TO ESTRANGED....................................................................... ...................
3
THE RAGE................................................................................................... ..3
RACCOON COATS WERE THE RAGE ON CAMPUS. VIOLENCE OF FEELING, DESIRE, OR APPETITE:
THE RAGE OF THIRST............................................................................................... 3
TO RAGE.................................................................................. .....................3
THE BATTLE RAGED TEN DAYS. TO MOVE WITH GREAT VIOLENCE OR INTENSITY: A STORM
RAGED THROUGH THE MOUNTAINS.............................................................................. 3
TO SPAWN................................................................................... ..................3
HIS SUDDEN DISAPPEARANCE SPAWNED MANY RUMORS............................................... ..3
TO LURK.................................................................................. .....................3
DANGER LURKING AROUND EVERY BEND. .................................................................. 3
TO VIE....................................................................................................... .....3
SWIMMERS FROM MANY NATIONS WERE VYING FOR THE TITLE........................................3
MURKY.............................................................................................. ............3
A MURKY STATEMENT.............................................................................................. 3
THE PURVEYOR.................................................................................. ........3
A PURVEYOR OF LIES................................................................................................3
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THE NECESSITY FOR TRAVELING ON BUSINESS HAS ESTRANGED HIM FROM HIS FAMILY......... 3
TO BE BESTOWED ON ............................................................ ..................3
IN ANCIENT GREECE, PARTICIPATING IN AN OLYMPIC VICTORY, WAS THE GREATEST HONOUR
THAT WAS BESTOWED ON A GREEK............................................................................ 3
TO DEVISE...................................................................................... ..............3
TO BODE WELL................................................................................... ........3
A STALWART FIGHTER...................................................... .......................3
TO BE STAGED .......................................................................................... ..4
TO STAGE A CEREMONY......................................................................................... 4
GARRULOUS............................................................................... .................4
HIS GARRULOUS AND UNRELIABLE REMINISCENCES. HUGO CHAVEZ THE GARRULOUS LEFTIST
...........................................................................................................................4
GARGANTUAN ........................................................................................ ....4
= MAMOUTH, CAVERNOUS, GIGANTIC.............................................. ..4
UMBRIDLED.......................................................................................... .......4
= UNRESTRAINED, UNCURBED, RAMPANT..................................................................4
SEVERAL OTHER GOVERNMENTS HAVE FELT THE LASH OF HIS UNBRIDLED TONGUE.............4
PAWN.................................................................................................. ............4

VICENT FOX, THEN MEXICO'S PRESIDENT, WAS A PUPPY OF THE EMPIRE, COLOMBIA'S
ALVARO URIBE A SAD PAWN.....................................................................................4

TO FLOUNDER........................................................................................ ...14

IN THE PAST, HOWEVER, SIMILAR INITIATIVES HAVE FLOUNDERED, FOR A NUMBER OF

REASONS............................................................................................................. 14

THE SQUATTER..................................................................................... ....14

BRAZIL LACKS A CENTRAL LAND REGISTER, SUFFERS WIDESPREAD FORGERY OF TITLE DEEDS
AND HAS A LONG HISTORY OF SQUATTERS SEIZING LAND.............................................. 14

A TOKEN EFFORT............................................................................. ........14

SOME TOKEN EFFORTS WERE MADE TO CHANGE THIS REGIME IN THE 1980S..................14

TO DAMP........................................................................................... ..........14

NEVERTHELESS, THERE IS A RISK THAT THE SCHEME, BY MAKING IT EASIER TO GET SECURE
TITLE FOR DUBIOUS LAND CLAIMS, MIGHT SOMEHOW STIMULATE DEMAND FOR VIRGIN
FOREST LAND, NOT DAMP IT....................................................................................14

ACRIMONIOUS............................................................................. .............15

WATERSHED.................................................................... ..........................15

OUGHT TO DO STH X SHOULD DO STH...................... .......................15

SPARK INTENSIVE DISCUSSIONS.............................. ..........................15

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 MURKY
THE RAGE vague; unclear; confused:
the object of widespread enthusiasm, as for being popular or
fashionable: a murky statement.
Raccoon coats were the rage on campus. violence of THE PURVEYOR
feeling, desire, or appetite: the rage of thirst One that promulgates something:

TO RAGE a purveyor of lies

to proceed, continue, or prevail with great violence:
TO ESTRANGED
The battle raged ten days. To move with great violence alienate the affections of: Their quarrel estranged the two friends. to
or intensity: A storm raged through the mountains remove to or keep at a distance:

TO SPAWN The necessity for traveling on business has estranged

to give birth to; give rise to: him from his family

His sudden disappearance spawned many rumors To be BESTOWED ON

TO LURK In ancient Greece, participating in an Olympic victory,
To exist unobserved or unsuspected: was the greatest honour that was bestowed on a Greek.

Danger lurking around every bend. TO DEVISE

To read but not contribute to the discussion in a newsgroup, chatroom, or other online = to conceive (conceber)
forum.

TO VIE TO BODE WELL

= sth good is about to happen
to strive in competition or rivalry with another; contend for superiority:
Competition bode well for those goals
Swimmers from many nations were vying for the title
A STALWART FIGHTER
= strong fighter
A STALWART SUPPORTER = loyal supporter

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TO BE STAGED PLOY= a move, a device, a trick, a gambit, a cunning plan, a
manoeuvre, a contrivance, a dodge, a wile.
= estabelecida, organizada
Rather it seems a ploy to divert attencion from his mounting
difficulties at home.
To stage a ceremony
= plan, organize UP FOR GRABS = available, up for sales, on the market, unengaged

GARRULOUS TO TUMBLE = fall steeply / sharply, pummet, plunge, dive, nosedive,

= talkative, loquacious, voluble, berbose, long-winded, prolix. take a dive, drop rapidly, slump, slide, fall, go into a tailspin
The price of oil is tumbling.
His garrulous and unreliable reminiscences. Hugo
Chavez the garrulous leftist TO USHER IN = to cause sth to happen, usually a great and important
change in society
GARGANTUAN Nuclear technology has ushered in a new era

TO BEGET
= MAMOUTH, CAVERNOUS, GIGANTIC Men beget children
UMBRIDLED RIPPLE EFFECTS = efeito cascata

= unrestrained, uncurbed, rampant TO STRAINS= TO UNDERMINES

Nuclear power ownership STRAINS international relations once it
Several other governments have felt the lash of his causes the division of the world into haves and not haves
unbridled tongue.
VESTED interests = very strong reason that someone has for acting in a
PAWN particular way.
= puppet
CONTENDING FOR = to compete against sth in order to gain sth
Vicent Fox, then Mexico's president, was a puppy of the Countries keep on contending for power
empire, Colombia's Alvaro Uribe a sad pawn.
TO BEFALL = if sth umpleasant, bad, unfortunate befalls, sb/sth
happens to them
DRUNKARD = ‘bebum’
A global catasthophe befall the world

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UTTERLY ADAMANT = resolute Written by John = agent

TO BE HEEDED = LISTENED ALTOGETHER = IN ALL = ao todo

India and Pakistan whose voice’s are not heeded COVERAGE = Cobertura

SPELL BROADCAST = transmissao

Their nuclear capability is enough to spell unmitigated disasters The program will be aired at nine o’clock

TO OVERHAUL = to examine and make changes in order to improve The remotest corners of the planet
it
The advisable option would be to overhaul the international system Regions take a the
conferring wider democracy THE Antartic
THE far East
Para TOOK OFF tinha que estar on THE Middle EAST
Para took out tinha de estar in THE Balcans
In the alps
GIVE IN = CEDER
THE ATLANTIC (sem ocean)
EBB TIGHT = Maré baixa THE PACIFIC (sem ocean)
TO EBB = decrease. The pain was ebbing THE INDIC OCEAN

IN Copacabana SIGHTSEEING X LANDSCAPE

IN RIO AT Volta Redonda (unless you wer born there) Sightseeing the sight from here is beautiful when you go you will see
Landscape is what exists
The eyes are the mirror of the soul
IN the mirror Until = time
IN the eyes To = point, degree

CHECK TROUSERS = calça xadrez STEADLY (pejorative) x CONNTINUOUSLY (neutral)

THENCEFORTH = from then on (sempre com o would) CLOUT = HEFT = LEVERAGE

HENCEFORTH = from now on (sempre com would)
FAR-FLUNG = spread allover
BY bus BY car = means

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ASSESSMENT = Evaluation SHE IS SO BEAUTIFUL A WOMAN = SHE IS SUCH A
BEAUTIFUL WOMAN
Without turning to anyone’s help = sem a ajuda de ninguem Countable noun in the singular.

To assist = to help esp by doing all the simple and unimportant things to SUCH GOOD COFFEE (NOT SUCH A GOOD COFFEE) Because
make one’s job easier coffee is uncountable

Obs. Hans Morgenthau = Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s secretary of state DIMENSOES

HEIGHT (TALL X SHORT)

Because = gives the cause (o mais forte de todos)
Since = reason (mais fraco que o because) WEIGHT (FAT, SLIM, THIN, SKINNY)
For = pois (super fraco)
DEPTH (DEEP, SHALLOW)
Death toll = taxa de mortalidade
GIRTH = CIRCUNFERENCIA
Never use need to before a verb in affirmative (GIRDLE = CINTURAO)
Instead of he need to go use he should go
BUT LENGTH (SHORT, LONG)
Need he go?
He need not go
NO SINGULAR pq need funciona nessa frase como auxiliary. THE WHITEWASH = cal
TO WHITEWASH = an affair, a scandal, documents = jogar uma pa
To ban x to abolish de cal, encobrir, disfarçar
To ban death penalty
To abolish nuclear weapon LIMESTONE = lixivia (tipo de pedra acida usada para dissolver as
coisas)
DUN TO FAIL = fadado
A STEEP REDUCTION = very strong
MAKE A CONCERTED EFFORT = SPAIR NO EFFORT
TO FLANDER = to go down, to sink
IN THE FULL GLARE = IN THE SPOTLIGHT

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TO MAKE UP = make up a history (invent), to make up a team, an TO WIELD = to wield a sword (empunhar) to wield power (ter poder)
outcrop of stone, to make up a schedule (to compose, to produce, to wield an argument (atacar, criticar), to wield objects to hold to be
compor) able to use

TO MAKE UP TO SOMEONE = to make amends, to try to UNWIELDINESS = dificil de usar

compensate someone
TO GOBBLE = to eat in large chunks, devorar com voracidade
TO GRIND UP = to crunch (into powder/dust) moer: to grind rock to
grind coffee beans, to grind wheat. TO HOBBLE = TO WOBBLE = to oscilate

TO GRIND ONE’S TEETH = ranger os dentes de tension anger TO LURE = TO GOAD

TO LURE SOMEONE TO DO STH = TO GOAD SOMEONE
GRINDSTONE = pilao moedor INTO A TRAP A DEAL = to persuade, to lure, to attract

RATTLESNAKE = cascavel TO LOOK AT STH = examinar sem muitos detalhes

TO LOOK IN = look inside
TO RATTLE = chacoalhar, balancer sacudir TO LOOK INTO STH = investigate the police look into the pieces of
evidences. (look into can never be used to refer to a research)
TO RATTLE UP SOMEONE = to disturb, to alarm, to meke someone TO LOOK TO = in the general direction of
become concerned TO LOOK FOR = search
TO LOOK OVER = supervise, take care
TO RATCHET UP = to step up, to increase one level: ratchet up
pressure on Iran. Research is being conducted with a view to ratching -ish = similaridade
up the absorption rate of perioodite Greenish = similar to green, esverdeado
Devilish = astuto,
Sheepishly = envergonhadamente
RELATIVE CLAUSES
THE STUMP = toco, cotoco
THAT = restrictive clauses. This is the part of the desert that / which
they have been studying. (sem virgule refere-se ao termo anterior) TO BE ON THE STUMP = to be on a nation-wide tour/travel

WHICH = restrictive and explicative (non-restrictive) clauses. Thiis is FORLORN PROSPECT = glöomly, bleak, grim, desesperancoso,
the desert, which they have studing for year, where they became lost in gelido, arido,
(com virgule se refere a tudo que veio antes)

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STANDARD-BEARER = a conspicuous leader of a movement, CHARGED = intense, impassioned: this ideologically charged
political party or the like conception of American foreign policy

TANTALISING IDEAL = seducing ideal TOPRECLUDE =to make impossible: to preclude mutual
accommodation
TO CLING TO = TO CLUTCH TO = agarrar-se, dependurar-se
The WHEREWITHAL = the supplies the means: the wherewithal to
TO RID = to discard, =To get rid of pay my rent. At the time that Dulles proclaimed his policy, the United
States possessed the wherewithal to inflict extensive damage to Russian
ATENCAO é o poposto de territory by means of long-range bombers

RIDDEN = RIDDLED = full of, filled with, a witch-riddled Forest,
his mind was riddled with questions, a bullet-ridden corpse, a world
ridden with nuclear bombs cannot be the goal (mundo cheio de
bomba atomica)
IMPERVIOUS = impermeavel a prova de = they are impervious to my
proposal
WRATH = ira (um dos 7 pecados capitais)
DIG IN THEIR HEELS AGAINST = bater o pé, teimar
FULL-FLEDGED MEMBER = membro pleno
THE AVAIL = the use efficacy
THE REAPPRAISAL = new evaluation
THE FLURRY = a light, brief shower of snow, a sudden commotion ,
excitement or confusion. In stock exchange = brief rise or fall of
pricess, or a brief, unusually heavy period of trading: after the initial
flurry of recriminations, the interested parties settled down to explore
alternative arrangements.

STANDARD-BEARER = a conspicuous leader of a movement, TO CHASTEN = to restrain: Europeans though chastened by the
political party or the like setbacks, redirected their energies toward promoting economic
integration as a prelude to political integration by strengthening and
TO STRIVE = to try hard expanding the sole survivor of their earlier integrationist hopes, the
European Coal and Steel Community
Inspired by a Manichean conception of good and evil = concepção
maniqueista TO ENDOW = to equip, to supply: Nature endowed you with a
beautiful singing voice
American crusade for global righteousness
WEARY OF = dissatisfied , impatient, tired: weary of excuses.
Europeans weary of the old national antagonisms

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EXPEDITIOUSLY = quick : the armistice negotiations in Korea were different in foreign affairs
expeditiously completed in July 1953
suppress of sth (no the)
THE BICKERING = a quarrel about petty points
MANY MUCH
TO WREST = to usurp forcefully: wrested power from the monarchy. in mid position proibido na afirmativa
The Porkkala naval base that Stalin had wrested from Finland in 1947 have you read many of those books I mentioned?
was returned to that country. No I have not read many of those books you mentioned.
Yes, I have read many books except those that you have mentioned.
STIFLING = suffocating: stifling political repression Errado nao pode usar many much in mid position in an affirmative
sentence
THE UNDERDOG = PARIAH Yes, I have read a number of / plenty of /a good deal of books except
thosethat you have mentioned.certo
With the view to killing/ to profiting Many books is available in Brasil (ok porque está no comeco da frase)
areas turned to gaining power I bought many books (ok pque está no final)

such as sao coisas diferentes TO CONCEAL = TO HIDE FACTS OR THE TRUTH

peniciline and french revolution = such as as duas sao great discoveries
mas nao sao iguais UNDERPINNED = FUNDAMENTED
French revolution and Russian revolution = like (igual as duas so
revolucoes) international organizations OFFERED A MEASURE OF hope
LEAD LED LED
peace-keepers NOUN
HIDE HID HIDDEN peace-keeping ADJ

Genocide an slaughter = uncountable THE SURGE = THE SUDDEN INCREASE

To enforce THENCEFORTH = from then on = the that would thenceforth be their

What you can enforce master
a cooperation a ban a decree a legislation a compliance a law a HENCEFORTH = from now on = henceforth his life would never be
regulation the same again

models are adopted or implemented ON THE BINK OF = PARA SITUATIONS = on the brink of the war

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ON THE VERG OF = PARA STATE OF = on the verge of nervous TO STRIVE = to try hard
breakdown
Inspired by a Manichean conception of good and evil = concepção
Infinitive nao pode por nada no meio do to e do verbo maniqueista
To dance
IF you split the infinitive i will split your head. American crusade for global righteousness
Como em portugues cantar nao pode separar cant-ar
CHARGED = intense, impassioned: this ideologically charged
Slight adj conception of American foreign policy
slightly
TOPRECLUDE =to make impossible: to preclude mutual
bare, born, borne accommodation
to bare in mind
born in mind The WHEREWITHAL = the supplies the means: the wherewithal to
have borne in mind pay my rent. At the time that Dulles proclaimed his policy, the United
be borne in mind States possessed the wherewithal to inflict extensive damage to Russian
territory by means of long-range bombers
involving (nao é com e envolving)
FULL-FLEDGED MEMBER = membro pleno
e o que dirá a luz and let alone the light
quanto mais = let alone THE AVAIL = the use efficacy

resumption of fumdamentalim THE REAPPRAISAL = new evaluation

uma volta do fundamentalismo
THE FLURRY = a light, brief shower of snow, a sudden commotion ,
lets resume = voltar ao ponto em que paramos excitement or confusion. In stock exchange = brief rise or fall of
pricess, or a brief, unusually heavy period of trading: after the initial
flurry of recriminations, the interested parties settled down to explore
alternative arrangements.

TO CHASTEN = to restrain: Europeans though chastened by the

STANDARD-BEARER = a conspicuous leader of a movement, setbacks, redirected their energies toward promoting economic
political party or the like integration as a prelude to political integration by strengthening and

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expanding the sole survivor of their earlier integrationist hopes, the TO STRIVE = to try hard
European Coal and Steel Community
Inspired by a Manichean conception of good and evil = concepção
TO ENDOW = to equip, to supply: Nature endowed you with a maniqueista
beautiful singing voice
American crusade for global righteousness
WEARY OF = dissatisfied , impatient, tired: weary of excuses.
Europeans weary of the old national antagonisms CHARGED = intense, impassioned: this ideologically charged
conception of American foreign policy
EXPEDITIOUSLY = quick : the armistice negotiations in Korea were
expeditiously completed in July 1953 TOPRECLUDE =to make impossible: to preclude mutual
accommodation
THE BICKERING = a quarrel about petty points
The WHEREWITHAL = the supplies the means: the wherewithal to
TO WREST = to usurp forcefully: wrested power from the monarchy. pay my rent. At the time that Dulles proclaimed his policy, the United
The Porkkala naval base that Stalin had wrested from Finland in 1947 States possessed the wherewithal to inflict extensive damage to Russian
was returned to that country. territory by means of long-range bombers

STIFLING = suffocating: stifling political repression FULL-FLEDGED MEMBER = membro pleno

THE BLUEPRINTS = a plan or a prototype: open skies proposal THE AVAIL = the use efficacy
envisioned a full exchange of blueprints of American and Soviet
military installations. THE REAPPRAISAL = new evaluation

AN ACCOLADE = A praise, an award: the sweet reasonableness of
Eisenhower won him accolades at home and abroad as a ‘man of
peace’.
A WATCHWORD = a slogan: ‘peaceful coexistence’ had become the
watchword of the early post-Stalin years.
STANDARD-BEARER = a conspicuous leader of a movement,
political party or the like
THE FLURRY = a light, brief shower of snow, a sudden commotion ,
excitement or confusion. In stock exchange = brief rise or fall of
pricess, or a brief, unusually heavy period of trading: after the initial
flurry of recriminations, the interested parties settled down to explore
alternative arrangements.
TO CHASTEN = to restrain: Europeans though chastened by the
setbacks, redirected their energies toward promoting economic
integration as a prelude to political integration by strengthening and

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expanding the sole survivor of their earlier integrationist hopes, the
European Coal and Steel Community
TO ENDOW = to equip, to supply: Nature endowed you with a
beautiful singing voice
WEARY OF = dissatisfied , impatient, tired: weary of excuses.
Europeans weary of the old national antagonisms
EXPEDITIOUSLY = quick : the armistice negotiations in Korea were
expeditiously completed in July 1953
THE BICKERING = a quarrel about petty points
TO WREST = to usurp forcefully: wrested power from the monarchy.
The Porkkala naval base that Stalin had wrested from Finland in 1947
was returned to that country.
STIFLING = suffocating: stifling political repression
THE UNDERDOG = PARIAH
With the view to killing/ to profiting
areas turned to gaining power
SUCH AS = sao coisas diferentes, como peniciline and french
revolution = as duas sao great discoveries mas nao sao iguais
LIKE = sao coisas iguais = French revolution and Russian revolution =
like (igual as duas so revolucoes)
THE BLUEPRINTS = a plan or a prototype: open skies proposal
envisioned a full exchange of blueprints of American and Soviet
military installations.
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AN ACCOLADE = A praise, an award: the sweet reasonableness of
Eisenhower won him accolades at home and abroad as a ‘man of
peace’.
A WATCHWORD = a slogan: ‘peaceful coexistence’ had become the
watchword of the early post-Stalin years.
TO BERATE = TO SCOLD = TO REBUKE = to reprove: He
berated them in public. Krushchev berated Stalin for his repressive
policies and called for the establishment of less arbitrary rules.
TO PLACATE = TO APPEASE = or pacify, esp. by concessions or
conciliatory gestures: to placate an outraged citizenry.
A ROUT = a defeat attended with disorderly flight; dispersal of a
defeated force in complete disorder: to put an army to rout; to put reason
to rout.
a disturbance of the public peace by three or more persons acting
together in a disrupting and tumultuous manner in carrying out their
private purposes.
The trials of the Poznan rioters ended abruptly.
TO HURL = To send with great vigor; thrust: hurled the army against
the enemy. The challenge of Communist pluralism that Tito had
hurled at Stalin in 1948 now seemed to have received the tacit
endorsement of Krushchev.
HASTY = adj Impetuous: a hasty decision
HASTILY = adv Done or made too quickly to be accurate or wise;
rash. On October 20 Khrushchev hastily flew to Warsaw to nip the
incipient insurgency in the bud, only to be rebuffed by Gomulka.
TO REBUFF = To reject bluntly, often disdainfully; snub.

SHREWD = adj astute or sharp in practical matters: a shrewd
politician
TO QUELL = to suppress; put an end to; extinguish: The troops
quelled the rebellion quickly.
to quiet or allay (emotions, anxieties, etc.): The child's mother quelled
his fears of the thunder.
FLEETING = passing swiftly; vanishing quickly; transient; transitory:
fleeting beauty; a fleeting glance. For a fleeting moment it appeared
that the trend of the previous decade had been reversed.
AN OUSTER = an expulsion or removal from a place or position
occupied: The opposition called for the ouster of the cabinet minister.
After his outer Nagy received asylum in the Yugoslav embassy in
Budapest.
ANEW = adv. over again; again; once more: to play the tune anew.
starting life anew in a fresh place Attempt anew to compete for
influence.
TO DECRY = to condemm =to state publicly that you do not approve
of something
A PERK = a benefit = Perks such as free holidays will be scrapped or
curtailed
A FOE = an opponent
BOUNTEOUS = generous = low oil prices threaten the bounteous
subsidies Cuba has been receiving from Venezuela.
THE BRINY = the ocean, sea
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THE DEARTH = the scarcity: the dearth of fish in the sea
TO SWIRL = to spin around: the mass of discarded plastic that swirls
round in two clots in the Pacific, each as large as the United States.
THE CLOTS = mass of coagulation, array
THE AEONS = the ages they are happening alarmingly fast – in
decades, rather than the aeons needed for fish and plants to adapt
TO TRAWL = to drag, to fish. Nothing did so much good for fish
stocks in northern Europe as the second world war by keeping trawlers
in port, it let fisheries recover.
TIDAL POWER = caused by tides; having tides; periodically rising
and falling, or following and ebbing; as, tidal waters .
TO SEEPED = to ooze to leak this culure has lately seeped into
management books
BRIMMING = overflowing, full they are brimming with self-
confidence
CURMUDGEONLY (cur⋅mudg⋅eon) = a bad-tempered, difficult,
cantankerous person
THEY ARE UNDER THE COSH = BLACKJACK = a piece of
metal covered by leather with a flexible handle; used for hitting people,
cacetete
DREARY = a lifeless, boring, glooming. Cuba is a dreary affair of
queues and shortages
THE CHAGRIN = the displeasure. To the chagrin of the US, and in
defiance of its futile embargo, Cuba clings on just 90 miles across the
Florida Straits.
BOLTHOLE = refuge: although Havana had its darker side as mafia
bolthole it was also a glittering cultural and commercial center
THE SKIRMISH = a fight: Guatema was the first skirmish of the cold
war in Latin America.
THROBBING = a pounding or beating strongly or violently; "a
throbbing pain"; "the throbbing engine of the boat" Cuba had the
unintended effect of turning Miami from a sleepy beach town into a
throbbing regional entrepôt.
DRAB = brightness faded dull Castro’s communism was always rather
different from the drab variety imposed on eastern Europe.
SLIME = disgusting matter Hotter water, slimier slime
19th-century SCRAMBLE for Africa = a struggle for possession or
gain: a scramble for choice seats in the stadium.
TO FLOUNDER
to flap, splash through mire (lamaçal). To fling the limbs and body, as
in making efforts to move; to struggle, as a horse in the mire, or as a
fish on land; to roll, toss, and tumble; to flounce.
They have floundered on from blunder to blunder. --Sir W. Hamilton.
In the past, however, similar initiatives have floundered,
for a number of reasons.
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THE SQUATTER
People who settles on land, without title.
Brazil lacks a central land register, suffers widespread
forgery of title deeds and has a long history of
squatters seizing land.
A TOKEN EFFORT
insignificantly small; a matter of form only ('tokenish' is informal); "the
fee was nominal"; "a token gesture of resistance"; "a toknenish gesture"
[syn: nominal]
Some token efforts were made to change this regime in
the 1980s.
TO DAMP
1. deaden (a sound or noise), especially by wrapping [syn: muffle]
2. restrain or discourage; "the sudden bad news damped the joyous
atmosphere"
3. make vague or obscure or make (an image) less visible; "muffle the
message" [syn: dampen]
4. lessen in force or effect; "soften a shock"; "break a fall" [syn:
dampen]
Nevertheless, there is a risk that the scheme, by making
it easier to get secure title for dubious land claims,
might somehow stimulate demand for virgin forest
land, not damp it.
ACRIMONIOUS
One reason why the Industrial Revolution took place in England was
caustic, stinging, or bitter in nature, speech, behavior, etc.: an
that the regulatory role of the state was small and the guild system was
acrimonious answer; an acrimonious dispute.
weak. In France mercantilism developed, with strong regulation of
economic life and foreign trade but with weak economic growth. Strong
state regulation and strong institutional obstacles, such as vagueness in
the rules relating to property rights, may explain Spain's weak
Fogel showed that railways were not the essential prerequisite of
economic development during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
economic growth which many scholars had formerly asserted. Fogel's
analysis of the part played by the railways in the economic
development of the United States has caused today's scholars to be WATERSHED
more restrained in ascribing a crucial role to sundry 'great innovations' Divisor de águas.
in order to explain modern economic growth. Fogel's finding, arrived at
with the aid of so-called counterfactual analyses and social cost-benefit Ought to do sth x Should do sth
analysis, has been corroborated by other scholars, all influenced by
Fogel. You ought to go to church more often
Personal opinion
With the assistance of a prodigious body of data along with economic
and statistical techniques, Fogel also showed that despite the moral You should always tell the truth
heinousness of slavery, it was an efficient market solution. Slavery did Moral or legal duty
not perish because of inefficiency but required political decisions to
secure its abolition.
Spark intensive discussions
North has underlined the role which institutions play in reducing
uncertainty by creating stable, if not always efficient, structures for
human activity. Institutions are to be understood as connoting all the
written and unwritten rules and usages which influence our mode of
being and acting. Absence of institutional stability raises the cost both
of producers and of consumers. A lack of clearly defined property rights
and difficulties of concluding binding contracts hamper rational
economic decisions. In order to understand Europe's long-term
development, from the Middle Ages onwards, we must be able to
analyze the role of institutions, both as a cause of economic growth and
as obstacles to economic change.

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