UG - Mini Project - Drunk and Drive Detection System

Drunken Driving Vehicle Avoiding-cum-Detector
Through Wireless System
CONTENTS
TITLE
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: BLOCK AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 3: DISCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.1.SENSOR (TGS813)
3.2.OP AMP(LN324)
3.3.DISCRIPTION
3.4.RF TECHNOLOGY
3.5.LCD DISPLAY
3.6.MICRO CONTROLER
3.7.RELAY
CHAPTER 4: SENSOR
4.1.TGS813 SENSOR
4.2.BASIC MEASURING CIRCUIT WITH
TGS SENSOR
CHAPTER 5: MICRO CONTROLER
5.1.MICRO CONTROLLER VERSUS
MICRO PROCESSOR
5.2.FEATURES OF AT89C51
5.3.FLASH MEMORY
5.4.PIN CONFIGURATION
5.5.BLOCK DIAGRAM
5.6.PIN DISCRIPTION OF AT89C2051
5.7.8051 OSCILLATOR AND CLOCK
5.8.SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER
MEMORY
5.9.PSW(PROGRAM STATUS
WORD;0D0h)
5.10.SBUF(SERIAL BUFFER,99h)
5.11.INTRUPTS
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CHAPTER 6: DISCRIPTION OF RF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
6.1.HOW RF WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY
WORK
6.2.RF FUNDAMENTAL
6.3.RF RECEIVER OUTPUT AND IF
RECEIVER OUTPUT
6.4.TRANSMITTER MODULE
6.5.RECEIVER MODULE
CHAPTER 7: DISCRIPTION ABOUT LCD PANELS
7.1.SCHMATIC
7.2.CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION
CHAPTER 8: RELAY
SOFTWARE DETAILES
FLOW CHARTS
APLLICATION AND ADVANTAGES
RESULT
CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCE
APPENDIX
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LIST OF FIGURES
NAME
1.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER
2.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER
3.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TRANSMITTER
4.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER
5.LM324 PIN DIAGRAM
6.BASIC MEASURING CIRCUIT WITH TGS
SENSOR
7.AT89C2051 PIN DIAGRAM
8.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89C2051
9.8051 OSCILLATOR AND CIRCUIT
10.RF FUNDAMENTAL
11.WIRELESS LINK
12.RF TRANSMITTER MODULE PIN
13.RF RECEIVER MODULE
14.LCD SCHEMATIC
15.RESULT OF TRANSMITTE AND
RECEIVER
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ABSTRACT
As everybody knows that the most of road accidents are taking place due to the
drunken drivers, especially this problem is severe in high ways and it is very difficult to
trace the drunken drivers. These days our patrolling police at high ways and traffic police
in cities are checking the drivers through a hand held portable alcohol sensors, but it is
very painful activity and also consumes lot of time to check each and every vehicle.
There by the present technology implemented here is innovative by which the drunken
driver can be caught very easily and the vehicle itself will be stopped while trying to
drive by drinking. This technology offers great ease to the police such that they need not
stop each and every vehicle for hunting the alcoholic driver.
The purpose of this project work is to avoid drink and driving of the vehicles. For
this, an alcohol sensor is placed in the vehicle that senses the smell of alcohol content.
Whenever the driver/person who consumed alcohol tries to start the vehicle, the vehicle
will not be started avoiding the drunken driving and immediately the alarm will be
energized automatically indicating drunken person is trying to drive the vehicle. And if
the alcohol is being consumed while driving, the vehicle immediately stops and doesnt
move any further again acknowledging by activating the alarm.
To prove the concept practically, each and every vehicle must be installed with an
Alcohol sensor inside the vehicle at some feasible point like dashboard, steering, etc. The
alcohol sensor is interfaced with an Op-Amp, which is constructed like a voltage
comparator. Whenever the alcohol sensor detects any alcoholic gases, the output of the
Op-Amp (comparator) is triggered (gives a logic HIGH signal). The triggered output of
the comparator is fed to the micro controller.
DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The concept described in this project report is aimed to catch the drunken driver,
as the concept is critical sophisticated technology must be used to detect exact vehicle
that is driven by drunken driver. To achieve the goal accurately, suitable sensors must be
used. But here since it is a prototype module, basic concept is proven with universal
sensor which can detect all sorts of toxic gases, petroleum products, smoke, etc, in
addition to the alcoholic vapors. The sensor used here is named as TGS813. Since it can
detect all sorts of toxic vapors and it is available easily every where, it is said to be
universal sensor, and this sensor is used here to detect the alcoholic vapors. Presently this
kind of sensors can be used for goods transport vehicles, because these vehicles will not
carry passengers. When this sensor used in cars, it is difficult to detect the drunken person
because of the drunken passengers. Hence it is recommended to use this technology in
trucks only, because the truck contain separate cabin for the driver and his assistant.
One advantage of using this sensor is that it can not detect little far vapors,
because it is not so sensitive. It is said to be advantage because it should not detect other
drunken persons those who are little away from the driving wheel. This indicates that the
sensor must be installed over the dashboard and that point must be very close to the
driving wheel. If this kind of arrangement is made in the cabin, the system can detect
only drunken driver. As described above, the sensor is not so sensitive, during demo, the
sensor must be exposed to the alcohol vapor. For this purpose pour little alcohol (brandy
or whiskey) in to a plate and place the sensor little above the plate with a gap of 2 inches
approximately. Depending up on the alcohol vapor concentration in the air, the
conductivity of the sensor will be varied and based on this conductivity its output in the
form of voltage levels will be varied automatically. These variations are monitored
through op-amp and a high signal will be generated whenever the sensor detects vapors
in the air.
Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences
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The output of the sensor is used to trigger the Op-amp, this op-amp configured as
voltage comparator can generate a logic high signal when sensor output is greater than
the reference voltage. Based on this signal, the microcontroller used as processing unit is
programmed to deliver the proportionate code through its output. This code contains the
information about the vehicle and it will be transmitted through an RF transmitter
generates a high frequency of 433MHz as carrier frequency. The digital code produced by
the controller will be super imposed over the carrier and transmitted as modulated wave.
Based on this data, the receiver decodes this data and displays the information through an
LCD interfaced with microcontroller at data receiving end. The information contains
vehicle registration number, type of vehicle, owner address, etc. will be displayed.
Whenever the system finds drunken driving vehicle, initially alarm will be energized in
the data receiving module to alert the squad, and then information will be displayed. As
the system utilizes RF communication system and the range is restricted to less than 90100 feet in the open air because of the low power transmitter, whenever the transmitter is
brought within the range receiver will be activated and displays the information. In
addition the controller in the transmitting section halts the vehicle and doesnt allow the
drunken person to drive the vehicle avoiding drunken driving. Since it is a prototype
module low power transmitter is used, but for real applications little high power
transmitter can be used, there by the vehicle can be detected little away from the check
post.
Application point of view, the system designed here can be installed at check
posts at high ways. At these places all the vehicles are checked for many purposes, in this
regard alcoholic driver can be caught very easily without wasting time. The same system
also can be installed in police stations in busy centers of main cities. If the system finds
drunken driving vehicle passing near by the station, it will be very easy for the police to
catch the driver red-handed.
The technology presented here is very simple, it can be used as demo module, but
when it is going to be used for real applications, all the vehicles must be equipped with
real sensors which can detect even small concentration of alcohol vapors present in the
air. When multiple transmitters are in use, they all must be synchronized with single
receiver and receiver should able to detect the drunken driving vehicles independently.
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Since wireless communication system plays the dominant roll in this project work, the
following is the brief introduction about it.
The carrier generator in the transmitting module is designed to produce 433MHz
approximately; the digital information produced by the microcontroller is super imposed
over this carrier and transmitted as a modulated wave. In the receiving module, the
received information will be de-modulated and decoded through an embedded system by
which information will be displayed. The data transmitting module that contains vehicle
information will be the pre-programmed and always it transmits the same information, it
can not be modified because it is stored in the ROM of microcontroller internally. To
change the source of information, the controller has to be removed from the main board
and the source code dumped in to the chip must be erased through chip burner. Again
new program must be stored in to the chip, this is called burning process.
The system described here utilizes two microcontroller units and these units are
also playing dominant roll in this project work. Two different microcontroller units are
constructed separately for data transmitting and data receiving modules. For this purpose
AT 89C2051 controllers are selected. These chips are belongs to ATMEL family. Since
the task of data transmitting unit is to send fixed information always, and where as the
data receiving module is to display the received information, higher memory chips are
not required here.
Any Micro-controller, that functions according to the program written in it. The
program is nothing but an instruction set, this is often prepared in binary code, & are
referred as machine code, there by this software is called as machine language. Writing a
program in such a code is a skilled and very tedious process Micro controller can read
and it can store the information received from the remote control unit. Micro-controllers
are dedicated to one task and run
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CHAPTER 2
BLOCK AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2.1.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER:
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2.2.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER:
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2.3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER:
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2.4.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER:
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CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK THE DIAGRAM
The block diagram and circuit diagram shown in the next chapter consists data
transmitter and data receiver. The data transmitting unit contains four major devices; they
are 1) TGS813 used as alcohol sensor, 2) 89C2051 microcontroller unit, 3) LM 324 Opamp Chip, 4) Relay, 5) DC Motor and 4) RF transmitter. Similarly the data receiving unit
contains three major units; they are 1) RF receiver, 2) Microcontroller unit, and 3) LCD
and alarm. As the over all system contains two microcontroller units, the function of
microcontrollers differs to each other, two different software programs are prepared to
function as data transmitter and data receiver. The data receiver function is to decode the
data and display the same through an LCD interfaced with 89C2051 controller through its
output. It is also the function of data receiving unit to activate the alarm whenever it
receives data from the transmitter.
The source of information is the sensor, whenever this sensor is activated by
alcohol vapor, op-amp output will become high and this high signal is fed to the
microcontroller. This op-amp configured as voltage comparator, generates logic high
signal for the controller. Based on this signal the microcontroller generates a digital code
and it will be transmitted. More over the vehicle movement is stopped by stopping the
DC motor through the relay. In the receiver, the controller is programmed to decode the
received information and display the same through LCD. Here this microcontroller is
performing the function of decoder. The information gathered from receiver will be
decoded and will be displaying the data in the LCD. The received information after
demodulating, replica in the form of digital code will be obtained from the receiver; this
data will be decoded for display purpose. As the process begins with Alcohol sensor, the
following is the description of this sensor, later function of individual blocks description
is also provided.
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3.1.SENSOR(TGS813)
Generally the sensor used here is aimed to detect the gas leakages, since it can
detect all types of gasses and smokes it is used as universal sensor and the same sensor is
used as alcohol sensor. This sensor contains a semiconductor named as tin dioxide
(SnO2);. During our trail runs, we used different types of liquors like brandy, whisky, etc.
they are poured in to a small containers and sensor is placed above the container with a
distance of one inch approximately. At this distance the concentration will be more and
hence it is observed that the sensor generates more than 2V. If the distance is increased,
density will be reduced because the liquor vapor will be spread in to the air, so depending
up on the distance sensor output also varies proportionately. One important factor to be
observed is, the output is not similar when compared with other sensor, hence it is
concluded that the output will be differed from sensor to sensor. Finally it is concluded
that the output will be 2V approximately, when it detects alcohol vapors. Based on this
value reference voltage must be adjusted accordingly in Op-amp circuit. Whenever the
sensor output becomes high, i.e. more then the reference voltage, op-amp output will
become high.
3.2.OPAMP(LM324)
The output of alcohol sensor is fed to the op-amp input as variable source of
voltage which varies according to the density of alcohol vapor present in the air. Here
average density is considered and accordingly reference voltage value is adjusted at
second input of op-amp. The op-amp used here is configured as voltage comparator, in
this configuration difference between the two inputs is monitored, if they are equal to
each other then out put of the op-amp will become high. The sensor output is fed to the
non-inverting input of op-amp, where as at inverting input side, with the help of a fixed
potential dividing network also known as voltage divider circuit, reference voltage is
adjusted to 2V approximately. Here average value is also considered as 2V, means when
the sensor detects average density of alcohol vapor it may generate around 2V. In normal
condition, sensor out put will be less then 1.2V, if the air is polluted with alcohol vapors,
then sensor output may raise to more then 2V. When this voltage is equal with the
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reference voltage or slightly more then the reference voltage, output of op-amp will
become high and this high signal is fed the microcontroller for further process. The
following is description of op-amp.
3.2.1. LM324
The below is the figure of LM 324 quad operational device showing the function
of each pin
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3.3.DISCRIPTION
The LM324 series consists of four independent, high gain, internally frequency
compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a
single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is
also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of
the power supply voltage.
Application areas include transducer amplifiers; DC gain blocks and all the
conventional op amp circuits, which now can be more easily implemented in single
power supply systems. For example, the LM324 series can be directly operated off of the
standard +5V power supply voltage, which is used in digital systems and will easily
provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional 15V power
supplies.
The LM324 contains four independent high gain operational amplifiers with
internal frequency compensation. The four op-amps operate over a wide voltage range
from a single Power supply. Also use a split power supply. The device has low power
supply current drain, regardless of the power supply voltage. The low power drain also
makes the LM324 a good choice for battery operation. The LM324 series are low-cost,
quad operational amplifiers with true differential inputs. They have several distinct
advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single supply applications.
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3.4.RF TECHNOLOGY
The carrier generator in the transmitting module is designed to produce 433 MHz
approximately; the information produced by the microcontroller according to the
interrupted signal obtained from the sensor in the form of vehicle information in digital
data is super imposed over this carrier and transmitted as a modulated wave. The RF
modules (transmitter & receiver) used in the project work are readymade, as the
transmitter generating very high frequency of 433 MHz and it is very difficult to
construct in normal electronic labs, there by readymade modules are used here.
When the receiver is synchronized with the transmitter it can be said as the
receiver is tuned with the transmitter, if the receiver is tuned perfectly then the
communication link will be established. The transmitting antenna sends out radio waves
in all directions. When radio waves leaving through a conductor of specific size is called
as transmitting antenna, similarly at the receiving end signals are picked up through
another conductor of same length is called as receiving antenna. Here in this project
work, as the range is very less, thin copper wires of 20 cms length each is used as
antenna.
3.4.1.Working of RF communication system
Imagine an RF transmitter wiggling an electron in one location. This wiggling
electron causes a ripple effect, somewhat a kind of dropping a pebble in a pond. The
effect is an electromagnetic (EM) wave that travels out from the initial location resulting
in electrons wiggling in remote locations. An RF receiver can detect this remote electron
wiggling. The RF communication system then utilizes this phenomenon by wiggling
electrons in a specific pattern to represent information. The receiver can make this same
information available at a remote location; communicating with no wires.
In most wireless systems, a designer has two overriding constraints: it must
operate over a certain distance (range) and transfer a certain amount of information
within a time frame (data rate). Then the economics of the system must work out (price)
along with acquiring government agency approvals (regulations and licensing).
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3.5.LCD DISPLAY
The LCD used here is having two rows and each row contains 16 characters,
depending up on the availability of LCD panel 3 lines or 4 lines panels can be used for
the purpose, so that more information can be displayed simultaneously. LCD Displays are
dominating LED displays, because these displays can display alphabets, numbers and
some kind of special symbols, where as LEDs (seven segment display) can display only
numbers. These LCD displays are very useful for displaying user information and
communication. LCD displays are available in various formats. Most common are 2 x
16, is that two lines with 16 alphanumeric characters. Other formats are 3x16, 2x40, 3x40
In recent years LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs, because of the
ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics. Another advantage is, because of its
compactness and ease of programming for characters and graphics, more information in
the form of text message or graphics can be displayed. Generally, the LCD modules have
an 8-bit interface, besides the 8-bit data bus; the interface has a few other control lines.
The 8-bit data bus is connected to port 0 and the control lines are connected to port 2.
The default data transfer between the LCD module and an external device is 8-bits,
however it is possible to communicate with the LCD module using only four of the 8data lines. The R/W line is connected to ground and hence the processor cannot read any
status information from the LCD module, but can only write data to the LCD.
The LCD panel used in this project work is having 16 pins. The function of each
pin description with table is as followed:
Pin No.
Pin no. 1
Pin no. 2
Pin no. 3
Pin no. 4
Pin no. 5
Pin no. 6
Pin no. 7
Name
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
Description
Data bus line 7 (MSB)
Data bus line 6
Data bus line 5
Data bus line 4
Data bus line 3
Data bus line 2
Data bus line 1
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Pin no. 8
Pin no. 9
D0
EN1
Pin no. 10
R/W
Pin no. 11
RS
Pin no. 12
Pin no. 13
Pin no. 14
Pin no. 15
Pin no. 16
VEE
VSS
VCC
EN2
NC
Data bus line 0 (LSB)

Enable signal for row 0 and 1 (1stcontroller)
0 = Write to LCD module
1 = Read from LCD module
0 = Instruction input
1 = Data input
Contrast adjust
Power supply (GND)
Power supply (+5V)
Enable signal for row 2 and 3 (2ndcontroller)
Not Connected
Vcc, Vss, and VEE: While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground, respectively; VEE is
used for controlling LCD contrast.
3.6.MICROCONTROLLER
The microcontroller used in the project work belongs to ATMEL family, for this
purpose 89C2051 chip is used. The following is the general and functional description
about microcontrollers.
Microcontrollers are single-chip computers consisting of CPU (central processing
unit), data and program memory, serial and parallel I/O (input/output), timers, external
and internal interrupts, all integrated into a single chip. Microcontrollers are intelligent
electronic devices used to control and monitor devices in the real world. Today
microcontrollers are used in most commercial and industrial equipment. About 40% of
microcontroller applications are in office automation, such as PCs, laser printers, fax
machines, and so forth. About one-third of microcontrollers are found in consumer
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CHAPTER 4
DESCRIPTION ABOUT UNIVERSAL SENSORS
4.1.TGS813 SENSOR
TGS 813 is a general purpose Sensor which has good sensitivity characteristics to
a wide range of gases. As this sensor can be used for many applications, it is said as
universal sensor. In this project work this sensor is used to detect Alcohol vapors. This
device is designed to operate with a stabilized 5V heater supply and a circuit voltage
depends up the design. The most suitable application for the TGS 813 is the detection of
methane, propane and butane which makes it an excellent Sensor for domestic gas leak
detectors.
The initial stabilization time of the TGS 8813 is very short and the relative and
elapsed characteristics are very good over a long period of Operation. TGS 813 has a
very low sensitivity to 'noise-gases' which considerably reduces the Problem of nuisance
alarming. The TGS 8813 is most practically employed in a circuit design which maintains
circuit voltages at fixed value of 5V. This voltage rating is very practical when
determining design specifications because of the wide range of available components.
This makes the use of the TGS 813 an especially economical way to design low-cost,
highly reliable gas detection circuits.
Because of its especially high sensitivity to methane, propane and butane, the
TGS 813 is very practical for Town Gas and LPG monitoring. With the added features of
a short-initial stabilization period and highly reliable elapsed characteristics, the TGS 813
represents a new generation of gas Sensors from Figaro. These sensors are molded with
Resin.
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4.2.BASIC MEASURING CIRCUIT WITH TGS SENSOR:
The following is the basic test circuit
The Variation in resistance of the TGS sensors measured indirectly as a Change in

voltage appearing across the load resistor RL. In fresh air the current passing through the
Sensor and RL in series is steady, but when a combustible gas such as propane, methane
etc. comes in contact with the Sensor surface, the Sensor resistance decreases in
accordance with the gas concentration present. The voltage Change across RL is the same
when VC and VH are supplied from AC or DC sources. One can feel that this circuit is
most suitable for evaluating the TGS 813 performance because of the ease in measuring
the output signal.
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CHAPTER 5
DESCRIPTION ABOUT MICROCONTROLLERS
5.1.MICROCONTROLLER VERSUS MICROPROSSER
A microcontroller differs from a microprocessor in many ways. The first and most
important difference is its functionality. In order that the microprocessor may be used,
other components such as memory must be added to it. Even though the microprocessors
are considered to be powerful computing machines, their weak point is that they are not
adjusted to communicating to peripheral equipment.
Simply,In order to communicate with peripheral environment, the microprocessor
must use specialized circuits added as external chips. In short microprocessors are the
pure heart of the computers. This is how it was in the beginning and remains the same
today.
On the other hand, the microcontroller is designed to be all of that in one. No
other specialized external components are needed for its application because all necessary
circuits which otherwise belong to peripherals are already built into it. It saves the time
and space needed to design a device.
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory,
various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt
controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog
converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip. If a system is developed with a
microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM,
EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided all these facilities on a single chip.
Development of a Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of design. One of the
major differences between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller
often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application. Intel has introduced a
family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51.
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The AT89C2051 is a 20 pin DIP, low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcomputer with 2 Kbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory
(PEROM).
5.2.Features of AT89C2051
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
2 Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
2.7 V to 6 V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Two-Level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
15 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial UART Channel
Direct LED Drive Outputs
On-Chip Analog Comparator
Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
5.2.1.Description
The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry Standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin
out. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost
effective solution to many embedded control applications.
5.3.Flash Memory
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Flash memory uses in-circuit wiring to apply the electric field to the entire chip or
to the predetermined sections known as blocks. The targeted area of the chip is erased,
which can be rewritten. Flash memory works much faster than traditional EEPROMs
because instead of erasing one byte at a time, it erases a block or the entire chip and then
rewrites it.
Flash memory is a non-volatile memory combining the advantages of
EPROM/EEPROM, ROM, and DRAM.
The technology used by Intel is further classified based on the core memory cell.
The first technology is the original single-bit/cell flash memory which allows a single bit
of information to be stored in each cell (1=erased and 0=programmed).
5.4.PIN CONFIGURATION OF AT89C2051
Pin configuration of AT89C2051
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5.5.Block Diagram
Block Diagram of AT89C2051
5.6.Pin Description of AT89C2051
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5.6.1.VCC
Supply voltage.
5.6.2.GND
Ground.
5.6.3.Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provides internal
pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 requires external pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serves as the
positive input (AIN0) and negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision
analog comparator. The Port 1 output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays
directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to
P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current because of
the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and
program verification.
5.6.4.Port 3
Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bidirectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not
accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA.
When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can
be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special
features of the AT89C2051 as listed in the table 11.1 [refer Appendix]. Port 3 also
receives some control signals for Flash programming and programming verification.
Pin Details of AT89C2051 Port3
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5.6.5.RST
Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the
RST pin high for two machine cycles, while the oscillator is running will reset the device.
Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles.
5.6.6.XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
5.6.7.XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory,
various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt
controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog
converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip. If a system is developed with a
microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM,
EPROM and peripherals.
But controller is provided all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a
Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of design. One of the major differences
between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller often deals with bits
not bytes as in the real world application.
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Intel has introduced a family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51.The
microcontroller plays the major role in any embedded project. In this project we use two
microcontrollers they are made by the ATMEL Company. That is AT89C2051 Controllers
5.7. 8051 Oscillator and Clock

The heart of the 8051 circuitry that generates the clock pulses by which all the
internal all internal operations are synchronized. Pins XTAL1 And XTAL2 is provided
for connecting a resonant network to form an oscillator. Typically a quartz crystal and
capacitors are employed. The crystal frequency is the basic internal clock frequency of
the microcontroller. The manufacturers make 8051 designs that run at specific minimum
and maximum frequencies typically 1 to 16 MHz.
5.8.Special Function registered memory

Special function registers are the areas of memory that control specific functionality of
the 8051 micro controller.
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5.8.1.Stack pointer (81h)
The stack pointer holds 8-bit value. This is used to indicate where the next value
to be removed from the stack should be taken from. When a value is to be pushed onto
the stack, the 8051 first stores the value of SP and then store the value at the resulting
memory location. When a value is to be popped from the stack, the 8051 returns the
value from the memory location indicated by SP and then decrements the value of SP.
5.8.2.Data pointer
The SFRs DPL and DPH work together work together to represent a 16-bit value
called the data pointer. The data pointer is used in operations regarding external RAM
and some instructions code memory. It is a 16-bit SFR and also an addressable SFR.
5.8.3.Program counter
The program counter is a 16 bit register, which contains the 2 byte address, which
tells the 8051 where the next instruction to execute to be found in memory. When the
8051 is initialized PC starts at 0000h. And is incremented each time an instruction is
executes. It is not addressable SFR.
5.8.4.PCON (power control, 87h)

The power control SFR is used to control the 8051s power control modes.
Certain operation modes of the 8051 allow the 8051 to go into a type of sleep mode
which consumes much less power.
PCON REGISTER
5.8.5.TCON (timer control, 88h)

Page 24

The timer control SFR is used to configure and modify the way in which the
8051s two timers operate. This SFR controls whether each of the two timers is running
or stopped and contains a flag to indicate that each timer has overflowed. Additionally,
some non-timer related bits are located in TCON SFR. These bits are used to configure
the way in which the external interrupt flags are activated, which are set when an
external interrupt occurs.
TCON REGISTERS
5.8.6.TMOD (Timer Mode, 89h)

The timer mode SFR is used to configure the mode of operation of each of the
two timers. Using this SFR your program may configure each timer to be a 16-bit timer,
or 13 bit timer, 8-bit auto reload timer, or two separate timers. Additionally you may
configure the timers to only count when an external pin is activated or to count events
that are indicated on an external pin.
TMOD
5.8.7.TO (Timer 0 low/high, address 8A/8C h)

These two SFRs taken together represent timer 0. Their exact behavior depends
on how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count
up. What is configurable is how and when they increment in value.
5.9.PSW (Program Status Word, 0D0h)
Page 25

The program Status Word is used to store a number of important bits that are set
and cleared by 8051 instructions. The PSW SFR contains the carry flag, the auxiliary
carry flag, the parity flag and the overflow flag. Additionally, it also contains the register
bank select flags, which are used to select, which of the R register banks currently in
use.
PSW registers
5.10.SBUF (Serial Buffer, 99h)
SBUF is used to hold data in serial communication. It is physically two registers.
One is writing only and is used to hold data to be transmitted out of 8051 via TXD. The
other is read only and holds received data from external sources via RXD. Both mutually
exclusive registers use address 99h.
5.11.INTERRUPTS
Interrupts are hardware signals that are used to determine
conditions that exist in external and internal circuits. Any interrupt can
cause the 8051 to perform a hardware call to an interrupt handling
subroutine that is located at a predetermined absolute address in the
program memory.
Five interrupts are provided in the 8051. Three of these are generated
automatically by the internal operations: Timer flag 0, Timer Flag 1, and the serial port
interrupt (RI or TI) Two interrupts are triggered by external signals provided by the
circuitry that is connected to the pins INTO 0 and INTO1. The interrupts maybe enable or
disabled, given priority or otherwise controlled by altering the bits in the Interrupt
Enabled (IE) register, Interrupt Priority (IP) register, and the Timer Control (TCON)
register. . These interrupts are mask able i.e. they can be disabled. Reset is a non
Page 26

maskable interrupt which has the highest priority. It is generated when a high is applied to
the reset pin. Upon reset, the registers are loaded with the defaultvalues.
Each interrupt source causes the program to do store the address in PC onto the
stack and causes a hardware call to one of the dedicated addresses in the program
memory. The appropriate memory locations for each for each interrupt are as follows:
Interrupts
Interrupt
Address
RESET
0000
IE0 (External interrupt 0)
0003
TF0 (Timer 0 interrupt)
000B
IE1 (External interrupt 1)
0013
TF1 (Timer 1 interrupt)
001B
SERIAL
0023
5.11.1.T1 (Timer 1 Low/High, address 8B/ 8D h)

These two SFRs, taken together, represent timer 1. Their exact behavior depends on how
the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count up.
5.11.2.IE (interrupt enable, 0A8h)

The Interrupt Enable SFR is used to enable and disable specific interrupts. The low 7 bits
of the SFR are used to enable/disable the specific interrupts, where the MSB bit is used to enable
or disable all the interrupts. Thus, if the high bit of IE is 0 all interrupts are disabled regardless of
whether an individual interrupt is enabled by setting a lower bit.
Page 27
CHAPTER 6
DESRIPTION ABOUT RF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
As we know, radio frequencies refer to the frequencies that fall within the
electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When applied to an
antenna, RF current creates electromagnetic fields that propagate the applied signal
through space. Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportional to the
frequency and this means that the frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to
the wavelength of the field.
6.1.How RF wireless connectivity work

RF is commonly used in the wireless communications industry to describe certain
types of equipment, which use radio frequency waves to transmit sounds and data from
one point to another. In computer networking, RF is used to describe network devices
such as hubs or bridge that transmits data signals using radio waves instead of data cables
or telephone lines. Even though the phrase "RF wireless networking" might seem
mysterious, the underlying technology is very common. It uses radio waves, the same
type of energy used to transmit radio and television broadcasting. Two-way radios and
walkie-talkies also use this kind of technology.
In the middle of the radio transmission and receiving process sit two antennas in
two different places which is one located at the point for transmitting the signal and the
other point is for receiving the signal. In order to transmit the modulated radio signal, an
electrical current will pass through the antenna inducing a magnetic field, which
oscillates at the given frequency. The variations in the current create slight variations in
the radio frequency. Thus, we should remember that the range we get depends on terrain,
Page 28

obstructions, and height of antenna. Buildings can reflect RF energy making it difficult or
impossible to receive the desired signal. Also, if a reflected signal is bounced off of a
building or other object, it can be received along with the direct signal. If the reflected
signal is out of phase with the direct signal, it is possible for the direct signal to be
partially cancelled by the weaker, reflected signal. Hence, the ideal conditions for best
transmission and reception signal are line of sight and outside with no obstructions. An
RF wireless communication system operating in the presence of a periodic noise
environment, includes first and second wireless devices, each such device having a
source of power, a transceiver coupled to the power source, for transmitting and receiving
wireless information, a controller or CPU for controlling the operation of the transceiver;
means for detecting and mapping the presence of the RF radiated periodic noise and
means responsive to the mapped periodic noise for controlling the operation of the
transceiver to communicate with the other wireless device during the quiescent periods of
the radiated RF periodic noise. Then the CPU will control the operation of the transceiver
in response to the mapped radiated RF periodic noise to communicate with the other
wireless device during the quiescent periods of the radiated RF periodic noise by
enabling the transmitter to transmit when it predicts the periodic noise is in the quiescent
state, thereby making the transmission process efficient.
6.2.RF fundamental
The wireless link consists of a transmitter with antenna, a transmission path and
the receiver with antenna. Parameters of interest are the output power of the transmitter
and the sensitivity of the receiver. Below figure illustrates the link principle.
Page 29
6.3.Wireless link
Sensitivity is the minimum received power that results in a satisfactory Bit Error
Rate (BER, usually 110-3) at the received data output (i.e. correct demodulation). The
difference between received signal power and sensitivity is the transmission link margin
also known as headroom. Headroom is reduced by a number of factors such as
transmission path length, antenna efficiency, carrier frequency and physical
characteristics of obstructions in the transmission path. Sensitivity and output power
given in the RF-circuit datasheets are given for the load impedance, which is optimal for
the input LNA and the output power amplifier. This means that the impedance of the
antenna used must be equal to the load stated in the datasheet; otherwise mismatch and
loss of headroom occur. A typical matching network introduces in the order of 1-3 dB of
attenuation.
Radio Frequency (RF) waves are lower in frequency and longer in wavelength
than Infrared. At 300 MHz the wavelength is 1 m (39.37") while Consumer IR
wavelengths are just under 1 millionth of a meter. Most RF remotes use a carrier in the
300-1000 MHz range.
RF receiver only needs to be tuned to the carrier frequency used by the remote.
RF remotes and their receivers are tuned to a fixed frequency. The FCC allows
Page 30

unlicensed, low power use of 300MHz-1000MHz as well as some higher frequency
bands.
As a general rule, the codes are comprised of pulses and spaces with durations of
0.3-1.5 ms, which is an audible signal in the 500-2000 Hz range as shown in below
figure. The IR and RF receivers output the demodulated code waveform. The only
difference is that IR receivers output an active low or inverted signal while RF receivers
output an active high signal as shown on below figure.
RF Carrier
6.4.RF Receiver output & IF Receiver output

Other than range, it really makes no difference whether the data signal is used to
modulate an RF carrier, an IR carrier, an ultrasonic carrier, a laser beam, or smoke. At the
receiving end, the demodulated signal carries the same information. For RF control, both
the transmitter and receiver need to be tuned to the same carrier frequency and need to
use the same type of modulation.
Page 31

Most RF remotes use ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) or OOK (On-Off Keying).
OOK is really just a special case of ASK. OOK is also called CPCA (Carrier Present,
Carrier Absent). All of the illustrations above represent ASK. FSK (Frequency Shift
Keying) uses two different carrier frequencies to denote two different states.
6.5.Transmitter module
A transmitter is an electronic device, which with the aid of an antenna propagates
an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or other telecommunications. A
transmitter usually has a power supply, an oscillator, a modulator, and amplifiers for
audio frequency (AF) and radio frequency (RF). The modulator is the device modulates
the signal information onto the carrier frequency, which is then broadcast.
Sometimes a device like cell phone contains both a transmitter and a radio
receiver, with the combined unit referred to as a transceiver. More generally and in
communications and information processing, a "transmitter" is any object or source,
which able to sends information to an observer or receiver. When used in this more
general sense, vocal cords may also be considered an example of a "transmitter".
The transmitter module in Figure 2.5 was a RF transmitter, which used in this
project. The RF transmitter is placed at transmitter board inside the bus. The frequency
range for this types of transmitter is 433 MHz and the modulation mode is ASK or
amplitude shift keying mode. The temperature maximum rating is 230 C. The actual
range for data transmitting is from 100 m to 150 m but its depends on the stability of
power supply.
Page 32
Whenever possible avoid using breadboard or vary-board with RF transmitter.

The long tracks inside these types of prototyping board introduce large capacitances or
inductances to the circuit, which can badly distort radio frequency signals. Ideally
Prototype or evaluation PCB should be used. Tracks connected to the antenna pin of
transmitter modules should be as short as possible. Any conductor connected to this track
will act as an antenna, so it will lengthen and detune the actual antenna. The suitable
length of antenna for 433 MHz RF transmitter is 16 cm and above.
6.6.Receiver module
The receiver in information theory is the receiving end of a communication
channel. It receives decoded messages or information from the sender, who first encoded
them. Sometimes the receiver is modeled so as to include the decoder. Real world
receivers like radio receivers or telephones cannot be expected to receive as much
information as predicted by the theorem. The receiver is designed to work with the
matching transmitter. With the addition of simple antenna the pair may be used to transfer
serial data up to 200 m. The range of the system depends upon several factors, principally
the type of antenna employed and the operating environment. The 200 m quoted range is
Page 33

a reliable operating distance over open ground using 1/4 whip antenna at both ends of the
link at 1.5 meters above ground.
Smaller antenna, interference or obstacles such as building will reduce the reliable
working range (down to 30 meters in extreme cases). Increased antenna height, slow data
or a larger receive antenna will increase the range. The RF module frequency is from 300
MHz to 434 MHz. Its high sensitivity passive design is simple to use with a low external
parts count. An ASK data shaping comparator is included [5]. RF receiver in Figure 2.6
was the other type of super heterodyne receiver. This type of receiver supports the
working frequency from 315 MHz to 433 MHz.
Pin description of Receiver:

Pin 1: Ground (-5V)
Pin 2: Output pin for digital data received
Pin 3: Output pin for analog data received
Pin 4: Supply (+5V)
Pin 6 & 7: Ground (-5V)
Pin 8: Pin for external RF Antenna
Page 34

The receiving sensitivity for this RF receiver is -101 dBm and the operating
voltage supply is from 3 V to 6 V. Applying SAW crystal oscillations overcomes easy
frequency excursion of LC circuit was the advantages of this RF receiver. Most parts of
module are integrated into the chip 3310A, less external components, stable and reliable
performance, and excellent anti-jamming ability.
The output data signal is TTL and can be directly connected to decoder. The
antenna must be set to 16 cm length if the operating frequency is 433 MHz. These types
of receiver are quite popular around few countries in Asia because its easy to get and the
market is very wide compare to the European model of RF receiver.
CHAPTER 7
DESCRIPTION ABOUT LCD PANELS
In a typical RGB display, the color filter is integrated into the upper glass colored
microscopically to render each individual pixel either red, green or blue. The areas in
between the colored pixel filter areas are printed black to increase contrast. After a beam
of light passes through the color filter, it passes through yet another polarizer to sharpen
the image and eliminate glare. The image is then available for viewing.
Page 35

In an AMLCD, each LCC is stimulated individually by a dedicated transistor or
diode. The two existing AMLCD technologies are Thin Film Transistor (TFT) and metalinsulator-metal (MIM). In an MIM display, dedicated diodes are fabricated at each pixel,
whereas a TFT display uses a thin film transistor matrix, with one transistor at each pixel.
MIM displays, currently being manufactured by Toshiba and Seiko-Epson, are not
advantageous in terms of performance, although they cost somewhat less to manufacture
than TFT displays("Amorphous Silicon"). This document will focus on TFT technology.
7.1.Schematic
7.2.Circuit Description
The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy
here. As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power
supply set to 5v or use a onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors,
especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly.
Page 36

The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of
manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The one I used to test this
circuit was a Power tip PC-1602F and an old Philips LTN211F-10 which was extracted
from a Poker Machine! The diagram to the right, shows the pin numbers for these
devices. When viewed from the front, the left pin is pin 14 and the right pin is pin 1.
Page 37

CHAPTER 8
RELAY
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another
electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open
or close one or many sets of contacts. A relay is able to control an output circuit of higher
power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an
electrical amplifier. So a relay can be defined as an automatic electromagnetic/electronic
switch, which can be used to make or break the circuit. The detailed description of the
relay is provided in the further chapters. In this project two relays are used to control the
cooling fan and the DC motor individually.
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another
electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open
or close one or many sets of contacts. These contacts can be either Normally Open (NO),
Normally Closed (NC), or change-over contacts.
Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit
is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A contact or "make"
contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that require to switch a high-current
power source from a remote device.
Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B contact or "break"
contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to remain closed
until the relay is activated.
Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one
normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called Form C contact.
8.1.OPERATION
The relays used in this project work are electromagnetic relays.
The
electromagnetic relay is basically a switch (or a combination of switches) operated by the

magnetic force generated by a current flowing through a coil. Essentially, it consists of
Page 38

four parts an electromagnet comprising a coil and a magnetic circuit, a movable armature,
a set of contacts, and a frame to mount all these components. However, very wide ranges
of relays have been developed to meet the requirements of the industry. This relay is
nothing but a switch, which operates electromagnetically. It opens or closes a circuit
when current through the coil is started or stopped. When the coil is energized armature
is attracted by the electromagnet and the contacts are closed. That is how the power is
applied to the signals (indicators). In other words, the core acts as an electromagnet and
attracts the metal armature. When the armature is attracted to the core, the magnetic path
is from the core through armature, through the frame, and back to the core. On removing
the voltage the spring attached to the armature returns the armature to its original
position.
In this position, there is a small air-gap in the magnetic path. Hence, more
power is needed to pull in the armature than that needed to keep it held in the attracted
position.
In this project relay is used to control the DC motor. When the voltage obtained
from the gas sensor is greater than the reference voltage value set in the controller
programming, the controller deactivates the relay by which the DC motor will be stopped
and also energizes the alarm. Simultaneously the information is also transmitted through
the RF transmitter. Details about the LCD and other major components are provided in
the further chapters.
Page 39
SOFTWARE DETAILS
KEIL SOFTWARE
Page 40
FLOW CHART
START
SENSO
R
OP-AMP
OP-AMP
MICRO
CONTROLLER
RELAY
MICRO
CONTROLLER
DC-MOTOR
A
STOP
Page 41

A
RELAY
(ON)
RF-TRANSMITTER
DC-MOTOR
(OFF)
RF-RECEIVER
MICRO
CONTROLLER
ALARM
LCD
STOP
Page 42

APPLICATION AND ADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS:
1. The system designed hear can be installed at check post at high ways.
2. The same system also can be installed in police stations in busy centers of main
cities.
ADVANTAGES:
1. By this method we can avoid accidents.
2. The drunken and driver can be caught very easily.
3. one way of avoid to drinking.
Page 43

RESULT
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
Page 44
CONCLUSION
As the technology advances, particularly in the field of world-wide wireless
networks, people are expecting improved quality service for various other applications in
addition to the personal communications. Here in this project work RF technology is used
to transmit the drunken driving vehicle information to the remote monitoring unit where
concern authority is monitoring the system to catch the drunken driver. In this regard
other wireless networks like GSM modules, Zigbee modules, etc. can be used to increase
the range. But here importance is not given for the range; moreover it is also not required
in this concept. The concept is to catch the drunken driver through short range
communication system such that whenever the vehicle came near to the monitoring
authority, vehicle is supposed to be seized. When this kind of system is used at check
posts at high ways, as all the vehicles are stopped for checking, drunken driving vehicle
can be detected very easily. For this kind of applications short range communication
networks helps the authority to locate the vehicle very easily.
FUTURE SCOPE
1. By using ZIGBEE module we can increase the distance of dectection.

2. By using GSM module we can send information by message.
3. Since it is only used in automobile,in future we can implement the same technique
in two and thre wheeler.
Page 45

REFERENCES
The following are the references made during design, development and fabrication of
the project work.
Books
(1) Electronic Circuit guide book Sensors By JOSEPH J.CARR
(2) Op-Amps Hand Book
(3) Relays and their applications
- By: MALVIND
- By: M.C.SHARMA
(4) Fundamental of Radio Communication: By A.SHEINGOLD

(5) Digital Communications;
By SIMON HAYKIN
(6) Linear Integrated Circuits By: D. Roy Choudhury, Shail Jain

(7) The 8051 Micro-controller Architecture, programming & Applications By: Kenneth
J. Ayala
(8) Programming and Customizing the 8051 Micro-controller By: Myke Predko
(9) The concepts and Features of Micro-controllers By: Raj Kamal
(10) Digital and Data Communications;
(11) Basic Radio & television
By MICHAEL A. MILLER.
By: S. P. Sharma
Page 46

APPENDIX
TRANSMITTER:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Main ( )
ORG
000H
RT:
Clr
p1.4;rly
Setb
p1.3;start
MOV SCON,#40H
MOV TMOD,#20H
MOV TH1,#E8H
CLR
TI
SETB
TR1
MAIN:
JB
p1.3,$
MAIN1:
JNB
p1.5,EXIT ;alcohol
CLR
p1.4
MOV SBUF,#0ABH
JNB
TI,$
CLR
TI
MOV SBUF,#0CDH
JNB
TI,$
CLR
TI
LJMP MAIN
EXIT:
SETB p1.4
LJMP MAIN1
END
Page 47

RECEIVER
COUNT DATA 30H
COUNT1 data 31h
COUNT2 DATA 32H
RS BIT p3.1
EN BIT p3.7
BUZ BIT p3.5
LED BIT p3.3
Org 00h
CLR
BUZ
MOV COUNT,#00H
MOV COUNT 1,#00H
MOV COUNT2,#00H
mov
a,#38h ;2 line lcd initialization
lcall
com
lcom delay
mov
a,#01h;clear the screen
lcall
com
lcall
delay
mov
a,#14h
lcall
com
lcall
delay
lcall
welcome
LCALL DDELAY
LCALL DDELAY
mov
a,#0h;clear the screen
lcall
com
lcall
delay
ST:
acall
sinit1
STT:
MOV
A,#80H
LCALL COM
LCALL DELAY
VBN:
JNB
RI,VBN
CLR
RI
MOV
A,SBUF
CJNE
A,#0ABH,VBN
SETB
BUZ
SETB
LED
MOV
A, #080H
LCALL COM
LCALL DELAY
Page 48

LCALL ALC1
SETB
BUZ
LJMP $
Siniti:
mov
mov
mov
setb
ret
SCON,#50h
TMOD,#20h
TH1,#0E8H
TR1
com:
mov
clr
setb
ret
p1,a
rs
en
Rata:
mov p1,a
setb
rs
setb en
clr
en
ret
ddelay:MOV R4,#90
Zz21z: MOV R5,#90
Zz11z: MOVR6,#90
DJNZ R6,$
DJNZ R5,Zz11z
DJNZ R4,Zz21z
RET
delay:
mov
r2,#20h
ll7B:
mov
r3,#22h
djnz
r3,$
djnz
r2,ll7B
ret
WELCOME:
mov
dptr,#0500h
mov
r6,#12h
ll8:
movc
a,@a+dptr
lcall
rata
lcall
delay
inc
dptr
djnz
r6,ll8
RET
;welcome
Page 49

ALC1:
mov
mov
dptr,#0600h
r6,#12h
movc
lcall
lcall
inc
djnz
RET
0500h
db
0600h
db
a,@a+dptr
rata
delay
dptr
r6,ll86
;welcome
ll86:
Org
org
_ _ _ WELCOME_ _ _
ALCHOL DRNK IDNT
END
Page 50

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Drunken Driving Vehicle Avoiding-cum-Detector

Through Wireless System

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Data bus line 0 (LSB)

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

The Variation in resistance of the TGS sensors measured indirectly as a Change in

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Compatible with MCS-51 Products

2 Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory

Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

2.7 V to 6 V Operating Range

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

Two-Level Program Memory Lock

128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

15 Programmable I/O Lines

Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters

Six Interrupt Sources

Programmable Serial UART Channel

Direct LED Drive Outputs

On-Chip Analog Comparator

Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

5.4.PIN CONFIGURATION OF AT89C2051

Pin configuration of AT89C2051

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Block Diagram of AT89C2051

5.6.Pin Description of AT89C2051

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION

Vishwa Bharathi Institute Of Technology and Sciences

DRUNKEN DRIVING VEHICLE DETECTION