INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1
1

INTRODUCTION
Reflector antennas, in one form or another, have been in use since the discovery of electromagnetic wave propagation in 1888 by Hertz. Although reflector antennas take many geometrical configurations, some of the most popular shapes are the plane, corner, and curved reflectors. t has been shown by geometrical optics that if a beam of parallel rays is incident upon a reflector whose geometrical shape is a parabola, the radiation will converge at a spot which is known as the focal point. n the same manner, if a point source is placed at the focal point, the rays reflected by a parabolic reflector will emerge as a parallel beam. !ince the transmitter "receiver# is placed at the focal point of the parabola, the configuration is usually known as front fed. $he illumination of a parabolic reflector antenna depends on the properties of the feed used. $he widespread use of reflectors has simulated interest in the development of feeds to improve the aperture efficiency and to provide greater discrimination against noise radiation from ground. n order to obtain a high efficiency it is necessary that the radiation pattern as uniform as possible and produces little spillover energy. %esides it is desirable that the radiation pattern of the feed is symmetrical and the feed should possess a well defined phase center. &hen fed effectively from the focus paraboloid reflectors produce high gain pencil beam with low side lobes and good cross polarization discrimination characteristics. $he symmetrical focus fed paraboloid is the most widely used reflector for medium and high gain pencil beam applications such as in Radio Astronomy and it is considered to be a good compromise between performance and cost. $his pro'ect describes the analysis of the focus fed parabolic reflector and its Radiation properities in ()*)RA+ ,)$H-. A*. A/)R$0R) A//R-1 ,A$ -* ,)$H-..

1.1 PROCESSING STEPS

SELECTION OF FEED

1. DIPOLE FEED

2. SQUARE CORNER FEED

3. HORN FEED

1. DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERN 2. DIPOLE MULTIICATI0N PATTERN 3. DIPOLE BEAM EFFICIENCY

1. RADIATION PATTERN BY VARYAING SEVERAL LENGTHS 2. SQUARE CORNER BEAM EFFICIENCY

1. RADIATION PATTERNS BY VARAYING HORN DIMENSIONS 2. HORN PHASE VARIATION

FED TO A PARABOLIC REFLECTOR 3 1. f/D RATIO 2.APERTURE EFFICIENCY 3. GAIN

SELECTION OF FEED

1. DIPOLE FEED

2. SQUARE CORNER FEED

3. HORN FEED

1. DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERN 2. DIPOLE MULTIICATI0N PATTERN 3. DIPOLE BEAM EFFICIENCY

1. RADIATION PATTERN BY VARYAING SEVERAL LENGTHS 2. SQUARE CORNER BEAM EFFICIENCY

1. RADIATION PATTERNS BY VARAYING HORN DIMENSIONS 2. HORN PHASE VARIATION

FED TO A PARABOLIC REFLECTOR 1. f/D RATIO 2.APERTURE EFFICIENCY 3. GAIN 4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

AFTER REFLECTION THE RADIATION PATTERNS OF EACH FEED ARE CALCULATED USING 1.GENERAL METHOD 2.APERTURE APPROXIMATION METHOD

BASIC ANTENNA

CHAPTER 2 BASIC ANTENNA

An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electro magnetic waves. n other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa. Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point6to6point radio communication, wireless +A*, radar, and space e7ploration. Antennas usually work in air or outer space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain fre8uencies for short distances. /hysically, an antenna is an arrangement of conductors that generate a radiating electromagnetic field in response to an applied alternating voltage and the associated alternating electric current, or can be placed in an electromagnetic field so that the field will induce an alternating current in the antenna and a voltage between its terminals. !ome antenna devices "parabolic antenna, Horn Antenna# 'ust adapt the free space to another type of antenna

F ! 2.1 "#$ % #&'(&&#

2.1 ANTENNA PARAMETERS

1. )ffective length 2. Resonant fre8uency 3. (ain 4. .irectivity 5. Radiation pattern 9. +obe levels :. mpedance 8. )fficiency ;. %and width 1<. /olarization 11. Antenna aperture 12. Radiation Resistance 13. %eam &idth

Eff(%' )( L(&!'*
t represents the effectiveness of an antenna as a radiator or collector of electromagnetic )nergy. (enerally effective length is represent in terms of wave length. )7=
,. 2

R($+&#&' f,(-.(&%/
$he >resonant fre8uency> and >electrical resonance> is related to the electrical length of the antenna. $he electrical length is usually the physical length of the wire divided by its velocity factor "the ratio of the speed of wave propagation in the wire to c<, the speed of light in a vacuum#. $ypically an antenna is tuned for a specific fre8uency, and is effective for a range of fre8uencies usually centered on that resonant fre8uency. However, the other properties of the antenna "especially radiation pattern and impedance# change with fre8uency, so the antenna?s resonant fre8uency may merely be close to the center fre8uency of these other more important properties. Antennas can be made resonant on harmonic fre8uencies with lengths that are fractions of the target wavelength. !ome antenna designs have multiple resonant fre8uencies, and some are relatively effective over a very broad range of fre8uencies. $he most commonly known type of wide band aerial is the logarithmic or log periodic, but its gain is usually much lower than that of a specific or narrower band aerial.
f = c

G# &
(ain as a parameter measures the directionality of a given antenna. An antenna with a low gain emits radiation with about the same power in all directions, whereas a high6gain antenna will preferentially radiate in particular directions. !pecifically, the (ain, .irective gain or /ower gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity "power per unit surface# radiated by the antenna in a given direction at an arbitrary distance divided by the intensity

radiated at the same distance by an hypothetical isotropic antenna. &e write >hypothetical> because a perfect isotropic antenna cannot e7ist in reality.!ometimes, the half6wave dipole is taken as a reference instead of the isotropic radiator. $he gain is then given in d%d "decibels over dipole#= (ain @"ma7imum radiation intensity in a given direction #A

"ma7imum radiation intensity from isotropic antenna direction #

G = E ma7 ", B # E isotriopic", B #

D ,(%' ) '/
Antenna directivity is usually measured in d%i, or decibels above isotropic. $his number is obtained by measuring the gain in the strongest lobe, and comparing it to the total gain "as if all power was radiated uniformly in all directions#=

P D = 1< log1< " radiated # Ptotal

R#0 #' +& 1#''(,&

n the field of antenna design the term radiation pattern most commonly refers to the directional "angular# dependence of radiation from the antenna or other source "synonyms= antenna pattern, far6field pattern#. /articularly in the fields of fiber optics, lasers, and integrated optics, the term radiation pattern, or near6field radiation pattern, may also be used as a synonym for the near6field pattern or Cresnel pattern.D4E $his refers to the positional dependence of the electromagnetic field in the near6field, or Cresnel region of the source. $he near6field pattern is most commonly defined over a plane placed in front of the source, or over a cylindrical or spherical ;

surface enclosing it. $he far6field pattern of an antenna may be determined e7perimentally at an antenna range, or alternatively, the near6field pattern may be found using a near6field scanner, and the radiation pattern deduced from it by computation.

F ! 2.2 320 3(&$ +&#4 ,#0 #' +& 1#''(,&$ +f $ 314( 0 1+4( $he radiation pattern of an antenna is the geometric pattern of the relative field strengths of the field emitted by the antenna. Cor the ideal isotropic antenna, this would be a sphere. Cor a typical dipole, this would be a toroid. $he radiation pattern of an antenna is typically represented by a three dimensional graph, or polar plots of the horizontal and vertical cross sections. $he graph should show sidelobes and backlobes, where the antenna?s gain is at a minima or ma7ima $he radiation pattern is a graphical depiction of the relative field strength transmitted from or received by the antenna. As antennas radiate in space often several curves are necessary to describe the antenna. f the radiation of the antenna is symmetrical

1<

about an a7is "as is the case in dipole, helical and some parabolic antennas# a uni8ue graph is sufficient. )ach antenna supplierAuser has different standards as well as plotting formats. An antenna radiation pattern allows seeing easily side lobes and backing lobes. )ach format has its own advantages and disadvantages. Radiation pattern of an antenna can be defined as the locus of all points where the emitted power per unit surface is the same. $he radiated power per unit surface is proportional to the s8uared electrical field of the electromagnetic wave. $he radiation pattern is the locus of points with the same electrical field. n this representation, the reference is usually the best angle of emission. t is also possible to depict the directive gain of the antenna as a function of the direction. -ften the gain is given in decibels. $he graphs can be drawn using Fartesian "rectangular# coordinates or a polar plot. $his last one is useful to measure the beam width, which is, by convention, the angle at the 63d% points around the ma7 gain. $he shape of curves can be very different in Fartesian or polar coordinates and with the choice of the limits of the logarithmic scale. $he four drawings below are the radiation patterns of a same half6wave antenna.

F ! 2.3 R#0 #' +& 1#''(,&$ +f # *#4f25#)( 0 1+4( #&'(&&# 61+4#, 14+'$7.

11

F ! 2.4 $ 314( 14+' "('5((& #&!4($ 6)$.7 !# & +f # 0 1+4( #&'(&&#

L+"( 4()(4$
1. ,AG-R +-%) 2. , *-R +-%) a# %AFH +-%) ,AG-R +-%)= b# ! .) +-%) t is also called as Imain beamJ. t is defined as the

radiation pattern containing the direction of Kma7imum radiationJ. n some antennas, there may e7ist more than one ma'or lobe. ,a'or lobe contains radiations along desired directions. , *-R +-%)= Any lobe e7cept a ma'or lobe is called minor lobe.

,inor lobe contains radiations along undesired directions. &e must minimize ,inor lobe levels for good radiation characteristics. %AFH +-%)= *ormally refers to a minor lobe that occupies the

hemisphere in a direction opposite to that of the ma'or lobe. ! .) +-%)= *ormally refers to a minor lobe that occupies the

hemisphere in a direction side to that of the ma'or lobe. !ide lobe

12

level of 62<db or smaller are usually not harmful. !ide lobe level of 63<db re8uires very careful design.

I31(0#&%(
As an electro6magnetic wave travels through the different parts of the antenna system "radio, feed line, antenna, free space# it may encounter differences in impedance ")AH, LA , etc#. At each interface, depending on the impedance match, some fraction of the wave?s energy will reflect back to the source, forming a standing wave in the feed line. $he ratio of ma7imum power to minimum power in the wave can be measured and is called the standing wave ratio "!&R#. A !&R of 1=1 is ideal. A !&R of 1.5=1 is considered to be marginally acceptable in low power applications where power loss is more critical, although an !&R as high as 9=1 may still be usable with the right e8uipment. ,inimizing impedance differences at each interface "impedance matching# will reduce !&R and ma7imize power transfer through each part of the antenna system.

Eff % (&%/
>)fficiency> is the ratio of power actually radiated to the power put into the antenna terminals. A dummy load may have an !&R of 1=1 but an efficiency of <, as it absorbs all power and radiates heat but not RC energy, showing that !&R alone is not an effective measure of an antenna?s efficiency. Radiation in an antenna is caused by radiation resistance which can only be measured as part of total resistance including loss resistance. +oss resistance usually results in heat generation rather than radiation, and reduces efficiency. ,athematically, efficiency is calculated as radiation resistance divided by total resistance.

B#&05 0'*
13

$he >bandwidth> of an antenna is the range of fre8uencies over which it is effective, usually centered on the resonant fre8uency. $he bandwidth of an antenna may be increased by several techni8ues, including using thicker wires, replacing wires with cages to simulate a thicker wire, tapering antenna components "like in a feed horn#, and combining multiple antennas into a single assembly and allowing the natural impedance to select the correct antenna. !mall antennas are usually preferred for convenience, but there is a fundamental limit relating bandwidth, size and efficiency.

P+4#, 8#' +&

$he >polarization> of an antenna is the orientation of the electric field ")6plane# of the radio wave with respect to the )arth?s surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its orientation. t has nothing in common with antenna directionality terms= >horizontal>, >vertical> and >circular>. $hus, a simple straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted vertically, and a different polarization when mounted horizontally. structures >)lectromagnetic can be wave polarization to act filters> on are the which employed directly

electromagnetic wave to filter out wave energy of an undesired polarization and to pass wave energy of a desired polarization.

A&'(&&# #1(,'.,(
As a receiver, antenna aperture can be visualised as the area of a circle constructed broadside to incoming radiation where all radiation passing within the circle is delivered by the antenna to a matched load. "*ote that transmitting and receiving are reciprocal, so the aperture is the same for both.# $hus incoming power density "watts per s8uare metre# 7 aperture "s8uare metres#@ available power from antenna "watts#. Antenna gain is directly proportional to aperture. An isotropic antenna has an aperture of

14

2 4M

where N is the wavelength. An antenna with a gain of ( has an aperture Ae@G

2 4M

(enerally, antenna gain is increased by directing radiation in a single direction, while necessarily reducing it in all other directions since power cannot be created by the antenna. $hus a larger aperture produces a higher gain and narrower beamwidth.+arge dish antennas, many wavelengths across, have an aperture nearly e8ual to their physical area.

A&'(&&# (ff(%' )( #,(#

n telecommunication, antenna effective area or effective aperture is the functionally e8uivalent area from which an antenna directed toward the source of the received signal gathers or absorbs the energy of an incident electromagnetic wave.*ote 1= Antenna effective area is usually e7pressed in s8uare meters.*ote 2= n the case of parabolic and horn6parabolic antennas, the antenna effective area is about <.35 to <.55 of the geometric area of the antenna aperture.

Aeff =

Po P

&here /< is the power absorbed by the antenna in watts, and / is the power density incident on the antenna in watts per s8uare meter. t is assumed that the antenna is terminated with a matched load to absorb the ma7imum power.

R(4#' +&$* 1 '+ #&'(&&# !# &

$he effective area is related to the #&'(&&# !# & by 15

Aeff = G

2 4M

where ( is the antenna gain "not in decibels# and N is the wavelength. $his formula can be derived as a conse8uence of electromagnetic reciprocity which relates the transmit properties of an antenna to the receiving properties. t may not hold if the antenna is made with certain non6reciprocal materials. +ike the antenna gain, the effective area varies with direction. f no direction is specified, the ma7imum value is assumed

R(4#' +&$* 1 '+ 1*/$ %#4 #,(#

!imply increasing the size of antenna does not guarantee an increase in effective areaO however, other factors being e8ual, antennas with higher ma7imum effective area are generally larger. n the case of wire antennas, there is no simple relationship between physical area and effective area. n the case of aperture antennas "for e7ample, horns and parabolic reflectors# considered in their direction of ma7imum radiation, the aperture efficiency is the ratio of effective area to physical area=
Aeff = eap A phys

where eap is the aperture efficiency, Aphys is the physical size of the aperture, and Aeff is the effective aperture. the definition section above, derived from the Cederal !tandard, implies that the aperture efficiency is <.35 to <.55, which is true for simple designs. However, carefully designed and constructed reflector antennas can easily have efficiencies in the <.95 to <.:5 rangeO and values as high as <.85 have been reported in the literature. Lery high aperture efficiency is not always desirable, since such antennas tend to have high side lobe levels.Cactors limiting the aperture efficiency are non

19

uniform illumination of the aperture, phase variations of the aperture field "typically due to surface errors in a reflector and high flare angle in horns#, and scattering from obstructions. $he incident wavefront may also not be completely phase coherent due to variations in the propagating mediumO this results in an increase in the effective area of an antenna not resulting in a commensurate increase in signal, an effect known as ?aperture loss?.

R#0 #' +& ,($ $'#&%(

t is defined as that system resistance, when substituted in series with an antenna, will consume the same power as actually radiated.

A&'(&&# "(#3 5 0'*

t is a measure of the directivity of an antenna,which represents an angular width measured on the radiation pattern between two points.

1:

REFLECTORS

CHAPTER 3 REFLECTORS
A spherical wave front "one in which the energy spreads out in all directions# spreads out as it travels away from the antenna and produces a pattern that is not very directional. A wave front that e7ists in only one plane does not spread because all of the wave

18

front moves forward in the same direction. Cor an antenna to be highly directive, it must change the normally spherical wave front into a plane wave front. ,any highly directive microwave antennas produce a plane wave front by using a reflector to focus the radiated energy. Reflectors antennas in one form or other have been in use since the discovery of electromagnetic wave propagation in 1888 by H)R$P. Although reflector antennas take many geometrical configurations, some of the most important shapes are planar, corner and curved. t has been shown by geometrical optics that if a beam of parallel rays are incident upon a reflector whose geometrical shape is a parabola, the incident will converge at a spot which is known as the focal point. n the same way if appoint source is placed at the focal /ont the rays will emerge as a parallel beam. !ince the transmitter is placed at the focal point of parabola the configuration is known as front feed. Another arrangement that avoids placing the feed at the focal point is known as a cassegrain feed.cassegrian showed that incident parallel rays can be focused to a point by utilizing two reflectors. $o accomplish this main reflector must be a parabola, the secondary reflector must be a hyperbola and the feed placed along the a7is of the parabola usually at or near verte7. $he day in, day out need of reflectors for use in radio astronomy, micro wave communication and satellite tracking resulted in spectacular progress in the development of sophisticated design, analytical, fabrication techni8ues. n case of a parabolic reflector the illumination over the aperture is entirely dependent on the feed radiation characteristics. !ince the aperture efficiency, gain, side lobe levels and beamwidth are the most important parameters and are entirely dependent on the aperture illumination characteristics, the feed pattern plays an important role in the design and analysis of parabolic reflector.

1;

3.1 S',.%'.,(
$he reflector dish can be solid, mesh or wire in construction and it can be either fully circular or somewhat rectangular depending on the radiation pattern of the feeding element. !olid antennas have more ideal characteristics but are troublesome because of weight and high wind load. ,esh and wire types weigh less, are easier to construct and have nearly ideal characteristics if the holes or gaps are kept under 1A1< of the wavelength.&ire6type parabolic antenna "&i6Ci A &+A* antenna at 2,4(hz#. -riented to provide horizontal polarization= the reflector wires and the feed element are both horizontal. $his antenna has a greater e7tent in the vertical plane and hence, a narrower beamwidth in that plane. $he feed element has a wider beam in the vertical direction than the horizontal and hence matches the reflector by illuminating it fully.,ore e7otic types include the off6set parabolic antenna, (regorian and Fassegrain types. n the off6set, the feed element is still located at the focal point, which because of the angles utilized, is usually located below the reflector so that the feed element and support do not interfere with the the main beam. $his also allows for easier maintenance of the feed, but is usually only found in smaller antennas.$he /ARA%-+ F R)C+)F$-R is most often used for high directivity.

2<

Cig 3.1 simple parabolic antennas

Cig 3.2 Fylindrical paraboloid

Cig 3.3 Forner reflctor

3.2 R(f4(%'+, ,#0 #' +&$

,icrowaves travel in straight lines as do light rays. $hey can also be focused and reflected 'ust as light rays can, as illustrated by the antenna shown in figure. A microwave source is placed at focal point C. $he field leaves this antenna as a spherical wave front. As

21

each part of the wave front reaches the reflecting surface, it is phase6shifted 18< degrees. )ach part is then sent outward at an angle that results in all parts of the field traveling in parallel paths. %ecause of the special shape of a parabolic surface, all paths from C to the reflector and back to line 1Q are the same length. $herefore, when the parts of the field are reflected from the parabolic surface, they travel to line 1Q in the same amount of time.

. Cig 3.4= /arabolic reflector radiations C6Rfocus of paraboloid.

22

PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

23

CHAPTER 4 PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

A parabolic reflector, known as a parabolic dish or a parabolic mirror, is a reflective device, commonly formed in the shape of a paraboloid of revolution. /arabolic reflectors can either collect or distribute energy such as light, sound, or radio waves. $he parabolic reflector functions due to the geometric properties of the paraboloid shape= if the angle of incidence to the inner surface of the collector e8uals the angle of reflection, then any incoming ray that is parallel to the a7is of the dish will be reflected to a central point, or >focus>. %ecause many types of energy can be reflected in this way, parabolic reflectors can be used to collect and concentrate energy entering the reflector at a particular angle. !imilarly, energy radiating from the >focus> to the dish can be transmitted outward in a beam that is parallel to the a7is of the dish.

4.1 APPLICATIONS
Gohn Hadley introduced parabolic mirrors into practical astronomy in 1:21 when he used one to build a reflecting telescope with very little spherical aberration. %efore that, telescopes used spherical mirrors. +ighthouses also commonly used parabolic mirrors to collimate a point of light from a lantern into a beam, before being replaced by more efficient fresnel lenses in the 1;th century. $he most common modern applications of the parabolic reflector are in satellite dishes, telescopes "including radio telescopes#, parabolic microphones, and many lighting devices such as spotlights, car headlights, /AR Fans and +). housings.

24

/arabolic reflectors suffer from an aberration called coma. $his is primarily of interest in telescopes because most other applications do not re8uire sharp resolution off the a7is of the parabola.$he -lympic Clame has been lit using a parabolic reflector concentrating sunlight. A parabolic reflector pointing upward can be formed by rotating a reflective li8uid, like mercury, around a vertical a7is. $his makes the li8uid mirror telescope possible.

P#,#"+4 % #&'(&&#$
$he parabolic antenna is a high6gain reflector antenna used for radio, television and data communications, and also for radiolocation "RA.AR#, "radio# on the 0HC at and these !HC parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. $he relatively short wavelength of electromagnetic energy fre8uencies allows reasonably sized reflectors to e7hibit the very desirable highly directional response for both receiving and transmitting. /arabolic antennas at the Lery +arge Array Radio $elescope in *ew ,e7ico, 0!A.A typical parabolic antenna consists of a parabolic reflector illuminated by a small feed antenna.$he reflector is a metallic surface formed into a paraboloid of revolution and "usually# truncated in a circular rim that forms the diameter of the antenna. $his paraboloid possesses a distinct focal point by virtue of having the reflective property of parabolas in that a point light source at this focus produces a parallel light beam aligned with the a7is of revolution. $he feed antenna is placed at the reflector focus. $his antenna is typically a low6gain type such as a half6wave dipole or a small waveguide horn. n more comple7 designs, such as the Fassegrain antenna, a sub6reflector is used to direct the energy into the parabolic reflector from a feed antenna located away from the primary focal point. $he feed antenna is connected to the

25

associated radio6fre8uency "RC# transmittingor receiving e8uipment by means of a coa7ial cable transmission line or hollow waveguide.

4.2 IDEAL CONDITIONS OF PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

1.&hen a bunch of parallel beams are reflected towards parabolic reflector, then after reflecting these beams single point called C-F0!. 2.Any beam from the focus is reflected towards reflector, after reflecting the beams travels parallel to the a7is of reflector. 3.parabolic reflector converts the spherical wave in to plane wave. 4.$he distance travelled by a any ray from focus to the parabola and by reflection to the plane perpendicular to the parabola a7is is the same for all rays focus. %ut in practical these are not possible.%ecause of losses occuring due to spill over,tappering,illumination losses..ue to these losses the apperture efficiency decreases and illuminated energy wasted. no matter what angle they eminate from the are colliminated at a

4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

1. fAd ratio "focal length to diameter ratio# 2. (ain 3. Radiation pattern 4. $otal Aperture efficiency 5. llumination and its losses 9. (A$ ratio

29

4.3.1 f/D ,#' + 6f+%#4 4(&!'* '+ 0 #3('(, ,#' +7

-ne of the important parameter to measure the performance of the parabolic reflector. t determines how much power illuminated towards it. All parabolic dishes have the same parabolic curvature, but some are shallow dishes, while others are much deeper and more like a bowl. $hey are 'ust different parts of a parabola which e7tends to infinity. A convenient way to describe how much of the parabola is used is the SA. ratio, the ratio of the focal length S to the diameter . of the dish. All dishes with the same fA. ratio re8uire the same feed geometry, in proportion to the diameter of the dish. $he values of SA. ratios, typically from <.25 to <.95, with the desired and idealized feed patterns for each. As SA. becomes smaller, the feed pattern to illuminate it becomes broader, so different feed horns are needed to properly illuminate dishes with different SA. ratios. $he feed horn pattern must be matched to the reflector SA.. +arger SA. dishes need a feed horn with a moderate beamwidth, while a dish with a SA. of <.25 has the focus level with the edge of the dish, so the subtended angle that must be illuminated is 18< degrees. (iven a choice, a reflector with a large SA. "<.5 to <.9# would be preferable. As observed below figures we estimate the values of focal lengths as theta changes for fi7ed values of diameter of the reflector. And observe the values of aperture as theta changes for fi7ed values of focal lengths. $he variations of fA. w.r.t focal length and diameter.

2:

F ! 4.1 V#, #' +&$ +f '*( '*('# )#4.( 5 '* '*( f+%#4 4(&!'* f+, # f 9(0 0 #3('(,$ +f 0.23: 0.43: 1.;3: #&0 33

d=0.2 meters 6 --->f(meters) 4 2 0 --->f(meters) 15 10 5 0

d=0.4 meters

20

40

60

20

40

60

d=1.5 meters 60 40 20 0 --->f(meters) -->f(meters) 100

d=3 meters

50

20 40 60 angle theta(in degrees)

20 40 60 angle theta(in degrees)

F ! 4.2 V#, #' +&$ +f '*( '*('# )#4.( 5 '* '*( 0 #3('(,$ f+, # f 9(0 f+%#4 4(&!'*$ +f 0.13: 0.2;3: 1.;3: #&0 33
f=0.1 m eter --->d(m eters) 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 30 -->d(m eters) 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 --->angle theta(in degrees) 20 40 f=1.5 m eters 60 --->d(m eters) 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 150 100 50 0 0 20 40 60 --->angle theta(in degrees) 20 40 f=3 m eters 60 f=0.25 m eters

$he general formula for finding f to . ratio is given by an antenna placed at the focal point of a parabolic reflector is said to illuminate the parabolic reflector. $he antenna has a beamwidth 28

--->d(m eters)

which is the how wide an angle the antenna would make if it were radiating a beam of radio waves. $he beamwidth is a property of the antenna itself and is the same regardless if the antenna is used for receiving or transmitting. n designing a parabolic antenna, the antenna needs to properly illuminate its parabolic reflectorO that is, the beamwidth of the antenna needs to match the fA. ratio of the parabolic reflector. -therwise, the antenna of an over illuminated parabolic reflector would receive a noise from behind the parabolic reflector. +ikewise, an under illuminated parabolic reflector does not use its total surface area to focus a signal on its antenna.
f = <.25 cot" # D 2

&here f6Rfocal length .6Rdiameter T 6R subtend angle As U varies fA. become varies. $he different relations between f, ., V as shown in above plots

4.3.2 G# & +f # 1#,#"+4 % ,(f4(%'+,

(ain @"ma7imum radiation intensity in a given direction #A

"ma7imum radiation intensity from isotropic antenna direction #. 0sing the formula for the area of a circle, the area of the aperture of a parabolic reflector is
"A = MD 2 # 4

$his area is used in calculating the gain of a parabolic reflector. $he gain ( of a parabolic reflector is proportional to the

2;

ratio of the area of the aperture to the s8uare of the wavelength l of the incoming radio waves. W is the efficiency of the parabolic reflector and has a practical value of 5<X. n electrical engineering, it is common practice to e7press gain ratios such as ( in terms of decibels which is 1< times the common logarithm of the gain ratio.

4M A G = 1< log1< " 2 e #

High values of gain are associated with narrow beam width.(enerally gain is closely related with .irectivity".#.(ain is e8ual to the directivity if antenna efficiency is e8ual to 1<<X.

4.3.3 RADIATION PATTERN

F ! 4.3 R#0 #' +& 1#''(,& +f 1#,#"+4 % ,(f4(%'+,

3<

4.3.4 T+'#4 (ff % (&%/

$he percentage of signal power transmitted or received compared to the theoritical power from the proportion of a sphere covered by the antennas beam. Cor an antenna with a circular aperture or reflector of a diameter".# and geometric surface" "A =
MD 2 #,then 4

aperture

efficiency is where is the efficiency of the antenna. $he efficiency of the antenna is the product of several factors which take account of the illumination law,spillover loss,surface impairments,resistive and mismatch losses etc.
n = ni Y n s Y n Z Y n f ............

$he

44.3 &#' +& (ff % (&%/6& 7 specifices the illumination

law of the reflector with respect to uniform illumination. 0niform illumination leads to high level of secondary lobes.A compromise is achieved by attenuating the illumination at the reflector boundaries"aperture at the taper#. n the case of cassegrain antenna the best compromise is obtained for an illumination attenuation at the boundaries of 1< to 12 db which leads to an illumination efficiency & of the order of ;1X. $he $1 44+)(, (ff % (&%/ &$ is defined as the ratio of the energy radiated by the primary source which is intercepted by the reflector to the total energy radiated by the primary source.$he difference constitutes the spillover energy.$he larger the angle under which the reflector is viewed from the source,the greater the

31

spillover efficiency.However,for a given source radiation pattern,the illumination level at the boundaries becomes less with large values of view angle and the illumination efficiency collapses.A compromise leads to spillover efficiency of the order of 8<X. $he $.,f#%( f & $* (ff % (&%/ &f takes account of the effect of surface roughness on the gain of the antenna.the actual parabolic profile differs from the theoritical one. n practice,a compromise must be found between the effect on the antenna characteristics and the cost of fabrication. $he other losses,including ohmic and mismatch impedance losses,are of less importance. n total,the overall efficiency"n#,the product of the individual efficiencies is typically between 55X and :5X. t can be defined as the ratio of the aperture area of the illumination to the physical aperture.
eap = Aeff A phys

where eap is the aperture efficiency, Aphys is the physical size of the aperture, and Aeff is the effective aperture. t has been fairly easy to calculate efficiency for an idealized pattern due to illumination taper and spillover, but there are several other factors that can significantly reduce efficiency. %ecause the feed pattern and its supporting structures are in the beam of the dish, part of the radiation is blocked or deflected. A real feed pattern also has side lobes, so part of its radiation is in undesired directions and thus wasted. Cinally, no reflector is a perfect parabola, so the 1. llumination and its losses focusing of the beam is not perfect. &e end up with 8uite a list of contributions to total efficiency=

3. Asymmetries in ) and H6/lanes

32

3. Cocal point error 4. ,echanical support $he above parameters decrease efficiency.Hence we must decrease this loss. n the definition section above, derived from the Cederal !tandard, and implies that the aperture efficiency is <.35 to <.55, which is true for simple designs. However, carefully designed and constructed reflector antennas can easily have efficiencies in the <.95 to <.:5 rangeO and values as high as <.85 is achieved this can be shown as in the figure 4.4 . Lery high aperture efficiency is not always desirable, since such antennas tend to have high side lobe levels.Cactors limiting the aperture efficiency are non uniform illumination of the aperture, phase variations of the aperture field "typically due to surface errors in a reflector and high flare angle in horns#, and scattering from obstructions. $he incident wavefront may also not be completely phase coherent due to variations in the propagating mediumO this results in an increase in the effective area of an antenna not resulting in a commensurate increase in signal, an effect known as ?aperture loss?.!imply increasing the size of antenna does not guarantee an increase in effective areaO however, other factors being e8ual, antennas with higher ma7imum effective area are generally larger.

33

F ! 4.4 T*( )#, #' +& +f '*( #1(,'.,( (ff % (&%/ 5 '* '*( '*('# #$ # f.&%' +& +f '*( f((0 1#''(,& ! )(& "/ 26&<17 %+$ 6'*('#7. H(,( & $ '#=(& #$ 2:4:>:?

1 0.9 0.8 -->aperture efficiency 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 --->theta(degrees) 70 80 90

F ! 4.; V#, #' +& & '*( #1(,'.,( (ff % (&%/ 5 '* '*( %*#&!( & f+%#4 4(&!'* f+, # 1#,#"+4 % ,(f4(%'+, 5 '* # 0 #3('(, +f 1.;3 #&0 f((0 1#''(,& ! )(& "/ 26&<17%+$6'*('#7 5*(,( & $ '#=(& #$ 2:4:>:?

34

0.9 0.8 ---->aperture efficiency 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 1 ---->f(meters)

1.2

1.4

1.6

F ! 4.> V#, #' +& & '*( #1(,'.,( (ff % (&%/ 5 '* '*( %*#&!( & '*( f/0 ,#' + f+, '*( f((0 1#''(,& ! )(& "/ 26&<17 %+$ 6'*('#7 5*(,( & $ '#=(& #$ 2:4:>:?

0.9 0.8 0.7 ---->aperture efficiency 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 1 --->f/d ratio

1.2

1.4

1.6

F ! 4.@ V#, #' +& & '*( #1(,'.,( (ff % (&%/ 5 '* '*( %*#&!( & 0 #3('(, f+, # 1#,#"+4 % ,(f4(%'+, 5 '* # f+%#4 4(&!'* +f 1.;3 #&0 f((0 1#''(,& ! )(& "/ 26&<17%+$6'*('#7 5*(,( & $ '#=(& #$ 2:4:>:?

35

0.9 0.8 ---->aperture efficiency 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 --->diameter(meters) 2.5 3

#7 I44.3 &#' +& #&0 '$ 4+$$($

!ome of the difficulties found in real antennas are easier to understand when considering a transmitting antenna, but are also present in receiving antennas, since antennas are reciprocal. -ne difficulty is finding a point source, since any antenna, even a half6wave dipole at 1< (Hz, is much bigger than a point. )ven if we were able to find a point source, it would radiate e8ually in all directions, so the energy that was not radiated toward the reflector would be wasted. $he energy radiated from the focus toward the reflector illuminates the reflector, 'ust as a light bulb would. !o we are looking for a point source that illuminates only the reflector. llumination !pillover loss

39

<db

61< 62<

F ! 4.? 4+$$($ (ff(%'$ 44.3 &#' +&

P#,#"+4 %

D $*

A&'(&&#

5 '*

U& f+,3

F((0

I44.3 &#' +&

(eneral uniform feed illumination is shown in above fig. $he area "colored# represents the illuminated area (enerally illumination efficiency depends on spillover loss and tapering loss. .ue to these losses the illumination area decreases. An important and fre8uently used parameter in the design of a feed for a reflector antenna is the spillover loss. A set of spillover curves is presented $he above fig represents the uniform feed illumination pattern without any loss. %ut due to losses this uniform feed illumination pattern varies. commonly used feed for reflector antennas. n reflector applications, there is another important parameter, namely, the spillover loss, which is defined as the fraction of power received by the symmetrical reflector within the half6cone angle U n this communication, we shall present a set of curves giving spillover loss for several practical cases. Cor one feed case, we will also present a simple analytic e7pression which gives a good appro7imation to the spillover loss and is obtained by curvefitting..ue to this loss some part of the illuminated area is wasted and this is shown in fig. And this loss is called illuminated loss.

3:

F ! 4.A .& f+,3 f((0 44.3 &#' +&

F ! 4.10 D $* 44.3 &#' +& 5 '* )#, +.$ 44.3 &#' +& '#1(,$ 630": >0": 100": 200"7

$he above figures represent the illumination and its spillover losses. .ifferent edge tapers produce different amounts of illumination loss and spillover loss. A small edge taper result in 38

larger spillover loss, while a large edge taper reduces the spillover loss at e7pense of the increased illumination loss. F ! 4.11 0 $* 6PARABOLIC REFLECTOR7 )#, +.$ f/D ,#' +$ 6f/DB0.@;: 0.>;: 0.;: 0.4;7 44.3 &#' +& 5 '*

"7S /33 (',/ +f E2 14#&( #&0 H2 P4#&(

-n paper, we can only depict

radiation in one plane. Cor simple antenna

with linear polarization,

like a dipole, this is all we really care about. A dish however, is three dimensional, so we must feed it uniformly in all planes. $he usual plane for linear polarization is the )6plane, while the plane perpendicular to it called H6plane. 0nfortunately, most antennas not only have different radiation patterns in the )6plane and H6planes, but also have different phase centers in each plane, so both phase centers cannot be at the focus.

3;

%7 F+%#4 L(&!'* E,,+,

$he critical focal length suggests that it is crucial to have the phase center of the feed e7actly at the focus of the reflector. !ince the phase center is rarely specified for a feed horn, we must determine it empirically, by finding the ma7imum gain on a reflector with known focal length. f we are using a feed horn with different phase centers in the )6 and H6planes, we can also estimate the loss suffered in each plane by referring to Cigure. +ateral errors in feed horn position are far less seriousO small errors have little effect on gain, but do result in shifting the beam slightly off bore sight.

07 M(%*#& %#4 $.11+,'

$here are two critical mechanical problems= mounting the feed horn to the dish, and mounting the dish to the tripod. ,ost small dishes have no backing structure, so the thin aluminum surface is easily deformed. $he mounting structure for the feed horn is in the RC field, so we must minimize the blockage it causes. &e do this by keeping the support strut diameter small, by using insulating materials, and by mounting the struts diagonally, so they aren?t in the plane of the polarization. Ciberglass is a good materialO plant stakes or bicycle flags are good sources.

4.3.; G/T 6GAIN TO TEMPERATURE RATIO7

&hen an antenna is receiving a signal from space, like a satellite or ),) signal there is a little background noise emanating from the sky compared to the noise generated by the warm 3<<H earth during terrestrial communications. ,ost of the noise received by an antenna pointed at the sky is earth noise arriving through feeds spillover. As we saw in figure a spillover can be reduced by increasing the edge taper while figure shows the efficiency and thus the gain decreasing slowly as edge taper is increased. $he best

4<

compromise is reached when (A$, the ratio of gain to antenna noise temperature is ma7imum. $his typically occurs with an edge taper of about 13db, but the optimum edge taper for (A$ is function of receiver noise temperature and sky noise temperature at any given fre8uency.

41

FEEDS FOR THE PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

42

CHAPTER ; FEEDS FOR THE PARABOLIC REFLECTOR ;.1 FEED

Ceed is a source element in which all the energy is situated at one point called feed element. (enerally the feed is placed at the focus. .ue to this we achieved high gain and sharp pencil beam pattern. $he actual ?antenna? in a parabolic antenna, that is, the device that interfaces the transmission line or waveguide containing the radio6fre8uency energy to free space, is the feed element. $he reflector surface is entirely passive. $his feed element should usually be at the center of the reflector at the focal point of that dish. $he focal point is the point where all reflected waves will be concentrated. $he feed line connects the antenna to the receiver, transmitter, or transceiver. $he line transfers radio6fre8uency "RC# energy from a transmitter to an antenna, andAor from an antenna to a receiver, but, if operating properly, does not radiate or intercept energy itself. $he radiation from the feed element induces a current flow in the conductive reflector surface which, in turn, re6radiates in the desired direction, perpendicular to the directri7 plane of the paraboloid. $he feed element can be any one of a multitude of antenna types. &hichever type is used, it must e7hibit a directivity that efficiently illuminates the reflector and must have the correct polarization for the application 66 the polarization of the feed determining the polarization of the entire antenna system. $he simplest feed is a half6wave dipole which is commonly used at lower fre8uencies, sometimes in con'unction with a closely coupled parasitic reflector or >splash plate>. At higher fre8uencies a horn6 type becomes more feasible and efficient. $o adapt the horn to a

43

coa7ial antenna cable, a length of waveguide is used to effect the transition.

F ! ;.1 D #!,#3$ +f # f+%#4 f((0 1#,#"+4 % ,(f4(%'+, #&'(&&#

44

D #!,#3 +f # f+%#4 f((0 1#,#"+4 % ,(f4(%'+, +, 0 $* #&'(&&# with case f a feed is used as the source of transmission, energy will be radiated from the antenna into space as well as toward the reflector. )nergy which is not directed toward the paraboloid has a wide6beam characteristic which will destroy the narrow pattern of the parabolic reflector. However, a H), !/H)R FA+ !H )+. "not shown# may be used to direct most of the radiation toward the parabolic surface and thus prevent the destruction of the narrow pattern. .irect radiation into space is eliminated, the beam is made sharper, and more power is concentrated in the beam. &ithout the shield, some of the radiated field would leave the radiator directly. !ince this part of the field that would leave the radiator would not be reflected, it would not become a part of the main beam and could serve no useful purpose.

;.2 DIPOLE FEED

.ipole antenna, developed by Heinrich Rudolph Hertz around 1889, is an antenna with a center6fed driven element for transmitting or receiving radio fre8uency energy. A dipole antenna is a straight electrical conductor measuring 1A2 wavelength from end to end and connected at the center to a radio6fre8uency "RC# feed line. $his antenna, also called a doublet, is one of the simplest types of antenna, and constitutes the main RC radiating and receiving element in various sophisticated types of antennas. $he dipole is inherently a balanced antenna, because it is bilaterally symmetrical. deally, a dipole antenna is fed with a balanced, parallel6wire RC transmission line. However, this type of line is not common. An unbalanced feed line, such as coa7ial cable, can be used, but to ensure optimum RC current distribution on the antenna element and in the feed line, an RC transformer called a balun "contraction of the words >balanced> and >unbalanced># should be inserted in the

45

system at the point where the feed line 'oins the antenna. Cor best performance, a dipole antenna should be more than 1A2 wavelength above the ground, the surface of a body of water, or other horizontal, conducting medium such as sheet metal roofing. $he element should also be at least several wavelengths away from electrically conducting obstructions such as supporting towers, utility wires, guy wires, and other antennas. .ipole antennas can be oriented horizontally, vertically, or at a slant. $he polarization of the electromagnetic field "),# radiated by a dipole transmitting antenna corresponds to the orientation of the element. &hen the antenna is used to receive RC signals, it is most sensitive to ), fields whose polarization is parallel to the orientation of the element. $he RC current in a dipole is ma7imum at the center "the point where the feed line 'oins the element#, and is minimum at the ends of the element. $he RC voltage is ma7imum at the ends and is minimum at the center.$hese antennas are the simplest practical antennas from a theoretical /oint of view.

F ! ;.2 $ 314( *#4f 5#)( 0 1+4( #&'(&&# A short dipole is a physically feasible dipole formed by two conductors with a total length very small compared with the wavelength . $he two conducting wires are fed at the centre of the dipole. &e assume the hypothesis that the current is ma7imal at the centre "where the dipole is fed# and that it decreases linearly to be zero at the ends of the wires. *ote that the direction of the current

49

is the same in both the dipole branches 6 to the right in both or to the left in both.

F ! ;.3 R#0 #' +& 1#''(,&$ +f $ 314( 0 1+4( )mission is ma7imal in the plane perpendicular to the dipole and zero in the direction of wires, that is, the current direction. $he emission diagram is circular section torus shaped "left image# with zero inner diameter. n the right image doublet is vertical in the torus centre.

F ! ;.4 UHF H#4f 5#)( 0 1+4(

;.3 DIPOLE CHARACTERISTICS ;.3.1 F,(-.(&%/ )(,$.$ 4(&!'*

.ipoles that are much smaller than the wavelength of the signal are called Hertzian, short, or infinitesimal dipoles. $hese have a very low radiation resistance and a high reactance, making them

4:

inefficient, but they are often the only available antennas at very long wavelengths. .ipoles whose length is half the wavelength of the signal are called half6wave dipoles, and are more efficient. n general radio engineering, the term dipole usually means a half6 wave dipole "center6fed#.A half6wave dipole is cut to length according to the formula DftE, where l is the length in feet and f is the center fre8uency in ,Hz . $his is because the impedance of the dipole is resistive pure at about this length. $he metric formula is DmE, where l is the length in meters. $he length of the dipole antenna is about ;5X of half a wavelength at the speed of light in free space.

;.3.2 R#0 #' +& 1#''(,& #&0 !# &

.ipoles have a toroidal "doughnut6shaped# reception and radiation pattern where the a7is of the toroid centers about the dipole. $he theoretical ma7imum gain of a Hertzian dipole is 1< log 1.5 or 1.:9 d%i. $he ma7imum theoretical gain of a NA26dipole is 1< log 1.94 or 2.15 d%i.

F ! ;.; R#0 #' +& 1#''(,& +f # *#4f25#)( 0 1+4( #&'(&&#. n general the radiation pattern of dipole is function of cosine. As the length varies the radiation pattern of dipole varies.As increasing the length the width of the beam radiation pattern

48

decreases and increases directivity.*arrow beam pattern having high gain and high directional.
kL kL DCosD Cos E CosD EE 2 2 E = Sin

+@length of the dipole As the + "length# varies the intensity varies. ncreased values of + decreases the main beam width H@propagation constant

DISADVANTAGE
f we increase the intensity of the dipole we increase the height of the dipole. %ut large increase in size may not possible in practically. Hence we increase number of dipoles rather than the size. $his can be achieved by using Idipole multiplication patternJ.

;.4 D 1+4( 3.4' 14 %#' +& 1#''(,&

)lement pattern means the polar radiation pattern of single element of antenna. t is possible that element can be an array. $his condition is true with the antenna called as Qagi 0da antenna, in which the array of dipoles with unlike amplitudes and phases with current of dipoles. /olar radiation pattern will result in the array pattern if the replacement of the element is with isotropic radiator. $he amplitude and phase of the actual element are spaced at the point on grid which is corresponding to the phase center constituting elements fielded at a far of place.

D 1+4( P#''(,& 3.4' 14 %#' +& #&0 '$ %#4%.4#' +&

$he elements constituting the polar radiation pattern are taken individually are similar and aligned in the same direction in 4;

elevation, the result of the total array antenna pattern is derived by multiplying the element pattern and array pattern. $he pattern in 8uestion is radiated power or amplitude that have modulus and phase angle both as the original pattern. $he calculation of the radiated filled pattern is done by adding contribution of the each element to radiated field. $otal field pattern of dipole multiplication pattern is given by the formula $f@ "individual pattern#Y"array factor#
T = "IP # Y "AP #

$he disadvantage of .ipole multiplication pattern is the increasing the sidelobes.$his does not convey any information. Hence these must be decreased. $his can be reduced by using Is8uare corner feedJ.

;.; SQUARE CORNER FEED

.o you need a high gain antenna feed. Have you suffered on picking up interference from unwanted directionZ Qou need a directional antenna but a 12 element Qagi will be too attractive[ &ell, following might be the answer 6 a corner antenna. t can provide a forward gain of about 12dbi with a front to back ratio of well over 2<dbi. $he F-R*)R6R)C+)F$-R A*$)**A consists of two flat conducting sheets that meet at an angle to form a corner, as shown in figure. $he corner reflector is normally driven by a HA+C6&AL) RA. A$-R located on a line which bisects the angle formed by the sheet reflectors. f the angle between this corner is ;< degrees then it is called Ks8uare corner\.

5<

F ! ;.> %+,&(, ,(f4(%'+, $he disadvantage of dipole feed over comes by using s8uare corner feed. n this there is no side lobes occur. Hence there is no loss.

T*( C+,&(, R(f4(%'+, A,,#/

$he 36dimensional corner reflector array makes two key changes in the conventional corner array. Cirst, it uses 3 planes as reflector surfaces, as shown in fig. !econd, it places a monopole on one of the surfaces. $he length of the monopole is variable, but something close to 3A4 wavelength yields a good match for common feed lines.

F ! ;.@

320 3(&$ +&#4 %+,&(, ,(f4(%'+, #,,#/

51

Cig 5.: shows the plane of the array used as the ground plane for the monopole in a horizontal position. $he other two planes are vertical. should note in advance that this arrangement will not be the operating position of the array. However, the arrangement did simplify the construction of wire grids for the reflector surfaces. ,odeling the 36. corner reflector re8uires wire grid techni8ues. $here is simply no effective way to use rods and still make all of the re8uired wire 'unctions along the 'oined edges of the 3 planes. Hence, the models for this array tend to be fairly large= 14<3 segments for the smaller of the two models that we shall study and 2498 segments for the larger. $he model sizes result from using <.16wavelength spacing between wire centers6lines. Although this spacing is satisfactory for simulating solid or screen structures for the reflector planes, it limits the placement of the monopole to 1 and Q values in steps of <.16 wavelength per step. As measured from the deep corner of the reflector planes, these steps increase to <.1414 wavelengths each. Cortunately, the step6size permits a close appro7imation of the monopole position to what is re8uired for both ma7imum performance and for a good match to common feed lines. $he result is that positioning the monopole becomes a matter of care, but not one of critical finickiest.

;.;.1 RADIATIONPATTERNS
E = cos"!s Y cos # cos"!s Y sin #

]6Rphase propagation constant !6Rlength of feed element (ood s8uare corner reflector having 1. Aperture size is lies between N and 2 N.

52

2. !pacing between "N A3, 2 N A3#. 3. Height of the reflector is 1.2 to 1.5 times greater than total length of the driven element. 4. $hickness of reflector ^ "NA1<#. 5. $he corner feed is used for RA.AR and communication applications as a passive target to return the signal in the same direction by taking corner angle ;< < .the driven element used as a dipole "or# array of collinear dipoles. 9. $o achieve higher directivity we used array of corner reflectors. $he driven element"dipole# when used in association with the reflector results in an effective directional antenna having wide range corner angle "<^corner angle^_#.$he important region of corner reflector is the portion around the point where the wave from the dipole is reflected parallel to the main a7is. $he spacingKd\ "spacing between driven element and verte7# effects the gain and bandwidth and therefore an optimum value has to be selected. !maller the spacing narrow will be the bandwidth and higher the gain. +arger spacing produces undesirable multiple lobes and hence losses its directional characteristics.

;.> HORN FEED

$he Horn Antenna at %ell $elephone +aboratories in Holmdel, *ew Gersey, was constructed in 1;5; to support /ro'ect )cho`the *ational Aeronautics and !pace Administration?s passive communications satellite pro'ect.A horn antenna is used for the transmission and reception of microwave signals. t derives its name from the characteristic flared appearance. $he flared portion can be s8uare, rectangular, or conical. $he ma7imum radiation and response corresponds with the a7is of the horn. n this respect, the

53

antenna resembles an acoustic usually horn. fed t is a with

waveguide.

F ! ;.? H+,& f((0 n order to function properly, a horn antenna must be a certain minimum size relative to the wavelength of the incoming or outgoing electromagnetic. f the horn is too small or the wavelength is too large "the fre8uency is too low#, the antenna will not work efficiently. Horn antennas are commonly used as the active element in a dish antenna. $he horn is pointed toward the center of the dish reflector. $he use of a horn, rather than a dipole antenna or any other type of antenna, at the focal point of the dish minimizes loss of energy "leakage# around the edges of the dish reflector. t also minimizes the response of the antenna to unwanted signals not in the favored direction of the dish. Horn antennas are used all by themselves in short6range radar systems, particularly those used by law6enforcement personnel to measure the speeds of approaching or retreating vehicles.

54

F ! ;.AC S 314( *+,& #&'(&&# $he Horn Antenna combines several ideal characteristics= it is e7tremely broad6band has calculable aperture efficiency, and the back and side lobes are so minimal that scarcely any thermal energy is picked up from the ground. Fonse8uently it is an ideal radio telescope for accurate measurements of low levels of weak background radiation.

EQUATIONS TO FIND FIELD INTENSITIES

a@1.2958 "3 Y r2 # b@1.2958 "2 Y r1 # a6Rhorn length b6Rhorn width r26Rcenter to aperture distance along length direction r16Rcenter to aperture distance along length direction
"2 y 2 + # r 2 r1

M" E =M cos" # e a

<.5 i k "

Cield intensity along length direction.

55

M" E =M cos" # e b
Cield intensity along width direction

<.5 i k "

"2 y 2 + # r 2 r1

SECONDARY RADIATION PATTERNS

59

CHAPTER > SECONDARY CALCULATIONS

After reflecting feed to reflector how the radiation changes is determined by these methods 1. (eneral ,ethod 2. Aperture Appro7imation method

RADIATION

PATTERN

>.1. GENERAL METHOD

S'(11C $aking any feed Kpb\
kL kL DCosD Cos E CosD EE E9C for dipole feed 2 2 pb = E = Sin

H@propagation constant@

2M

+@length of the dipole feed.

5:

S'(12= !8uare root of /b multiplied by )r "resultant Lector# gives radiation direction along parabolic a7is@

pb Y er

&here

r = e

sin()*cos()*(1-cos()) - y (sin( )*cos( + cos( ))} {x (1- sin()*sin 2 ( ))

S'(13C $he feed radiation direction on the parabolic a7is is determined by the Idouble integralJ of the above step for each point.
2M < < a

" pb Y er #ddB

&here the limits are < to V< "theta limits# and < to fi7ed angle. V< deals with the feed radiation of every point on the plane. S'(14= $he final radiation pattern is calculated by the Idouble integral of feed radiation for every point on the reflector surfaceJ by taking b<, c< into an account.

a o e" i k # # & E = 2 " #Y " pb Y er #sin ddB %o 4$#

&here limits represents through out the reflector surface

>.2. APERTURE APPROXIMATION METHOD

$he main difference between general method and this method is dependent on aperture efficiency. S'(11C Cind vector direction on the parabolic a7is.
a

pb Y er
S'(12= Cind feed radiation pattern on the a7is.

58

 2M < <

" pb Y er #ddB

S'(13C Cind total field intensity by dividing aperture efficiency to the above values

a o e" i k # # 1 p1 & E = " #" #"2 " ## Y " pb Y er #sin ddB ' 2$ %o 4$#
&here limits represents through out the reflector surface &here p1@transmitted power W@ aperture efficiency

5;

MATLAB CODE

PROGRAM RADIATION clear allO warning offO i@s8rt "61#O p@1Y1<a3O

FOR

FINDING

PRIMARY

AND

SECONDARY

PATTERNS

Xtransmitted powerX Ae@1Y1<a2O Xilluminated areaX Ap@1.5Y1<a2O Xphysical apertureX eff@AeAApO Xaperture efficiencyX display "eff#O theta1@<=<.1= piO

9<

Xsubtend angleX phy1@<=<.1= piO Xazimuthal angle in an infinite conducting planeX Xr@2.5O Xparabolic aperture raduiusX R@3.5O X field pattern distanceX $H)$A1@<=<.1=2YpiO Xafter reflecting in an parabolic reflectorX /HQ1@<=<.1=2YpiO Xafter reflecting in an parabolic reflectorX f@1Y1<a9O c@3Y1<a8O lamda@cAfO Xc@fYlamdaX display"lamda#O choice@input"?)*$)R $H) FH- F) 3.hornfeed?#O switch"choice# case 1 pb1@cos"piA2Ycos"theta1#6cos"pi.A2##O pb2@sin"theta1#O pb@pb1.Apb2O Xdipole field patternX display"pb#O polar"theta1,pb,?r?#O 7label"?theta1?#O title"?dipole field pattern?#O er1@sin"phy1#.Ycos"phy1#.Y"16cos"theta1##O er2@"sin"phy1#.a2.Ycos"theta1##dcos"phy1#.a2O er3@s8rt"16"sin"theta1#.a2.Ysin"phy1#.a2##O l@er1.Aer3O m@6er2.Aer3O 1.dipole feed 2.s8urecorner

91

er4@Dl, m, <EO er5@l6iYmO er@s8rt"l.a2dm.a2#O display"er#O Xunit vector along the direction of radiated fieldX X"er#a@"7a"sin"phy1#Ycos"phy1#Y"16cos"theta1###6 ya"sin"phy1#.a2Ycos"theta1#dcos"phy1#.a2##A"s8rt"16 sin"theta1#.a2Ysin"phy1#.a2##X e<@8.854Y1<a"612#O Xpermitivity of free spaceX u<@1.259Y1<a"69#O Xpermiability of free spaceX p1@2Ys8rt"e<Au<#O u1@cos"theta1.A2#.YerO display"u1#O k@1O for i@<=<.1=pi f@inline"?s8rt"pb#.Yu1?#O integral1"k#@p1Ydbl8uad"f,<,i,<,pi#O v1"k#@integral1"k#O display"v1"k##O k@kd1O endO figure plot"theta1,integral1,?66Ym?#O 7label"?theta1"subtend angle#?#O ylabel"?integral over t7 field pattern?#O k<@2YpiAlamdaO display"k<#O k@1O for i@<=<.1=pi f@inline"?s8rt"pb#.Yu1?#O integral2"k#@p1Ydbl8uad"f,<,i,<,pi#O

92

f1"k#@integral2"k#O s@1O for '@<=<.1=2Ypi f3"k#@12.25Yf1"k#Y""pA"2Ypi##.a<.5#O Xaperture appro7imationX f2@inline"?sin"$H)$A1#.Y$H)$A1.Y/HQ1?#O integral3"k#@"1Aeff#.Y"e7p"iYk<YR#A4YpiYR#Yf3"k#Ydbl8uad"f2,<,',< ,'#O s@sd1O display"integral3"k##O endO k@kd1O endO display"abs"integral3##O db@1<Ylog1<"integral3#O dir1@abs"integral3#Y""4Ypi#Ap#O Xdirectivity@"ma7radiation intensityY4YpiAp#X dir@1<Ylog1<"dir1#O display"dir#O figure plot"theta1,db,?66Rk?#O 7label"?subtend angle?#O ylabel"?db?#O title"?intensity along theta direction?#O figure plot"theta1,dir,?66Rk?#O 7label"?subtend angle?#O ylabel"?directivity?#O title"?directivity along theta direction?#O figure plot"theta1,abs"integral3#,?66Yr?#O 7label"?subtend angle?#O ylabel"?field intensity?#O

93

title"?field pattern along theta direction?#O figure plot"phy1,abs"integral3#,?66Yg?#O 7label"?phy1?#O ylabel"?field intensity?#O title"?field along phy direction?#O case 2 7@input"?)*$)R $H) FH- F) 1.length@lamda 2.length@lamdaA4?#O switch"7# case 1 clear pbO pb@cos"2Ypi.Ycos"theta1##6cos"2Ypi.Ysin"theta1##O display"pb#O polar"theta1,pb#O 7label"?theta1?#O title"?s8urecorner field pattern?#O Xs8ure corner field patternX Xif s@lamdaX Xpb@cos"srYcos"theta##6cos"srYsin"theta##X Xsr@2YpiYsAlamdaX case 2 clear pbO pb@cos"piA2.Ycos"theta1##6cos"piA2.Ysin"theta1##O display"pb#O polar"theta1,pb#O 7label"?theta1?#O title"?s8ure corner field pattern?#O Xs@lamdaA4X endO theta1@<=<.1=piO Xsubtend angleX phy1@<=<.1=piO

94

Xazimuthal angle inan infinite conducting planeX r@2.5O Xparabolic aperture raduiusX R@3.5O X field pattern distanceX $H)$A1@<=<.1=2YpiO Xafter reflecting in an parabolic reflectorX /HQ1@<=<.1=2YpiO Xafter reflecting in an parabolic reflectorX er1@sin"phy1#.Ycos"phy1#.Y"16cos"theta1##O er2@"sin"phy1#.a2.Ycos"theta1##dcos"phy1#.a2O er3@s8rt"16"sin"theta1#.a2.Ysin"phy1#.a2##O l@er1.Aer3O m@6er2.Aer3O er4@Dl, m, <EO er5@l6iYmO er@s8rt"l.a2dm.a2#O display"er#O Xunit vector along the direction of radiated fieldX X"er#a@"7a"sin"phy1#Ycos"phy1#Y"16cos"theta1###6 ya"sin"phy1#.a2Ycos"theta1#dcos"phy1#.a2##A"s8rt"16 sin"theta1#.a2Ysin"phy1#.a2##X e<@8.854Y1<a"612#O Xpermitivity of free spaceX u<@1.259Y1<a"69#O Xpermiability of free spaceX p1@2Ys8rt"e<Au<#O u1@cos"theta1.A2#.YerO display"u1#O k@1O for i@<=<.1=pi f@inline"?s8rt"pb#.Yu1?#O integral1"k#@p1Ydbl8uad"f,<,i,<,pi#O

95

v1"k#@integral1"k#O display"v1"k##O k@kd1O endO figure plot"theta1,integral1,?r?#O 7label"?theta1"subtend angle#?#O ylabel"?integral over t7 field pattern?#O k<@2YpiAlamdaO display"k<#O k@1O for i@<=<.1=pi f@inline"?s8rt"pb#.Yu1?#O integral2"k#@p1Ydbl8uad"f,<,i,<,pi#O f1"k#@integral2"k#O s@1O for '@<=<.1=2Ypi f3"k#@12.25Yf1"k#Y""pA"2Ypi##.a<.5#O Xaperture appro7imationX f2@inline"?sin"$H)$A1#.Y$H)$A1.Y/HQ1?#O integral3"k#@"1Aeff#.Y"e7p"iYk<YR#A4YpiYR#Yf3"k#Ydbl8uad"f2,<,',< ,'#O s@sd1O endO k@kd1O endO display"abs"integral3##O db@1<Ylog1<"integral3#O dir1@abs"integral3#Y""4Ypi#Ap#O Xdirectivity@"ma7radiation intensityY4Ypi Ap#X dir@1<Ylog1<"dir1#O display"dir#O figure

99

plot"theta1,db,?66Rk?#O 7label"?subtend angle"radians#?#O ylabel"?db?#O title"?intensity along theta direction?#O figure plot"theta1,dir,?66Rk?#O 7label"?subtend angle?#O ylabel"?directivity?#O title"?directivity along theta direction?#O figure plot"theta1,abs"integral3#,?66Ym?#O 7label"?subtend angle?#O ylabel"?field intensity?#O title"?field pattern along theta direction?#O figure plot"phy1,abs"integral3#,?g?#O 7label"?phy1?#O ylabel"?field intensity?#O title"?field along phy direction?#O case 3 warning offO 7@:.:5=6<.25=<O y@8.:5=6<.25=1O theta1@atan"y.A7#O display"theta1#O Xsubtend angleX phy1@<=<.1=piO Xr@2.5O Xparabolic aperture raduiusX R@3.5O X field pattern distanceX $H)$A1@<=<.1=2YpiO Xafter reflecting in an parabolic reflectorX

9:

/HQ1@<=<.1=2YpiO Xazimuthal angle inan infinite conducting planeX Xafter reflecting in an parabolic reflectorX Xhorn antenna dimensionsX a@2=<.25=;.:5O b@1=<.25=8.:5O f@1<a9O c@3Y1<a8O lamda@cAfO display"lamda#O Xreflection coefficientX k@2YpiAlamdaO display"k#O Xb@1.2958s8uareroot"2Yr1Ylamda#X r1@"<.312Yb.a2#.AlamdaO display"r1#O Xa@1.2958s8ureroot"3Yr2Ylamda#X r2@"<.312Ya.a2#.AlamdaO display"r2#O Xfield pttern for ) planeX c@input"?)*$)R $H) FH- F) 1.along width direction 2.along length direction?#O switch"c# case 1 Xalong width directionX p1@pi.Ycos"pi.Y7.Ab#O display"p1#O 81@e7p"6<.5YiYkY"""7.a2#.Ar2#d""y.a2#.Ar1###O r@p1.Y81O display"abs"r##O figure plot"b,abs"r#,?66Ym?#O 7label"?horn width?#O

98

ylabel"?magnitude of ) plane pattern?#O title"?horn feed pattern?#O figure polar"abs"r#,theta1,?m?#O 7label"?theta?#O ylabel"?magnitude of ) plane pattern?#O title"?horn feed pattern?#O case 2 clear rO Xalong length directionX p2@pi.Ycos"pi.Y7.Aa#O display"p2#O 82@e7p"6<.5YiYkY""7.a2.Ar2#d"y.a2.Ar1###O r@p2.Y82O display"abs"r##O figure plot"a,abs"r#,?66Yr?#O 7label"?horn length?#O ylabel"?magnitude of H plane pattern?#O title"?horn feed pattern?#O figure Xpolar"abs"r#,theta1,?m?#O X7label"?theta?#O Xylabel"?magnitude of ) plane pattern?#O Xtitle"?horn feed pattern?#O endO er1@sin"phy1#.Ycos"phy1#.Y"16cos"theta1##O er2@"sin"phy1#.a2.Ycos"theta1##dcos"phy1#.a2O er3@s8rt"16"sin"theta1#.a2.Ysin"phy1#.a2##O l@er1.Aer3O m@6er2.Aer3O er4@Dl, m, <EO er5@l6iYmO

9;

er@s8rt"l.a2dm.a2#O display"er#O Xunit vector along the direction of radiated fieldX X"er#a@"7a"sin"phy1#Ycos"phy1#Y"16cos"theta1###6 ya"sin"phy1#.a2Ycos"theta1#dcos"phy1#.a2##A"s8rt"16 sin"theta1#.a2Ysin"phy1#.a2##X e<@8.854Y1<a"612#O Xpermitivity of free spaceX u<@1.259Y1<a"69#O Xpermiability of free spaceX p1@2Ys8rt"e<Au<#O u1@cos"theta1.A2#.YerO display"u1#O k@1O for i@<=<.25=:.:5 f@inline"?s8rt"r#.Yu1?#O integral1"k#@p1Ydbl8uad"f,<,i,<,pi#O v1"k#@integral1"k#O display"v1"k##O k@kd1O endO figure plot"theta1,integral1,?66Rm?#O 7label"?theta1"subtend angle#?#O ylabel"?integral over t7 field pattern?#O k<@2YpiAlamdaO display"k<#O k@1O for i@<=<.25=:.:5 f@inline"?s8rt"abs"r##.Yu1?#O integral2"k#@p1Ydbl8uad"f,<,i,<,pi#O f1"k#@integral2"k#O s@1O

:<

for '@<=<.1=2Ypi f3"k#@12.25Yf1"k#Y""pA"2Ypi##.a<.5#O Xaperture appro7imationX f2@inline"?sin"$H)$A1#.Y$H)$A1.Y/HQ1?#O integral3"k#@"1Aeff#.Y"e7p"6 iYk<YR#A4YpiYR#Yf3"k#Ydbl8uad"f2,<,',<,'#O s@sd1O endO k@kd1O endO display"abs"integral3##O db@1<Ylog1<"integral3#O dir1@abs"integral3#Y""4Ypi#Ap#O Xdirectivity@"ma7radiation intensityY4YpiAp#X dir@1<Ylog1<"dir1#O display"dir#O figure plot"theta1,db,?66Rk?#O 7label"?subtend angle?#O ylabel"?db?#O title"?intensity along theta direction?#O figure plot"theta1,dir,?66Rk?#O 7label"?subtend angle?#O ylabel"?directivity?#O title"?directivity along theta direction?#O figure plot"a,abs"integral3#,?66Rr?#O 7label"?subtend angle?#O ylabel"?field intensity?#O title"?field pattern along theta direction?#O figure plot"b,abs"integral3#,?66Yg?#O

:1

7label"?phy1?#O ylabel"?field intensity?#O title"?field along phy direction?#O endO

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

:2

DIPOLE RADIATION PATTERNS

dipole feed pattern l=lamda/4 90 120 0.2 150 0.1 intensity 30 0.3 60

dipole fed pattern if length=lamda/2 90 120 0.8 0.6 150 0.4 0.2 30 1 60

180 dipole feed pattern if l=lamda 90 210 120 1.5 2 60 330

intensity

180

210

330

150

240

1 270 0.5

300

30

240 270 subtend angle(radians)

0

300

intensity

subtend angle(radians) 180

210

330

240 270 subtend angle(radians)

300

:3

dipole feed pattern 2 1.5 1 0.5 intens ity 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 --*> l/2 -> l/4 --> l

3 4 s ubtend angle(radians)

DIPOLE BEAM EFFICIENCY

:4

theta (vs)dipole beam efficiency 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 beam efficiency 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0.5

1.5 theta

2.5

3.5

DIPOLE MULTIPLICATION PATTERNS

dipolefeed using multiplication factor 90 1 120 0.8 60

dipolefeed using multiplication factor 90 120 0.8

30

1 60 0.6

0.6 150 0.4

150 0.4 0.2

30

0.2

intensity

180

intensity

180

210

330

210

330

240 270 subtend angle(radians)

300

240 270 subtend angle(radians)

300

*@1 elements#

*@3"number of array

:5

dipolefeed using multiplication factor 90 120 0.8 0.6 150 0.4 0.2 intensity 180 0
180 150 0.4 0.2 0

1 60
120

90

1 60 0.8 0.6

30

30

210

330

210

330

240 270 subtend angle(radians)

300

240 270

300

*@5 elements#

*@;"array

INTENSITY VARIATIONS BY CHANGING SPACING BETDEEN DIPOLES

dipoles using multiplicatoin factor 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 intensity 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 --*>l/4 ->l/2 -->l

3 4 subtend angle

:9

SQUARE CORNER FEED RADIATION PATTERNS

suare corner reflector if s=lamda/2 90 120 1.5 150 1 0.5 intensity
intensity 180 squre corner reflector if s=lamda 90 2 60 1.5 120

2 60

30

150

1 0.5

30

180

210

330

210

330

240 270

300

240 270 angle(radians)

300

angle(radians)

squre corner reflector 2 1.5 1 0.5 intensity 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2

squre coner reflector if s=2*lamda 90 120 1.5 150 1 0.5 intensity 2 60

--*r>l/2 g>l --m>2l

30

180

210

330

240 270 angle(radians)

300

3 angle

SQUARE CORNER BEAM EFFICIENCY

HORN FEED RADIATION

::

horn feed pattern 3.5

2.5 m agnitude of E plane pattern

1.5

0.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8 2 2.2 horn width(cm )

2.4

2.6

2.8

theta (vs )s qurec orner beam effic ienc y 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 beam effic ienc y 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0.5

1.5 theta

2.5

3.5

HORN FEED RADIATION PATTERN 6DIDTH DISE 7 :8

f/D 6VS7

APERTURE

EFFICIENCY

horn feed pattern 3.5 0.9 3 0.8 0.7 0.6 aperture efficiency 2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 horn length(cm ) 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 0 f/d vs eap

2.5 m agnitude of H plane pattern

1.5

0.5

0.5

1 f/d

1.5

2.5

f/D RATIO
f vs theta if d=0.2 6 150 f vs theta if d=4

4 --> f1 -->f2 2

100

50

0.5 angle theta f vs theta if d=50

0.5 angle theta f vs theta if d=100

1500

3000

1000 -->f3 -->f4 500

2000

1000

0.5 angle theta

0.5 angle theta

:;

PARABOLIC REFLECTOR PARABOLA

field pattern for parabolic reflector 4

SIMPLE RADIATION PATTERN

parabola 16 14

12
2 field intensity

10 y coordinate
0 2 4 6 angle 8 10 12 14

8 6 4

-1

2
-2

0 -20

-15

-10

-5 0 5 point on the x-axis

10

15

20

PARABOLA CHARACTERISTICS 6ESSENTRICITY7

2 1.8 1.6 1.4
gain 2 2.5 3 x 10
-5

APERTURE VS GAIN
aperture vs gain

1.2 ec centricity 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

1.5

0.5 0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

6 8 10 point on the x-axis

12

14

16

FINAL

0.12 aperture

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

RESULTS6AFTER REFLECTING PATTERN ON THE

ON THE SURFACE7 OF

PARABOLIC DIPOLE RADIATION PARABOLA AXIS

DIRECTION

8<

0.1 0.09 0.08 integral over tx field pattern 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0

0.5

1.5 2 theta1(subtend angle)

2.5

3.5

SQUARE CORNER RADIATION PATTERN ON PATTERN THE DIRECTION OF PARABOLA AXIS SQUARE CORNER ALONG THETA

0.1
400

field pattern along theta direction

0.09
350

0.08 0.07 integral ov er tx field pattern 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
100 50 0 field intensity 300 250 200 150

0.5

1.5 2 theta1(s ubtend angle)

2.5

3.5

0.5

1.5 2 theta1(radians)

2.5

3.5

81

HORN PATTERN ALONG THETA DIRECTION

HORN PATTERN

ALONG

PHY DIRECTION

field pattern along theta direction 900 800 700 600

field intensity 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

field along phy direction

field intensity

500 400 300 200 100 0

6 theta1

10

5 phy1

APERTUREAPPROXIMATION METHOD DIPOLE FEED ALONG THETA DIRECTION

field pattern along theta direction 6000

ALONG PHY
field along phy direc tion 6000

DIRECTION

5000

5000

4000 field intensity

field intens ity

4000

3000

3000

2000

2000

1000

1000

0.5

SQUARE

1.5 2 subtend angle

2.5

3.5

0.5

1.5 phy 1

2.5

3.5

CORNER FEED

82

ALONG THETA DIRECTION

field pattern along theta direction 6000
6000

ALONG PHY DIR

field along phy direc tion

5000

5000

4000 field intensity

field intens ity

4000

3000

3000

2000

2000

1000

1000

0.5

HORN

1.5 2 subtend angle

2.5

3.5

0.5

1.5 phy 1

2.5

3.5

FEED

ALONG THETA DIRECTION DIRECTION

ALONG PHY

fie ld p a tte rn a lo n g th e ta d ire c tio n 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 fie ld in te n s ity 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0

field along phy direc tion

6 7 s u b te n d a n g le

10

field intens ity

5 phy 1

83

DIPOLE DIRECTIVITY6DIPOLE7
field pattern along theta direction 25

FEED

INTENSITY60"7
direc tivity along theta direc tion 10

20

0 field intensity(db) 15

30
15
direc tiv ity -5

field pattern along theta direction direc tivity along theta direc tion

10

25

10
-10

field intensity(db)

20
direc tiv ity

-15 5

0.5

1.5 2 subtend angle(radians)

2.5

15 3.5

-20

0.5

1.5 2 s ubtend angle

2.5

3.5

HORN FEED INTENSITY 60B7 HORN DIRECTIVITY

10
-5

5 0.8

0.9

-10 1 0.8

1.1 1.3 1.4 0.9 1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 subtend angle(radians) s ubtend angle

1.4 1.5 1.5

1.6 1.6

APERTURE APPROXIMATION METHOD DIPOLE FEED INTENSITY 60B7 DIRECTIVITY

84

intens ity along theta direc tion 40

20

direc tivity along theta direc tion

35

15

30 intensity (db)
direc tiv ity

10

25

20

15

-5

0.5

1.5 2 s ubtend angle(radians)

2.5

3.5

0.5

1.5 2 s ubtend angle

2.5

3.5

HORN FEED INTENSITY60B7

intensity along theta direc tion 45 25

DIRECTIVITY
directivity along theta direc tion

40

20

35 intensity(db) directivity 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 subtend angle 1.4 1.5 1.6

15

30

10

25

20 0.8

0 0.8

0.9

1.1

1.2 1.3 subtend angle

1.4

1.5

1.6

85

ANALYSIS
Crom dipole feed radiation patterns , as length increases from NA4 to N the radiation intensity increases and the beam width decreases. n the dipole multiplication patterns as the length increases the radiation intensity increases the beam width become decreases and the side lobes increases.Cor *@1,3,5,; cases observed. $he beam efficiency of dipole increases from < to 1 as increases subtend angle for a given half wave dipole as isotropic source. Crom s8uarecorner feed radiation patterns , as length increases from NA2 to 2N the radiation intensity increases and the beam width decreases.%ut the ma7imum intensity decreases. $he beam efficiency of s8uare corner increases from < to 1 as increases subtend angle for a given half wave dipole as isotropic source.

89

 Crom horn feed radiation patterns , as length increases from 1 to :.5 and width varies from <.25 to 9 the radiation intensity increases and the beam width decreases.%ut the ma7imum intensity increases. As subtend angle increases the intensity of secondary radiation pattern increases.Cor dipole"(eneral method# having 1H watt power and 1,HP fre8uency the ma7 intensity becomes 3<< or "25db#. Cor !8uare corner"(eneral method# having 1H watt power and 1,HP fre8uency the ma7 intensity becomes 3<< or " 25db#. Cor Horn "(eneral method# having 1H watt power and 1,HP fre8uency the ma7 intensity becomes ;<< or " 3< db#. Cor dipole "Aperture appro7imation method# having 1H watt power and 1,HP fre8uency the ma7 intensity becomes 9<<< or "3:.5 db#. Cor s8uarecorner "Aperture appro7imation method# having 1H watt power and 1,HP fre8uency the ma7 intensity becomes 9<<< or "3:.5 db#. Cor Horn "Aperture appro7imation method# having 1H watt power and 1,HP fre8uency the ma7 intensity becomes 18<<< or " 42.5 db#.

8:

CONCLUSIONS

88

CONCLUSION $he fundamental antenna concepts and a brief introduction

to the types of feeds have been discussed. Analysis of the parabolic reflector characteristics like fA., gain, radiation patterns has been done and the corresponding results were plotted. $he primary radiation patterns of each feed like dipole, s8uarecorner and horn were calculated and then the far field pattern of each feed was calculated by using general and aperture appro7imation methods. ntensity and directivity of feeds were compared. Crom results it can be concluded Horn feed has more intensity and more directivity among three feeds. 0sing Aperture appro7imation method we achieved more intensity and more directivity than general method.

8;

FUTURE SCOPE &e have not considered the aperture blockage caused by placing the feed at the focus and struct blockage. ,ore accurate results can be obtained by taking into affect both aperture and structure blockages.

;<

BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES
1. .. $urrin, &2 ,0, >/arabolic Reflector Antennas and Ceeds,> $he ARR+ 0HCA,icrowave )7perimenter?s ,anual,. ARR+,1;;<. 2. Q.Rahmat6!amii, >Reflector Antennas,> in Antenna handbook= theory, applications, and design, Q.$. +o and !.&. +ee, editors, Lan *ostrand Reinhold, 1;88 3. Antennas for all applications by Gohn ..Hraus and Ronald G.,arhefka, $ata ,c (raw Hill )dition 2<<3 4. )lectromagnetic &aves and Radiating !ystems by ).F.Gordan and H.(.%almain,/H . 5. Antennas publications. $heory by Fonstantine A.%alanis,Gohn &ileye !ons

9. Antennas And &ave /ropagation by H.../rasad, !atya /rakashan

;1

/ublications :.%.!.(reywal,J%asic engineering ,athematicsJ, $ata ,c (raw Hill 15 th edition, revised 1;;8

;2