Nobel Prizes 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry Richard F. Heck, Ei ichi Ne!ishi and Akira "#z#ki "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or edicine Robert G. Ed$ards "for the de!elopment of in !itro fertilization"

The Nobel Prize in "iterature %ario &ar!as 'losa "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the indi!idual#s resistance, re!olt, and defeat"

The Nobel Peace Prize 'i# (iaobo "for his long and non-!iolent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"

The Prize in $conomic %ciences Peter A. )iamond, )ale *. %ortensen and +hristo,her A. Pissarides "for their analysis of markets with search frictions

Nobel Prizes 200The Nobel Prize in Physics +harles K. Kao "for groundbreaking achie!ements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"

The Nobel Prize in Physics .illard ". /o0le and Geor!e E. "mith "for the in!ention of an imaging semiconductor circuit & the CC' sensor"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry &enkatraman Ramakrishnan, *homas A. "teitz and Ada E. 1onath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or edicine Elizabeth H. /lackb#rn, +arol .. Greider and 2ack .. "zostak "for the disco!ery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"

The Nobel Prize in "iterature Herta %3ller "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"

The Nobel Peace Prize /arack H. 4bama "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"

The Prize in $conomic %ciences Elinor 4strom "for her analysis of economic go!ernance, especially the commons"

The Prize in $conomic %ciences 4liver E. .illiamson "for his analysis of economic go!ernance, especially the boundaries of the firm"

Nobel Prizes 2005

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1oichiro Namb# "for the disco!ery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"

The Nobel Prize in Physics %akoto Koba0ashi and *oshihide %aska$a "for the disco!ery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of (uarks in nature"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 4sam# "himom#ra, %artin +hal6ie and Ro!er 1. *sien "for the disco!ery and de!elopment of the green fluorescent protein, )*P"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or edicine Harald z#r Ha#sen "for his disco!ery of human papilloma !iruses causing cer!ical cancer"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or edicine Fran7oise /arr8 "ino#ssi and '#c %onta!nier "for their disco!ery of human immunodeficiency !irus"

The Nobel Prize in "iterature 2ean %arie G#stave 'e +l8zio "author of new departures, poetic ad!enture and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning ci!ilization"

The Nobel Peace Prize %artti Ahtisaari "for his important efforts, on se!eral continents and o!er more than three decades, to resol!e international conflicts"

The Prize in $conomic %ciences Pa#l Kr#!man "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic acti!ity"

Nobel Prizes 2009

The Nobel Prize in Physics Albert Fert and Peter Gr3nber! "for the disco!ery of )iant

agnetoresistance"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry Gerhard Ertl "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or edicine %ario R. +a,ecchi, "ir %artin 2. Evans and 4liver "mithies "for their disco!eries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"

The Nobel Prize in "iterature )oris 'essin! "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and !isionary power has sub+ected a di!ided ci!ilisation to scrutiny"

The Nobel Peace Prize :nter!overnmental Panel on +limate +han!e ;:P++< and Albert Arnold ;Al< Gore 2r. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"

The Prize in $conomic %ciences 'eonid H#r$icz, Eric ". %askin and Ro!er /. %0erson "for ha!ing laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"

Nobel Prizes 200=

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2ohn +. %ather and Geor!e F. "moot "for their disco!ery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwa!e background radiation"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry Ro!er ). Kornber! "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or edicine Andre$ >. Fire and +rai! +. %ello "for their disco!ery of ,N- interference - gene silencing by double-stranded ,N-"

The Nobel Prize in "iterature 4rhan Pam#k "who in the (uest for the melancholic soul of his nati!e city has disco!ered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"

The Nobel Peace Prize %#hammad 1#n#s and Grameen /ank "for their efforts to create economic and social de!elopment from below"

The Prize in $conomic %ciences Edm#nd ". Phel,s "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"

Nobel Prizes 200?

The Nobel Prize in Physics Ro0 2. Gla#ber "for his contribution to the (uantum theory of optical coherence"

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2ohn '. Hall and *heodor .. H@nsch "for their contributions to the de!elopment of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical fre(uency comb techni(ue"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1ves +ha#vin, Robert H. Gr#bbs and Richard R. "chrock "for the de!elopment of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or edicine /arr0 2. %arshall and 2. Robin .arren "for their disco!ery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"

The Nobel Prize in "iterature Harold Pinter "who in his plays unco!ers the precipice under e!eryday prattle and forces entry into oppression#s closed rooms"

The Nobel Peace Prize :nternational Atomic Ener!0 A!enc0 ;:AEA< and %ohamed El/aradei "for their efforts to pre!ent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"

The Prize in $conomic %ciences Robert 2. A#mann and *homas +. "chellin! "for ha!ing enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis

Padma Vibhushan Awardees

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Shri Ebrahim Alkazi Arts : 2010 : Delhi Dr. Prathap Chandra Reddy Trade & nd!stry : 2010 : Tamil "ad! Shri #mayalp!ram $. Si%araman Arts : 2010 : Tamil "ad! Dr. &enkatraman Ramakrishnan S'ien'e & En(ineerin(. : 2010 : Tamil "ad! Dr. )a(a &en!(*pal Reddy P!bli' A++airs : 2010 : Andhra Pradesh Smt. ,*hra Se(al Arts : 2010 : Delhi Dr. A.S. -an(!ly Trade & nd!stry : 200. : /aharashtra Dr. Anil $ak*dkar S'ien'e & En(ineerin(. : 200. : /aharashtra Dr. Chandrika Prasad Sri%asta%a Ci%il Ser%i'e : 200. : /aharashtra Pr*+. D.P. Chatt*padhyaya 0iterat!re & Ed!'ati*n : 200. : 1est 2en(al 2ustice 'r3 -3 %3 -nand Public -ffairs 4 0//5 4 6ttar Pradesh 'r3 $3 %reedharan %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0//5 4 'elhi "ate r3 $dmund 8illary 9Posthumous: %ports 4 0//5 4 'elhi %hri )3 adha!an Nair %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0//5 4 ;arnataka %hri )o!ind Narain Public -ffairs 4 0//5 4 6ttar Pradesh Prof3 2asbir %ingh <a+a+ edicine 4 0//5 4 Pun+ab %hri "akshmi Narayan ittal Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0//5 4 Pun+ab %hri N3,3 Narayana urthy Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0//5 4 ;arnataka %hri P3N3 'har Public -ffairs 4 0//5 4 'elhi

%hri P3,3%3 >beroi Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0//5 4 'elhi %hri Pranab ukher+ee Public -ffairs 4 0//5 4 'elhi 'r3 Purshotam "al edicine 4 0//5 4 6ttar Pradesh 'r3 ,a+endra ;umar Pachauri %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0//5 4 'elhi %hri ,atan Na!al Tata Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0//5 4 aharashtra rs %ister Nirmala %ocial ?ork 4 0//5 4 ?est <engal %hri %underlal <ahuguna >thers 4 0//5 4 6ttarakhand 2ustice 9'r3: -3 %3 -nand Public -ffairs 4 0//@ 4 6ttar Pradesh s3 -sha <hosle -rts 4 0//@ 4 aharashtra %hri "akshmi Narayan ittal Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0//@ 4 aharashtra r3 "ate $dmund 8illary %ports 4 0//@ 4 aharashtra

Padma Bhushan Awardees

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Shri Aamir $han Arts : 2010 : /aharashtra Pr*+. Abhi3it Sen P!bli' A++airs : 2010 : Delhi Shri Akbar Padamsee Arts : 2010 : /aharashtra Shri Allah Rakha Rahman Arts : 2010 : Tamil "ad! Shri Anil 2*rdia 0iterat!re & Ed!'ati*n : 2010 : Ra3asthan Pr*+. Ar*(yas4ami 5*seph Pa!lra3 S'ien'e & En(ineerin(. : 2010 : Ra3asthan Shri 2.$. Chat!r%edi Ci%il Ser%i'e : 2010 : Delhi Dr. 2ala(an(adharanatha S4ami3i S*'ial 1*rk : 2010 : $arnataka

Pr*+. 2elle /*nappa 6e(de /edi'ine : 2010 : $arnataka Pr*+. 2ikash Chandra Sinha S'ien'e & En(ineerin(. : 2010 : 1est 2en(al

Prof3 <ipan Chandra "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 'elhi Capt3 C3P3 ;rishnan Nair Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra %hri $3T3 Narayanan ooss edicine 4 0/./ 4 ;erala %hri $knath ,ao alias <alasaheb Aikhe Patil %ocial ?ork 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra %hri *areed Bakaria 2ournalism 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra %hri )3P3 Chopra "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %hri =laiyaraa+a -rts 4 0/./ 4 Tamil Nadu %hri 2agdish Chandra ;apur %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %mt3 ;umudini "akhia Ci!il %er!ice 4 0/./ 4 )u+arat 'r3 ;ushal Pal %ingh Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %hri ;uzhur Narayana arar -rts 4 0/./ 4 ;erala Prof3 adhusudan -milal 'haky -rts 4 0/./ 4 )u+arat s3 allika %arabhai -rts 4 0/./ 4 )u+arat %hri an!inder %ingh <anga alias Aindi <anga Aindi <anga Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 )u+arat Prof3 inoru -rts 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra Prof3 ohammad -min "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %hri oosa ,aza Ci!il %er!ice 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %hri Narayanan Aaghul Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 Tamil Nadu Prof3 9'r3 Nookala Chinna %atyanarayana -rts 4 0/./ 4 -ndhra Pradesh 'r3 Noshir 3 %hroff edicine 4 0/./ 4 'elhi

'r3 P3,3 'ubhashi Ci!il %er!ice 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra Pandit Chhannulal ishra -rts 4 0/./ 4 6ttar Pradesh 'r3 Panniyampilly ;rishna ?arrier edicine 4 0/./ 4 ;erala Pandit 9'r Puttara+ )a!ai -rts 4 0/./ 4 ;arnataka %hri ,am ;umar -rts 4 0/./ 4 'elhi 'r3 ,amakant adanmohan Panda edicine 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra %hri %3P3 >swal Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 Pun+ab %hri %ailesh ;umar <andyopadhyay Public -ffairs 4 0/./ 4 ?est <engal %hri %ant %ingh Chatwal Public -ffairs 4 0/./ 4 ?est <engal Prof39'r3: %atya Paul -garwal edicine 4 0/./ 4 'elhi Prof3 %atya Arat %hastri "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 'elhi Prof3 Tan Chung "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 'elhi 6stad %ultan ;han -rts 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra "t3)en3 9,etd3: %atish Nambiar >thers 4 0//5 4 'elhi %hri -bhina! <indra %ports 4 0//5 4 Pun+ab Prof3 -lappat %reedhara enon "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0//5 4 ;erala "ate %hri -marnath %ehgal 9Posthumous: -rts 4 0//5 4 'elhi %hri -nil anibhai Naik Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0//5 4 aharashtra Prof3 -sis 'atta %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0//5 4 'elhi %hri <aba Neelkanth ;alyani Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0//5 4 aharashtra

Padma Shri Awardees

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Dr. All!ri &enkata Satyanarayana Ra3! Trade & nd!stry : 2010 : Andhra Pradesh Dr. Anil $!mar 2halla /edi'ine : 2010 : Delhi /s. An! A(a S*'ial 1*rk : 2010 : /aharashtra Shri Ar3!n Pra3apati Arts : 2010 : Ra3asthan Shri Ar!n Sarma 0iterat!re & Ed!'ati*n : 2010 : Assam /s. Ar!ndhati "a( Arts : 2010 : $arnataka Pr*+. Ar%ind $!mar 0iterat!re & Ed!'ati*n : 2010 : /aharashtra Dr. Ar%inder Sin(h S*in /edi'ine : 2010 : #ttar Pradesh Shri Ayekpam T*mba /eetei S*'ial 1*rk : 2010 : /anip!r Dr. 2. Ramana Ra* /edi'ine : 2010 : $arnataka 'r3 <3 ,a!eendran Pillai Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 <aba %ewa %ingh %ocial ?ork 4 0/./ 4 Pun+ab s3 <ertha )yndykes 'khar "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 eghalaya s3 Carmel <erkson -rts 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra %hri '3,3 ;arthikeyan Ci!il %er!ice 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %hri 'eep 2oshi %ocial ?ork 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %hri 'eepak Puri Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 'elhi Prof3 )o!ind Chandra Pande "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 adhya Pradesh %mt3 )ul <ardhan -rts 4 0/./ 4 adhya Pradesh Prof3 8amidi ;ashmiri "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 2ammu and ;ashmir

%mt3 8aobam >ngbi Ngangbi 'e!i -rts 4 0/./ 4 anipur %hri 8ari 6ppal -rts 4 0/./ 4 <ihar Prof3 9'r3 8ermann ;ulke "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 <ihar %hri =gnace Tirkey %ports 4 0/./ 4 >rissa %hri =rshad irza Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 6ttar Pradesh 'r3 23,3 )angaramani %ocial ?ork 4 0/./ 4 6ttar Pradesh 'r3 2alakantapuram ,amaswamy ;rishnamoorthy edicine 4 0/./ 4 Tamil Nadu %hri 2anaki <alla! %hastri "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 <ihar 'r3 2itendra 6dhampuri "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 2ammu and ;ashmir %hri ;3 ,agha!an -rts 4 0/./ 4 ;erala 'r3 ;3;3 -ggarwal edicine 4 0/./ 4 'elhi <rig3 'r3 ;apil ohan Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 8imachal Pradesh 'r3 ;arsanbhai ;hodidas Patel Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 )u+arat Prof3 ;odaganur %3 )opinath edicine 4 0/./ 4 ;arnataka %hri ;ranti %hah %ocial ?ork 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra 'r3 ;urian 2ohn elamparambil %ocial ?ork 4 0/./ 4 ;erala 'r3 "al <ahadur %ingh Chauhan "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 6ttar Pradesh %hri "alzuia Colney "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 izoram 'r3 "axmi Chand )upta edicine 4 0/./ 4 'elhi Prof3 3,3 %atyanarayana ,ao %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0/./ 4 ;arnataka s3 aria -urora Couto "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 )oa )uru ayadhar ,aut -rts 4 0/./ 4 'elhi

%hri ukund "ath -rts 4 0/./ 4 ,a+asthan %hri Nemai )hosh -rts 4 0/./ 4 ?est <engal Prof3 9'r3 Palpu Pushpangadan %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0/./ 4 ;erala Pandit ,aghunath Panigrahi -rts 4 0/./ 4 >rissa Pandit 6lhas ;ashalkar -rts 4 0/./ 4 ?est <engal 'r3 Philip -ugustine edicine 4 0/./ 4 ;erala Prof3 Ponisseril %omasundaran %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0/./ 4 ;erala Prof3 Pucadyil =ttoop 2ohn %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0/./ 4 )u+arat 'r3 ,abindra Narain %ingh edicine 4 0/./ 4 <ihar 'r3 ,afael =ruzubieta *ernandez Public -ffairs 4 0/./ 4 <ihar 'r39%mt3: ,a+alakshmi Parthasarathy alias D3)3 Parthasarathy "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 Tamil Nadu %hri ,a+kumar -chouba %ingh -rts 4 0/./ 4 anipur 'r3 ,am 'ayal unda -rts 4 0/./ 4 2harkhand ;umar ,am Narain ;arthikeyan %ports 4 0/./ 4 Tamil Nadu %hri ,amakant Aithal -chrekar %ports 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra Prof3 ,amaran+an ukher+i "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 ?est <engal 'r3 ,anganathan Parthasarathy "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 Tamil Nadu s3 ,ekha -rts 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra %hri ,esul Pokutty -rts 4 0/./ 4 ;erala Prof3 %adi( - 6r - ,ahman ;idwai "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %hri %aif -li ;han -rts 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra s3 %aina Nehwal %ports 4 0/./ 4 -ndhra Pradesh r3 %heldon Pollock "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 -ndhra Pradesh

'r3 9%mt3: %hobha ,a+u -rts 4 0/./ 4 -ndhra Pradesh s3 %udha ;aul %ocial ?ork 4 0/./ 4 ?est <engal 'r3 %udhir 3 Parikh %ocial ?ork 4 0/./ 4 ?est <engal s3 %umitra )uha -rts 4 0/./ 4 'elhi 'r3 %urendra 'ubey "iterature 7 $ducation 4 0/./ 4 Chhattisgarh %hri T3N3 anoharan Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 Tamil Nadu 6stad *3 ?asifuddin 'agar 'agar -rts 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %hri Aenu %rini!asan Trade 7 =ndustry 4 0/./ 4 Tamil Nadu 'r3 Ai+ay Prasad 'imri %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0/./ 4 -ndhra Pradesh 'r39 s3: Ai+aylakshmi ,a!indranath %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 0/./ 4 ;arnataka %hri Ai+ender %ingh %ports 4 0/./ 4 8aryana 'r3 Aikas ahatme edicine 4 0/./ 4 aharashtra %hri Airendra %ehwag %ports 4 0/./ 4 'elhi %hri -3 Ai!ekh -rts 4 0//5 4 Tamil Nadu 'r3 -3 2ayanta ;umar %ingh edicine 4 0//5 4 anipur

Bharat Ratna Awardees

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Pandit 2himsen -!r!ra3 5*shi Arts : 2007 : $arnataka $!mari 0ata Dinanath /an(eshkar Arts : 2001 : /aharashtra 0ate. #stad 2ismillah $han Arts : 2001 : #ttar Pradesh Pr*+. Amartya Sen 0iterat!re & Ed!'ati*n : 1... : #ttar Pradesh 0*kpriya -*pinath 8p*sth.9 2*rd*l*i P!bli' A++airs : 1... : Assam

0*knayak 5ayprakash 8P*sth.9 "arayan P!bli' A++airs : 1... : 2ihar Pandit Ra%i Shankar Arts : 1... : 2ihar Shri Chidambaram S!bramaniam P!bli' A++airs : 1..7 : Tamil "ad! Smt. /.S. S!bb!lakshmi Arts : 1..7 : Tamil "ad! Shri 8Dr.9 A.P.5. Abd!l $alam S'ien'e & En(ineerin(. : 1..: : Delhi %mt3 -runa -saf 9Posth3: -li Public -ffairs 4 .55F 4 'elhi %hri )ulzari "al 9%hri: Nanda Public -ffairs 4 .55F 4 )u+arat %hri 2ehangir ,atan+i 'adabhai Tata Trade 7 =ndustry 4 .550 4 aharashtra %hri aulana -bul ;alam -zad Public -ffairs 4 .550 4 ?est <engal %hri %atya+it ,ay -rts 4 .550 4 ?est <engal %hri orar+i ,anchhod+i 'esai Public -ffairs 4 .55. 4 )u+arat %hri ,a+i! )andhi Public -ffairs 4 .55. 4 'elhi %ardar Aallabhbhai Patel Public -ffairs 4 .55. 4 )u+arat 'r3 <himrao ,am+i -mbedakr Public -ffairs 4 .55/ 4 aharashtra 'r3 Nelson ,olihlahla andela Public -ffairs 4 .55/ 4 aharashtra %hri arudur )opalan ,amachandran Public -ffairs 4 .5@@ 4 Tamil Nadu ;han -bdul )haffar ;han %ocial ?ork 4 .5@F 4 Tamil Nadu %hri -charya Ainoba <ha!e %ocial ?ork 4 .5@C 4 aharashtra other ary Teresa <o+axhiu Teresa %ocial ?ork 4 .5@/ 4 ?est <engal %hri ;umaraswamy ;amra+ Public -ffairs 4 .5F1 4 Tamil Nadu %hri A3A3 )iri Public -ffairs 4 .5FG 4 >rissa %mt3 =ndira )andhi Public -ffairs 4 .5F. 4 6ttar Pradesh %hri "al <ahadur %hastri Public -ffairs 4 .511 4 6ttar Pradesh

'r3 Pandurang Aaman ;ane %ocial ?ork 4 .51C 4 aharashtra 'r3 Bakir 8ussain Public -ffairs 4 .51C 4 -ndhra Pradesh 'r3 ,a+endra Prasad Public -ffairs 4 .510 4 <ihar 'r3 <idhan Chandra ,oy Public -ffairs 4 .51. 4 ?est <engal %hri Purushottam 'as Tandon Public -ffairs 4 .51. 4 6ttar Pradesh 'r3 'hondo ;esha! ;ar!e %ocial ?ork 4 .5G@ 4 aharashtra Pt3 )o!ind <allabh Pant Public -ffairs 4 .5GF 4 6ttar Pradesh 'r3 <hagwan 'as "iterature 7 $ducation 4 .5GG 4 6ttar Pradesh %hri 2awaharlal Nehru Public -ffairs 4 .5GG 4 6ttar Pradesh 'r3 3 Aishweshwariah Ci!il %er!ice 4 .5GG 4 ;arnataka %hri Chakra!arti ,a+agopalachari Public -ffairs 4 .5GE 4 Tamil Nadu 'r3 Chandrasekhara Aenkata ,aman %cience 7 $ngineering3 4 .5GE 4 Tamil Nadu

Gallantry Awards
Gallantry Award Winners 2010 (External website that opens in a new window) The art of appreciating the bra!e and gallant is not new3 They form one of the most important constituents of a nationHs stability3 8istory defines gallantry as commanded respect and appreciation3 The concept of emancipation of the bra!e is cognizant in our $pics too3 =n the ahabharata, the merit of dying as a martyr in the cause of 'harma is all along appreciated as the easiest way to hea!en3 =n fact, any kind of death on the battlefield was considered glorious3 ?hether being the appointed head of a clan, raised memorials in honour of the martyrsIbra!e souls or granted titles, robe of honour, cash awards or medals etc3, recognition of bra!ery has always been a !ery prestigious affair3 The conclusion of <ritish ,ule in =ndia saw the end of the old institution of <ritish honours and awards3 =ndependent =ndia saw the introduction of awards such as Param Air Chakra, aha Air Chakra, -shoka Chakra, %haurya Chakra etc3

Param &ir +hakra ;P&+<

This is the highest gallantry award for officers and other enlisted personnel of all military branches of =ndia for the highest degree of !alour in the presence of the enemy3 =ntroduced on 01th 2anuary .5G/, this award may be gi!en posthumously3 "iterally, Param Air Chakra means #?heel 9or Cross: of the 6ltimate <ra!e#3 =n %anskrit, JParamH means 6ltimate, JAirH 9Pronounced !eer: means <ra!e and JChakraH means ?heel3 The PAC is the e(ui!alent award of the edal of 8onour in the 6nited %tates, and the Aictoria Cross in the 6nited ;ingdom3 &ie$ the a$ardees o6 Param &ir +hakra ;EAternal $ebsite that o,ens in a ne$ $indo$<3

Ashok +hakra
The -shok Chakra series of awards are open to ci!ilians also3 ,ecommendations recei!ed in respect of ci!ilians from the %tate )o!ernmentsI6nion territory -dministrations and inistriesI'epartments of the Central )o!ernment are processed by the inistry of 'efence for the consideration of the Central 8onours and -wards Committee chaired by the 'efence inister3 These awards are biannual and are gi!en on the ,epublic 'ay and =ndependence 'ay3

"ha#r0a +hakra
This is awarded for gallantry other than in the face of the enemy3 This award may be granted to ci!ilians or to military personnel and may be awarded posthumously3