast, it could be very long for databases which are updated on a daily basis, such as the BHB fixture list. This leads to protection in perpetuity. &2(;,67(1&( Teresa Arnesen: Users are very confused and worried about infringing sui generis rights. More generally, librarians and scientists are very nervous that information could be blocked. Anne Joseph: Librarians are being ultra-cautious. &203(7,7,21 ,668(6 Anne Joseph: Publishers want to sell, disseminate information. There are no refusals to sell unless the purchaser is distrusted. In truth, talks about non-voluntary licenses are about money. But licenses are getting broader and broader because it is impossible to police restrictions anyway. The fear of refusal to access information is a flawed idea, although there are exceptions like the IMS case. But the general thrust of publishing is to disseminate information. The hearing ends at 12.45.

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The hearing starts at 14.15. $77(1'$176 Teresa Hackett (Eblida); Teresa Arnesen (UK Copyright Directorate); Anna Von Oldenburg (Dumrath & Fassnacht); Sir Roger Elliott (ALLEA as well as ISCU); Anne Verron (Representation of the French government at the European Council).

Observer: - Gerhard Laga (EU Commission). *(1(5$/ 5(0$5.6 Teresa Hackett: There are two sets of rights and exceptions. The coexistence of copyright and sui generis makes things confusing, unworkable and uncertain. So there is a trend to be cautious because in practice, you can t afford the risk of being sued. For that reason, sui generis does not increase innovation. Teresa Arnesen >H[SUHVVLQJ WKH YLHZ RI WKH VFLHQWLILF UHVHDUFK FRPPXQLW\ DQG WKH OLEUDULDQV QRW WKH 8. &RS\ULJKW 'LUHFWRUDWHV RIILFLDO SRVLWLRQ@ The Directive is unclear, ambiguous and the scientific research exception is too narrowly worded. There is too much discrepancy between the exceptions to copyright and sui generis overlapping protections. Anna Von Oldenburg: As a user, we have trouble accessing public databases such as the trade register. Sir Roger Elliott: Academics complain about uncertainty (meaning of lawful user , scope of illustration , ). Users need clear rights, otherwise they won' t enforce them. Sui generis was not needed under UK law for copyright already protected databases. Neither is it needed under US law for there is protection through unfair competition.

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The exceptions to sui generis are much more restrictive then those formerly used under copyright. Under the former regime of copyright, the publishing industry was flourishing, though. A major problem is the protection granted to facts and data, which has never been permitted under copyright. There is a difference between scientific users and commercial users. Scientific users are those who create and collect the data as opposed to those who compiled them in their databases. This is different from a commercial user such as William Hill in the British Horseracing Board Case. Teresa Hackett: There has been an increase in rights everywhere except in the Nordic countries. The sui generis right aims to protect right holders against piggybacking or exploitation. But there is a fundamental flaw in the Directive. It is the FRQIXVLRQ EHWZHHQ H[SORLWDWLRQ DQG XVH because most users are not in competition with rightholders. So we need to be very cautious. '(),1,7,21 Sir Roger Elliott: A database is too broadly defined. It can be any compilation, included a scientific journal. Teresa Hackett: Libraries are both users and owners. The definition is too broad because it covers printed databases, which were already adequately covered by copyright. 7+( 25,*,1$/,7< 5(48,5(0(17 Teresa Arnesen: This requirement is too high. The former threshold of skill, labour and judgement has to be preferred. 7+( 68%67$17,$/ ,19(670(17 5(48,5(0(17 Sir Roger Elliott: What is substantial is left to the Court. Something can be insubstantial compared to persons collecting data but substantial from the compiler s viewpoint, e.g. chemical data. Chemical data extraction must be fair dealing under copyright.

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Scientists want no remuneration and that data be widely available. There is a move by scientists to reclaim their copyright on information against its exploitation by publishers. Think of George Soros and the alternative public interested publishers. Teresa Arnesen: One should compare the investment in creating data with the investment in compiling databases. Before any investment in FRPSLOLQJ facts, there has been scientific investment in FROOHFWLQJ facts (see Sir Roger Elliott s answer to the questionnaire). (;&(37,216 /DZIXO XVHU Theresa Hackett: This a backwards step. Under copyright, access was open to anybody. What mattered was the purpose of the activity but now, there are two layers : (1) the nature of the user and (2) the nature of the activity. Moreover, the interpretation of the lawful user concept is not uniform. In France that means authorised by contract whilst in the UK or Belgium that means authorised by contract or by law . If the lawful user must be authorised by contract, this nullifies the concept of an exception. Teresa Hackett: The contracts are not fair, not negotiable (see Microsoft). They are as unfair as shrinkwrap or click-on licences. We need consortia of libraries that can negotiate . Sir Roger Elliott: Can exceptions be overridden by contract? ([FHSWLRQ IRU SULYDWH XVH Sir Roger Elliott: Private use is only allowed for non-electronic databases but most databases are gonna be electronic in the future. ([FHSWLRQ IRU HGXFDWLRQ DQG VFLHQFH Sir Roger Elliott: This exception is not mandatory (the French have no such exceptions). It only covers extraction, not re-utilisation.
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Illustration can only relate to teaching, not scientific research. The non-commercial purpose requirement is too tight. They may be no immediate commercial purpose and still one down the track. Teresa Hackett: These exceptions should be mandatory. Because this exception is not mandatory, France, Italy and Ireland have not implemented it. As to Sweden and the Nordic countries, see recital 52. And the Information Society Directive is even worse: the exceptions are narrower because the proviso is broader. Teresa Arnesen: This exception is too narrow, ambiguous, unnecessarily restrictive. But commercial purposes should not be allowed. 7UDGLWLRQDO H[FHSWLRQV Sir Roger Elliott: Commercial purpose was fair dealing under copyright and is no longer allowed. 7(50 Sir Roger Elliott: This term is too long especially if the database is updated. Scientific data should be made available after a certain time. Teresa Hackett: There is a major problem if the maker keeps updating his database. The protection becomes perpetual. There is an issue as to whether the new term applies to the whole database or just the updated part. In the US, there is a requirement of date stamping. ,17(51$7,21$/ %(1(),&,$5,(6 Teresa Hackett:

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It is untrue that the sui generis right has encouraged innovation. Admittedly, there was a spike in 1998 but that was because the producers were holding back earlier. But now things have levelled down..

&203(7,7,21 ,668(6 Sir Roger Elliott: There is a risk for monopoly on facts. Unquestionably, there has been an increase in prices. Electronic versions are always bundled. Anna Von Oldenburg : We buy information from telecom companies, which bundle products. Teresa Hackett: Publishers do not want to restrict access but the real problem is : on what terms and conditions, for what prices? There are monopoly rights because publishers have merged. Things are more problematic with the electronic format because there is no exception in the electronic environment. Access can be restricted by licences and technological protection. What does substantial mean? If Justice Laddie in the BHB case is to be followed, a data is substantial as soon as it is useful to a user. If it were so, insubstantial would be rendered meaningless. The hearing ends at 16.15.

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The present overview provides an executive summary of the Compilation of answers.  3URILOH RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV

We received a total of 44 answers (25 answers to the questionnaire as sent on 17 June 2002 plus 19 answers to the questionnaire as sent on 8 June 2002). The respondents included private (9) and public (2) database right holders; private (4) and public (4) database users; as well as various organisations and individuals. Certain respondents were right holders and users at the same time. Some had turnovers in excess of 19 or 7 billion EUR. In spite of our best endeavours to widen the consultation process, these respondents may not form a fully representative sample of all concerned parties. Although we consulted the fifteen national authorities in charge of implementing the Directive, only the UK Copyright Directorate of the UK Patent Office who proved very helpful throughout the study and the Italian Ministry of Culture sent in their views. The Austrian Patent Office also answered, but they were not responsible for transposing the Directive into Austrian law.  *RDOV RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH

10 respondents agreed that the Directive had a positive effect on the free movement of databaserelated goods and services within the European Community. 4 disagreed, in particular because of higher transaction costs. In comparison with the US, one respondent relied on the Gale Directory of Databases to state that from 1996 to 2001 the number of European databases as a share of all databases had increased from 22% to 34% while the number of North American databases had decreased from 69% to 60%. All respondents agreed that the Directive sufficiently protects investments. Yet certain respondents took the view that it does so excessively. The VXL JHQHULV right was alleged to lead to overprotection because, (1) it is framed as an exclusive right of intellectual property in lieu of a special rule of unfair competition against misappropriation, (2) it gives too great protection to the commercial producers who complete the database at the expense of the scientific researchers who collect the data through expensive experimentation or (3) it could protect football fixtures lists. It was noted that UK copyright protected collections of data before the Directive. 8 respondents agreed that the Directive achieves a satisfactory balance between the rights and interests of the right holders and users, but 15 disagreed. The dissatisfaction focused on having two layers of protection (copyright and VXL JHQHULV) to consider and two different sets of exceptions to follow, which made safest to follow the narrower VXL JHQHULV exceptions. It was claimed that VXL JHQHULV exceptions should be less restrictive, at least coterminous with those to copyright under national laws and the InfoSoc Directive 2001/29/EC. Arguably, the most disputed issue was access for the purposes of education and research (see below). Use of information for non-exploitative purposes and the exploitation of information for commercial purposes were not to be confused,

549

though even commercial research could be fair dealing under the former UK copyright regime. Exceptions for the physically disabled and better definitions, especially of substantial investment , (in)substantial part , substantial change , lawful user and commercial purpose were also claimed.  0HDQV RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH

The GHILQLWLRQ of a database was found to be either satisfactory (12) or too broad (9). It was satisfactory because a broad definition allowed flexibility in jurisprudence and because, after the Dutch Supreme Court decided that a dictionary was not sufficiently original to gain copyright protection in its arrangement (Van Dale-Romme), publishers, like producers of phonograms, needed a neighbouring right to protect their investment. It was too broad because it was likely to encompass printed databases, such as scholarly journals or encyclopaedias, it had the potential to cover everything on the Internet and it established a GH IDFWR copyright on facts. A fixtures lists was argued to be a collection of interdependent data, not independent as required by the definition. The RULJLQDOLW\ threshold for database copyright was satisfactory for most respondents, though the UK Copyright Directorate preferred the UK s lower test prior to the Directive not copied from elsewhere, but involving skill, labour and judgement. The VXEVWDQWLDO LQYHVWPHQW criterion for VXL JHQHULV protection was found too uncertain (14), satisfactory (7) and too low (3). For it was not defined and case-law varied widely. It was unclear whether the spin-off doctrine applied to event data it should apply to sports data since the investment was directed at organising competitions or whether investments in technology tools assisting compilation or searching of data were included. The scientific community distinguished scientific databases from commercial databases : with scientific databases, the greatest investment consisted in scientists initially obtaining facts and data, not producers subsequently compiling them. While the vesting of FRS\ULJKW RZQHUVKLS in the author was satisfactory, that of VXL JHQHULV ownership in the GDWDEDVH PDNHU sparked off a 50-50% (or 12-12) response. For it was not defined and national legislation varied. Taking into account financial risk alongside time and effort increased the possibility of joint making. And, under recital 41, what if A took the initiative and B invested ? There was also confusion in the use of the expression maker in Articles 7.5, 8.1, 8.2 (presumably equally applying to assignees) and the contrasting use of the expression rightholder in Articles 7.2 (b) and 11.1. State Lotteries feared that football marketing companies could undermine the Member States solidarity mechanisms for sport. The scope of the DXWKRUV ULJKW was satisfactory, though clarification as to the interaction with the Copyright Directive in relation to temporary reproduction and online access would be helpful. The scope of the GDWDEDVH PDNHUV ULJKW was too broad (11), satisfactory (8) or too uncertain (6). First, existing laws, restricted licences or technical measures provided alternative protections. Then this depended on emerging case-law : infringement findings as to hyperlinking or use of core information (BHB/William Hill case) were viewed as entailing a risk of overprotection. The outcome of the procedures pending before the ECJ would be decisive. Freely and publicly available information (such as fixtures lists) should remain so. Article 7.5 prohibiting the repeated and systematic use of insubstantial parts of a database sufficiently (10) or excessively (9) protected the

550

right holder. It was argued that Article 7.5 had no independent significance since it applied only if the aggregated use was substantial. Nevertheless, the scientific community heavily stressed that repeated and systematic use of parts of databases was normal procedure for scientific research and did not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the maker. The ODZIXO XVH H[FHSWLRQ was too narrow (10) or satisfactory (8). Even users seemed to agree that the lawful user could only be authorised by contract, not also permitted by law but this was severely criticised since the whole purpose of an exception was to allow use without permission, just as fair dealing was open to anyone. In the face of such uncertainty, a libraries association had advised its members that a lawful user could include (but not exclusively): (a) any purchaser of a printed database (directories, encyclopaedias, etc); (b) any purchaser of a "portable database" (e.g. CD-ROM); (c) any authorised user of an electronic database (this would have to be specified in the subscription contract or licence); (d) and any client of an information service or library which is a lawful user (i.e. those who belong to or are obliged to use a library) . Another respondent found unclear whether item (d) was covered. The concept of lawful user was described as retrograde or having no place in IP legislation, including the InfoSoc Directive. Indeed, Article 5 of the latter Directive conferred statutory rights. The first RSWLRQDO H[FHSWLRQ IRU SULYDWH XVH of non-electronic databases was satisfactory (11) or too broad (7). Many respondents took the view that it should also apply to electronic databases, while publishers feared the technical ease of reproducing an electronic database or felt that national exceptions for private use had been used unfairly to justify commercial use of business information and scientific research database. The second RSWLRQDO H[FHSWLRQ IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI LOOXVWUDWLRQ IRU WHDFKLQJ RU VFLHQWLILF UHVHDUFK was the most debated issue 10 respondents found it too narrow, 7 satisfactory and 4 too broad. The grievances of the scientific community, led by the Royal Society, may be summed up as follows: - this exception is not mandatory; - it is confined to lawful users (LH those who already have permission from the maker of the database to extract and re-utilise data); - it allows only extraction and not re-utilisation of data (e.g. a teacher s handout); - the wording for the purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research is ambiguous: if illustration is meant also to apply to scientific research, it is not at all clear what this allows; and - the restriction to a non commercial purpose is also ambiguous since much scientific research may have commercial implications which are difficult to define in its early stages. Accordingly, the exceptions allowed in Articles 6.2 and 9 had to be strengthened. A suitable wording submitted for Article 9 was : 0HPEHU 6WDWHV VKDOO VWLSXODWH WKDW H[WUDFWLRQ DQGRU UH XWLOLVDWLRQ IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI VFLHQWLILF UHVHDUFK RU LOOXVWUDWLRQ IRU WHDFKLQJ LV DOORZHG ZLWKRXW WKH DXWKRULVDWLRQ RI LWV PDNHUV IRU DQ\ GDWDEDVH ZKLFK LV PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH SXEOLF LQ ZKDWHYHU PDQQHU Failing such exceptions, the scientific community feared economically unsound duplication of investment. Moreover, librarians found having two sets of exceptions (copyright and VXL JHQHULV) quite confusing. Besides, they had no way of knowing, when someone copied from a database on their premises, whether such copying was for commercial research or not. And they found unjust that commercial research was no longer allowed under fair dealing, whereas fair

551

dealing reporting of current events, which was arguably more directly commercial than commercial research, was still allowed. One respondent bitterly noted that, by comparison, commercial activities for the purposes of public security were not curtailed. In contrast, publishers deplored the vagueness of the wording illustration . The third RSWLRQDO H[FHSWLRQ IRU SXEOLF VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ DQG MXVWLFH was satisfactory (11) or too broad (4). One respondent found this exception unjustified and preferred a compulsory market place licence, with compensation. State lotteries strongly advocated an extension of Article 9 to sports data and suggested to add the following sentence to the Article 9 exceptions: LQ FDVH RI H[WUDFWLRQ DQGRU UHXWLOLVDWLRQ IRU JDPLQJ DFWLYLWLHV UHVWULFWHG IRU UHDVRQV RI SXEOLF RUGHU DQGRU VRFLDO SROLF\ DQG WR WKH H[WHQW MXVWLILHG E\ WKH REOLJDWLRQ WR EH DFKLHYHG WKDW DOO ILQDQFLDO SURFHHGV LI DQ\ DUH PDGH DUH WR EH SDLG RYHU WR JRRG FDXVHV DQGRU WKH VWDWH H[FKHTXHU The option to retain WUDGLWLRQDO H[FHSWLRQV was mostly satisfactory (12), or too narrow (6) or too broad (2). Several respondents wanted this rule to apply also to VXL JHQHULV right (and apply list of permitted exceptions of the Copyright Directive mutatis mutandis). Another found the relationship between the respective exceptions in the Database and InfoSoc Directives greatly uncertain, notably Article 6.4.5 InfoSoc Directive. An aggregator of third-party data, e.g sports data, regretted that there was no exception to VXL JHQHULV for fair dealing reporting of current events. It felt that, as a result, sport federations had become more aggressive in their marketing and licensing of results data. By contrast, publishers would have preferred the wording of Article 5.3.o InfoSoc Directive. The UK Copyright Directorate made two observations. First, prior to the Directive the UK copyright research exception drew no distinction between the types of research but the UK were required by the Directive to restrict the exception (insofar as it relates to databases) to non-commercial research. The UKCD would have preferred to have maintained the status quo. Research based industry estimated the change waved cost it 1 million per year. Secondly, there was a Bill going through the UK Parliament which would, if successful, introduce exceptions to copyright for the benefit of visually impaired people The problem was that the Directive does not permit an exception either to copyright or the VXL JHQHULV right for the benefit of visually impaired people. Article 6.2(d) was of no use as the visually impaired exception was not traditional under copyright. Moreover, there was nothing useful regarding VXL JHQHULV right. The UK Copyright Directorate had, therefore, regrettably decided that they had to insist that the Bill before Parliament be drafted so as to exclude copyright in databases and database right protection from its scope. The UKCD concluded that they saw action to amend Community law in order to allow this to be rectified as a matter of some urgency. The 15-year initial WHUP RI VXL JHQHULV ULJKW was found to be too long (11) or satisfactory (8). Certain respondents regarded 2, 5 or 10 years from production as sufficient, given the dynamic nature of the database industry. Conversely, the makers of a high-value, low-sales static database of latin texts, available on CD-rom, complained that 15 years was too short a time for them to recover their investment. However, the dissatisfaction of most respondents revolved around perpetual protection of dynamic databases, e.g. a bibliographic database or loose-leaf handbook, through continuous substantial updating. Indeed, Article 10.3 protects the result of any substantial new investment in a database. 10 respondents found this provision excessive, 9 sufficient and 3 insufficient but its overall effect would depend on how courts would interpret substantial change or investment it should not be too readily achieved. It was also unclear when in practice a new term started and whether the renewed protection applied to the whole resultant database or only the

552

new part (as in the BHB case). Even so, there were no provisions that required a maker to identify new material so how could a user know which parts were new? A date-stamping requirement, as in US law, was advocated. 75 % (12) of the respondents favoured the limitation of TXDOLILFDWLRQ to Community national or residents, 25 % (4) disfavoured it. According to some, this discrimination might conflict with the most favoured nation -rule of TRIPs. The FRH[LVWHQFH with other rights and the transitional provisions were satisfactory.  3UDFWLFDO HIIHFWV RI WKH 'LUHFWLYH

To secure evidence of substantial investments, right holders used employment records and subcontractors invoices. The problem for users was not the evidence to be produced but the litigation costs they could not afford. Therefore they erred on the side of caution and assumed that all databases had at least VXL JHQHULV right. Substantial in relation to new investments was difficult to measure in constantly updated dynamic databases. Substantial had to be a reasonable commercial measure (i.e. it could be less than 20,000.00 EUR for some databases). To secure evidence of infringement, right holders used seeded entries. Single source database makers found it easier to prove extraction and re-utilisation than rival database makers. Right holders compared the EU with the US, where the only legal protection available for databases was through contract, trade secrecy law and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. All of these required restricting access to the information and dealing only with parties with whom one could have an enforceable contractual relationship. There was no way, under US law, absent database protection, to make the information easily accessible to the public, either directly or through libraries, without losing all or virtually all the limited protection available. The Directive in contrast encouraged the possibility of protected broad dissemination to the public. On the opposite side, users were worried about the possibility of perpetual protection, broad scope and the requirements for permission and/or payment for every use.  (YROXWLRQ RI WKH GDWDEDVH LQGXVWU\ WKH ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6RFLHW\

The respondents provided information as to the trends in their sector. 9 of them produced their own data, 9 bought it from other parties and 4 built partnerships. The costs centred on personnel and contents. The respondents expected the personnel costs to decrease and the technology costs to increase. They expected their income to increase, though not dramatically, or stabilise, except for State lotteries which had a more gloomy outlook. Directory listings compilers worried about the opt-in approach regarding personal data. Most users feared that the Directive would hinder access to information. Publishers argued it was actually the opposite since publishing was about widely disseminating information, not about locking it up. In fact, the great majority of current European case law on the legal protection of databases had to do with competitors unfairly appropriating themselves the investment and efforts of

553

someone else and reproducing it for their own benefits, and not with single and/or institutional users. In addition, a closer look at the licences negotiated between rightholders and users such as the UK model licence showed that uses permitted under licences were much broader than provisioned under exceptions. In sum, publishers wished to make their information widely available, not the contrary. Publishers also pleaded that digital databases should remain outside the scope of the exception for reproduction for private purposes since they could greatly suffer from mouse-click reproduction. As for the relationship between Directive 96/9/EC and Directive 2001/29/EC, users felt a clear need for homogenous rules on copyright, exceptions and technological measures since many works distributed over the Internet were also databases . For example, the caching & browsing exemption provided for under Article 5.1 InfoSoc Directive should also apply to databases. Publishers mentioned Article 6.4.4 and recital 40 of the InfoSoc Directive. The scientific community recalled that the Information Society had benefited enormously from the products of scientific research like the World Wide Web which had then been made freely available. A leading American academic took the view that search engines and hyperlinking should be allowed. Yet newspaper publishers complained about the detrimental effect of deep-linking on their business.  &RPSHWLWLRQ LVVXHV

Only 3 or 4 respondents agreed that the Directive had had negative effects on free competition or had led to abuses of a dominant position; 9 or 6 disagreed. The former respondents claimed that VXL JHQHULV right had resulted in the concentration of leading ejournals editors and information monopolies of producers of single source data such as telephone directories, programs listings or event data. The convergence of information suppliers and the number of mergers and take-overs among publishers could not have been foreseen by the European Commission in 1996, e.g. the AOL-Time Warner and Reed Elsevier-Harcourt mergers. An increasing number of journals, particularly in the scientific, technical and medical (STM) fields, were only available electronically, i.e. as databases, and publishers were increasingly holding the archives. Thus, libraries were now buying access to electronic content via licences. Libraries in the future could be empty because they would not have unrestricted access to the archives and soon would not be able to afford access to them. They would have to return to the publisher each time for access and may only get this on payment of a fee. Libraries could not negotiate on fair terms with powerful, dominant monopoly rightholders and needed a mechanism to protect them against abuse of a dominant position. Examples of issues included: inability to negotiate reasonable terms in contracts e.g. statutory exceptions; unreasonable price rises (sometimes 15% per year); no perpetual access, or against an annually increasing fee. Similarly, certain sports data marketing companies were raising their prices and certain telecom market leaders required inappropriate bundling of data package. In the users view, there was accordingly a clear need for compulsory licensing provisions, as in the original proposal of Directive (Directive COM(93)464 final SYN 393). This need was even more acute with state monopolies on PSI (public sector information) or sole source companies. For example, the Austrian Ministry of Justice claimed database protection on its official trade register or land register, which were formerly excluded from copyright, and sued private information

554

providers. Reference was made to the EC draft Directive on the re-use and commercial exploitation of public sector documents (see Draft of 5 June 2002). Finally, it was noted that more exceptions to VXL JHQHULV right would mean less need for compulsory licensing. The latter respondents believed that database protection fostered competition and economic efficiency. Creating a property right gave an incentive to licence content from more efficient collectors for derivative compilations and encouraged an intra producer market with increasing specialisation and differentiation, very much like the derivative rights market in the entertainment industry (books PRYLHV WHOHYLVLRQ KDG VWLPXODWHG WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI RULJLQDO DV ZHOO DV GHULYDWLYH works. Certain producers had become able to replace statutory funding with commercial income from the licensing of their database. Property protection was especially important for new entrants and smaller players who needed statutory protection to encourage them to enter the market in the first place. In any event, nothing prevented competitors to separately collect the data and make their own database. The well-informed UK Copyright Directorate simply stated that it was too early to take a view on the compulsory licensing issue. More generally, a leading American academic advised to give European judges, in particular the ECJ, time to elaborate stable jurisprudence. (Note : the suggestions made in the Adjustments section have been mentioned where appropriate).

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 /LWHUDWXUH Arkenbout, E., Nieuwe verdragen over auteursrecht en naburige rechten, &RPSXWHUU, 1997, 86 Greene, L. and Rizzi, S., Database protection legislation : views from the United States and WIPO, &RS\ULJKW :RUOG, 1997, 36 Hohagen, G., WIPO-Sitzung zum zuknftigen Schutz von Datenbanken, *585 ,QW 1998, 54 Janssens, M.C., Harmonisatie auteursrecht : van databanken naar informatiemaatschappij, ,5',, 1998, 114 Lucas, A., Rapport Gnral, ALAI, Study days, L informatique et le droit d auteur , Canada, 1989, 313 Nordemann, W., Vincke, K., Hertin, P., 'URLW GDXWHXU LQWHUQDWLRQDO HW GURLWV YRLVLQV GDQV OHV SD\V GH ODQJXH DOOHPDQGH HW OHV pWDWV PHPEUHV GH OD &RPPXQDXWp (XURSpHQQH, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1998, 614 Reinbothe, J., Martin-Prat, M. and von Lewinski, S., The new WIPO Treaties : A first resum, (,35, 1997, 171 and 176 Reinbothe, J. and von Lewinski, S., The WIPO treaties 1996 : Ready to come into force, (,35, 2002, 1999-208 Ricketson, S., *XLGH GH OD &RQYHQWLRQ GH %HUQH SRXU OD SURWHFWLRQ GHV XYUHV OLWWpUDLUHV HW DUWLVWLTXHV $FWH GH 3DULV , Genve, OMPI, 1978, 258 Suthersanen, U., A Comparative Review of Database Protection in the European Union and United States, Creative Ideas for Intellectual Property. The ATRIP papers 2000-2001, Dessemontet, F. and Gani, R. (ed.), Cedidac, Lausanne, 2002, 49-89 Unsworth, J., New copyright and database regulations : USPTO, WIPO and you, http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu (1997) Von Lewinski, S., Die diplomatische Konferenz der WIPO 1996 zum Urheberrecht und zu verwandten Schutzrechten, *585 ,QW 1997, 667 Comit permanent du droit d auteur et des droits connexes, Protection des bases de donnes, Genve, OMPI, 1998

 /HJLVODWLRQ Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works WIPO Copyright Treaty

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 /LWHUDWXUH Berg, J.S., L intgration en amont des directives ( propos de la directive 96/9/CE du 11.03.1996 concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes), Europe, juillet 1996, 1-4 Beutler, S., The protection of multimedia products through the European Community s directive on the legal protection of databases, (QW/5 1996, 317 Bovenberg, J., Should genomics companies set up database in Europe ? The E.U. database protection directive revisited, (,35., 2001, 361 Bruning, A., Transposition de la directive base de donnes en France et en Allemagne : L esprit du texte a-t-il t respect ?, ([SHUWLVHV, 1998, 380 Cerina, P., The originality requirement in the protection of databases in Europe and the United States, ,,&, 1993, 579 Chalton, S., The legal protction of databases in Europe the common position on the proposal for a directive , &/65., 1995, 295 Cohen Jehoram, H., Ontwerp EG-Richtlijn Databanken, ,(5., 1992, 5, 129 Cohen Jehoram, H., Two fashionable mistakes, (,35., 2000, 103 Colston, C., Sui generis database right : ripe for review ?, http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/01-3/colston.html Cook, T., The current status of the EC database directive, &RS\ULJKW :RUOG, 1995/52, 28 Cook, T., The final version of the EC database directive a model for the rest of the world ?, Copyright World, 1996, 24 Cornish, W., 3URWHFWLRQ IRU DQG YLVjYLV GDWDEDVHV *HQHUDO UHSRUW $/$, 6WXG\ GD\V &RS\ULJKW LQ F\EHUVSDFH, Amsterdam, Otto Cramwinckel- ALAI, 1997, 537 Delaval, D., La directive du 11 mars 1996 relative la protection des bases de donnes, *D] 3DO., 25.10.1996, 5-10 Derclaye, E., Do sections 3 and 3A CDPA violate the Database Directive ? a closer look at the definition of a database in th UK and its compatability with european law (2002) 10 (,35, forthcoming Doutrelepont, C., /H QRXYHDX GURLW H[FOXVLI GX SURGXFWHXU GH EDVHV GH GRQQpHV FRQVDFUp SDU OD GLUHFWLYH HXURSpHQQH &( GX  PDUV   XQ GURLW VXU OLQIRUPDWLRQ ", in X., Mlanges en hommage Michel Waelbroeck, 1739 Downing, R., Online services and the EU database directive ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HYLHZ RI /DZ &RPSXWHUV DQG 7HFKQRORJ\, 1/1996, 47 Dragne, J. and Guenot, L., De la protection des crations celle de l investissement : la proposition de directive communautaire du 29 janvier 1992 relative la protection juridique des bases de donnes, *D] 3DO 12.01.1994, 69

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Flechsig, N., Der rechtliche Rahmen der europischen Richtlinie zum Schutz von Datenbanken, =80, 1997, 577 Gallot-Le Lorier, M.A., Banques de donnes et droit d auteur, *D]3DO., 18.06.1996, 644 Garriguese, C., Databases : a subject-matter for copyright or for neighbouring right regime ?, (,35., 1997, 3 Gaster, J., 'HU 5HFKWVFKXW] YRQ 'DWHQEDQNHQ, Kln, Carl Heymanns, 1998, 217 Gaster, J., Die Draft US database legislation und die EU-Datenbankrichtlinie ein Vergleich, &5., 1999, 669 Gaster, J., European sui generis rights for databases, &5,, 2001, 74 Gaster, J., La nouvelle directive europenne concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes, $ 0, 1996, 187 Gaster, J., La protection juridique des bases de donnes dans l Union europenne, 5HYXH GX 0DUFKp XQLTXH HXURSpHQ, 1996, 55-79 Gaster, J., The EC s sui generis right revisited after two years : a review of the practice of database protection in the 15 member states, Tolley s &RPPXQLFDWLRQV /DZ, Vol. 5, n3, 2000 Gaster, J., The EU Council of Ministers common positin concerning the legal protection of databases : a first comment, (QW /5., 1995, 258 Gaster, J., Zur anstehenden Umsetzung der EG-datenbankrichtlinie, &5., 1997, 669 + 717 Gaster, J., Zwei Jahre Sui-generis-Recht : Europischer Datenbankschutz in der Praxis der EG-Mitgliedstaaten, &5,., 2/2000, 38 Gordon-Pullar, C. and Ward, C., A common position reached on the database directive, &7/5., 1995/6, 202 Heinz, K., Die europische Richtlinie ber den rechtlichen Schutz von Datenbanken in verfassungsrechtlicher und rechtstheoretischer Sicht, *585, 1996, 4555 Hugenholtz, B., De databankenrichtlijn eindelijk aanvaard : een zeer kritisch commentaar, &RPSXWHUU., 1996, 131 Hugenholtz, B., Ontwerp EG-richtlijn databanken, (,5, 1992, 129 Hugenholtz, B., ,PSOHPHQWLQJ WKH (XURSHDQ 'DWDEDVH 'LUHFWLYH ,3 DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ ODZ, Essays in honour of Cohen Jehoram, Information Law series, Kluwer, 1998, 183-200 Hughes, J and Weightman, E., EC Database Protection : Fine Tuning the Commission s Proposal, (,35., 1992, 147 Koboldt, C., The EU-Directive on the legal protection of databases and the incentives to update : an economic analysis ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HYLHZ RI ODZ DQG HFRQRPLFV, Berkeley, Vol. 17 No. 1, March 1997, 127 Koumantos, G., Les bases de donnes dans la directive communautaire, 5,'$, janvier 1997, 78 Kyer, C., Moutsatsos, S., Database Protection : The Old World Heads Off in a New Direction, &/65 1993, 11 Mallet-Poujol, N., La directive concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes : la gageure de la protection privative, &7/5., 1996/1, 6

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Maurer, S., Hugenholtz, B. and Onsrud, H., Europe s database experiment, 6FLHQFH, vol. 294, 2001, 789 Michaux, B., L affaire IMS : le droit d auteur nouveau confront aux rgles de la concurrence, to be published Pattison, M., The European Commission s Proposal on the Protection of Computer Databases, (,35 , 1992, 113 Picker, R. and Raul, C., European Union database developments : update on the status of intellectual property protections for factual compilations, available at http://www.sidley.com Richard, D., La protection europenne des bases de donnes, 5HYXH GX PDUFKp FRPPXQ HW GH O8QLRQ HXURSpHQQH, 1997, 111-119 Roox, K. and Maeyaert, P., The EU directive on the legal protection of databases, ,5',, 1996, 52 Stamatoudi, I., 7R ZKDW H[WHQW DUH PXOWLPHGLD SURGXFWV GDWDEDVHV ", in Stamatoudi, I. and Torremans, P. (ed.), Copyright in the new digital environment, Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2000, 211 Strowel, A. and Derclaye, E., 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH  ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV HW PXOWLPpGLD 'URLW EHOJH HXURSpHQ HW FRPSDUp), Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2001, 488 Vanhees, H., De juridische bescherming van databanken, 5:, 1999-2000, 1001 Vanovermeire, V., The concept of the lawful user in the database directive, ,,&, 2000, 63 Vivant, M., Receuils, bases, banques de donnes, compilations, collections, : l introuvable notion ? , 5HF 'DOOR], 1995, p 197 Weber, A., La proposition de directive concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes, &DKLHUV /DP\ 'URLW GH OLQIRUPDWLTXH, janvier 1996, 1 Weber, R., Schutz von Databanken Ein neues Immaterialgterrecht ?, 8),7$, 1996 Wiebe, A., Rechtsschutz von Datenbanken und europische Harmonisierung, &5, 1996, 198

 &DVH/DZ Commission of the European Communities / Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (C-348/99), O.J. 211/1 Commission of the European Communities / Greece (C-484/99), O.J. 47/24 and O.J. 118/27 Commission of the European Communities / Ireland (C-370/99), O.J. 150/4 Commission of the European Communities / Portugal (C-506/99), O.J. 79/13 and O.J. C 118/28 IMS Health / Commission of the European Communities, Court of first instance, 10.08.2001 , unpublished IMS Health / Commission of the European Communities, Court of first instance, 26.10.2001, unpublished

561

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 3. /HJLVODWLRQ Directive 96/9/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protetion of databases, O.J. L 77/20 Proposal Commission, Com 92/0024 Final, O.J. C 156/92 4 Proposal Commission, Com 93/0464 Final, O.J. C 308/93 1 Opinion Economic and Social Committee, O.J. C 19/93, 3 Co-decision procedure, Opinion European Parliament, O.J. C194/93,144 Co-decision procedure, Position Council, O.J. C 288/95 , 14 Co-decision procedure, Decision European Parliament, O.J. C 17/96

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0(0%(5 67$7(6
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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 &DVH /DZ Supreme Court, 28.11.2000, X/Y Supreme Court, 10.07.2001, X/Y Supreme Court, 27.11.2001, X/Y Supreme Court, 09.04.2002, Ministry of Justice/ Compass-Verlag GmbH, available at www.rechtsprobleme.at /HJLVODWLRQ Federal Law on Copyright in Works of Literature and Art and on Related Rights (BGB1. N 111/1936), as last amended by BGBl. N 25/1998 (English version) Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Urheberrechtsgesetz gendert wird, Regierungsvorlage mit Erluterungen, 24.10.1997 (German version) Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Urheberrechtsgesetz gendert wird, BGBl. N 25/1998, 09.01.1998  %HOJLXP /LWHUDWXUH Buydens, M., Le nouveau rgime juridique des bases de donnes, ,5',, 1999, 4 Buydens, M., Le projet de loi transposant en droit belge la directive europenne du 11 mars 1996 concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes, $ 0, 1997, p 335 Corbet, J. and Strowel, A., %HOJLXP , Nimmer, M_B-Geller, P.E.,in International Copyright Law and Practice, New York, Matthew Bender, 2001 Corbet, J., observations under Trib.civil de Bruxelles, 16/03/1999, $ 0, 1999, n3/99, 370 De Corte, R., Rechtspraak is geen privbezit (observations Vz. Rb. Brussel, 28.06.2000), -XULVWHQNUDQW 10 Delaval, D., Le projet de directive relatif la protection juridique des bases de donnes ou l adaptation du droit d auteur au traitement de l information, Gaz. Pal., 20.01.1993, 8 Dubuisson, F., Le rgime des exceptions au droit d auteur aprs la loi du 31 aot 1998 concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes, $ 0, 2001, 200 Goethals, P. and Dumortier, J., Rechtsbescherming van databanken : het Belgisch wetsontwerp, &RPSXWHUU., 1998, 127 Goethals, P., 5HFKWVEHVFKHUPLQJ YDQ GDWDEDQNHQ &RPPHQWDDU RS GH ZHW YDQ  DXJXVWXV , in Recente ontwikkelingen in informatica- en telecommunicatierecht, Brugge, die Keure, 377 Havelange, F., Transposition de la directive europenne relative la protection des bases de donnes, $ 0, 1998, 23

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Janssens, M.C., Harmonisatie auteursrecht : van databanken naar informatiemaatschappij, ,5',, 1998, 114 Janssens, M.C., The implementation of the database directive into Belgian law, ,,&, 2000, 52 Jomouton, Y. and Laffineur, J., La protection juridique des bases de donnes et son impact sur le consommateur, &RQVXPHQWHQUHFKW, 1999/42, 9 Strowel, A. and Derclaye, E., 'URLW GDXWHXU HW QXPpULTXH  ORJLFLHOV EDVHV GH GRQQpHV HW PXOWLPpGLD 'URLW EHOJH HXURSpHQ HW FRPSDUp, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2001, 488 Strowel, A., Des cartes aux bases de donnes gographiques, note sous Gand, 16.11.1995, $ 0, 1997, 56 Strowel, A., la loi du 31 aot 1998 concernant la protection des bases de donnes, -7., 1999, 297 Triaille, J.P., LQ $/$, 6WXG\ GD\V $PVWHUGDP  -XQH  &RS\ULJKW LQ F\EHUVSDFH, Amsterdam, Otto Cramwinckel- ALAI, 1997, 537 Triaille, J.P., La protection juridique des bases de donnes Situation en droit belge et propositions communautaires, 5HYXH GH GURLW GH O8/% 1994, 23 Vanhees, H., De juridische bescherming van databanken (reeks Advocatenpraktijk), Antwerpen, Kluwer, 2001 Vanhees, H., De juridische besherming van databanken (obs.), ,5',, 2001, 40-42 Vanhees, H., De juridische besherming van databanken, 5:, 1999-2000, 1001-1018 X, De wet van 31 augustus 1998 houdende omzetting in Belgisch recht van de Europese richtlijn van 11 maart 1996 betreffende de rechtsbescherming van databanken en meer in het bijzonder de wijzigingen aan de wet van 30 juni 1994 betreffende het auteursrecht en de naburige rechten &DVH/DZ Cass., 11.05.2001, (Art Research & Contact / S. Boas), $ 0, 2001, 353 Court of appeal Brussels, 03.05.2000, (Boas / Art Research & Contact), ,5',, 2001, 35 Brussels, 07.12.2001, (Noir d Ivoire/ Home Boutiques), -/0%., 2002, 873 Pres. Brussels, 18.01.2001, (Spot/ Canal Numedia), 5HYXH 8ELTXLWp, 2002, 95 with obs. S. Dusollier Civ. Brussels, 28.07.2000 (NV Syllepsis/ CV Wolters Kluwer Belgium), $-7 2000-01, 10 Pres. Brussel, 28.07.2000, (NV Syllepsis/NV Wolters Kluwer Belgium) A.J.T., 2000-2001, 10 Civil Brussels, 16.03.1999, (Union nationale des mutualits socialistes / Belpharma), -/0%, 1999, 60 /HJLVODWLRQ

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Loi du 10.08.1998 transposant en droit judiciaire belge la directive europenne du 11 mars 1996 concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes Loi du 31.08.1998 transposant en droit belge la directive europenne du 11 mars 1996 concernant la protection juridique des bases de donnes  'HQPDUN /LWHUDWXUH Blume, P., Databaseret, Kopenhagen 1996 &DVH ODZ Bailiff' s Court of Copenhagen, 5 July 2002, Danish Newspaper Publishers Association (DDF) v. Newsbooster, available at www.newsbooster.com /HJLVODWLRQ Consolidated Act on Copyright 1998 (Consolidated Act No. 706 of September 29, 1998) (English version)  )LQODQG /LWHUDWXUH Oesch, R., LQ $/$, 6WXG\ GD\V $PVWHUGDP  -XQH  &RS\ULJKW LQ F\EHUVSDFH, Otto Cramwinckel-ALAI, Amsterdam, 1997, 537 &DVH ODZ Helsinki Court of Appeals, 9.04.1998,2/1999, 005 93 (obs. J. Gaster) Vantaa District Court, 01.02.2002, Fixtures Marketing Ltd v. Oy Veikkaus Ab, reference to the ECJ for preliminary ruling, Case C 46/02, OJ 04.05.2002 /HJLVODWLRQ Act No. 250 dated 3 April 1998 amending the Copyright Act of 8 July 1961. Act No. 404/1961 of July, 8, 1961 as last amended by Law N. 748 of October 9, 1998 (English version) Act No. 404/1961 of July, 8, 1961 as amended up to January, 1, 1996 (English version) Tekijnoikeuslaki 8.7.1961/404 (Finnish version) Upphovsrttslagen 8.7.1961/404 (Finnish version)

565

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257  )UDQFH /LWHUDWXUH Becourt, D., Bases de donnes, *D] 3DO, 1998 (9-11.08.1998), 2 Brning, A., Transposition de la directive bases de donnes en France et en Allemagne. L esprit du texte a-t-il t respect ?, ([SHUWLVHV, 1998, 380 Edelman, B., Les bases de donnes ou le triomphe des droits voisins, 'DOOR], 2000, n5, 89 Gallot-Le Lorier, M.A., Banques de donnes et droit d auteur, *D] 3DO., 18.06.1996, 644 Gaudrat, Ph., Loi n98-536 du 1er juillet 1998 portant transposition de la directive 96/9CE du Parlement europen sur les bases de donnes : le champ de la protection pour droit sui generis (2e partie), UHYXH WULPHVWULHOOH GH GURLW FRPPHUFLDO, 1998, 598 and 1999, 86 and 398 Girot, C., Note sous la dcision France Tlcom, ',7 1999, 63 Kerever, 3URWHFWLRQ RI DQG YLVjYLV GDWDEDVHV LQ $/$, 6WXG\ GD\V $PVWHUGDP  -XQH  &RS\ULJKW LQ F\EHUVSDFH, Otto CramwinckelALAI, Amsterdam, 1997, 537 Lorimy, J., Loi du 1er juillet 1998 portant transposition en droit interne de la directive bases de donnes du 11 mars 1996, ',7., 1999, 100 Lucas, A. and Sirinelli, P., Droits des producteurs de bases de donnes, -XULV FODVVHXU SURSULpWp OLWWpUDLUH HW DUWLVWLTXH, fasc. 1650 Passa, J., La proprit de l information : un malentendu " 'U 3DWULPRLQH, 2001, 64 Pierrat, E., Loi du 1er juillet 1998 : le nouveau droit des bases de donnes, /HJLSUHVVH n 155, II-120 Rodrigues, C., Les bases de donnes multimdia, un pas de plus franchir en Europe pour les artistes-interprtes, *D] 3DO., 1995, 20 X., Sanction de l exploitation non autorise d une base de donnes protge par le droit sui generis de la loi de 1998 (commentaire dcision France Telecom du 18.06.1999), 'DOOR], 2000, n5, 105 &DVH/DZ TGI, Paris, 14.11.2001, (Les Editions Neressis/ France Telecom Multimdia Services, available at http://www.legalis.net TGI Paris, 05.09.2001, (Cadremploi / Keljob), available at http://www.jurifrance.tm.fr TGI Paris, 31.01.2001, (Groupe Miller Freeman / Neptune Verlag), TGI Paris (rf), 08.01.2001, (Cadremploi / Keljob), TGI Paris, 22.06.1999, (Groupe Miller Freeman / Tigest Communications) TGI Lyon, 28.12.1998, ( Editions Lgislatives / Thierry Ehrmann, France Tlcom e.a.), 5,'$, juillet 1999, 325 Court of Appeal, Paris, 12.09.2001, (Socit Tigest SARL/ Socit Reed expositions France) available at http://www.legalis.net

566

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Court of Appeal, Paris, 25.05.2001, (Keljob / Cadremploi), -XULVFODVVHXU, 2001, 29 (obs Le Stanc, Ch.) Court of appeal, Paris, 18.06.1999, Groupe Moniteur / OMP, ([SHUWLVH, 1999, Comm Nanterre, 08.11.2000, (Stepstone France / Ofir France), Lyon, 22.06.2000, (T., N., & Le Serveur administratif / Editions Lgislatives), Comm. Nanterre, 04.10.1999, (PR Line / Communication & Sales), available at http://www.legalis.net Comm., Paris, 18.06.1999, (France Telecom / MA Editions) , 'DOOR], 2000, 105 (obs. Goldstein, D.) Comm. Paris, 07.05.1999, (Electre / T.I. Communication), available at http://www.legalis.net Comm. Nanterre, 27.01.1998, (Edirom / Global Market Network), available at http://www.legalis.net Comm. Valenciennes, 20.01.1998, (Editions Encyclopdie Douanire / Conex & Agence fiscale), /HJLVODWLRQ Loi n98-536 du 1er juillet 1998, Legipresse n154-IV, p. 69  *HUPDQ\ /LWHUDWXUH Becker, J., Protection du contenu des bases de donnes, Sevilla, 1997 Beiner, T., Der urheberrechtliche Schutz digitalisierter Presseartikel in unternehmenseigenen Datenbanken, 005, 1999, 691 Berger, C., Der Schutz elektronischer Datenbanken nach der EG-Richtlinie vom 11.3.1996, *585, 1997, 169 Bruning, A., Transposition de la directive base de donnes en France et en Allemagne : L esprit du texte a-t-il t respect ?, ([SHUWLVHV, 1998, 380 Dietz, A., *HUPDQ\, Nimmer, M_B-Geller, P.E., in International Copyright Law and Practice, New York, Mathhew bender, 2001 Hackemann, M., Schutz multimedialer Datenbanken, &5., 1998, 510 Heinz, K., Die europische Richtlinie ber den rechtlichen Schutz von Datenbanken in verfassungsrechtlicher und rechtstheoretischer Sicht, *585, 1996, 455 Kappes, F., Die EG-Datenbank-Richtlinie und ihre Umsetzung in das deutsche Urheberrechtsgesetz, =HX3, 1997, 654 Kotthoff, J., Zum Schutz von Datenbanken beim Einsatz von CD-ROMs in Netzwerken, *585, 1997, 597 Lehmann, M., The European database directive and its implementation into German law, ,,&, 1998, 776 Leistner, M., Der neue Rechtsschutz des Datenbankherstellers, *585 ,QW., 1999, 819

567

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Leistner, M., The legal protection of telephone directories relating to the new database maker s right, ,,&, 2000, 950 Leistner, M., The legal protection for the database maker initial experience frm a German point of view, ,,&, 2002, 439 Leistner, M., Der Schutz von Telefonverzeichnissen und das neue Datenbankhertellerrecht, 005, 1998, 507 Loewenheim, in Schricker, Urheberrecht-Kommentar, Munchen, Beck sche, 1999, 145 Lutz, M., Das Vierte Gesetz zur Anderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes, =80, 1998, 622 Lutz, M., Das Vierte Gesetz zur Anderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes, =80, 1998, 622 Raue, P., Bensinger, V., Umsetzung des sui-generis-Rechts an Datenbanken in den 87affUrhG, 005, 1998, 507 Schriker, G., 8UKHEHUUHFKW .RPPHQWDU, C.H. Beck, Mnchen, 1999, 2146 Tountopoulos, V., Das private Handelsregister und die Datenbankrichtlinie, &5., 1998, 129 Vogel, M., Die Umsetzung der Richtlinie 96/9 EG ber den rechtlichen Schutz von Datenbanken in Art 7 des Regierungsentwurfs eines Informationsund Kommunikationsdienstegesetzes, =80, 1997, 592 Von Lewinski, S., 3URWHFWLRQ RI DQG YLVjYLV GDWDEDVHV LQ $/$, 6WXG\ GD\V $PVWHUGDP  MXQH  &RS\ULJKW LQ F\EHUVSDFH, Otto CramwinckelALAI, Amsterdam, 1997, 537 Wiebe, A. and Funkat, D., Multimedia-Anwendungen als urhberrechtlicher Schutzgegenstand, 005, 1998, 69 &DVH/DZ LG Hamburg, 02.05.1996, (X/Y) LG Mannheim, 30.08.1996, (X/Y) X/Y, OLG Frankfurt, 29.10.1996, Computer & Recht, 5/1997, 275 LG Berlin, 08.10.1998, (X/Y), Computer & Recht, 1999, 388 OLG Karlsruhe, 11.11.1998, (X/Y) LG Kln, 02.12.1998 (SD-Zeitung) , Computer & Recht, 9/1999, 388 BGH, 06.05.1999, X/Y, (Tele-Info-CD), IIR, 7-8/2000, p. 1055 OLG Dsseldorf, 29.06.1999, (X/Y) available at www.netlaw.de LG Kln, 25.08.1999, (X/Y), available at www.netlaw.de LG, Munchen, 30.03.2000, (X/Y), &5, 6/2000, 389 OLG Berlin, 09.06.2000, (X/Y) =80, 1/2001, 70 LG Hamburg, 12.07.2000 (Roche-Lexikon), available at LG Dsseldorf, 07.02.2001, (X/Y), available at www.netlaw.de OLG Hamburg, 22.02.2001, X/Y, (Roche-Lexikon) www.afsrechtsanwaelte.de LG Kln, 28.02.2001 (Stepstone), (X/Y) LG Dsseldorf, 10.08.2001, (X/Y)

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 /HJLVODWLRQ Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights (Copyright Law) of September 9, 1965, as last amended by the law of July 16, 1998 Gesetz zur Regelung der Rahmenbedingungen fr Informations- und Kommunikationsdienste (,QIRUPDWLRQV XQG .RPPXQLNDWLRQVGLHQVWH*H]HW], also ,X.'*) vom 13 Juni 1997 Federal Act establishing the General Conditions for Information and Communication Services (Information and Communication Services Act) of June 13, 1997  *UHHFH /LWHUDWXUH Stamatoudi, I. and Koumantos, G., Greece, ,in Nimmer, M_B-Geller, P.E.,in International Copyright Law and practice, New York, Matthew Bender, 2001 /HJLVODWLRQ Law 2819/2000 harmonising the Greek law with the directive 96/9 (article 7) (English version)  ,WDO\ /LWHUDWXUH Cerina, P. and Brosio, L. P., Italy implements directive 96/9 on the legal protection of databases, &7/5., 2000, N-17 Ercolani, S., The music business and the law in Italy : important developments in 1999, (QW/5., 2000, 90 Fabiani, M., Banche dati e multimedialit, 5LYLVWD WULPHVWUDOH GHOOD VRFLHWj ,WDOLDQD GHJOH DXWRUL HG HGLWRUL, Marzo 1999, 1 Fabiani, M., ,WDO\, in NIMMER, M.B.- GELLER, P.E., ,QWHUQDWLRQDO FRS\ULJKW ODZ DQG SUDFWLFH, New York, Matthew Bender, November 2001. Fabiani, M., Chronique d Italie, 5,'$ January 2002, n 191, p. 132-175 Marandola, M., Nuove regole per le banche dati, available at http://www.aib.it/aib/editoria/n11/99-07maran.htm Pojaghi, A., LQ $/$, 6WXG\ GD\V $PVWHUGDP  MXQH  &RS\ULJKW LQ F\EHUVSDFH, Amsterdam, Otto Cramwinckel, 1996, 537 X., Database: which protection - copyright or sui generis ? Italy finally implements EC Directive 96/6 on legal protection of databases, +RUL]RQ, 1999 /HJLVODWLRQ

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Legge 22 aprile 1941 e successive modifiche Protezione del diritto d autore e di altri diritti connessi al suo esercizio (Italian version) Decreto Legislativo 6 maggio 1999 n. 169 attuazione della direttiva 96/9/CE relativa alla tutela giuridica delle benche dati (Italian version)  ,UHODQG /HJLVODWLRQ - Copyright and related rights act, 2000 (English version)  /X[HPERXUJ /HJLVODWLRQ Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d auteur, les droits voisins et les bases de donnes (French version)  1HWKHUODQGV /LWHUDWXUH Beunen, A., Kanttekeningen bij KPN/XSO, $0,, 2000, 58 Bosboom, T., De rechtshandhaving van databankrechten, ,(5, 2001, 266 Cohen Jehoram, J., Netherlands, , Nimmer, M_B-Geller, P.E., in International Copyright Law and Practice, New York, Matthew Bender, 2001 Frequin, M., Extra vangnet voor de producent van een databank De Nederlandse implementatie van de databank-richtlijn, &RPSXWHUU., 1999, 10 Hagen, S., Databankenrechtelijke substantialiteit Een wezenlijk begrip in de databankenwet, mede tegen de achtergrond van Europese jurisprudentie, ,(5, 2002, 6 Hugenholtz, B., Chronicle of the Netherlands Dutch copyright law, 19952000, 5,'$, janvier 2001, 111 Hugenholtz, B., Het wetsvoorstel implementatie databankrichtlijn, IER, 1998, 244 Hugenholtz, B., 7KH 1HWKHUODQGV 3URWHFWLRQ RI DQG YLVjYLV GDWDEDVHV LQ &RS\ULJKW LQ F\EHUVSDFH, Otto Cramwinckel-ALAI, Amsterdam, 1997, 537 Kamperman, A., Data and database protection : effects on business and on cultural and personal information flow, Fordham, 2000 Klos, S., Databankieren in een lawyer s paradise : enkele vragen rond het begrip databank in de databankenwet, ,(5, 2000, 1 Koelman, K., Noot bij Rb. Rotterdam, 22.08.2000, available at http://www.ivir.nl Mom, G., Databankenrecht, in Hoorcollege Auteursrecht / Naburige rechten, 2001

570

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Quaedvlieg, A., Het begrip producent in de databankrichtlijn en in het wetsvoorstel sui generis databankbescherming, %,(, 1998, 404 Reeskamp, P., Databankrichtlijn : vooralsnog geen bescherming van wettendatabanken, 17(5, 1998, 112 Speyart, H., De databank-richtlijn en haar gevolgen voor Nederland, $0,, 1996, 151 and 171 Spoor, noot bij Rb. s Gravenhage, 20.03.1998, &RPSXWHUU., 1998, 146 Van Eechoud, M., noot bij Den Haag, 21.12.2000, $0,, 2001, 7 Visser, D., Overweging 52 Databankenrichtlijn, $0,, 1999, n5, 73 &DVH/DZ Hoge Raad s Gravenhage, 22.03.2002, (NVM/ De Telegraaf), &RPSXWHUUHFKW, 2002, 161 Court of Appeal Arnhem, 13.11.2001,(KPN/ Denda), 0HGLDIRUXP 2002, 64 Gerechtshof s Gravenhage, 30.01.2001, (De Telegraaf/ NOS), $0, 2001, 73 Court of Appeal s Gravenhage, 21.12.2000,( De Telegraaf / NVM), $0,, 2001, 70 District Court Almelo, 06.12.2000,(Koninklijke KPN Nederland / Denda International), $0,, 2001, 69 District Court s Gravenhage, 12.09.2000, (NVM / De Telegraaf), available at www.rechtspraak.nl District Court Rotterdam, 22.08.2000, (Algemeen Dagblad / Eureka Internetdiensten), $0,, 2000, 207 (with obs. K. Koelman) Pr. District Court Haarlem, 21.04.2000, (IMS Health / Pharma Vision), ,(5, 2000, 194 District Court s Gravenhage, 14.01.2000, (Koninklijke KPN / Xbase Software Ontwikkeling), Pr. District Court Amsterdam, 16.12.1999, (Ter Wee / Van den Haak), 0HGLDIRUXP 2000, 62 Pr. District Court s Gravenhage, 29.06.1999, (KPN / Xbase), ,(5, 2000, 72 Pr. District Court Den Haag, 14.01.1999, ( KPN / XSO), 0HGLDIRUXP, 2000, 64 Nederlandse mededingingsautoriteit, 10.09.1998, (De Telegraaf / NOS), ,QIRUPDWLHUHFKW$0,, 1999, 12 Pr. District Court Dordrecht, 08.09.1998, (Koninklijke KPN / Kapitol Trading), &RPSXWHUUHFKW, 1999, 35 Pr. District Court s Gravenhage, 20.03.1998, (Vermande / Bojkovski), %,(, 1998, 390 Pr District Court s Gravenhage, 24.10.1997, (Schaink / Wegener Corsmit), &RPSXWHUUHFKW, 1998, 72 Court of Appeal Arnhem, 05.08.1997, (Denda International / Koninklijke PTT Nederland), &RPSXWHUUHFKW, 1997, 320 Court of Appeal Arnhem, 15.04.1997, (Denda International / Koninklijke PTT Nederland), &RPSXWHUUHFKW, 1997, 314

571

1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Pr district Court Almelo, 05.12.1996, (Koninklijke PTT Nederland / Denda International), &RPSXWHUUHFKW, 1997, 309 District Court Amsterdam, 04.09.2002, www.rechtspraak.nl. Pr district Court Groningen, 18.07.2002, .RUW *HGLQJ, 2002, 517 /HJLVODWLRQ Act of 8 july 1999 relating to the adaptation of the Dutch legislation to directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases (English version)  3RUWXJDO /LWHUDWXUH Oehen Mendis, M., Portugal : legal protection of databases, &5,, 1/2001, 29; ,5,6 2001 /HJLVODWLRQ Decree-Law 122/2000 of 4 July 2000 (Portugese version)  6SDLQ /LWHUDWXUH Pez Ma, J., Proteccin jurdica de los productores y usarios de las bases de datos en los derechos espaol y comunitario, available at www.iee.es/prop_001.htm /HJLVODWLRQ Copyright Law (Consolidation), 12.04.1996 (as amended up to 06.03.1998), No.1 (No.5) (English and Spanish versions) Law N 5 of March 6, 1998 incorporating in the Spanish legislation Council Directive 96/9/EEC of March 11, 1996 on the legal protection of databases Ley 6-3-1998, num. 5/1998 (English and Spanish versions)  6ZHGHQ /LWHUDWXUH Gaster, J., European Sui Generis Right for Databases Legal Protection of Chronological Lists of Football Matches and Compilations of Data Related to Horseracing under Database Right Or How your Judge might get it Right or Wrong, &5,., 2001, 74

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Karnell, G., 49 des schwedischen Urheberrechtsgesetzes ein EGrechtswidriger Wolpertinger , *585 ,QW., 1999, 329 X., Database Case, Linklaters & Alliance Newsletter, september 2001 Nordell, P.J.,annotation in *585, 1996, 261 Miscellaneous documents (in Swedish) &DVHODZ Gotland District Court, 11.04.2000, and Svea Court of Appeals, Fixtures Marketing Ltd v. Svenska Spel AB Supreme Court Sweden, (X/Y), *585 ,QW., 1996, p. 265 /HJLVODWLRQ Act on Copyright in literary and artistic works (Act 1960:729, of December 30, 1960, as amended up to April 1, 2000) (English version) Regeringens proposition 1996/97:111 Rttsligt skydd fr databaser, M.M. (Swedish version)  8QLWHG .LQJGRP /LWHUDWXUH Adams, J., Small earthquake in Venezuela : The Database Regulations 1997 1998, (,35., 129 Angel, J., Quinn, T., The new database law, &/65,   Bristows, Database right : a win for a first-time runner, available at http://www.iclaw.com Bull,G., How will the EU database directive and the UK regulations impact on database use ? part II, &/65., 1998, 367 Chalton, S. Database right : stronger than it looks ? (,35., 2001, 296 Chalton, S., The copyright and rights in database regulations 1997 : some outstanding issues on implementation of the database directive, (,35., 1998, 178 Chalton, S., The effect of the EC database directive on United Kingdom copyright law in relation to databases : a comparison of features, (,35., 1997, 278 Colston, C., Sui generis database right : ripe for review?, available at http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/01-3/colston.html Cook, T., Implementation of the database directive in the UK, &RS\ULJKW :RUOG, 1998, 35 Copinger and Skone James, RQ &RS\ULJKW, London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1999, 901 Copyright Directorate, UK Patent Office, EC Database Directive UK implementation, &/65, 1997, 419

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Cornish, W., 8QLWHG .LQJGRP, in, Nimmer, M_B-Geller, P.E., International Copyright Law and Practice, New York, Matthew bender, 2001 Davison, M., Proposed U.S. database legislation : a comparison with the U.K. Derclaye, E., Judgment of the Court of appeal William Hill v. British Horseracing Board, 7KH &,3$ -RXUQDO, 2001, 448 Derclaye, E., Do sections 3 and 3A CDPA violate the Database Directive ? A closer look at the definition of a database in th UK and its compatability with European law (2002) 10 (,35, forthcoming Gaster, J., European Sui Generis Right for Databases Legal Protection of Chronological Lists of Football Matches and Compilations of Data Related to Horseracing under Database Right Or How your Judge might get it Right or Wrong, &5,., 2001, 74 Laddie, J., Prescott, P and Vitoria, M., 7KH PRGHUQ ODZ RI FRS\ULJKW DQG GHVLJQV, London, Butterworths, 2000, 1697 Lai, S., Database protection in the United Kingdom : the new deal and its effects on software protection, (,35., 1998, 32 Wall, R., &RS\ULJKW PDGH HDVLHU, 519 X., Databases United Kingdom implementation, &7/5., 1998, N-23 &DVH/DZ High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Mr Justice Laddie, 9 February 2001, [2001] R.P.C. 612-639, British Horseracing Board / William Hill Organization, available at http://portland.butterwoths.co.uk Court of Appeal, Lords Justices Gibson, Clark and Kay, 31 July 2001, (British Horseracing Board / William Hill Organization), available at http://portland.butterwoths.co.uk High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Mr Justice Jacob, 11 June 1999, [1999] IP & T 26, (Mars UK / Teknowledge), available at http://portland.butterwoths.co.uk British Horseracing Board v. Eurobet UK and Ladbrokes E-Gaming, stayed /HJLVODWLRQ Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997, No. 3032, made on 18th December 1997 and coming into force on 1st January 1998.  8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD /LWHUDWXUH Band, J. and Gowdy, J., Sui generis database protection : has its time come ?, '/LE PDJD]LQH, 1997 Bodewig, T., USA Bericht des Copyright Office zum Schutz von datenbanken, *585 ,QW., 1997, 938

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1$87$'87,/+ ),1$/ 5(3257 Cerina, P., The originality requirement in the protection of databases in Europe and the United States, ,,&, 1993, 579 Davison, M., Proposed U.S. database legislation : a comparison with the U.K. database regulations, (,35, 1999, 279 Gaster, J., Die Draft US database legislation und die EU-Datenbankrichtlinie ein Vergleich, &RPSXWHU XQG 5HFKW, 1999, 669 Greene, L. and Rizzi, S., Database protection legislation : views from the United States and WIPO, &RS\ULJKW :RUOG, 1997, 36 Leaffer, M., LQ $/$, 6WXG\ GD\V $PVWHUGDP  -XQH  &RS\ULJKW LQ F\EHUVSDFH, Amsterdam, Otto Cramwinckel, 1996, 537 Hughes, J., Political economies of harmonisation : database protection and information patents, forthcoming Linn, A., History of database protection, http://www.codata.org (2000) Vanetine, D., Abuse of dominance in relation to intellectual property : U.S. perspectives and the Intel cases, http://www.ftc.gov (1999) (9) &DVH/DZ US Supreme Court, USPQ 27.03.1991, (Feist Publications / Rural Telephone Service), U.S. Court of appeals th. Circ., 20.06.1996, (PROCD Inc. / Matthew Zeidenberg) US District Court North California, 24.05.2000, (Ebay/ Bidder s Edge), /HJLVODWLRQ Database Investment and Intellectual Property Antipiracyact  2WKHUV /LWHUDWXUH Thoumyre, L. and Moyse, P.E., Protection des bases de donnes en droit canadien : commentaires sur le rapport Howell, ',7., 1999, p. 89-91 Wodetzki, J., No more online gambling but copyright protection for databases, &5,, 4/2001, 101 &DVH /DZ Federal Court of Australia, 25.05.2001, (Telstra / Desktop Marketing Systems) Federal Court of Australia, 29.06.2001, (Telstra / Desktop Marketing Systems)

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